def _param_grad_helper(self, dL_dK, X, X2, target):
        """derivative of the covariance matrix with respect to the parameters."""
        if X2 is None: X2 = X
        dist = np.abs(X - X2.T)

        ly=1/self.lengthscaleY
        lu=np.sqrt(3)/self.lengthscaleU
        #ly=self.lengthscaleY
        #lu=self.lengthscaleU

        dk1theta1 = np.exp(-ly*dist)*2*(-lu)/(lu+ly)**3
        #c=np.sqrt(3)
        #t1=c/lu
        #t2=1/ly
        #dk1theta1=np.exp(-dist*ly)*t2*( (2*c*t2+2*t1)/(c*t2+t1)**2 -2*(2*c*t2*t1+t1**2)/(c*t2+t1)**3   )
        
        dk2theta1 = 1*( 
            np.exp(-lu*dist)*dist*(-ly+2*lu-lu*ly*dist+dist*lu**2)*(ly-lu)**(-2) + np.exp(-lu*dist)*(-2+ly*dist-2*dist*lu)*(ly-lu)**(-2) 
            +np.exp(-dist*lu)*(ly-2*lu+ly*lu*dist-dist*lu**2)*2*(ly-lu)**(-3) 
            +np.exp(-dist*ly)*2*(ly-lu)**(-2)
            +np.exp(-dist*ly)*2*(2*lu-ly)*(ly-lu)**(-3)
            )
      
        dk3theta1 = np.exp(-dist*lu)*(lu+ly)**(-2)*((2*lu+ly+dist*lu**2+lu*ly*dist)*(-dist-2/(lu+ly))+2+2*lu*dist+ly*dist)

        dktheta1 = self.varianceU*self.varianceY*(dk1theta1+dk2theta1+dk3theta1)




        dk1theta2 = np.exp(-ly*dist) * ((lu+ly)**(-2)) * (  (-dist)*(2*lu+ly)  +  1  +  (-2)*(2*lu+ly)/(lu+ly)  )

        dk2theta2 = 1*(
            np.exp(-dist*lu)*(ly-lu)**(-2) * ( 1+lu*dist+(-2)*(ly-2*lu+lu*ly*dist-dist*lu**2)*(ly-lu)**(-1) )
            +np.exp(-dist*ly)*(ly-lu)**(-2) * ( (-dist)*(2*lu-ly) -1+(2*lu-ly)*(-2)*(ly-lu)**(-1) )
            )

        dk3theta2 = np.exp(-dist*lu) * (-3*lu-ly-dist*lu**2-lu*ly*dist)/(lu+ly)**3

        dktheta2 = self.varianceU*self.varianceY*(dk1theta2 + dk2theta2 +dk3theta2)



        k1 = np.exp(-ly*dist)*(2*lu+ly)/(lu+ly)**2
        k2 = (np.exp(-lu*dist)*(ly-2*lu+lu*ly*dist-lu**2*dist) + np.exp(-ly*dist)*(2*lu-ly) ) / (ly-lu)**2 
        k3 = np.exp(-lu*dist) * ( (1+lu*dist)/(lu+ly) + (lu)/(lu+ly)**2 )
        dkdvar = k1+k2+k3

        target[0] += np.sum(self.varianceY*dkdvar * dL_dK)
        target[1] += np.sum(self.varianceU*dkdvar * dL_dK)
        target[2] += np.sum(dktheta1*(-np.sqrt(3)*self.lengthscaleU**(-2)) * dL_dK)
        target[3] += np.sum(dktheta2*(-self.lengthscaleY**(-2)) * dL_dK)