     "constructor-test constructor-test eq? ."
     "f"
 }
-"One exception to the above rule is that array instances containing no free variables do retain identity. This allows macros such as " { $link cond } " to recognize that the array is constant and expand at compile-time."
-{ $heading "Example" }
-"Here is an implementation of the " { $link 3array } " word which uses this feature:"
-{ $code ":: 3array ( x y z -- array ) { x y z } ;" } ;
+"One exception to the above rule is that array instances containing free local variables (that is, immutable local variables not referenced in a closure) do retain identity. This allows macros such as " { $link cond } " to recognize that the array is constant and expand at compile time." ;
 
 ARTICLE: "locals-mutable" "Mutable locals"
 "In the list of bindings supplied to " { $link POSTPONE: :: } ", " { $link POSTPONE: [let } ", " { $link POSTPONE: [let* } " or " { $link POSTPONE: [| } ", a mutable binding may be introduced by suffixing its named with " { $snippet "!" } ". Mutable bindings are read by giving their name as usual; the suffix is not part of the binding's name. To write to a mutable binding, use the binding's name with the " { $snippet "!" } " suffix."
 $nl
-"Here is a example word which outputs a pair of quotations which increment and decrement an internal counter, and then return the new value. The quotations are closed over the counter and each invocation of the word yields new quotations with their unique internal counter:"
-{ $code
-    ":: counter ( -- )"
-    "    [let | value! [ 0 ] |"
-    "        [ value 1 + dup value! ]"
-    "        [ value 1 - dup value! ] ] ;"
-}
 "Mutable bindings are implemented in a manner similar to the ML language; each mutable binding is actually an immutable binding of a mutable cell (in Factor's case, a 1-element array); reading the binding automatically dereferences the array, and writing to the binding stores into the array."
 $nl
-"Unlike some languages such as Python and Java, writing to mutable locals in outer scopes is fully supported and has the expected semantics." ;
+"Writing to mutable locals in outer scopes is fully supported and has the expected semantics. See " { $link "locals-examples" } " for examples of mutable local variables in action." ;
 
 ARTICLE: "locals-fry" "Locals and fry"
 "Locals integrate with " { $link "fry" } " so that mixing locals with fried quotations gives intuitive results."
 $nl
-"Recall that the following two code snippets are equivalent:"
+"The following two code snippets are equivalent:"
 { $code "'[ sq _ + ]" }
 { $code "[ [ sq ] dip + ] curry" }
 "The semantics of " { $link dip } " and " { $link curry } " are such that the first example behaves as if the top of the stack as “inserted” in the “hole” in the quotation's second element."

    "        { [ a 0 = ] [ ... ] }"
    "    } swap swap cond ;"
}
"The reason is that locals are rewritten into stack code at parse time, whereas macro expansion is performed later during compile time. To circumvent this problem, the " { $vocab-link "macros.expander" } " vocabulary is used to rewrite simple macro usages prior to local transformation, however "{ $vocab-link "macros.expander" } " does not deal with more complicated cases where the literal inputs to the macro do not immediately precede the macro call in the source." ;

ARTICLE: "locals" "Lexical variables and closures"
"The " { $vocab-link "locals" } " vocabulary implements lexical scope with full closures, both downward and upward. Mutable bindings are supported, including assignment to bindings in outer scope."
$nl
"Compile-time transformation is used to compile local variables to efficient code; prettyprinter extensions are defined so that " { $link see } " can display original word definitions with local variables and not the closure-converted concatenative code which results."
$nl
"Applicative word definitions where the inputs are named local variables:"
{ $subsections
    POSTPONE: ::
    POSTPONE: M::

} ;

HELP: :>
{ $syntax ":> var" ":> var!" }
{ $description "Binds the value on the top of the datastack to a new local variable named " { $snippet "var" } ", lexically scoped to the enclosing quotation or definition."
$nl
"If the " { $snippet "var" } " name is followed by an exclamation point (" { $snippet "!" } "), the new variable will be mutable. See " { $link "locals-mutable" } " for more information on mutable local bindings." }
{ $notes
    "This syntax can only be used inside a " { $link POSTPONE: :: } " word, " { $link POSTPONE: [let } ", " { $link POSTPONE: [let* } ",  or " { $link POSTPONE: [wlet } " form, or inside a quotation literal inside one of those forms."
}
{ $examples "See " { $link "locals-examples" } "." } ;

HELP: ::
{ $syntax ":: word ( bindings... -- outputs... ) body... ;" }
{ $description "Defines a word with named inputs; it reads datastack values into local variable bindings from left to right, then executes the body with those bindings in lexical scope." }
{ $notes "The output names do not affect the word's behavior, however the compiler attempts to check the stack effect as with other definitions." }
{ $examples "See " { $link "locals-examples" } "." } ;

{ POSTPONE: : POSTPONE: :: } related-words

HELP: MACRO::
{ $syntax "MACRO:: word ( bindings... -- outputs... ) body... ;" }
{ $description "Defines a macro with named inputs; it reads datastack values into local variable bindings from left to right, then executes the body with those bindings in lexical scope." }
{ $notes "The output names do not affect the word's behavior, however the compiler attempts to check the stack effect as with other definitions." }
{ $examples "See " { $link "locals-examples" } "." } ;

{ POSTPONE: MACRO: POSTPONE: MACRO:: } related-words

HELP: MEMO::
{ $syntax "MEMO:: word ( bindings... -- outputs... ) body... ;" }
{ $description "Defines a macro with named inputs; it reads datastack values into local variable bindings from left to right, then executes the body with those bindings in lexical scope." }
{ $examples "See " { $link "locals-examples" } "." } ;

{ POSTPONE: MEMO: POSTPONE: MEMO:: } related-words
                                          
HELP: M::
{ $syntax "M:: class generic ( bindings... -- outputs... ) body... ;" }
{ $description "Defines a macro with named inputs; it reads datastack values into local variable bindings from left to right, then executes the body with those bindings in lexical scope." }
{ $notes "The output names do not affect the word's behavior, however the compiler attempts to check the stack effect as with other definitions." }
{ $examples "See " { $link "locals-examples" } "." } ;

{ POSTPONE: M: POSTPONE: M:: } related-words

ARTICLE: "locals-examples" "Examples of locals"
{ $heading "Definitions with locals" }
"The following example demonstrates local variable bindings in word definitions. The " { $snippet "quadratic-roots" } " word is defined with " { $link POSTPONE: :: } ", so it takes its inputs from the top three elements of the datastack and binds them to the variables " { $snippet "a" } ", " { $snippet "b" } ", and " { $snippet "c" } ". In the body, the " { $snippet "disc" } " variable is bound using " { $link POSTPONE: :> } " and then used in the following line of code."
{ $example """USING: locals math math.functions kernel ;
IN: scratchpad
:: quadratic-roots ( a b c -- x y )
    b sq 4 a c * * - sqrt :> disc
    b neg disc [ + ] [ - ] 2bi [ 2 a * / ] bi@ ;
1.0 1.0 -6.0 quadratic-roots [ . ] bi@"""
"""2.0
-3.0"""
}
{ $snippet "quadratic-roots" } " can also be expressed with " { $link POSTPONE: [let } ":"
{ $example """USING: locals math math.functions kernel ;
IN: scratchpad
:: quadratic-roots ( a b c -- x y )
    [let | disc [ b sq 4 a c * * - sqrt ] |
        b neg disc [ + ] [ - ] 2bi [ 2 a * / ] bi@
    ] ;
1.0 1.0 -6.0 quadratic-roots [ . ] bi@"""
"""2.0
-3.0"""
}

$nl

{ $heading "Quotations with locals, and closures" }
"These next two examples demonstrate local variable bindings in quotations defined with " { $link POSTPONE: [| } ". In this example, the values " { $snippet "5" } " and " { $snippet "3" } " are put on the datastack. When the quotation is called, those values are bound to " { $snippet "m" } " and " { $snippet "n" } " respectively in the lexical scope of the quotation:"
{ $example
    "USING: kernel locals math prettyprint ;"
    "IN: scratchpad"
    "5 3 [| m n | m n - ] call ."
    "2"
}
$nl

"In this example, the " { $snippet "adder" } " word creates a quotation that closes over its argument " { $snippet "n" } ". When called, the result of " { $snippet "5 adder" } " pulls " { $snippet "3" } " off the datastack and binds it to " { $snippet "m" } ":"
{ $example
    "USING: kernel locals math prettyprint ;"
    "IN: scratchpad"
    ":: adder ( n -- quot ) [| m | m n + ] ;"
    "3 5 adder call ."
    "8"
}
$nl

{ $heading "Mutable bindings" }
"This next example demonstrates closures and mutable variable bindings. The " { $snippet "make-counter" } " word outputs a tuple containing a pair of quotations that respectively increment and decrement an internal counter in the mutable " { $snippet "value" } " variable and then return the new value. The quotations close over the counter, so each invocation of the word gives new quotations with a new internal counter."
{ $example
"""USING: locals kernel math ;
IN: scratchpad

TUPLE: counter adder subtractor ;

:: <counter> ( -- counter )
    0 :> value!
    counter new
    [ value 1 + dup value! ] >>adder
    [ value 1 - dup value! ] >>subtractor ;
<counter>
[ adder>>      call . ]
[ adder>>      call . ]
[ subtractor>> call . ] tri """
"""1
2
1"""
}
    $nl
    "The same variable name can be bound multiple times in the same scope. This is different from reassigning the value of a mutable variable. The most recent binding for a variable name will mask previous bindings for that name. However, the old binding referring to the previous value can still persist in closures. The following contrived example demonstrates this:"
    { $example
"""USING: kernel locals prettyprint ;
IN: scratchpad
:: rebinding-example ( -- quot1 quot2 )
    5 :> a [ a ]
    6 :> a [ a ] ;
:: mutable-example ( -- quot1 quot2 )
    5 :> a! [ a ]
    6 a! [ a ] ;
rebinding-example [ call . ] bi@
mutable-example [ call . ] bi@"""
"""5
6
6
6"""
} 
    "In " { $snippet "rebinding-example" } ", the binding of " { $snippet "a" } " to " { $snippet "5" } " is closed over in the first quotation, and the binding of " { $snippet "a" } " to " { $snippet "6" } " is closed over in the second, so calling both quotations results in " { $snippet "5" } " and " { $snippet "6" } " respectively. By contrast, in " { $snippet "mutable-example" } ", both quotations close over a single binding of " { $snippet "a" } ". Even though " { $snippet "a" } " is assigned to " { $snippet "6" } " after the first quotation is made, calling either quotation will output the new value of " { $snippet "a" } "."
{ $heading "Locals in literals" }
"Some kinds of literals can include references to local variables as described in " { $link "locals-literals" } ". For example, the " { $link 3array } " word could be implemented as follows:"
{ $example
"""USING: locals prettyprint ;
IN: scratchpad

:: my-3array ( x y z -- array ) { x y z } ;
1 "two" 3.0 my-3array ."""
"""{ 1 "two" 3.0 }"""
} ;
                                                 
ARTICLE: "locals-literals" "Locals in literals"
"Certain data type literals are permitted to contain local variables. Any such literals are rewritten into code which constructs an instance of the type with the values of the variables spliced in. Conceptually, this is similar to the transformation applied to quotations containing free variables."
$nl
"The data types which receive this special handling are the following:"
{ $list
