def list_upgrades(refresh=True, **kwargs):
    '''
    List all available package upgrades on this system

    Args:
        refresh (bool): Refresh package metadata. Default ``True``

    Kwargs:
        saltenv (str): Salt environment. Default ``base``

    Returns:
        dict: A dictionary of packages with available upgrades

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' pkg.list_upgrades
    '''
    saltenv = kwargs.get('saltenv', 'base')
    refresh = salt.utils.data.is_true(refresh)
    _refresh_db_conditional(saltenv, force=refresh)

    installed_pkgs = list_pkgs(refresh=False, saltenv=saltenv)
    available_pkgs = get_repo_data(saltenv).get('repo')
    pkgs = {}
    for pkg in installed_pkgs:
        if pkg in available_pkgs:
            # latest_version() will be blank if the latest version is installed.
            # or the package name is wrong. Given we check available_pkgs, this
            # should not be the case of wrong package name.
            # Note: latest_version() is an expensive way to do this as it
            # calls list_pkgs each time.
            latest_ver = latest_version(pkg, refresh=False, saltenv=saltenv)
            if latest_ver:
                pkgs[pkg] = latest_ver

    return pkgs