def list_upgrades(refresh=True, **kwargs):
    '''
    Check whether or not an upgrade is available for all packages

    CLI Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

        salt '*' pkg.list_upgrades
    '''

    # sample output of 'xbps-install -un':
    #     fuse-2.9.4_4 update i686 http://repo.voidlinux.eu/current 298133 91688
    #     xtools-0.34_1 update noarch http://repo.voidlinux.eu/current 21424 10752

    refresh = salt.utils.data.is_true(refresh)

    # Refresh repo index before checking for latest version available
    if refresh:
        refresh_db()

    ret = {}

    # retrieve list of updatable packages
    cmd = 'xbps-install -un'
    out = __salt__['cmd.run'](cmd, output_loglevel='trace')
    for line in out.splitlines():
        if not line:
            continue
        pkg = "base-system"
        ver = "NonNumericValueIsError"
        try:
            pkg, ver = line.split()[0].rsplit('-', 1)
        except (ValueError, IndexError):
            log.error(
                'xbps-query: Unexpected formatting in line: "%s"',
                line
            )
            continue

        log.trace('pkg=%s version=%s', pkg, ver)
        ret[pkg] = ver

    return ret