def upgrade(refresh=True,
            dryrun=False,
            dist_upgrade=False,
            fromrepo=None,
            novendorchange=False,
            skip_verify=False,
            no_recommends=False,
            root=None,
            **kwargs):  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    '''
    .. versionchanged:: 2015.8.12,2016.3.3,2016.11.0
        On minions running systemd>=205, `systemd-run(1)`_ is now used to
        isolate commands which modify installed packages from the
        ``salt-minion`` daemon's control group. This is done to keep systemd
        from killing any zypper commands spawned by Salt when the
        ``salt-minion`` service is restarted. (see ``KillMode`` in the
        `systemd.kill(5)`_ manpage for more information). If desired, usage of
        `systemd-run(1)`_ can be suppressed by setting a :mod:`config option
        <salt.modules.config.get>` called ``systemd.scope``, with a value of
        ``False`` (no quotes).

    .. _`systemd-run(1)`: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-run.html
    .. _`systemd.kill(5)`: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.kill.html

    Run a full system upgrade, a zypper upgrade

    refresh
        force a refresh if set to True (default).
        If set to False it depends on zypper if a refresh is
        executed.

    dryrun
        If set to True, it creates a debug solver log file and then perform
        a dry-run upgrade (no changes are made). Default: False

    dist_upgrade
        Perform a system dist-upgrade. Default: False

    fromrepo
        Specify a list of package repositories to upgrade from. Default: None

    novendorchange
        If set to True, no allow vendor changes. Default: False

    skip_verify
        Skip the GPG verification check (e.g., ``--no-gpg-checks``)

    no_recommends
        Do not install recommended packages, only required ones.

    root
        Operate on a different root directory.

    Returns a dictionary containing the changes:

    .. code-block:: python

        {'<package>':  {'old': '<old-version>',
                        'new': '<new-version>'}}

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' pkg.upgrade
        salt '*' pkg.upgrade dist-upgrade=True fromrepo='["MyRepoName"]' novendorchange=True
        salt '*' pkg.upgrade dist-upgrade=True dryrun=True
    '''
    cmd_update = (['dist-upgrade'] if dist_upgrade else ['update']) + ['--auto-agree-with-licenses']

    if skip_verify:
        # The '--no-gpg-checks' needs to be placed before the Zypper command.
        cmd_update.insert(0, '--no-gpg-checks')

    if refresh:
        refresh_db(root)

    if dryrun:
        cmd_update.append('--dry-run')

    if dist_upgrade:
        if fromrepo:
            for repo in fromrepo:
                cmd_update.extend(['--from', repo])
            log.info('Targeting repos: %s', fromrepo)

        if novendorchange:
            # TODO: Grains validation should be moved to Zypper class
            if __grains__['osrelease_info'][0] > 11:
                cmd_update.append('--no-allow-vendor-change')
                log.info('Disabling vendor changes')
            else:
                log.warning('Disabling vendor changes is not supported on this Zypper version')

        if no_recommends:
            cmd_update.append('--no-recommends')
            log.info('Disabling recommendations')

        if dryrun:
            # Creates a solver test case for debugging.
            log.info('Executing debugsolver and performing a dry-run dist-upgrade')
            __zypper__(systemd_scope=_systemd_scope(), root=root).noraise.call(*cmd_update + ['--debug-solver'])

    old = list_pkgs(root=root)

    __zypper__(systemd_scope=_systemd_scope(), root=root).noraise.call(*cmd_update)
    _clean_cache()
    new = list_pkgs(root=root)
    ret = salt.utils.data.compare_dicts(old, new)

    if __zypper__.exit_code not in __zypper__.SUCCESS_EXIT_CODES:
        result = {
            'retcode': __zypper__.exit_code,
            'stdout': __zypper__.stdout,
            'stderr': __zypper__.stderr,
            'pid': __zypper__.pid,
        }
        raise CommandExecutionError(
            'Problem encountered upgrading packages',
            info={'changes': ret, 'result': result}
        )

    if dryrun:
        ret = (__zypper__.stdout + os.linesep + __zypper__.stderr).strip()

    return ret