#### Sample records for liquid scintillation validation

1. Liquid Scintillation Counting

Carlsson, Sten

1993-01-01

In liquid scintillation counting (LSC) we use the process of luminescense to detect ionising radiation emit$ed from a radionuclide. Luminescense is emission of visible light of nonthermal origin. 1t was early found that certain organic molecules have luminescent properties and such molecules are used in LSC. Today LSC is the mostwidespread method to detect pure beta-ernitters like tritium and carbon-14. 1t has unique properties in its efficient counting geometry, deteetability and the lack of... 2. Scintillating properties of frozen new liquid scintillators Britvich, G I; Golovkin, S V; Martellotti, G; Medvedkov, A M; Penso, G; Soloviev, A S; Vasilchenko, V G 1999-01-01 The light emission from scintillators which are liquid at room temperature was studied in the interval between$+20$~$^{\\circ}$C and$-120$~$^{\\circ}$C, where the phase transition from liquid to solid takes place. The light yield measured at$-120$~$^{\\circ}$C is about twice as much as that observed at$+20$~$^{\\circ}$C. By cooling the scintillator from$+20$~$^{\\circ}$C to$-120$~$^{\\circ}$C and then heating it from$-120$~$^{\\circ}$C to$+20$~$^{\\circ}$C, the light yield varies in steps at well defined temperatures, which are different for the cooling and heating processes. These hysteresis phenomena appear to be related to the solvent rather than to the dopant. The decay time of scintillation light was measured at$+20$~$^{\\circ}$C and$-120$~$^{\\circ}$C. Whilst at room temperature most of the light is emitted with a decay time of 6--8 ns, at$-120$~$^{\\circ}$C a slower component, with a decay time of 25--35 ns, becomes important. 3. Validation of a procedure for the analysis of (226)Ra in naturally occurring radioactive materials using a liquid scintillation counter. Kim, Hyuncheol; Jung, Yoonhee; Ji, Young-Yong; Lim, Jong-Myung; Chung, Kun Ho; Kang, Mun Ja 2017-01-01 An analytical procedure for detecting (226)Ra in naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) using a liquid scintillation counter (LSC) was developed and validated with reference materials (zircon matrix, bauxite matrix, coal fly ash, and phosphogypsum) that represent typical NORMs. The (226)Ra was released from samples by a fusion method and was separated using sulfate-coprecipitation. Next, a (222)Rn-emanation technique was applied for the determination of (226)Ra. The counting efficiency was 238 ± 8% with glass vials. The recovery for the reference materials was 80 ± 11%. The linearity of the method was tested with different masses of zircon matrix reference materials. Using 15 types of real NORMs, including raw materials and by-products, this LSC method was compared with γ-spectrometry, which had already been validated for (226)Ra analysis. The correlation coefficient for the results from the LSC method and γ-spectrometry was 0.993 ± 0.058. 4. Development of a reference liquid scintillation cocktail Van Wyn Gaardt, WM 2006-02-01 Full Text Available of a scintillator dissolved in an organic solvent. The so-called scintillator solute is a material which emits a weak light flash or scintillation upon interaction with a certain quanta of radiation – the intensity of this scintillation being a... to prepare preliminary liquid scintillation cocktails. Figure 3: Maximum deviations observed between repeat measurements of the same source, displayed in red for Ultima Gold, green for XP, yellow for XI and blue for XPI. Figure 4: The counting... 5. Radiopure Metal-Loaded Liquid Scintillator Rosero, Richard [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). Chemistry Dept.; Yeh, Minfang [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). Chemistry Dept. 2015-03-18 Metal-loaded liquid scintillator plays a key role in particle and nuclear physics experiments. The applications of metal ions in various neutrino experiments and the purification methods for different scintillator components are discussed in this paper. 6. Validation the quantification of beta emitters activity in urine by scintillation spectrometry in the liquid phase; Validacion de la cuantificacion de actividad de emisores beta en orina mediante espectrometria de centelleo en fase liquida Sierra, I.; Hernandez, C.; Benito, P.; Lopez, C. 2013-07-01 In this paper the methodology used in the validation of the technique for quantifying activity of some beta emitters in urine ({sup 3}H, {sup 1}4C, {sup 3}5S, {sup 3}2P and {sup 9}0Sr) by scintillation spectrometry Liquid Phase (Liquid Scintillation Counting, LSC) is described in bio elimination Laboratory Service CIEMAT Radiation Dosimetry accredited since last year for carrying out assays measure radiation dose based on ISO forth above. (Author) 7. Effect Factors of Liquid Scintillation Analysis 2008-01-01 <正>Over the past decades, the liquid scintillation analysis (LSA) technique remains one of the most popular experimental tools used for the quantitative analysis of radionuclide, especially low-energy β 8. Measuring the attenuation length in liquid scintillators Hellgartner, Dominikus; Oberauer, Lothar; Prummer, Sabrina; Sawatzki, Julia; Zimmer, Vincenz [Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Physik Departement E15, James Franck Strasse, 85748 Garching (Germany); Ulrich, Andreas [Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Physik Departement E12, James Franck Strasse, 85748 Garching (Germany) 2015-07-01 The next generation of liquid scintillator detectors like the proposed LENA detector or the planned JUNO detector will feature diameters of order 30 m. Due to this vast size, the optical quality of the scintillator is of crucial importance. To determine the attenuation length of liquid scintillators, an experiment with a 5 m long measurement section was set-up in the underground laboratory in Garching. The current set-up of the experiment is presented along with a discussion of the results of the first measurements. Additionally, there is an outlook towards possible upgrades of the experiment in the future. 9. Measurement of Radiation Damage of Water-based Liquid Scintillator and Liquid Scintillator Bignell, Lindsey J; Hans, Sunej; Jaffe, David E; Rosero, Richard; Vigdor, Steven; Viren, Brett; Worcester, Elizabeth; Yeh, Minfang; Zhang, Chao 2015-01-01 Liquid scintillating phantoms have been proposed as a means to perform real-time 3D dosimetry for proton therapy treatment plan verification. We have studied what effect radiation damage to the scintillator will have upon this application. We have performed measurements of the degradation of the light yield and optical attenuation length of liquid scintillator and water-based liquid scintillator after irradiation by 201 MeV proton beams that deposited doses of approximately 52 Gy, 300 Gy, and 800 Gy in the scintillator. Liquid scintillator and water-based liquid scintillator (composed of$5\\%$scintillating phase) exhibit light yield reductions of$1.74 \\pm 0.55 \\%$and$1.31 \\pm 0.59 \\%$after$\\approx$800 Gy of proton dose, respectively. Whilst some increased optical attenuation was observed in the irradiated samples, the measured reduction to the light yield is also due to damage to the scintillation light production. Based on our results and conservative estimates of the expected dose in a clinical conte... 10. Characterization of liquid scintillation detectors Schmidt, D; Böttger, R; Klein, H; Lebreton, L; Neumann, S; Nolte, R; Pichenot, G 2002-01-01 Five scintillation detectors of different scintillator size and type were characterized. The pulse height scale was calibrated in terms of electron light output units using photon sources. The response functions for time-of-flight (TOF)-selected monoenergetic neutrons were experimentally determined and also simulated with the NRESP code over a wide energy range. A comparison of the measured and calculated response functions allows individual characteristics of the detectors to be determined and the response matrix to be reliably derived. Various applications are discussed. 11. Quality study of the purified liquid scintillator Konno, Y.; Nakajima, K.; Kibe, Y. 2008-07-01 We have been distilling the KamLAND liquid scintillator (LS) for the low energy solar neutrino observation. The distillation removes radioactive impurities from LS efficiently. We developed two types of high sensitivity radon detectors to monitor 222Rn contamination which causes a primary background source 210Pb. Their required sensitivity is several mBq/m3. The features and the measurement results of these detectors are presented. We also report the study of liquid scintillator properties after the distillation: attenuation length, light output and PPO density. 12. Organic liquid scintillation detector shape and volume impact on radiation portal monitors Paff, Marc G.; Clarke, Shaun D.; Pozzi, Sara A. 2016-07-01 We have developed and tested a radiation portal monitor using organic liquid scintillation detectors. In order to optimize our system designs, neutron measurements were carried out with three organic liquid scintillation detectors of different shapes and sizes, along with a 3He radiation portal monitor (RPM) as a reference. The three liquids tested were a 7.62 cm diameter by 7.62 cm length cylindrical active volume organic liquid scintillation detector, a 12.7 cm diameter by 12.7 cm length cylindrical active volume organic liquid scintillation detector, and a 25 cm by 25 cm by 10 cm "paddle" shaped organic liquid scintillation detector. Background and Cf-252 neutron measurements were recorded to allow for a comparison of neutron intrinsic efficiencies as well as receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves between detectors. The 12.7 cm diameter cylindrical active volume organic liquid scintillation detector exhibited the highest intrinsic neutron efficiency (54%) of all three liquid scintillators. An ROC curve analysis for a heavily moderated Cf-252 measurement showed that using the 12.7 cm diameter by 12.7 cm length cylindrical active volume Eljen EJ309 organic liquid scintillation detector would result in the fewest needed detector units in order to achieve a near 100% positive neutron alarm rate while maintaining a better than 1 in 10,000 false alarm rate on natural neutron background. A small number of organic liquid scintillation detectors could therefore be a valid alternative to 3He in some RPM applications. 13. Development of new Polysiloxane Based Liquid Scintillators Dalla Palma, M.; Quaranta, A. [Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento,Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Trento (Italy); INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro,Viale dell' Universita, 2, 35020 Legnaro - Padova (Italy); Gramegna, F.; Marchi, T.; Cinausero, M. [INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro,Viale dell' Universita, 2, 35020 Legnaro - Padova (Italy); Carturan, S.; Collazuol, G.; Checchia, C. [INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro,Viale dell' Universita, 2, 35020 Legnaro - Padova (Italy); Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 8, 35131 Padova (Italy); Degerlier, M. [Department of Physics, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Science and Art Faculty, 50300 Nevsehir (Turkey) 2015-07-01 In the last decade, attention toward neutron detection has been growing in the scientific community, driven by new requirements in different fields of application ranging from homeland security to medical and material analysis, from research physics, to nuclear energy production. So far neutron detection, with particular attention to fast neutrons, has been mainly based on organic liquid scintillators, owing to their good efficiency and pulse shape discrimination (PSD) capability. Most of these liquids have however some main drawbacks given by toxicity, flammability, volatility and sensitivity to dissolved oxygen that limits the duration and the quality of their performances with worse handiness and increased costs. Phenyl-substituted polysiloxanes could address most of these issues, being characterized by low toxicity, low volatility and low flammability. Their optical properties can be tailored by changing the phenyl distribution and concentration thus allowing to increase the solubility of organic dyes, to modify the fluorescence spectra and to vary the refractive index of the medium. Furthermore, polysiloxanes have been recently exploited for the production of plastic scintillators with very good chemical and thermal stability and very good radiation hardness and the development of polysiloxane liquid scintillators could allow to combine these interesting properties with the supremacy of liquid scintillators as regarding PSD over plastics. For these reasons, the properties of several phenyl-substituted polysiloxane with different phenyl amounts and different viscosities have been investigated, with particular attention to the scintillation response and the pulse shape discrimination capability, and the results of the investigation are reported in this work. More in details, the scintillation light yield towards gamma rays ({sup 60}Co and {sup 137}Cs) of several polysiloxane liquids has been analyzed and compared with the light yield of a commercial non 14. Near-infrared scintillation of liquid argon Alexander, T. [Fermilab; Escobar, C. O. [Campinas State U.; Lippincott, W. H. [Fermilab; Rubinov, P. [Fermilab 2016-03-03 Since the 1970s it has been known that noble gases scintillate in the near infrared (NIR) region of the spectrum (0.7$\\mu$m <$\\lambda$; < 1.5$\\mu$m). More controversial has been the question of the NIR light yield for condensed noble gases. We first present the motivation for using the NIR scintillation in liquid argon detectors, then briefly review early as well as more recent efforts and finally show encouraging preliminary results of a test performed at Fermilab. 15. Near-infrared scintillation of liquid argon Alexander, T; Lippincott, W H; Rubinov, P 2016-01-01 Since the 1970s it has been known that noble gases scintillate in the near infrared (NIR) region of the spectrum (0.7$\\mu$m <$\\lambda$; < 1.5$\\mu$m). More controversial has been the question of the NIR light yield for condensed noble gases. We first present the motivation for using the NIR scintillation in liquid argon detectors, then briefly review early as well as more recent efforts and finally show encouraging preliminary results of a test performed at Fermilab. 16. Survey on the presence of 90Sr in milk samples by a validated ultra low level liquid scintillation counting (LSC method dell’Oro D. 2013-04-01 Full Text Available 90Sr is one of the most biologically hazardous radionuclides produced in nuclear fission processes and decays emitting high-energy beta particles turning 90Y. 90Sr is transferred from soil-plant to cow’s milk and then to humans if it is introduced into the environment. Radiostrontium is chemically similar to calcium entering the human body through several food chains and depositing in bone and blood-forming tissue (bone marrow. Among main foodstuffs assumed in human diet, milk is considered of special interest for radiostrontium determination, especially in emergency situations, because the consumption of contaminated milk is the main source of internal radiation exposure, particularly for infants. In this work an analytical method for the determination of radiostrontium in milk was developed and validated in order to determine low activity levels by liquid scintillation counting (LSC after achieving 90Y secular equilibrium condition. The analytical procedure was applied both in surveillance and routine programmes to detect radiocontamination in cow’s, goat and sheep milk samples. 17. The scintillation of liquid argon Heindl, T; Hofmann, M; Krücken, R; Oberauer, L; Potzel, W; Wieser, J; Ulrich, A 2015-01-01 A spectroscopic study of liquid argon from the vacuum ultraviolet at 110 nm to 1000 nm is presented. Excitation was performed using continuous and pulsed 12 keV electron beams. The emission is dominated by the analogue of the so called 2nd excimer continuum. Various additional emission features were found. The time structure of the light emission has been measured for a set of well defined wavelength positions. The results help to interpret literature data in the context of liquid rare gas detectors in which the wavelength information is lost due to the use of wavelength shifters. 18. Characterization of a new plastic scintillation material and comparison with liquid BC-501A scintillator Poleshchuk, Oleksii 2015-01-01 In this work the capability of various scintillation materials to discriminate gamma rays and neutrons were studied. Also such basic properties of scintillators as light emission spectrum and light output were determined. The studied materials were BC-501A liquid scintillator and a plastic scintillator provided by CEA. An experimental setup consisting of detector shielding, analog and digital electronics and data acquisition system was built to study the neutron-gamma discrimination propertie... 19. Light propagation and fluorescence quantum yields in liquid scintillators Buck, C.; Gramlich, B.; Wagner, S. 2015-09-01 For the simulation of the scintillation and Cherenkov light propagation in large liquid scintillator detectors a detailed knowledge about the absorption and emission spectra of the scintillator molecules is mandatory. Furthermore reemission probabilities and quantum yields of the scintillator components influence the light propagation inside the liquid. Absorption and emission properties are presented for liquid scintillators using 2,5-Diphenyloxazole (PPO) and 4-bis-(2-Methylstyryl)benzene (bis-MSB) as primary and secondary wavelength shifter. New measurements of the quantum yields for various aromatic molecules are shown. 20. Light propagation and fluorescence quantum yields in liquid scintillators Buck, C; Wagner, S 2015-01-01 For the simulation of the scintillation and Cherenkov light propagation in large liquid scintillator detectors a detailed knowledge about the absorption and emission spectra of the scintillator molecules is mandatory. Furthermore reemission probabilities and quantum yields of the scintillator components influence the light propagation inside the liquid. Absorption and emission properties are presented for liquid scintillators using 2,5-Diphenyloxazole (PPO) and 4-bis-(2-Methylstyryl)benzene (bis-MSB) as primary and secondary wavelength shifter. New measurements of the quantum yields for various aromatic molecules are shown. 1. Characterization and Modeling of a Water-based Liquid Scintillator Bignell, Lindsey J; Diwan, Milind V; Hans, Sunej; Jaffe, David E; Kettell, Steven; Rosero, Richard; Themann, Harry W; Viren, Brett; Worcester, Elizabeth; Yeh, Minfang; Zhang, Chao 2015-01-01 We have characterised Water-based Liquid Scintillator (WbLS) using low energy protons, UV-VIS absorbance, and fluorescence spectroscopy. We have also developed and validated a simulation model that describes the behaviour of WbLS in our detector configurations for proton beam energies of 2 GeV, 475 MeV, and 210 MeV and for two WbLS compositions. Our results have enabled us to estimate the light yield and ionisation quenching of WbLS, as well as to understand the influence of the wavelength shifting of Cerenkov light on our measurements. These results are relevant to the suitability of water-based liquid scintillator materials for next generation intensity frontier experiments. 2. Large-scale liquid scintillation detectors for solar neutrinos Benziger, Jay B.; Calaprice, Frank P. [Princeton University Princeton, Princeton, NJ (United States) 2016-04-15 Large-scale liquid scintillation detectors are capable of providing spectral yields of the low energy solar neutrinos. These detectors require > 100 tons of liquid scintillator with high optical and radiopurity. In this paper requirements for low-energy neutrino detection by liquid scintillation are specified and the procedures to achieve low backgrounds in large-scale liquid scintillation detectors for solar neutrinos are reviewed. The designs, operations and achievements of Borexino, KamLAND and SNO+ in measuring the low-energy solar neutrino fluxes are reviewed. (orig.) 3. Organic liquid scintillation detector shape and volume impact on radiation portal monitors Paff, Marc G.; Clarke, Shaun D.; Pozzi, Sara A. 2016-07-21 We have developed and tested a radiation portal monitor using organic liquid scintillation detectors. In order to optimize our system designs, neutron measurements were carried out with three organic liquid scintillation detectors of different shapes and sizes, along with a {sup 3}He radiation portal monitor (RPM) as a reference. The three liquids tested were a 7.62 cm diameter by 7.62 cm length cylindrical active volume organic liquid scintillation detector, a 12.7 cm diameter by 12.7 cm length cylindrical active volume organic liquid scintillation detector, and a 25 cm by 25 cm by 10 cm “paddle” shaped organic liquid scintillation detector. Background and Cf-252 neutron measurements were recorded to allow for a comparison of neutron intrinsic efficiencies as well as receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves between detectors. The 12.7 cm diameter cylindrical active volume organic liquid scintillation detector exhibited the highest intrinsic neutron efficiency (54%) of all three liquid scintillators. An ROC curve analysis for a heavily moderated Cf-252 measurement showed that using the 12.7 cm diameter by 12.7 cm length cylindrical active volume Eljen EJ309 organic liquid scintillation detector would result in the fewest needed detector units in order to achieve a near 100% positive neutron alarm rate while maintaining a better than 1 in 10,000 false alarm rate on natural neutron background. A small number of organic liquid scintillation detectors could therefore be a valid alternative to {sup 3}He in some RPM applications. 4. Liquid scintillator production for the NOvA experiment Mufson, S; Bower, C; Coan, T; Cooper, J; Corwin, L; Karty, J; Mason, P; Pla-Dalmau, A; Proudfoot, M 2015-01-01 The NOvA collaboration blended and delivered 8.8 kt (2.72M gal) of liquid scintillator to its detectors as its active detector medium. The composition of the scintillator was developed to meet the requirements of the experiment. The scintillator was shipped to the NOvA near and far detectors using dedicated stainless steel tanker trailers. A rigorous set of quality control procedures were put in place to assure that the liquid scintillator was blended to satisfy the transparency, light yield, and conductivity requirements. The incoming components, the blended scintillator, and the scintillator in the transport tanker trailers were all qualified with these procedures, which ensured that the NOvA scintillator was high quality and met its performance requirements. 5. Proton recoils in organic liquid scintillator Winter, Juergen [Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Physik Department E15, Garching (Germany); Collaboration: LENA Working Group 2012-07-01 In liquid-scintillator detectors like the LENA (Low Energy Neutrino Astronomy) project, understanding the nature of proton recoils is vital. First of all concerning the observation of the diffuse Supernova anti {nu}{sub e} background with the inverse beta decay (IBD). This signature can be mimicked by the thermalization and capture of a knockout neutron originating from inelastic NC interactions of atmospheric neutrinos on {sup 12}C. However, with the help of pulse shape discrimination between the neutron-induced proton recoils and the prompt positron signal from the IBD, this background might be reduced effectively. Furthermore, elastic {nu}-p scattering is an important channel for neutrinos from a galactic core-collapse SN. In order to reconstruct the initial neutrino energy, the energy-dependent quenching factor of proton recoils has to be known. Therefore, a neutron scattering experiment at the Maier-Leibnitz-Laboratorium in Garching has been set up in order to understand the response of proton recoils in organic liquid scintillator. 6. Liquid scintillator production for the NOvA experiment Mufson, S., E-mail: mufson@indiana.edu [Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 (United States); Baugh, B.; Bower, C. [Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 (United States); Coan, T.E. [Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275 (United States); Cooper, J. [Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 (United States); Corwin, L. [South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701 (United States); Karty, J.A. [Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 (United States); Mason, P. [University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37916 (United States); Messier, M.D. [Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 (United States); Pla-Dalmau, A. [Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 (United States); Proudfoot, M. [Renkert Oil, Morgantown, PA 19543 (United States) 2015-11-01 The NOvA collaboration blended and delivered 8.8 kt (2.72M gal) of liquid scintillator as the active detector medium to its near and far detectors. The composition of this scintillator was specifically developed to satisfy NOvA's performance requirements. A rigorous set of quality control procedures was put in place to verify that the incoming components and the blended scintillator met these requirements. The scintillator was blended commercially in Hammond, IN. The scintillator was shipped to the NOvA detectors using dedicated stainless steel tanker trailers cleaned to food grade. 7. Cherenkov and Scintillation Light Separation in Organic Liquid Scintillators Caravaca, J; Land, B J; Yeh, M; Gann, G D Orebi 2016-01-01 The CHErenkov / Scintillation Separation experiment (CHESS) has been used to demonstrate the separation of Cherenkov and scintillation light in both linear alkylbenzene (LAB) and LAB with 2g/L of PPO as a fluor (LAB/PPO). This is the first such demonstration for the more challenging LAB/PPO cocktail and improves on previous results for LAB. A time resolution of 338 +/- 12 ps FWHM results in an efficiency for identifying Cherenkov photons in LAB/PPO of 70 +/- 3% and 63 +/- 8% for time- and charge-based separation, respectively, with scintillation contamination of 36 +/- 5% and 38 +/- 4%. LAB/PPO data is consistent with a rise time of 0.75 +/- 0.25 ns. 8. Measurements of proportional scintillation in liquid xenon using thin wires Aprile, E; Goetzke, L W; Fernandez, A J Melgarejo; Messina, M; Naganoma, J; Plante, G; Rizzo, A; Shagin, P; Wall, R 2014-01-01 Proportional scintillation in liquid xenon has a promising application in the field of direct dark matter detection, potentially allowing for simpler, more sensitive detectors. However, knowledge of the basic properties of the phenomenon as well as guidelines for its practical use are currently limited. We report here on measurements of proportional scintillation light emitted in liquid xenon around thin wires. The maximum proportional scintillation gain of$287^{+97}_{-75}$photons per drift electron was obtained using 10$\\mu$m diameter gold plated tungsten wire. The thresholds for electron multiplication and proportional scintillation are measured as$725^{+48}_{-139}$and$412^{+10}_{-133}$kV/cm, respectively. The threshold for proportional scintillation is in good agreement with a previously published result, while the electron multiplication threshold represents a novel measurement. A complete set of parameters for the practical use of the electron multiplication and proportional scintillation processe... 9. Study Performance of Liquid Scintillation Fiber Detector Zhang, Yongpeng; Lu, Haoqi; Zhang, Peng; Zhang, Chengcai; Yang, Changgen 2016-01-01 Liquid scintillator (LS) with optical fiber detector (LSOF detector) is a new type of detector, which has been applied in large-scale particle physics experiments in recent years. We were proposing LSOF detector as one option of top veto detector in Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) experiment. The prototype detector was located in laboratory of the institute of high energy physics (IHEP). From prototype study, we found that the detector have a good performance and can satisfy JUNO requirement. The detection efficiency of cosmic ray muon is greater than 98% and can collect 58 photon electrons (p.e.) when muon is going through the detector. Further more, the relationship between p.e., material reflectivity and LS depth are studied. We also compared the data with Monte Carlo simulation, and they have a good agreement with each other. 10. Radon measurement using a liquid scintillation spectrometer Koga, Taeko; Morishima, Hiroshige; Kawai, Hiroshi; Kondo, Sohei (Kinki Univ., Higashi-Osaka, Osaka (Japan). Atomic Energy Research Inst.); Mifune, Masaki; Konishi, Masanobu; Shirai, Chiaki 1992-12-01 A convenient radon detecting device for the purpose of estimating natural radiation exposure is described. The [alpha] radioactivity of radon gas absorbed in fine active carbon particles exposed to air is measured with a liquid scintillation spectrometer (Packard-PICO-RAD system). Its detection limits are 2mBq/l in air and 0.5 Bq/l in water with an accuracy of about 10 %. Radon concentrations at Misasa hot springs in Tottori prefecture were measured using this method. They were 0.16 [approx] 7.7 Bq/l in a bath room and 0.057 [approx] 0.36 Bq/l outdoors. Radon concentrations of the hot springs were 82 [approx] 1,700 Bq/l. (author). 11. Rare-earth loaded liquid scintillator (for LENS experiment) Barabanov, I R; Kornoukhov, V N; Yanovich, E A; Zatsepin, G T; Danilov, N A; Korpusov, G V; Kostukova, G V; Krylov, Y S; Yakshin, V V 1999-01-01 Rare-earth (Yb/Gd) complexes with neutral organophosphorus ligands are briefly discussed for their application in liquid scintillation technique. To evaluate the principal feasibility of rare-earth loaded scintillator, the ytterbium chloride complexes with tri-isoamylphosphine oxides were synthesized. Relative scintillation efficiency (RSE) for two Yb concentrations (78 and 88 g/L) was measured by means of the internal conversion exitation from Cs-137. The results obtained were 50 and 40% respectively. 12. Measurement of scintillation efficiency for nuclear recoils in liquid argon Gastler, D; Hime, A; Stonehill, L C; Seibert, S; Klein, J; Lippincott, W H; McKinsey, D N; Nikkel, J A 2010-01-01 The scintillation light yield of liquid argon from nuclear recoils relative to electronic recoils has been measured as a function of recoil energy from 10 keVr up to 250 keVr. The scintillation efficiency, defined as the ratio of the nuclear recoil scintillation response to the electronic recoil response, is 0.25 \\pm 0.02 + 0.01(correlated) above 20 keVr. 13. Alpha counting and spectrometry using liquid scintillation methods McDowell, W J 1986-01-01 The material in this report is intended to be a practical introduction and guide to the use of liquid scintillation for alpha counting and spectrometry. Other works devoted to the development of the theory of liquid scintillation exist and a minimum of such material is repeated here. Much remains to be learned and many improvements remain to be made in the use of liquid scintillation for alpha counting and spectrometry. It is hoped that this modest work will encourage others to continue development in the field. 14. Liquid xenon scintillators for imaging of positron emitters. Lavoie, L The current understanding of xenon scintillation physics is summarized and keyed to the use of xenon as a gamma-ray detector in medical radioisotope imaging systems. Liquid xenon has a short scintillation pulse (approximately 10(8) sec) and high gamma-ray absorption and scintillation efficiencies. The fast pulse may facilitate imaging in vivo distributions of hot positron sources and allow recovery of additional spatial information by time-of-flight techniques. We begin by describing our own study of the feasibility of making a practical positron scanning system, and consider the problems of scintillation decay time, linearity, efficiency, purity, and electricfield amplifcation. The prospects for a practical instrument are considered. 15. Reactor Neutrino Experiments with a Large Liquid Scintillator Detector Kopp, J F; Merle, A; Rolinec, M 2007-01-01 We discuss several new ideas for reactor neutrino oscillation experiments with a Large Liquid Scintillator Detector. We consider two different scenarios for a measurement of the small mixing angle$\\theta_{13}$with a mobile$\\bar{\

16. Fine grained electromagnetic lead-liquid scintillator calorimeter

Bachman, L.; Fluri, L.; Perrin, D.; Vuilleumier, J.M. (Neuchatel Univ. (Switzerland)); Bonesini, M.; Cavalli, D.; Costa, G.; Mandelli, L.; Mazzanti, M.; Tamborini, M. (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Milan (Italy))

1983-02-15

A new technique using liquid scintillator contained in teflon tubes to build a low cost high spatial resolution electromagnetic sampling calorimeter is described. Test results and comparison with a Monte Carlo simulation are presented.

17. Scintillation of liquid neon from electronic and nuclear recoils

Nikkel, J A; Lippincott, W H; McKinsey, D N

2006-01-01

We have measured the time dependence of scintillation light from electronic and nuclear recoils in liquid neon, finding a slow time constant of 15.4+-0.2 us. Pulse shape discrimination is investigated as a means of identifying event type in liquid neon. Finally, the nuclear recoil scintillation efficiency is measured to be 0.26+-0.03 for 387 keV nuclear recoils.

18. Oxygen quenching in LAB based liquid scintillator and nitrogen bubbling

Hua-Lin, Xiao

2009-01-01

Oxygen quenching effect in Linear Alkl Benzne (LAB) based liquid scintillator (LAB+3g/L POPOP+ 15 mg Bis--MSB) was studied by measuring the light yield as the function of nitrogen bubbling time. it shows that the light yield of fully purged liquid scintillator would increase of nearly 11% in room temperature and room atmosphere pressure. A simple model of nitrogen bubbling was built to describe the relationship between relative light yield (oxygen quenching factor) and bubbling time.

19. Scintillation yield of liquid xenon at room temperature

Ueshima, K. [Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 (Japan)], E-mail: ueshima@suketto.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp; Abe, K.; Iida, T.; Ikeda, M.; Kobayashi, K.; Koshio, Y.; Minamino, A.; Miura, M.; Moriyama, S. [Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 (Japan); Nakahata, M. [Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 (Japan); Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582 (Japan); Nakajima, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Sekiya, H.; Shiozawa, M. [Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 (Japan); Suzuki, Y. [Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 (Japan); Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582 (Japan); Takeda, A.; Takeuchi, Y.; Yamashita, M. [Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 (Japan); Kaneyuki, K. [Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582 (Japan); Doke, T. [Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8555 (Japan)] (and others)

2008-09-01

The intensity of scintillation light emission from liquid xenon at room temperature was measured. The scintillation light yield at 1{sup 0}C was measured to be 0.64{+-}0.02 (stat.) {+-}0.06 (sys.) of that at -100{sup 0}C. Using the reported light yield at -100{sup 0}C (46 photons/keV), the measured light yield at 1{sup 0}C corresponds to 29 photons/keV. This result shows that liquid xenon scintillator provides high light yield even at room temperature.

20. Liquid Scintillation High Resolution Spectral Analysis

Grau Carles, A.; Grau Malonda, A.

2010-08-06

The CIEMAT/NIST and the TDCR methods in liquid scintillation counting are based on the determination of the efficiency for total counting. This paper tries to expand these methods analysing the pulse-height spectrum of radionuclides. To reach this objective we have to generalize the equations used in the model and to analyse the influence of ionization and chemical quench in both spectra and counting efficiency. We present equations to study the influence of different photomultipliers response in systems with one, two or three photomultipliers. We study the effect of the electronic noise discriminator level in both spectra and counting efficiency. The described method permits one to study problems that up to now was not possible to approach, such as the high uncertainty in the standardization of pure beta-ray emitter with low energy when we apply the TDCR method, or the discrepancies in the standardization of some electron capture radionuclides, when the CIEMAT/NIST method is applied. (Author) 107 refs.

1. Large liquid-scintillator trackers for neutrino experiments

Benussi, L; D'Ambrosio, N; Déclais, Y; Dupraz, J P; Fabre, Jean-Paul; Fanti, V; Forton, E; Frekers, D; Frenkel, A; Girerd, C; Golovkin, S V; Grégoire, G; Harrison, K; Jonkmans, G; Jonsson, P; Katsanevas, S; Kreslo, I; Marteau, J; Martellotti, G; Martínez, S; Medvedkov, A M; Moret, G; Niwa, K; Novikov, V; Van Beek, G; Penso, G; Vasilchenko, V G; Vuilleumier, J L; Wilquet, G; Zucchelli, P; Kreslo, I E

2002-01-01

Results are given on tests of large particle trackers for the detection of neutrino interactions in long-baseline experiments. Module prototypes have been assembled using TiO$_2$-doped polycarbonate panels. These were subdivided into cells of $\\sim 1$~cm$^2$ cross section and 6~m length, filled with liquid scintillator. A wavelength-shifting fibre inserted in each cell captured a part of the scintillation light emitted when a cell was traversed by an ionizing particle. Two different fibre-readout systems have been tested: an optoelectronic chain comprising an image intensifier and an Electron Bombarded CCD (EBCCD); and a hybrid photodiode~(HPD). New, low-cost liquid scintillators have been investigated for applications in large underground detectors. Testbeam studies have been performed using a commercially available liquid scintillator. The number of detected photoelectrons for minimum-ionizing particles crossing a module at different distances from the fibre readout end was 6 to 12 with the EBCCD chain and ...

2. Fluorescence decay-time constants in organic liquid scintillators.

Marrodán Undagoitia, T; von Feilitzsch, F; Oberauer, L; Potzel, W; Ulrich, A; Winter, J; Wurm, M

2009-04-01

The fluorescence decay-time constants have been measured for several scintillator mixtures based on phenyl-o-xylylethane (PXE) and linear alkylbenzene (LAB) solvents. The resulting values are of relevance for the physics performance of the proposed large-volume liquid scintillator detector Low Energy Neutrino Astronomy (LENA). In particular, the impact of the measured values to the search for proton decay via p-->K(+)nu is evaluated in this work.

3. Measurement of Scintillation and Ionization Yield and Scintillation Pulse Shape from Nuclear Recoils in Liquid Argon

Cao, H; Avetisyan, R; Back, H O; Cocco, A G; DeJongh, F; Fiorillo, G; Galbiati, C; Grandi, L; Guardincerri, Y; Kendziora, C; Lippincott, W H; Love, C; Lyons, S; Manenti, L; Martoff, C J; Meng, Y; Montanari, D; Mosteiro, P; Olvitt, D; Pordes, S; Qian, H; Rossi, B; Saldanha, R; Sangiorgio, S; Siegl, K; Strauss, S Y; Tan, W; Tatarowicz, J; Walker, S; Wang, H; Watson, A W; Westerdale, S; Yoo, J

2014-01-01

We have measured the scintillation and ionization yield of recoiling nuclei in liquid argon as a function of applied electric field by exposing a dual-phase Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LAr-TPC) to a low energy pulsed narrowband neutron beam produced at the Notre Dame Institute for Structure and Nuclear Astrophysics. Liquid scintillation counters were arranged to detect and identify neutrons scattered in the TPC and to select the energy of the recoiling nuclei. We report measurements of the scintillation and ionization yields for nuclear recoils with energies from 10.3 to 57.2 keV and for applied electric fields from 0 to 1000 V/cm. We also report the observation of an anti-correlation between scintillation and ionization from nuclear recoils, which is similar to the anti-correlation between scintillation and ionization from electron recoils. A comparison of the light and charge yield of recoils parallel and perpendicular to the applied electric field yielded a first evidence of sensitivity to direct...

4. Explore nuclearites in a large liquid scintillator neutrino detector

Guo, Wan-Lei; Lin, Tao; Wang, Zhi-Min

2016-01-01

We take the JUNO experiment as an example to explore nuclearites in the future large liquid scintillator detector. Comparing to the previous calculations, the visible energy of nuclearites across the liquid scintillator will be reestimated for the liquid scintillator based detector. Then the JUNO sensitivities to the nuclearite flux are presented. It is found that the JUNO projected sensitivities can be better than $7.7 \\times 10^{-17} {\\rm cm^{-2} s^{-1} sr^{-1}}$ for the nuclearite mass $10^{15} \\; {\\rm GeV} \\leq M \\leq 10^{24}$ GeV and initial velocity $10^{-4} \\leq \\beta_0 \\leq 10^{-1}$ with a 20 year running. Note that the JUNO will give the most stringent limits for downgoing nuclearites with $1.6 \\times 10^{13} \\; {\\rm GeV} \\leq M \\leq 4.0 \\times 10^{15}$ GeV and a typical galactic velocity $\\beta_0 = 10^{-3}$.

5. New scintillating media based on liquid crystals for particle detectors

Barnik, M I; Vasilchenko, V G; Golovkin, S V; Medvedkov, A M; Soloviev, A S

2000-01-01

The study results of optical, photoluminiscent and scintillation properties of a liquid crystal 4-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl are presented. The scintillation light output of this liquid crystal is about 35% of crystal anthracene, its main decay time constants are 4 and 14 ns, and the maximum of light emission spectrum is about 400 nm. The light output of a dissolution of green emitting light scintillation dopant R6 in the liquid crystal is about 120% of crystal anthracene. The light output of the frozen dissolution measured at -112 deg. C is about 2.5 times higher as observed at +20 deg. C. In the uniaxially oriented liquid crystal, the predominant intensity direction of emitted light is pointed perpendicular to the liquid crystal director and an appreciable part of the emitted light is elliptically polarized. The possibility to use scintillation properties of liquid crystals is considered both for the improvement of existing particle detector characteristics and for the creation of new gated particle detectors.

6. Aging research of the LAB-based liquid scintillator in stainless steel container

Chen, Hai-tao; Yu, Bo-Xiang; Shan, Qing; Ding, Ya-yun; Du, Bing; Liu, Shu-tong; Zhang, Xuan; Zhou, Li; Jia, Wen-bao; Fang, Jian; Ye, Xing-Chen; HU, Wei; Niu, Shun-Li; Yan, Jia-qing; Zhao, Hang

2014-01-01

Stainless steel is the material used for the storage vessels and piping systems of LAB-based liquid scintillator in JUNO experiment. Aging is recognized as one of the main degradation mechanisms affecting the properties of liquid scintillator. LAB-based liquid scintillator aging experiments were carried out in different material of containers (type 316 and 304 stainless steel and glass) at two different temperature (40 and 25 degrees Celsius). For the continuous liquid scintillator properties...

7. Data analysis in solar neutrinos liquid-scintillator detectors

Testera, G. [INFN, Genova (Italy)

2016-04-15

This paper focuses on the description of some of the methods developed to extract the solar neutrino signal from the background by the two running experiments (Borexino and Kamland) based on the use of a large volume of liquid scintillator. (orig.)

8. Performance of Water-Based Liquid Scintillator: An Independent Analysis

D. Beznosko

2014-01-01

Full Text Available The water-based liquid scintillator (WbLS is a new material currently under development. It is based on the idea of dissolving the organic scintillator in water using special surfactants. This material strives to achieve the novel detection techniques by combining the Cerenkov rings and scintillation light, as well as the total cost reduction compared to pure liquid scintillator (LS. The independent light yield measurement analysis for the light yield measurements using three different proton beam energies (210 MeV, 475 MeV, and 2000 MeV for water, two different WbLS formulations (0.4% and 0.99%, and pure LS conducted at Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA, is presented. The results show that a goal of ~100 optical photons/MeV, indicated by the simulation to be an optimal light yield for observing both the Cerenkov ring and the scintillation light from the proton decay in a large water detector, has been achieved.

9. Measurement of scintillation and ionization yield and scintillation pulse shape from nuclear recoils in liquid argon

Cao, H.; Alexander, T.; Aprahamian, A.; Avetisyan, R.; Back, H. O.; Cocco, A. G.; DeJongh, F.; Fiorillo, G.; Galbiati, C.; Grandi, L.; Guardincerri, Y.; Kendziora, C.; Lippincott, W. H.; Love, C.; Lyons, S.; Manenti, L.; Martoff, C. J.; Meng, Y.; Montanari, D.; Mosteiro, P.; Olvitt, D.; Pordes, S.; Qian, H.; Rossi, B.; Saldanha, R.; Sangiorgio, S.; Siegl, K.; Strauss, S. Y.; Tan, W.; Tatarowicz, J.; Walker, S.; Wang, H.; Watson, A. W.; Westerdale, S.; Yoo, J.

2015-05-01

We have measured the scintillation and ionization yield of recoiling nuclei in liquid argon as a function of applied electric field by exposing a dual-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LAr-TPC) to a low energy pulsed narrow band neutron beam produced at the Notre Dame Institute for Structure and Nuclear Astrophysics. Liquid scintillation counters were arranged to detect and identify neutrons scattered in the TPC and to select the energy of the recoiling nuclei. We report measurements of the scintillation yields for nuclear recoils with energies from 10.3 to 57.3 keV and for median applied electric fields from 0 to 970 V / cm . For the ionization yields, we report measurements from 16.9 to 57.3 keV and for electric fields from 96.4 to 486 V / cm . We also report the observation of an anticorrelation between scintillation and ionization from nuclear recoils, which is similar to the anticorrelation between scintillation and ionization from electron recoils. Assuming that the energy loss partitions into excitons and ion pairs from 83 m Kr internal conversion electrons is comparable to that from 207 Bi conversion electrons, we obtained the numbers of excitons ( N ex ) and ion pairs ( N i ) and their ratio ( N ex / N i ) produced by nuclear recoils from 16.9 to 57.3 keV. Motivated by arguments suggesting direction sensitivity in LAr-TPC signals due to columnar recombination, a comparison of the light and charge yield of recoils parallel and perpendicular to the applied electric field is presented for the first time.

10. Comparing the response of PSD-capable plastic scintillator to standard liquid scintillator

Woolf, Richard S.; Hutcheson, Anthony L.; Gwon, Chul; Phlips, Bernard F.; Wulf, Eric A.

2015-06-01

This work discusses a test campaign to characterize the response of the recently developed plastic scintillator with pulse shape discrimination (PSD) capabilities (EJ-299-33). PSD is a property exhibited by certain types of scintillating material in which incident stimuli (fast neutrons or γ rays) can be separated by exploiting differences in the scintillation light pulse tail. Detector geometries used were: a 10 cm×10 cm×10 cm cube and a 10-cm diameter×10-cm long cylinder. EJ-301 and EJ-309 liquid scintillators with well-known responses were also tested. The work was conducted at the University of Massachusetts Lowell Van De Graaff accelerator. The facility accelerated protons on a thin Li target to yield quasi-monoenergetic neutrons from the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction (Q-value: -1.644 MeV). Collimated fast neutrons were obtained by placing detectors behind a neutron spectrometer. Rotating the spectrometer, and thus changing the neutron energy, allowed us to achieve 0.5-3.2 MeV neutrons in 200-300 keV steps. Data were acquired through a flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC) capable of performing digital PSD measurements. By using the PSD technique to separate the neutron events from unwanted γ background, we constructed a pulse height spectrum at each energy. Obtaining a relationship of the relative light output versus energy allowed us to construct the response function for the EJ-299-33 and liquid scintillator. The EJ-299-33 response in terms of electron equivalent energy (Ee.e.) vs. proton equivalent energy (Ep.e.), how it compared with the standard xylene-based EJ-301 (or, NE-213/BC-501 A equivalent) and EJ-309 liquid scintillator response, and how the EJ-301 and EJ-309 compared, are presented. We find that the EJ-299-33 demonstrated a lower light output by up to 40% for <1.0 MeV neutrons; and ranging between a 5-35% reduction for 2.5-3.0 MeV neutrons compared to the EJ-301/309, depending on the scintillator and geometry. Monte Carlo modeling techniques were

11. Comparing the response of PSD-capable plastic scintillator to standard liquid scintillator

Woolf, Richard S., E-mail: richard.woolf@nrl.navy.mil [High Energy Space Environment Branch, Space Science Division, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20375 (United States); Hutcheson, Anthony L., E-mail: anthony.hutcheson@nrl.navy.mil [High Energy Space Environment Branch, Space Science Division, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20375 (United States); Gwon, Chul, E-mail: chul.gwon@nrl.navy.mil [High Energy Space Environment Branch, Space Science Division, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20375 (United States); Phlips, Bernard F., E-mail: bernard.phlips@nrl.navy.mil [High Energy Space Environment Branch, Space Science Division, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20375 (United States); Wulf, Eric A., E-mail: eric.wulf@nrl.navy.mil [High Energy Space Environment Branch, Space Science Division, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20375 (United States)

2015-06-01

This work discusses a test campaign to characterize the response of the recently developed plastic scintillator with pulse shape discrimination (PSD) capabilities (EJ-299-33). PSD is a property exhibited by certain types of scintillating material in which incident stimuli (fast neutrons or γ rays) can be separated by exploiting differences in the scintillation light pulse tail. Detector geometries used were: a 10 cm×10 cm×10 cm cube and a 10-cm diameter×10-cm long cylinder. EJ-301 and EJ-309 liquid scintillators with well-known responses were also tested. The work was conducted at the University of Massachusetts Lowell Van De Graaff accelerator. The facility accelerated protons on a thin Li target to yield quasi-monoenergetic neutrons from the {sup 7}Li(p,n){sup 7}Be reaction (Q-value: –1.644 MeV). Collimated fast neutrons were obtained by placing detectors behind a neutron spectrometer. Rotating the spectrometer, and thus changing the neutron energy, allowed us to achieve 0.5–3.2 MeV neutrons in 200–300 keV steps. Data were acquired through a flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC) capable of performing digital PSD measurements. By using the PSD technique to separate the neutron events from unwanted γ background, we constructed a pulse height spectrum at each energy. Obtaining a relationship of the relative light output versus energy allowed us to construct the response function for the EJ-299-33 and liquid scintillator. The EJ-299-33 response in terms of electron equivalent energy (E{sub e.e.}) vs. proton equivalent energy (E{sub p.e.}), how it compared with the standard xylene-based EJ-301 (or, NE-213/BC-501 A equivalent) and EJ-309 liquid scintillator response, and how the EJ-301 and EJ-309 compared, are presented. We find that the EJ-299-33 demonstrated a lower light output by up to 40% for <1.0 MeV neutrons; and ranging between a 5–35% reduction for 2.5–3.0 MeV neutrons compared to the EJ-301/309, depending on the scintillator and geometry

12. Scintillation time dependence and pulse shape discrimination in liquid argon

Lippincott, W H; Gastler, D; Hime, A; Kearns, E; McKinsey, D N; Nikkel, J A; Stonehill, L C

2008-01-01

Using a single-phase liquid argon detector with a signal yield of 4.85 photoelectrons per keV of electronic-equivalent recoil energy (keVee), we measure the scintillation time dependence of both electronic and nuclear recoils in liquid argon down to 5 keVee. We develop two methods of pulse shape discrimination to distinguish between electronic and nuclear recoils. Using one of these methods, we measure a background and statistics-limited level of electronic recoil contamination to be $7.6\\times10^{-7}$ between 60 and 128 keV of nuclear recoil energy (keVr) for a nuclear recoil acceptance of 50% with no nuclear recoil-like events above 72 keVr. Finally, we develop a maximum likelihood method of pulse shape discrimination using the measured scintillation time dependence and predict the sensitivity to WIMP-nucleon scattering in three configurations of a liquid argon dark matter detector.

13. Optical Design Considerations for Efficient Light Collection from Liquid Scintillation Counters

Bernacki, Bruce E.; Douglas, Matthew; Erchinger, Jennifer L.; Fuller, Erin S.; Keillor, Martin E.; Morley, Shannon M.; Mullen, Crystal A.; Orrell, John L.; Panisko, Mark E.; Warren, Glen A.; Wright, Michael E.

2015-01-01

Liquid scintillation counters measure charged particle-emitting radioactive isotopes and are used for environmental studies, nuclear chemistry, and life science. Alpha and beta emissions arising from the material under study interact with the scintillation cocktail to produce light. The prototypical liquid scintillation counter employs low-level photon-counting detectors to measure the arrival of the scintillation light produced as a result of the dissolved material under study interacting with the scintillation cocktail. For reliable operation the counting instrument must convey the scintillation light to the detectors efficiently and predictably. Current best practices employ the use of two or more detectors for coincidence processing to discriminate true scintillation events from background events due to instrumental effects such as photomultiplier tube dark rates, tube flashing, or other light emission not generated in the scintillation cocktail vial. In low background liquid scintillation counters additional attention is paid to shielding the scintillation cocktail from naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) present in the laboratory and within the instruments construction materials. Low background design is generally at odds with optimal light collection. This study presents the evolution of a light collection design for liquid scintillation counting in a low background shield. The basic approach to achieve both good light collection and a low background measurement is described. The baseline signals arising from the scintillation vial are modeled and methods to efficiently collect scintillation light are presented as part of the development of a customized low-background, high sensitivity liquid scintillation counting system.

14. Measuring the 14C content in liquid scintillators

Enqvist, T.; Barabanov, I. R.; Bezrukov, L. B.; Gangapshev, A. M.; Gavrilyuk, Y. M.; Grishina, V. Yu; Gurentsov, V. I.; Hissa, J.; Joutsenvaara, J.; Kazalov, V. V.; Krokhaleva, S.; Kutuniva, J.; Kuusiniemi, P.; Kuzminov, V. V.; Kurlovich, A. S.; Loo, K.; Lubsandorzhiev, B. K.; Lubsandorzhiev, S.; Morgalyuk, V. P.; Novikova, G. Y.; Pshukov, A. M.; Sinev, V. V.; Słupecki, M.; Trzaska, W. H.; Umerov, Sh I.; Veresnikova, A. V.; Virkajärvi, A.; Yanovich, Y. A.; Zavarzina, V. P.

2016-05-01

We are going to perform a series of measurements where the 14C/12 C ratio will be measured from several liquid scintillator samples with a dedicated setup. The setup is designed with the aim of measuring ratios smaller than 10-18. Measurements take place in two underground laboratories: in the Baksan Neutrino Observatory, Russia and in the Pyhäsalmi mine, Finland. In Baksan the measurements started in 2015 and in Pyhäsalmi they start in the beginning of 2015. In order to fully understand the operation of the setup and its background contributions a development of simulation packages has also been started. Low-energy neutrino detection with a liquid scintillator requires that the intrinsic 14C content in the liquid is extremely low. In the Borexino CTF detector at Gran Sasso, Italy the 14C/12C ratio of 2 × 10-18 has been achieved being the lowest 14C concentration ever measured. In principle, the older the oil or gas source that the liquid scintillator is derived of and the deeper it situates, the smaller the 14C/12C ratio is supposed to be. This, however, is not generally the case, and the ratio is probably determined by the U and Th content of the local environment.

15. Characterization of positronium properties in doped liquid scintillators

Consolati, G; Hans, S; Jollet, C; Meregaglia, A; Perasso, S; Tonazzo, A; Yeh, M

2013-01-01

Ortho-positronium (o-Ps) formation and decay can replace the annihilation process, when positron interacts in liquid scintillator media. The delay induced by the positronium decay represents either a potential signature for anti-neutrino detection, via inverse beta decay, or to identify and suppress positron background, as recently demonstrated by the Borexino experiment. The formation probability and decay time of o-Ps depend strongly on the surrounding material. In this paper, we characterize the o-Ps properties in liquid scintillators as function of concentrations of gadolinium, lithium, neodymium, and tellurium, dopers used by present and future neutrino experiments. In particular, gadolinium and lithium are high neutron cross section isotopes, widely used in reactor anti-neutrino experiments, while neodymium and tellurium are double beta decay emitters, employed to investigates the Majorana neutrino nature. Future neutrino experiments may profit from the performed measurements to tune the preparation of ...

16. SBIR Final Report. Liquid Core Optical Scintillating Fibers

Beetz, C.P.; Steinbeck, J.; Buerstler, R.

2000-05-16

This Phase I SBIR project focused on developing flexible scintillating liquid core optical fibers, with potential uses in high-energy calorimetry, tracking, preradiators, active targets or other fast detectors. Progress on the six tasks of the project is summarized. The technical developments involve three technology components: (1) highly flexible capillaries or tubes of relatively low n (index of refraction) to serve as cladding and liquid core containment; (2) scintillator (and clear) fluids of relatively high n to serve as a core-- these fluids must have a high light transmission and, for some applications, radiation hardness; (3) optical end plugs, plug insertion, and plug-cladding tube sealing technology to contain the core fluids in the tubes, and to transmit the light.

17. Optical Properties of Quantum-Dot-Doped Liquid Scintillators

Aberle, C; Weiss, S; Winslow, L

2013-01-01

Semiconductor nanoparticles (quantum dots) were studied in the context of liquid scintillator development for upcoming neutrino experiments. The unique optical and chemical properties of quantum dots are particularly promising for the use in neutrinoless double beta decay experiments. Liquid scintillators for large scale neutrino detectors have to meet specific requirements which are reviewed, highlighting the peculiarities of quantum-dot-doping. In this paper, we report results on laboratory-scale measurements of the attenuation length and the fluorescence properties of three commercial quantum dot samples. The results include absorbance and emission stability measurements, improvement in transparency due to filtering of the quantum dot samples, precipitation tests to isolate the quantum dots from solution and energy transfer studies with quantum dots and the fluorophore PPO.

18. Optical properties of quantum-dot-doped liquid scintillators

Aberle, C.; Li, J. J.; Weiss, S.; Winslow, L.

2013-10-01

Semiconductor nanoparticles (quantum dots) were studied in the context of liquid scintillator development for upcoming neutrino experiments. The unique optical and chemical properties of quantum dots are particularly promising for the use in neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments. Liquid scintillators for large scale neutrino detectors have to meet specific requirements which are reviewed, highlighting the peculiarities of quantum-dot-doping. In this paper, we report results on laboratory-scale measurements of the attenuation length and the fluorescence properties of three commercial quantum dot samples. The results include absorbance and emission stability measurements, improvement in transparency due to filtering of the quantum dot samples, precipitation tests to isolate the quantum dots from solution and energy transfer studies with quantum dots and the fluorophore PPO.

19. The next-generation liquid-scintillator neutrino observatory LENA

Wurm, Michael; Bezrukov, Leonid B; Bick, Daniel; Blümer, Johannes; Choubey, Sandhya; Ciemniak, Christian; D'Angelo, Davide; Dasgupta, Basudeb; Dighe, Amol; Domogatsky, Grigorij; Dye, Steve; Eliseev, Sergey; Enqvist, Timo; Erykalov, Alexey; von Feilitzsch, Franz; Fiorentini, Gianni; Fischer, Tobias; Göger-Neff, Marianne; Grabmayr, Peter; Hagner, Caren; Hellgartner, Dominikus; Hissa, Johannes; Horiuchi, Shunsaku; Janka, Hans-Thomas; Jaupart, Claude; Jochum, Josef; Kalliokoski, Tuomo; Kuusiniemi, Pasi; Lachenmaier, Tobias; Lazanu, Ionel; Learned, John G; Lewke, Timo; Lombardi, Paolo; Lorenz, Sebastian; Lubsandorzhiev, Bayarto; Ludhova, Livia; Loo, Kai; Maalampi, Jukka; Mantovani, Fabio; Marafini, Michela; Maricic, Jelena; Undagoitia, Teresa Marrodán; McDonough, William F; Miramonti, Lino; Mirizzi, Alessandro; Meindl, Quirin; Mena, Olga; Möllenberg, Randolph; Nahnhauer, Rolf; Nesterenko, Dmitry; Novikov, Yuri N; Nuijten, Guido; Oberauer, Lothar; Pakvasa, Sandip; Palomares-Ruiz, Sergio; Pallavicini, Marco; Pascoli, Silvia; Patzak, Thomas; Peltoniemi, Juha; Potzel, Walter; Räihä, Tomi; Raffelt, Georg G; Ranucci, Gioacchino; Razzaque, Soebur; Rummukainen, Kari; Sarkamo, Juho; Sinev, Valerij; Spiering, Christian; Stahl, Achim; Thorne, Felicitas; Tippmann, Marc; Tonazzo, Alessandra; Trzaska, Wladyslaw H; Vergados, John D; Wiebusch, Christopher; Winter, Jürgen

2011-01-01

We propose the liquid-scintillator detector LENA (Low Energy Neutrino Astronomy) as a next-generation neutrino observatory on the scale of 50 kt. The outstanding successes of the Borexino and KamLAND experiments demonstrate the large potential of liquid-scintillator detectors in low-energy neutrino physics. LENA's physics objectives comprise the observation of astrophysical and terrestrial neutrino sources as well as the investigation of neutrino oscillations. In the GeV energy range, the search for proton decay and long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments complement the low-energy program. Based on the considerable expertise present in European and international research groups, the technical design is sufficiently mature to allow for an early start of detector realization.

20. Liquid Scintillation Counting - Packard Triple-Label Calibration

Torretto, P. A. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

2017-03-23

The Radiological Measurements Laboratory (RML) maintains and operates nine Packard Liquid Scintillation Counters (LSCs). These counters were obtained through various sources and were generally purchased as 2500, 2700 or 3100 series counters. In 2004/2005 the software and firmware on the counters were upgraded. The counters are now designated as 3100 series counters running the Quantasmart software package. Thus, a single procedure can be used to calibrate and operate the Packard LSCs.

1. Positronium signature in organic liquid scintillators for neutrino experiments

Franco, D; Trezzi, D

2010-01-01

Electron anti-neutrinos are commonly detected in liquid scintillator experiments via inverse beta decay, by looking at the coincidence between the reaction products, neutron and positron. Prior to positron annihilation, an electron-positron pair may form an orthopositronium (o-Ps) state, with a mean life of a few ns. Even if the o-Ps decay is speeded up by spin flip or pick off effects, it may introduce distortions in the photon emission time distribution, crucial for position reconstruction and pulse shape discrimination algorithms in anti-neutrino experiments. Reversing the problem, the o-Ps induced time distortion represents a new signature for tagging anti-neutrinos in liquid scintillator. In this paper, we report the results of measurements of the o-Ps formation probability and lifetime, for the most used solvents for organic liquid scintillators in neutrino physics (pseudocumene, linear alkyl benzene, phenylxylylethane, and dodecane). We characterize also a mixture of pseudocumene +1.5 g/l of 2,5-diphen...

2. A Performance Comparison of Nine Selected Liquid Scintillation Cocktails

Verrezen, F.; Loots, H.; Hurtgen, Ch.

2008-06-15

In the selection of a suitable liquid scintillation (LSC) cocktail, the primary aspects taken into consideration are overall cocktail performance and specific laboratory needs. Overall performance of 9 selected, commercially available LSC cocktails was assessed by studying parameters of importance for the requirements of the Laboratory for Low Level Radioactivity Measurements of SCK-CEN: sample load capacity, sample compatibility, influence of sample load on counting efficiency, background count rate, figure of merit, quench resistance, sample stability and alpha/beta separation characteristics. The cocktails tested were EcoscintA, Insta Gel Plus, OptiPhase Hisafe3, OptiPhase Trisafe, Ready Gel, SafeScint 1:1, Ultima Gold, Ultima Gold LLT, and Ultima Gold XR. For the data acquisition a Packard TriCarb Model 1900CA and a Quantulus 1220 liquid scintillation counter is used. All samples were prepared in either 20 mL low potassium, borosilicate glass vials or 20 mL high density, polyethylene vials. The aim of this study was to determine a single cocktail that best suits all measurement requirements of the liquid scintillation laboratory at SCK-CEN for the determination of low levels of radioactivity in biological and environmental samples. As a conclusion, Optiphase HiSafe 3 was confirmed to be the optimal cocktail for the laboratory.

3. A liquid scintillator detector with wavelength-shifting fibre readout

Doucet, M; Grégoire, G; Panman, J; Zucchelli, P

2000-01-01

A technique based on liquid scintillator with wavelength-shiftingfibre readout is interesting for large-mass neutrino detectors.In this paper we present the first results obtained with a laboratoryprototype assembled at CERN. In the configuration tested, a large light yield has been observed and attenuation lengths of the order of 3.2~m have been measured. As a comparison, we also measured the attenuation length of the fibres in air using the same setup. No significant difference in attenuation length between the fibres in air and in liquid was measured.

4. Detecting energy dependent neutron capture distributions in a liquid scintillator

Balmer, Matthew J.I., E-mail: m.balmer@lancaster.ac.uk [Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, LA1 4YR (United Kingdom); Gamage, Kelum A.A. [Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, LA1 4YR (United Kingdom); Taylor, Graeme C. [Neutron Metrology Group, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW (United Kingdom)

2015-03-11

A novel technique is being developed to estimate the effective dose of a neutron field based on the distribution of neutron captures in a scintillator. Using Monte Carlo techniques, a number of monoenergetic neutron source energies and locations were modelled and their neutron capture response was recorded. Using back propagation Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) the energy and incident direction of the neutron field was predicted from the distribution of neutron captures within a {sup 6}Li-loaded liquid scintillator. Using this proposed technique, the effective dose of {sup 252}Cf, {sup 241}AmBe and {sup 241}AmLi neutron fields was estimated to within 30% for four perpendicular angles in the horizontal plane. Initial theoretical investigations show that this technique holds some promise for real-time estimation of the effective dose of a neutron field.

5. The Research Progress of the Liquid Scintillation Detectors on Neutron Measurement

CHENG; Yi-mei; XU; Xiao-ming; ZHU; Li-qun; BAI; Lei; XU; Zhen; HE; Li-xia; YIN; Hong-he

2012-01-01

<正>The research for liquid scintillation detectors on neutron measurement is one of the study objects of technique research on neutron measurement. According to the task requirements, we accomplished the purchase of some detectors and related performance testing. The purchased liquid scintillation detectors BC-501A is produced by Saint-Gobain Company. According to the formulated performance testing outlines for liquid scintillation detectors, we conducted

6. Simulation and Design of Multi-modulars Detector System of Gadolinium-Loaded Liquid Scintillator

HOU; Long; WANG; Zhao-hui; YU; Guo-liang; WANG; Qi; KANG; Guo-guo; SU; Xiao-bin; ZHANG; Xiao-peng; ZHANG; Kai

2012-01-01

<正>The gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillator has the superiority of high detecting efficiency, and it can be used to measure many kinds of nucleus. We improved this technique and construct a 4π liquid scintillator detecting systems which is composed by many liquid scintillators. By coupling with fission chamber, we form a novel research platform which can be used to measure the (n, 2n) and (n, 3n) cross sections of many nuclei.

7. Developing Detectors for Scintillation Light in Liquid Argon for DUNE

Howard, Bruce [Fermilab

2016-12-22

The Deep Underground Neutrino experiment will conduct a broad program of physics research by studying a beam of neutrinos from Fermilab, atmospheric neutrinos, neutrinos from potential supernovae, and potential nucleon decay events. In pursuit of these studies, the experiment will deploy four 10kt fiducial mass liquid argon time projection chambers underground in Lead, South Dakota. Liquid argon time projection chambers allow high-resolution tracking and energy measurements. A precise timing signal is needed to provide the necessary time stamp to localize events in the drift direction. As liquid argon is a natural scintillator, a photon detection system will be deployed to provide such a signal, especially for non-beam events. In the baseline design for the single-phase time projection chamber, the detectors are contained within the anode plane assemblies. The design of two prototypes utilizing wavelength shifters and light guides are presented, and aspects of the research and development program are discussed.

8. Scintillation efficiency of nuclear recoil in liquid xenon

Arneodo, F; Badertscher, A; Benetti, P; Bernardini, E; Bettini, A; Borio di Tigliole, A A; Brunetti, R; Bueno, A G; Calligarich, E; Campanelli, M; Carpanese, C; Cavalli, D; Cavanna, F; Cennini, P; Centro, Sandro; Cesana, A; Cline, D; De Mitri, I; Dolfini, R; Ferrari, A; Gigli-Berzolari, A; Matthey, C; Mauri, F; Mazza, D; Mazzone, L; Meng, G; Montanari, C; Nurzia, G; Otwinowski, S; Palamara, O; Pascoli, D; Pepato, Adriano; Petrera, S; Periale, L; Piano Mortari, G; Piazzoli, A; Picchi, P; Pietropaolo, F; Rancati, T; Rappoldi, A; Raselli, G L; Rebuzzi, D; Revol, Jean Pierre Charles; Rico, J; Rossella, M; Rossi, C; Rubbia, André; Rubbia, Carlo; Sala, P; Scannicchio, D A; Sergiampietri, F; Suzuki, S; Terrani, M; Tian, W; Ventura, Sandro; Vignoli, C; Wang, H; Woo, J; Xu, Z

2000-01-01

We present the results of a test done with a Liquid Xenon (LXe) detector for 'Dark Matter' search, exposed to a neutron beam to produce nuclear recoil events simulating those which would be generated by WIMP's elastic scattering. The aim of the experiment was to measure directly the scintillation efficiency of nuclear recoil. The nuclear recoil considered in the test was in the tens of keV range. The ratio of measured visible energy over the true recoil energy was evaluated to be about 20%, in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.

9. Light propagation in a large volume liquid scintillator

Alimonti, G; Balata, M; Bellini, G; Benziger, J; Bonetti, S; Caccianiga, B; Cadonati, L; Calaprice, F P; Cecchet, G; Chen, M; Darnton, N; De Bari, A; Deutsch, M; Elisei, F; Feilitzsch, F V; Galbiati, C; Gatti, F; Giammarchi, M G; Giugni, D; Goldbrunner, T; Golubchikov, A; Goretti, A; Hagner, T; Hartmann, F X; Hentig, R V; Heusser, G; Ianni, A; Johnson, M; Laubenstein, M; Lombardi, P; Magni, S; Malvezzi, S; Maneira, J; Manno, I; Manuzio, G; Masetti, F; Mazzucato, U; Meroni, E; Neff, M; Oberauer, L; Perotti, A; Raghavan, R S; Ranucci, G; Resconi, E; Salvo, C; Scardaoni, R; Schönert, S; Smirnov, O; Tartaglia, R; Testera, G; Vogelaar, R B; Vitale, S; Zaimidoroga, O A

2000-01-01

The fluorescence light propagation in a large volume detector based on organic liquid scintillators is discussed. In particular, the effects of the fluor radiative transport and solvent Rayleigh scattering are emphasized. These processes have been modelled by a ray-tracing Monte Carlo method and have been experimentally investigated in the Borexino prototype which was a 4.3 ton, 4 pi sensitive detector. The comparison between the model prediction and the experimental data shows a satisfactory agreement indicating that the main aspects of these processes are well understood. Some features of the experimental time response of the detector are still under study.

10. Optical fiber read-out for liquid argon scintillation light

Csáthy, J Janicskó; Kratz, J; Schönert, S; Wiesinger, Ch

2016-01-01

In this paper we describe the performance of a light detector for Ar scintillation light made of wavelength-shifting (WLS) fibers connected to Silicon-Photomultipliers (SiPM). The setup was conceived to be used as anti-Compton veto for high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors operated directly in liquid Argon (LAr). Background suppression efficiencies for different radioactive sources were measured in a test cryostat with about 800 kg LAr. This work was part of the R\\&D effort for the GERDA experiment.

11. The efficiency study of different purification methods for liquid scintillator

Hu, Wei; Yu, Boxiang; Zhang, Xuan; Zhou, Li; Cai, Xiao; Sun, Lijun

2016-01-01

JUNO is an experiment aimed at detecting neutrino mass hierarchy. The innermost part of the JUNO detector is formed by 20,000 tons of liquid scintillator which should have very low level of radioactive materials, such as 238U, 232Th, and 40K. Since the radioactive level of raw LAB(the solvent of LS)cannot reach so stringent requirements of JUNO, the purification for LAB plays an extremely important role in LS production. This article studies the efficiency of several different purification methods for LS, like distillation, water extraction and Al2O3 purification.

12. Liquid Xe scintillation calorimetry and Xe optical properties

Baldini, A; Cei, F; Doke, T; Grassi, M; Haruyama, T; Mihara, S; Mori, T; Nicolò, D; Nishiguchi, H; Ootani, W; Ozone, K; Papa, A; Pazzi, R; Sawada, R; Sergiampietri, F; Signorelli, G; Suzuki, S; Terasawa, K

2004-01-01

The optical properties of LXe in the vacuum ultra violet (VUV), determining the performance of a scintillation calorimeter, are discussed in detail. The available data, measured in a wider spectral region from visible to UV light, and in a large range of Xe densities, from gas to liquid, are examined. It is shown that this information can be used for deriving the LXe optical properties in the VUV. A comparison is made with the few direct measurements in LXe for VUV light resulting from the LXe excitation by ionizing particles. A useful relation is obtained which connects the Rayleigh scattering length to the refractive index in LXe.

13. Large scale Gd-beta-diketonate based organic liquid scintillator production for antineutrino detection

Aberle, C; Gramlich, B; Hartmann, F X; Lindner, M; Schönert, S; Schwan, U; Wagner, S; Watanabe, H

2011-01-01

Over the course of several decades organic liquid scintillators form the basis for successful neutrino detectors. For electron antineutrino detection at nuclear reactor plants, gadolinium loaded liquid scintillators provide efficient background suppression. In the Double Chooz reactor antineutrino experiment a newly developed gadolinium-loaded scintillator is utilized for the first time. Its large scale production and characterization as well as the creation of an additional metalfree scintillator are presented. Both organic liquids are used in the inner part of the Double Chooz detectors.

14. Production of Gadolinium-loaded Liquid Scintillator for the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment

Beriguete, Wanda; Ding, Yayun; Hans, Sunej; Heeger, Karsten M; Hu, Liangming; Huang, Aizhong; Luk, Kam-Biu; Nemchenok, Igor; Qi, Ming; Rosero, Richard; Sun, Hansheng; Wang, Ruiguang; Wang, Yifang; Wen, Liangjian; Yang, Yi; Yeh, Minfang; Zhang, Zhiyong; Zhou, Li

2014-01-01

We report on the production and characterization of liquid scintillators for the detection of electron antineutrinos by the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. One hundred eighty-five tons of gadolinium-loaded (0.1% by mass) liquid scintillator (Gd-LS) and two hundred tons of unloaded liquid scintillator (LS) were successfully produced from a linear-alkylbenzene (LAB) solvent in six months. The scintillator properties, the production and purification systems, and the quality assurance and control (QA/QC) procedures are described.

15. Detection of scintillation light in coincidence with ionizing tracks in a liquid argon time projection chamber

Cennini, P; Rubbia, Carlo; Sergiampietri, F; Bueno, A G; Campanelli, M; Goudsmit, P; Rubbia, André; Periale, L; Suzuki, S; Chen, C; Chen, Y; He, K; Huang, X; Li, Z; Lu, F; Ma, J; Xu, G; Xu, Z; Zhang, C; Zhang, Q; Zheng, S; Cavanna, F; Mazza, D; Piano Mortari, G; Petrera, S; Rossi, C; Mannocchi, G; Picchi, P; Arneodo, F; De Mitri, I; Palamara, O; Cavalli, D; Ferrari, A; Sala, P R; Borio di Tigliole, A A; Cesana, A; Terrani, M; Zavattari, C; Baibusinov, S; Bettini, A; Carpanese, C; Centro, Sandro; Favaretto, D; Pascoli, D; Pepato, Adriano; Pietropaolo, F; Ventura, Sandro; Benetti, P; Calligarich, E; Campo, S; Coco, S; Dolfini, R; Ghedi, B; Gigli-Berzolari, A; Mauri, F; Mazzone, L; Montanari, C; Piazzoli, A; Rappoldi, A; Raselli, G L; Rebuzzi, D; Rossella, M; Scannicchio, D A; Torre, P; Vignoli, C; Cline, D; Otwinowski, S; Wang, H; Woo, J

1999-01-01

A system to detect light from liquid argon scintillation has been implemented in a small, ICARUS-like, liquid argon time projection chamber. The system, which uses a VUV-sensitive photomultiplier to collect the light, has recorded many ionizing tracks from cosmic-rays in coincidence with scintillation signals. Our measurements demonstrate that scintillation light detection can provide an effective method for absolute time measurement of events and eventually a useful trigger signal. (19 refs).

16. Preliminary study of light yield dependence on LAB liquid scintillator composition

Ye, Xing-Chen; Yu, Bo-Xiang; Zhou, Xiang; Zhao, Li; Ding, Ya-yun; Jie, Quan-lin; Niu, Shun-Li; Liu, Meng-Chao; Ding, Xue-Feng; Zhang, Xuan; Zhou, Li; Fang, Jian; Chen, Hai-tao; HU, Wei; Yan, Jia-qing

2015-01-01

Liquid scintillator (LS) will be adopted as the detector material in JUNO (Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory). The energy resolution requirement of JUNO is 3%, which has never previously been reached. To achieve this energy resolution, the light yield of liquid scintillator is an important factor. PPO (the fluor) and bis-MSB (the wavelength shifter) are the two main materials dissolved in LAB. To study the influence of these two materials on the transmission of scintillation photons i...

17. Light yield measurements in a liquid scintillator detector with wavelength-shifting fibre readout

Doucet, M; Grégoire, G; Panman, J; Zucchelli, P

2001-01-01

A technique based on liquid scintillator with wavelength-shiftingfibre readout is interesting for large-mass neutrino detectors. In this paper, we present results obtained with a laboratoryprototype assembled at CERN. Mixtures made of economical chemicalcomponents were compared to commercial liquid scintillators. Thelight yield was also studied as a function of fibre diameter, fibreposition, and surface quality of the container.

18. Scintillation light from cosmic-ray muons in liquid argon

Whittington, Denver Wade [Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN (United States). Physics Dept.; Mufson, S. [Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN (United States). Astronomy Dept.; Howard, B. [Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN (United States). Physics Dept.

2016-05-01

This paper reports the results of an experiment to directly measure the time-resolved scintillation signal from the passage of cosmic-ray muons through liquid argon. Scintillation light from these muons is of value to studies of weakly-interacting particles in neutrino experiments and dark matter searches. The experiment was carried out at the TallBo dewar facility at Fermilab using prototype light guide detectors and electronics developed for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment. Two models are presented for the time structure of the scintillation light, a phenomenological model and a physically-motivated model. Both models find tT = 1:52 ms for the decay time constant of the Ar 2 triplet state. These models also show that the identification of the “early” light fraction in the phenomenological model, FE 25% of the signal, with the total light from singlet decays is an underestimate. The total fraction of singlet light is FS 36%, where the increase over FE is from singlet light emitted by the wavelength shifter through processes with long decay constants. The models were further used to compute the experimental particle identification parameter Fprompt, the fraction of light coming in a short time window after the trigger compared with the light in the total recorded waveform. The models reproduce quite well the typical experimental value 0.3 found by dark matter and double b-decay experiments, which suggests this parameter provides a robust metric for discriminating electrons and muons from more heavily ionizing particles.

19. Influence of dissolved gas and temperature on the light yield of new liquid scintillators

Buontempo, S; Golovkin, S V; Martellotti, G; Medvedkov, A M; Penso, G; Soloviev, A S; Vasilchenko, V G

1999-01-01

Sixteen new liquid scintillators, emitting green light, were studied. They are based on four solvents combined with four dopants. The influence of different gas atmospheres was studied. In particular it was shown that by keeping these liquid scintillators in vacuum or in a neutral gas, the light yield increases up to 32~\\% at 20 $^{\\circ}$C and for the best solvent-dopant combinations. The dependance of the light yield on temperature was also studied for these scintillators. In the 20--60 $^{\\circ}$C interval, some exhibit a light yield variation of $\\sim$ 3 \\% which is smaller than that of the NE 102A plastic scintillator.

20. Liquid argon scintillation light studies in LArIAT

Kryczynski, Pawel [Fermilab

2016-10-12

The LArIAT experiment is using its Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) in the second run of data-taking at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. The goal of the experiment is to study the response of LArTPCs to charged particles of energies relevant for planned neutrino experiments. In addition, it will help to develop and evaluate the performance of the simulation, analysis, and reconstruction software used in other LAr neutrino experiments. Particles from a tertiary beam detected by LArIAT (mainly protons, pions and muons) are identified using a set of beamline detectors, including Wire Chambers, Time of Flight counters and Cherenkov counters, as well as a simplified sampling detector used to detect muons. In its effort towards augmenting LArTPC technology for other neutrino experiments, LArIAT also takes advantage of the scintillating capabilities of LAr and is testing the possibility of using the light signal to help reconstruct calorimetric information and particle ID. In this report, we present results from these studies of the scintillation light signal to evaluate detector performance and calorimetry.

1. NEST: A Comprehensive Model for Scintillation Yield in Liquid Xenon

Szydagis, M; Kazkaz, K; Mock, J; Stolp, D; Sweany, M; Tripathi, M; Uvarov, S; Walsh, N; Woods, M

2011-01-01

A comprehensive model for explaining scintillation yield in liquid xenon is introduced. We unify various definitions of work function which abound in the literature and incorporate all available data on electron recoil scintillation yield. This results in a better understanding of electron recoil, and facilitates an improved description of nuclear recoil. An incident gamma energy range of O(1 keV) to O(1 MeV) and electric fields between 0 and O(10 kV/cm) are incorporated into this heuristic model. We show results from a Geant4 implementation, but because the model has a few free parameters, implementation in any simulation package should be simple. We use a quasi-empirical approach, with an objective of improving detector calibrations and performance verification. The model will aid in the design and optimization of future detectors. This model is also easy to extend to other noble elements. In this paper we lay the foundation for an exhaustive simulation code which we call NEST (Noble Element Simulation Tech...

2. Optimization of screening for radioactivity in urine by liquid scintillation.

Shanks, Sonoya Toyoko; Reese, Robert P.; Preston, Rose T. (Technadyne Engineering Consultants, Inc., Albuquerque, NM)

2007-08-01

Numerous events have or could have resulted in the inadvertent uptake of radionuclides by fairly large populations. Should a population receive an uptake, valuable information could be obtained by using liquid scintillation counting (LSC) techniques to quickly screen urine from a sample of the affected population. This study investigates such LSC parameters as discrimination, quench, volume, and count time to yield guidelines for analyzing urine in an emergency situation. Through analyzing variations of the volume and their relationships to the minimum detectable activity (MDA), the optimum ratio of sample size to scintillating chemical cocktail was found to be 1:3. Using this optimum volume size, the alpha MDA varied from 2100 pCi/L for a 30-second count time to 35 pCi/L for a 1000-minute count time. The typical count time used by the Sandia National Laboratories Radiation Protection Sample Diagnostics program is 30 minutes, which yields an alpha MDA of 200 pCi/L. Because MDA is inversely proportional to the square root of the count time, count time can be reduced in an emergency situation to achieve the desired MDA or response time. Note that approximately 25% of the response time is used to prepare the samples and complete the associated paperwork. It was also found that if the nuclide of interest is an unknown, pregenerated discriminator settings and efficiency calibrations can be used to produce an activity value within a factor of two, which is acceptable for a screening method.

3. Aging research of the LAB-based liquid scintillator in stainless steel container

Chen, Hai-tao; Shan, Qing; Ding, Ya-yun; Du, Bing; Liu, Shu-tong; Zhang, Xuan; Zhou, Li; Jia, Wen-bao; Fang, Jian; Ye, Xing-chen; Hu, Wei; Niu, Shun-li; Yan, Jia-qing; Zhao, Hang; Zhao, Dao-jin

2014-01-01

Stainless steel is the material used for the storage vessels and piping systems of LAB-based liquid scintillator in JUNO experiment. Aging is recognized as one of the main degradation mechanisms affecting the properties of liquid scintillator. LAB-based liquid scintillator aging experiments were carried out in different material of containers (type 316 and 304 stainless steel and glass) at two different temperature (40 and 25 degrees Celsius). For the continuous liquid scintillator properties tests, the light yield and the absorption spectrum are nearly the same as that of the unaged one. The attenuation length of the aged samples is 6%~12% shorter than that of the unaged one. But the concentration of element Fe in the LAB-based liquid scintillator does not show a clear change. So the self aging has small effect on liquid scintillator, as well as the stainless steel impurity quenching. Type 316 and 304 stainless steel can be used as LAB-based liquid scintillator vessel, transportation pipeline material.

4. LArGe. A liquid argon scintillation veto for GERDA

Heisel, Mark

2011-04-13

LArGe is a GERDA low-background test facility to study novel background suppression methods in a low-background environment, for possible applications in the GERDA experiment. GERDA searches for the neutrinoless double-beta decay in {sup 76}Ge, by operating naked germanium detectors submersed into 65 m{sup 3} of liquid argon. Similarly, LArGe runs Ge-detectors in 1 m{sup 3} (1.4 tons) of liquid argon, which in addition is instrumented with photomultipliers to detect argon scintillation light. The light is used in anti-coincidence with the germanium detectors, to effectively suppress background events that deposit energy in the liquid argon. This work adresses the design, construction, and commissioning of LArGe. The background suppression efficiency has been studied in combination with a pulse shape discrimination (PSD) technique for various sources, which represent characteristic backgrounds to GERDA. Suppression factors of a few times 10{sup 3} have been achieved. First background data of LArGe (without PSD) yield a background index of (0.12-4.6).10{sup -2} cts/(keV.kg.y) (90% c.l.), which is at the level of the Gerda phase I design goal. Furthermore, for the first time we measure the natural {sup 42}Ar abundance (in parallel to Gerda), and have indication for the 2{nu}{beta}{beta}-decay in natural germanium. (orig.)

5. Application of scintillating properties of liquid xenon and silicon photomultiplier technology to medical imaging

Gomez-Cadenas, J. J.; Benlloch-Rodriguez, J. M.; Ferrario, Paola

2016-04-01

We describe a new positron emission time-of-flight apparatus using liquid xenon. The detector is based in a liquid xenon scintillating cell. The cell shape and dimensions can be optimized depending on the intended application. In its simplest form, the liquid xenon scintillating cell is a box in which two faces are covered by silicon photomultipliers and the others by a reflecting material such as Teflon. It is a compact, homogenous and highly efficient detector which shares many of the desirable properties of monolithic crystals, with the added advantage of high yield and fast scintillation offered by liquid xenon. Our initial studies suggest that good energy and spatial resolution comparable with that achieved by lutetium oxyorthosilicate crystals can be obtained with a detector based in liquid xenon scintillating cells. In addition, the system can potentially achieve an excellent coincidence resolving time of better than 100 ps.

6. Patient-specific quality assurance for spot scanning proton beams using a large-volume liquid scintillator detector

Robertson, D.; Beddar, S.

2017-05-01

A large-volume liquid scintillator detector was used to measure individual energy layers from a clinical prostate treatment plan on a scanning proton beam system. Lateral and beam’s-eye view images of the dose distribution were acquired with two CCD cameras facing adjacent sides of a scintillator tank. The measured dose images were compared with calculated dose distributions from a validated Monte Carlo model. The measured and calculated dose distributions showed good agreement, with the exception of the Bragg peak region of the lateral view, which exhibited ionization quenching. The beam’s-eye and lateral views achieved gamma analysis passing rates of 99.7% and 92.5%, respectively, using gamma criteria of 3%, 3 mm. Large-volume scintillator detectors show promise for quick and accurate measurements of patient treatment fields for scanning proton beam systems.

7. Liquid scintillator composition optimization for use in ultra-high energy cosmic ray detector systems

Beznosko, Dmitriy; Batyrkhanov, Ayan; Iakovlev, Alexander; Yelshibekov, Khalykbek

2017-06-01

The Horizon-T (HT) detector system and the currently under R&D HT-KZ detector system are designed for the detection of Extensive Air Showers (EAS) with energies above ˜1016 eV (˜1017 eV for HT-KZ). The main challenges in both detector systems are the fast time resolutions needed for studying the temporary structure of EAS, and the extremely wide dynamic range needed to study the spatial distribution of charged particles in EAS disks. In order to detect the low-density of charged particles far from the EAS axis, a large-area detector is needed. Liquid scintillator with low cost would be a possible solution for such a detector, including the recently developed safe and low-cost water-based liquid scintillators. Liquid organic scintillators give a fast and high light yield (LY) for charged particle detection. It is similar to plastic scintillator in properties but is cost effective for large volumes. With liquid scintillator, one can create detection volumes that are symmetric and yet retain high LY detection. Different wavelength shifters affect the scintillation light by changing the output spectrum into the best detection region. Results of the latest studies of the components optimization in the liquid scintillator formulae are presented.

8. Discovery potential for supernova relic neutrinos with slow liquid scintillator detectors

Wei, Hanyu; Wang, Zhe; Chen, Shaomin

2017-06-01

Detection of supernova relic neutrinos could provide key support for our current understanding of stellar and cosmological evolution, and precise measurements of these neutrinos could yield novel insights into the universe. In this paper, we studied the detection potential of supernova relic neutrinos using linear alkyl benzene (LAB) as a slow liquid scintillator. The linear alkyl benzene features good separation of Cherenkov and scintillation lights, thereby providing a new route for particle identification. We further addressed key issues in current experiments, including (1) the charged current background of atmospheric neutrinos in water Cherenkov detectors and (2) the neutral current background of atmospheric neutrinos in typical liquid scintillator detectors. A kiloton-scale LAB detector at Jinping with O(10) years of data could discover supernova relic neutrinos with a sensitivity comparable to that of large-volume water Cherenkov detectors, typical liquid scintillator detectors, and liquid argon detectors.

9. Properties of Quantum-Dot-Doped Liquid Scintillators

Coy, Christopher

2014-03-01

Novel scintillators based on semiconducting nanocrystals called quantum dots have unique optical and chemical properties that make them interesting for future neutrino experiments especially those searching for neutrino-less double beta decay. In this talk, we report the results of laboratory-scale measurements for three candidate quantum-dot-doped scintillators. We focus on the key properties required for large-scale neutrino experiments, which are the emission spectrum, the attenuation length and the stability. I would like to follow the talk by Andrey Elagin on directionality in scintillators and precede Athena Ierokomos' talk on light yield in scintillators.

10. Biocomponent determination in vinegars with the help of 14C measured by liquid scintillation counting.

2014-02-15

This article presents a method of carbon extraction from vinegar used in preparation of liquid scintillation counting cocktails for measurements of low (14)C radioactivity. The presented method is relatively fast and can be used to produce liquid scintillation cocktails e.g., via benzene synthesis. In this work we present specific radiocarbon radioactivity determinations and based on them estimation of bio product content for five commercially available vinegars. All investigated vinegars are likely produced from plants in fermentation process.

11. The time-of-flight method for characterizing the neutron response of liquid organic scintillators

Iwanowska, J., E-mail: joanna.iwanowska@ncbj.gov.pl [National Centre for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Otwock-Swierk (Poland); Swiderski, L.; Krakowski, T.; Moszynski, M.; Szczesniak, T. [National Centre for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Otwock-Swierk (Poland); Pausch, G. [OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Fetscherstr. 74, PF 41, 01307 Dresden (Germany)

2015-05-01

The purpose of this work is to present a measurement method for determining the neutron responses of various liquid organic scintillators using a time-of-flight technique in conjunction with a D–T neutron generator. The method is based on fast-neutron scattering on protons in a liquid-scintillator medium and on the acquisition of the neutron response of the medium as a function of the proton-recoil energy. This method can be applied to all scintillators that utilize fast-neutron elastic scattering.

12. CdZnTe room-temperature semiconductor operation in liquid scintillator

Stewart, D Y

2008-01-01

We demonstrate the first operation of CdZnTe room-temperature detectors in a liquid scintillator environment. This work follows conceptually the Heusser-type detector method of operating HPGe detectors in liquid nitrogen and liquid argon but instead for a far more practical room-temperature ensemble with the aim of achieving ultra-low background levels for radiation detection.

13. Quenching measurements and modeling of a boron-loaded organic liquid scintillator

Westerdale, S.; Xu, J.; Shields, E.; Froborg, F.; Calaprice, F.; Alexander, T.; Aprahamian, A.; Back, H. O.; Casarella, C.; Fang, X.; Gupta, Y. K.; Lamere, E.; Liu, Q.; Lyons, S.; Smith, M.; Tan, W.

2017-08-01

Organic liquid scintillators are used in a wide variety of applications in experimental nuclear and particle physics. Boron-loaded scintillators are particularly useful for detecting neutron captures, due to the high thermal neutron capture cross section of 10B. These scintillators are commonly used in neutron detectors, including the DarkSide-50 neutron veto, where the neutron may produce a signal when it scatters o protons in the scintillator or when it captures on 10B. Reconstructing the energy of these recoils is complicated by scintillation quenching. Understanding how nuclear recoils are quenched in these scintillators is an important and dicult problem. In this article, we present a set of measurements of neutron-induced proton recoils in a boron-loaded organic liquid scintillator at recoil energies ranging from 57-467 keV, and we compare these measurements to predictions from different quenching models. We and that a modified Birks' model whose denominator is quadratic in dE=dx best describes the measurements, with χ2/NDF = 1:6. This result will help model nuclear recoil scintillation in similar detectors and can be used to improve their neutron tagging efficiency.

14. Quenching Measurements and Modeling of a Boron-Loaded Organic Liquid Scintillator

Westerdale, Shawn [Princeton U.; Xu, Jingke [Princeton U.; Shields, Emily [Princeton U.; Froborg, Francis [Princeton U.; Calaprice, Frank [Princeton U.; Alexander, Thomas [Fermilab; Aprahamian, Ani [Notre Dame U.; Back, Henning O. [Princeton U.; Casarella, Clark [Notre Dame U.; Fang, Xiao [Notre Dame U.; Gupta, Yogesh K. [Notre Dame U.; Lamere, Edward [Notre Dame U.; Liu, Qian [Notre Dame U.; Lyons, Stephanie [Notre Dame U.; Smith, Mallory [Notre Dame U.; Tan, Wanpeng [Notre Dame U.

2017-03-18

Organic liquid scintillators are used in a wide variety of applications in experimental nuclear and particle physics. Boron-loaded scintillators are particularly useful for detecting neutron captures, due to the high thermal neutron capture cross section of $^{10}$B. These scintillators are commonly used in neutron detectors, including the DarkSide-50 neutron veto, where the neutron may produce a signal when it scatters off protons in the scintillator or when it captures on $^{10}$B. Reconstructing the energy of these recoils is complicated by scintillation quenching. Understanding how nuclear recoils are quenched in these scintillators is an important and difficult problem. In this article, we present a set of measurements of neutron-induced proton recoils in a boron-loaded organic liquid scintillator at recoil energies ranging from 57--467 keV, and we compare these measurements to predictions from different quenching models. We find that a modified Birks' model whose denominator is quadratic in $dE/dx$ best describes the measurements, with $\\chi^2$/NDF$=1.6$. This result will help model nuclear recoil scintillation in similar detectors and can be used to improve their neutron tagging efficiency.

15. Development of a low background liquid scintillation counter for a shallow underground laboratory

Erchinger, J L; Bernacki, B E; Douglas, M; Fuller, E S; Keillor, M E; Morley, S M; Mullen, C A; Orrell, J L; Panisko, M E; Warren, G A; Williams, R O; Wright, M E

2015-01-01

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has recently opened a shallow underground laboratory intended for measurement of low-concentration levels of radioactive isotopes in samples collected from the environment. The development of a low-background liquid scintillation counter is currently underway to further augment the measurement capabilities within this underground laboratory. Liquid scintillation counting is especially useful for measuring charged particle (e.g., $\\beta$, $\\alpha$) emitting isotopes with no (or very weak) gamma-ray yields. The combination of high-efficiency detection of charged particle emission in a liquid scintillation cocktail coupled with the low-background environment of an appropriately-designed shield located in a clean underground laboratory provides the opportunity for increased-sensitivity measurements of a range of isotopes. To take advantage of the 35 meters-water-equivalent overburden of the underground laboratory, a series of simulations have evaluated the scintillation count...

16. Scintillation yield and time dependence from electronic and nuclear recoils in liquid neon

Lippincott, W H; Gastler, D; Kearns, E; McKinsey, D N; Nikkel, J A

2011-01-01

We have performed measurements of scintillation light in liquid neon, observing a signal yield in our detector as high as (3.5 $\\pm$ 0.4) photoelectrons/keV. We measure pulse shape discrimination efficiency between electronic and nuclear recoils in liquid neon from 50 and 300 keV nuclear recoil energy. We also measure the \\leff\\, parameter in liquid neon between 30 and 370 keV nuclear recoil energy, observing an average \\leff$=0.24$ above 50 keV. We observe a dependence of the scintillation time distribution and signal yield on the pressure and temperature of the liquid neon.

17. Method for measuring multiple scattering corrections between liquid scintillators

Verbeke, J. M.; Glenn, A. M.; Keefer, G. J.; Wurtz, R. E.

2016-07-01

A time-of-flight method is proposed to experimentally quantify the fractions of neutrons scattering between scintillators. An array of scintillators is characterized in terms of crosstalk with this method by measuring a californium source, for different neutron energy thresholds. The spectral information recorded by the scintillators can be used to estimate the fractions of neutrons multiple scattering. With the help of a correction to Feynman's point model theory to account for multiple scattering, these fractions can in turn improve the mass reconstruction of fissile materials under investigation.

18. Laboratory Studies on the Removal of Radon-Born Lead from KamLAND's Organic Liquid Scintillator

Keefer, G; Piepke, A; Ebihara, T; Ikeda, H; Kishimoto, Y; Kibe, Y; Koseki, Y; Ogawa, M; Shirai, J; Takeuchi, S; Mauger, C; Zhang, C; Schweitzer, G; Berger, B E; Dazeley, S; Decowski, M P; Detwiler, J A; Djurcic, Z; Dwyer, D A; Efremenko, Y; Enomoto, S; Freedman, S J; Fujikawa, B K; Furuno, K; Gando, A; Gando, Y; Gratta, G; Hatakeyama, S; Heeger, K M; Hsu, L; Ichimura, K; Inoue, K; Iwamoto, T; Kamyshkov, Y; Karwowski, H J; Koga, M; Kozlov, A; Lane, C E; Learned, J G; Maricic, J; Marko, D M; Matsuno, S; McKee, D; McKeown, R D; Miletic, T; Mitsui, T; Motoki, M; Nakajima, K; Nakamura, K; O'Donnell, T; Ogawa, H; Piquemal, F; Ricol, J -S; Shimizu, I; Suekane, F; Suzuki, A; Svoboda, R; Tajima, O; Takemoto, Y; Tamae, K; Tolich, K; Tornow, W; Watanabe, Hideki; Watanabe, Hiroko; Winslow, L A; Yoshida, S

2013-01-01

The removal of radioactivity from liquid scintillator has been studied in preparation of a low background phase of KamLAND. This paper describes the methods and techniques developed to measure and efficiently extract radon decay products from liquid scintillator. We report the radio-isotope reduction factors obtained when applying various extraction methods. During this study, distillation was identified as the most efficient method for removing radon daughters from liquid scintillator.

19. How to observe 8B solar neutrinos in liquid scintillator detectors

Ianni, A; Villante, F L

2016-01-01

We show that liquid organic scintillator detectors (e.g., KamLAND and Borexino) can measure the 8B solar neutrino flux by means of the nu_e charged current interaction with the 13C nuclei naturally contained in the scintillators. The neutrino events can be identified by exploiting the time and space coincidence with the subsequent decay of the produced 13N nuclei. We perform a detailed analysis of the background in KamLAND, Borexino and in a possible liquid scintillator detector at SNOLab, showing that the 8B solar neutrino signal can be extracted with a reasonable uncertainty in a few years of data taking. KamLAND should be able to extract about 18 solar neutrino events from the already collected data. Prospects for gigantic scintillator detectors (such as LENA) are also studied.

20. Observation of the Dependence of Scintillation from Nuclear Recoils in Liquid Argon on Drift Field

Alexander, T; Cao, H; Cocco, A G; DeJongh, F; Fiorillo, G; Galbiati, C; Ghag, C; Grandi, L; Kendziora, C; Lippincott, W H; Loer, B; Love, C; Manenti, L; Martoff, C J; Meng, Y; Montanari, D; Mosteiro, P; Olvitt, D; Pordes, S; Qian, H; Rossi, B; Saldanha, R; Tan, W; Tatarowicz, J; Walker, S; Wang, H; Watson, A W; Westerdale, S; Yoo, J

2013-01-01

We have exposed a dual-phase Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LAr-TPC) to a low energy pulsed narrowband neutron beam, produced at the Notre Dame Institute for Structure and Nuclear Astrophysics to study the scintillation light yield of recoiling nuclei in a LAr-TPC. A liquid scintillation counter was arranged to detect and identify neutrons scattered in the LAr-TPC target and to select the energy of the recoiling nuclei. We report the observation of a significant dependence on drift field of liquid argon scintillation from nuclear recoils of 11 keV. This observation is important because, to date, estimates of the sensitivity of noble liquid TPC dark matter searches are based on the assumption that electric field has only a small effect on the light yield from nuclear recoils.

1. Measurement of actinides in environmental samples by Photo-Electron Rejecting Alpha Liquid Scintillation

Cadieux, J.R. [Westinghouse Savannah River Co., Aiken, SC (United States); Clark, S. [Savannah River Ecology Lab., Univ. of Georgia (United States); Fjeld, R.A.; Reboul, S.; Sowder, A. [Clemson Univ., SC (United States). Dept. of Environmental Systems Engineering

1994-05-01

This work describes the adaptation of extractive scintillation with a Photo-Electron Rejecting Alpha Liquid Scintillation (PERALS) (ORDELA, Inc.) spectrometer to the analysis of actinides in environmental samples from the Savannah River Site (SRS). Environmental quality assurance standards and actual water samples were treated by one of two methods; either a two step direct extraction, or for more complex samples, pretreatment by an extraction chromatographic separation prior to measurement of the alpha activity by PERALS.

2. Liquid Helium and Liquid Neon - Sensitive, Low Background Scintillation Media For the Detection of Low Energy Neutrinos

McKinsey, D N

1999-01-01

The use of liquid helium and neon as scintillators for neutrino detection is investigated. Several unique properties of these cryogens make them promising candidates for real-time solar neutrino spectroscopy: large ultraviolet scintillation yields from ionizing radiation, transparency to their own scintillation light, and low levels of radioactive impurities. When neutrinos scatter from electrons in liquid helium or neon, ultraviolet light is emitted. The ultraviolet scintillation light can be efficiently converted to the visible with wavelength shifting films. In this way the neutrino-electron scattering events can be detected by photomultiplier tubes at room temperature. We conclude that the solar neutrino flux from the $\\rm p+p\\to e^{+}+d+\ 3. Infrared scintillation yield in gaseous and liquid argon for rare-event experiments Buzulutskov, A; Grebenuk, A 2011-01-01 The study of primary and secondary scintillations in noble gases and liquids is of paramount importance to rare-event experiments using noble gas media, such those of dark matter search, mu-e-gamma decay search, neutrinoless double-beta decay search and coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering. In the present work, the scintillation yield in gaseous and liquid Ar has for the first time been measured in the near infrared (NIR), both for primary and secondary (proportional) scintillations, using Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (G-APDs) and pulsed X-ray irradiation. In the wavelength range of 690-850 nm, the primary NIR-scintillation yield of the fast component was measured to be 17000 photon/MeV in gaseous Ar and 450 photon/MeV in liquid Ar. Proportional NIR scintillations (electroluminescence) in gaseous Ar have been also observed; their amplification parameter at 163 K was measured to be 12 photons per drifting electron per kV. Possible applications of NIR scintillations in high energy physics experiments are d... 4. A Novel Particle Detector: Quantum Dot Doped Liquid Scintillator Winslow, Lindley; Conrad, Janet; Jerry, Ruel 2010-02-01 Quantum dots are semiconducting nanocrystals. When excited by light shorter then their characteristic wavelength, they re-emit in a narrow band around this wavelength. The size of the quantum is proportional to the characteristic wavelength so they can be tuned for many applications. CdS quantum dots are made in wavelengths from 360nm to 460nm, a perfect range for the sensitivity of photo-multiplier tubes. The synthesis of quantum dots automatically leaves them in toluene, a good organic scintillator and Cd is a particularly interesting material as it has one of the highest thermal neutron cross sections and has several neutrinoless double beta decay and double electron capture isotopes. The performance of quantum dot loaded scintillator compared to standard scintillators is measured and some unique properties presented. ) 5. Measurement of (90)Sr in environmental samples by cation-exchange and liquid scintillation counting. Amano, H; Yanase, N 1990-06-01 A new method for the measurement of (90)Sr in environmental samples by cation-exchange and liquid scintillation counting is described. Strontium carbonate is purified by precipitation and ion-exchange, weighed for the determination of chemical yield, dissolved in hydrochloric acid and mixed with the liquid scintillator, Aquasol-2. Two channels of a low-background liquid scintillation counter are used to determine (90)Sr, (90)Y and (89)Sr, free from the effects of environmental tritium. The values of (90)Sr obtained by this method are in good agreement with those from ordinary (90)Y milking and the gas proportional counting method. The concentration of (90)Sr in the air at Tokai-mura in Japan has been measured by the new method. 6. Calibration of an EJ309 liquid scintillator using an AmBe neutron source Bai, Huaiyong; Wang, Zhimin; Zhang, Luyu; Lu, Yi; Jiang, Haoyu; Chen, Jinxiang; Zhang, Guohui 2017-08-01 As the light output function of the EJ309 liquid scintillator is nonlinear with respect to the energy of the recoil proton and it is difficult to be predicted, it need to be measured. In the present work, an EJ309 liquid scintillator, 5.1 cm in diameter and 5.1 cm in length, is calibrated with an AmBe neutron source using the time-of-flight method. A Monte Carlo simulation is performed to improve the accuracy of the measured light output function. The obtained light output function is presented and it is compared with existing measurements. The energy resolution of the EJ309 Liquid scintillator is also illustrated. 7. Timing properties and pulse shape discrimination of LAB-based liquid scintillator LI Xiao-Bo; XIAO Hua-Lin; CAO Jun; LI Jin; RUAN Xi-Chao; HENG Yue-Kun 2011-01-01 Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) is a promising liquid scintillator solvent in neutrino experiments because it has many appealing properties.The timing properties of LAB-based liquid scintillator have been studied through ultraviolet and ionization excitation in this study.The decay time of LAB,PPO and bis-MSB is found to be 48.6 ns,1.55 ns and 1.5 ns,respectively.A model can describe the absorption and re-emission process between PPO and bis-MSB perfectly.The energy transfer time between LAB and PPO with different concentrations can be obtained via another model.We also show that the LAB-based liquid scintillator has good (n,γ) and (α,γ) discrimination power. 8. Measurement of neutron dose with an organic liquid scintillator coupled with a spectrum weight function Kim, E.; Endo, A.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Yoshizawa, M.; Nakamura, T.; Shiomi, T 2002-07-01 A dose evaluation method for neutrons in the energy range of a few MeV to 100 MeV has been developed using a spectrum weight function (G-function), which is applied to an organic liquid scintillator of 12.7 cm in diameter and 12.7 cm in length. The G-function that converts the pulse height spectrum of the scintillator into the ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), was calculated by an unfolding method using successive approximation of the response function of the scintillator and the ambient dose equivalent per unit neutron fluence (H*(10) conversion coefficients) of ICRP 74. To verify the response function of the scintillator and the value of H*(10) evaluated by the G-function, pulse height spectra of the scintillator were measured in some different neutron fields, which have continuous energy, monoenergetic and quasi-monoenergetic spectra. Values of H*(10) estimated using the G-function and pulse height spectra of the scintillator were compared with those calculated using neutron energy spectra. These doses agreed with each other. From the results, it was concluded that H*(10) can be evaluated directly from the pulse height spectrum of the scintillator by applying the G-function proposed in this study. (author) 9. Experimental determination of elemental compositions and densities of several common liquid scintillators Rodriguez-Barquero, Leonor, E-mail: l.barquero@ciemat.e [Laboratorio de Metrologia de Radiaciones Ionizantes, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense, 22, 28040 Madrid (Spain); Los Arcos, Jose M., E-mail: jm.losarcos@ciemat.e [Laboratorio de Metrologia de Radiaciones Ionizantes, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense, 22, 28040 Madrid (Spain) 2010-07-15 New accurate data for the density and the elemental composition of several common liquid scintillators have been determined in this work. These data can be used to correctly determine or calculate the counting efficiency of radio-nuclides as well as to evaluate more accurately the uncertainties in LSC measurements due to variability on the composition of scintillators. The discrepancy between nominal densities at 20{sup o}C and the real densities at 20{sup o}C or 16{sup o}C can reach up to 4% among different batches of commercial scintillators all having the same nominal composition. Also significant differences in the elemental composition of commercial cocktails have been found compared to the nominal values. These differences range from 2% up to 260% depending on the element and the scintillator being measured. 10. Characteristics of Gd-loaded liquid scintillators BC521 and BC525 Banerjee, K. [Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1-AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700 064 (India)], E-mail: kaushik@veccal.ernet.in; Kundu, S.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Rana, T.K.; Bhattacharya, S.; Bhattacharya, C.; Banerjee, S.R.; Ghosh, T.K.; Mukherjee, G.; Bandyopadhyay, T.; Dey, A.; Meena, J.K.; Mukhopadhyay, P.; Gupta, D.; Pal, S.; Pandit, D. [Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1-AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700 064 (India); Bhattacharya, S. [Department of Physics, Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling 734 101, West Bengal (India) 2007-10-11 Characteristic features of neutron detection properties of the loaded liquid scintillators, i.e., capture time distribution, pulse shape discrimination, and time resolution have been studied for two Gd-loaded liquid scintillators, BC521 and BC525. A new technique to measure the capture time distribution with a small size neutron detector (capacity 7.3 l) in combination with BaF{sub 2} {gamma}-ray detectors has been demonstrated. The measured capture time distributions were in good agreement with the results obtained by Monte Carlo simulation using the computer code DENIS. 11. Intense vacuum ultraviolet and infrared scintillation of liquid Ar-Xe mixtures Neumeier, Alexander; Oberauer, Lothar; Potzel, Walter; Roth, Sabine; Schoenert, Stefan [Physik-Department E15, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching (Germany); Dandl, Thomas; Heindl, Thomas; Himpsl, Andreas; Wieser, Jochen; Ulrich, Andreas [Physik-Department E12, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching (Germany) 2015-07-01 Electron-beam excited xenon-doped liquid argon has two intense and well separated scintillation signals in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength region. Wavelength resolved scintillation spectra of liquid argon-mixtures are presented in a wide wavelength range from 115 to 3500 nm. The most intense emission features in the VUV and the NIR were measured time resolved (ns resolution) under pulsed electron-beam excitation. In this talk, the different detection principles, the results and a possible application in a novel detector concept are briefly discussed. 12. Liquid scintillators with near infrared emission based on organoboron conjugated polymers. Tanaka, Kazuo; Yanagida, Takayuki; Yamane, Honami; Hirose, Amane; Yoshii, Ryousuke; Chujo, Yoshiki 2015-11-15 The organic liquid scintillators based on the emissive polymers are reported. A series of conjugated polymers containing organoboron complexes which show the luminescence in the near infrared (NIR) region were synthesized. The polymers showed good solubility in common organic solvents. From the comparison of the luminescent properties of the synthesized polymers between optical and radiation excitation, similar emission bands were detected. In addition, less significant degradation was observed. These data propose that the organoboron conjugated polymers are attractive platforms to work as an organic liquid scintillator with the emission in the NIR region. 13. In-Situ Measurement of Relative Attenuation Length of Gadolinium-Loaded Liquid Scintillator Using Source Data at RENO Experiment Kim, H S; Choi, J H; Choi, W Q; Choi, Y; Jang, H I; Jang, J S; Joo, K K; Kim, B R; Kim, J Y; Kim, S B; Kim, W; Kwon, E; Lee, D H; Lim, I T; Pac, M Y; Park, I G; Park, J S; Park, R G; Seo, H; Seo, S H; Seon, Y G; Shin, C D; Yeo, I S; Yu, I 2016-01-01 We present an in-situ method of measuring the relative attenuation length of gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillator in the RENO detectors using radioactive source calibration data without requiring any PMT performance model. We observed the degradation of the attenuation length of the gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillator in the RENO detectors by ~50% over a period of about 4 years. 14. Study of infrared scintillations in gaseous and liquid argon - Part II: light yield and possible applications Bondar, A; Dolgov, A; Grebenuk, A; Peleganchuk, S; Shekhtman, V Porosev L; Shemyakina, E; Sokolov, A 2012-01-01 We present here a comprehensive study of the light yield of primary and secondary scintillations produced in gaseous and liquid Ar in the near infrared (NIR) and visible region, at cryogenic temperatures. The measurements were performed using Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (GAPDs) and pulsed X-ray irradiation. The primary scintillation yield of the fast emission component in gaseous Ar was found to be independent of temperature in the range of 87-160 K; it amounted to 17000+/-3000 photon/MeV in the NIR in the range of 690-1000 nm. In liquid Ar at 87 K, the primary scintillation yield of the fast component was considerably reduced, amounting to 510+/-90 photon/MeV, in the range of 400-1000 nm. Proportional NIR scintillations (electroluminescence) in gaseous Ar were also observed; their amplification parameter at 160 K was measured to be 13 photons per drifting electron per kV. No proportional scintillations were observed in liquid Ar up to the electric fields of 30 kV/cm. The applications of NIR scintillati... 15. Development of liquid scintillator containing a zirconium complex for neutrinoless double beta decay experiment Fukuda, Yoshiyuki, E-mail: fukuda@staff.miyakyo-u.ac.jp [Department of Physics, Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845 (Japan); Moriyama, Shigetaka [Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 (Japan); Ogawa, Izumi [Faculty of Engineering, Fukui University, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8507 (Japan) 2013-12-21 An organic liquid scintillator containing a zirconium complex has been developed for a new neutrinoless double beta decay experiment. In order to produce a detector that has good energy resolution (4% at 2.5 MeV) and low background (0.1counts/(t·year)) and that can monitor tons of target isotope, we chose a zirconium β-diketone complex having high solubility (over 10 wt%) in anisole. However, the absorption peak of the diketone ligand overlaps with the luminescence of anisole. Therefore, the light yield of the liquid scintillator decreases in proportion to the concentration of the complex. To avoid this problem, we synthesized a β-keto ester complex introducing –OC{sub 3}H{sub 7} or –OC{sub 2}H{sub 5} substituent groups in the β-diketone ligand, which shifted the absorption peak to around 245 nm, which is shorter than the emission peak of anisole (275 nm). However, the shift of the absorption peak depends on the polarity of the scintillation solvent. Therefore we must choose a low polarity solvent for the liquid scintillator. We also synthesized a Zr–ODZ complex, which has a high quantum yield (30%) and good emission wavelength (425 nm) with a solubility 5 wt% in benzonitrile. However, the absorption peak of the Zr–ODZ complex was around 240 nm. Therefore, it is better to use the scintillation solvent which has shorter luminescence wavelength than that of the aromatic solvent. 16. Temperature dependence of the light yield of the LAB-based and mesitylene-based liquid scintillators DongMei, Xia; XiaoBo, Li; XiLei, Sun; YaYun, Ding; Li, Zhou; Jun, Cao; Wei, Hu; XingCheng, Ye; HaiTao, Chen; XueFeng, Ding; Bing, Du 2014-01-01 We studied the temperature dependence of the light yield of the linear alkyl benzene (LAB)-based and mesitylene-based liquid scintillators. The light yield increases by 23% for both liquid scintillators when the temperature is lowered from$26\\;^{\\circ}$C to$-40\\;^{\\circ }$C, correcting for the temperature response of the photomultiplier tube. The measurements help to understand the energy response of the liquid scintillator detectors. Especially, the next generation reactor neutrino experiments for neutrino mass hierarchy, such as the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), require very high energy resolution. As no apparent degradation on the liquid scintillator transparency was observed, lowering the operation temperature of the detector to$\\sim4\\;^\\circ$C will increase the photoelectron yield of the detector by 13%, combining the light yield increase of the liquid scintillator and the quantum efficiency increase of the photomultiplier tubes. 17. Advanced Scintillator Detector Concept (ASDC): A Concept Paper on the Physics Potential of Water-Based Liquid Scintillator Alonso, J R; Bergevin, M; Bernstein, A; Bignell, L; Blucher, E; Calaprice, F; Conrad, J M; Descamps, F B; Diwan, M V; Dwyer, D A; Dye, S T; Elagin, A; Feng, P; Grant, C; Grullon, S; Hans, S; Jaffe, D E; Kettell, S H; Klein, J R; Lande, K; Learned, J G; Luk, K B; Maricic, J; Marleau, P; Mastbaum, A; McDonough, W F; Oberauer, L; Gann, G D Orebi; Rosero, R; Rountree, S D; Sanchez, M C; Shaevitz, M H; Shokair, T M; Smy, M B; Strait, M; Svoboda, R; Tolich, N; Vagins, M R; van Bibber, K A; Viren, B; Vogelaar, R B; Wetstein, M J; Winslow, L; Wonsak, B; Worcester, E T; Wurm, M; Yeh, M; Zhang, C 2014-01-01 The recent development of Water-based Liquid Scintillator (WbLS), and the concurrent development of high-efficiency and high-precision-timing light sensors, has opened up the possibility for a new kind of large-scale detector capable of a very broad program of physics. The program would include determination of the neutrino mass hierarchy and observation of CP violation with long-baseline neutrinos, searches for proton decay, ultra-precise solar neutrino measurements, geo- and supernova neutrinos including diff?use supernova antineutrinos, and neutrinoless double beta decay. We outline here the basic requirements of the Advanced Scintillation Detector Concept (ASDC), which combines the use of WbLS, doping with a number of potential isotopes for a range of physics goals, high efficiency and ultra-fast timing photosensors, and a deep underground location. We are considering such a detector at the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) far site, where the ASDC could operate in conjunction with the liquid argon t... 18. Preliminary study of light yield dependence on LAB liquid scintillator composition Ye, Xing-Chen; Zhou, Xiang; Zhao, Li; Ding, Ya-Yun; Jie, Quan-Lin; Niu, Shun-Li; Liu, Meng-Chao; Ding, Xue-Feng; Zhang, Xuan; Zhou, Li; Fang, Jian; Chen, Hai-Tao; Hu, Wei; Yan, Jia-Qing; Zhao, Hang; Hong, Dao-Jin 2015-01-01 Liquid scintillator (LS) will be adopted as the detector material in JUNO (Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory). The energy resolution requirement of JUNO is 3%, which has never previously been reached. To achieve this energy resolution, the light yield of liquid scintillator is an important factor. PPO (the fluor) and bis-MSB (the wavelength shifter) are the two main materials dissolved in LAB. To study the influence of these two materials on the transmission of scintillation photons in LS, 25 and 12 cm-long quartz vessels were used in a light yield experiment. LS samples with different concentration of PPO and bis-MSB were tested. At these lengths, the light yield growth is not obvious when the concentration of PPO is higher than 4 g/L. The influence from bis-MSB becomes insignificant when its concentration is higher than 8 mg/L. This result could provide some useful suggestions for the JUNO LS. 19. Discovery potential for supernova relic neutrinos with slow liquid scintillator detectors Wei, Hanyu; Chen, Shaomin 2016-01-01 The detection of supernova relic neutrinos would provide a key support for our current understanding of stellar and cosmological evolution, and precise measurements of them would further give us an insight of the profound universe. In this paper we study the potential to detect supernova relic neutrinos using linear alkyl benzene, LAB, as a slow liquid scintillator, which features a good separation of Cherenkov and scintillation lights, thus providing a new ability in particle identification. We also address key issues of current experiments, including 1) the charged current background of atmospheric neutrinos in water Cherenkov detectors, and 2) the neutral current background of atmospheric neutrinos in typical liquid scintillator detectors. With LAB, a kiloton-scale detector, like the SNO, KamLAND, and the future Jinping neutrino detectors, with$\\mathcal{O}$(10) years of data, would have the sensitivity to discover supernova relic neutrinos, which is comparable to large-volume water Cherenkov, typical liqu... 20. Aqueous liquid scintillation counting with fluor-containing nanosuspensions Weekley, James C.; Wuenschel, Sara; Rosenstiel, Paul E.; Mumper, Russell J.; Jay, Michael E-mail: jay@email.uky.edu 2004-06-01 A microemulsion comprised of water, Brij 78, pentanol and styrene into which PPO and bis-MSB had been dissolved was prepared. Polymerization of the styrene resulted in a suspension of fluor-containing polystyrene nanoparticles (<100 nm). After a concentration step, the aqueous nanosuspension was able to detect {sup 14}C with counting efficiencies over 50% of those of a commercially available scintillation cocktail. Monte Carlo calculations demonstrated that the size and concentration of the nanoparticles were appropriate for optimum detection efficiency. 1. Alpha and beta particle induced scintillations in liquid and solid neon Michniak, R A; McKinsey, D N; Doyle, J M 2002-01-01 Scintillations induced by alpha and beta particles in liquid and solid neon are studied and their light yield measured. Charged particle scintillation in neon is primarily in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV). We detect this EUV light by converting it to blue using a wavelength shifting fluor and detecting the blue light with a photomultiplier tube. It is observed that liquid neon is a somewhat less-efficient scintillator than liquid helium for both alpha and beta radiation while the light yield in solid neon is greater than in liquid helium. Based on our measurements of the relative light yields of liquid and solid neon to liquid helium whose absolute light yield has previously been determined, we find that an alpha source in liquid neon produces up to 5900 photons per MeV while a beta source produces up to 7400 photons per MeV. In solid neon, we find that an alpha particle produces up to 9300 photons per MeV while a beta particle produces up to 17,000 photons per MeV. We observe a significant dependence of the ... 2. Development of a low background liquid scintillation counter for a shallow underground laboratory Erchinger, Jennifer L.; Aalseth, Craig E.; Bernacki, Bruce E.; Douglas, Matthew; Fuller, Erin S.; Keillor, Martin E.; Morley, Shannon M.; Mullen, Crystal A.; Orrell, John L.; Panisko, Mark E.; Warren, Glen A.; Williams, Russell O.; Wright, Michael E. 2015-08-20 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has recently opened a shallow underground laboratory intended for measurement of lowconcentration levels of radioactive isotopes in samples collected from the environment. The development of a low-background liquid scintillation counter is currently underway to further augment the measurement capabilities within this underground laboratory. Liquid scintillation counting is especially useful for measuring charged particle (e.g., B, a) emitting isotopes with no (orvery weak) gamma-ray yields. The combination of high-efficiency detection of charged particle emission in a liquid scintillation cocktail coupled with the low-background environment of an appropriately-designed shield located in a clean underground laboratory provides the opportunity for increased-sensitivity measurements of a range of isotopes. To take advantage of the 35-meter water-equivalent overburden of the underground laboratory, a series of simulations have evaluated the instrumental shield design requirements to assess the possible background rate achievable. This report presents the design and background evaluation for a shallow underground, low background liquid scintillation counter design for sample measurements. 3. Effect of low electric fields on alpha scintillation light yield in liquid argon Agnes, P.; Albuquerque, I. F. M.; Alexander, T.; Alton, A. K.; Asner, D. M.; Back, H. O.; Baldin, B.; Biery, K.; Bocci, V.; Bonfini, G.; Bonivento, W.; Bossa, M.; Bottino, B.; Brigatti, A.; Brodsky, J.; Budano, F.; Bussino, S.; Cadeddu, M.; Cadoni, M.; Calaprice, F.; Canci, N.; Candela, A.; Caravati, M.; Cariello, M.; Carlini, M.; Catalanotti, S.; Cavalcante, P.; Chepurnov, A.; Cicalò, C.; Cocco, A. G.; Covone, G.; D' Angelo, D.; D' Incecco, M.; Davini, S.; Cecco, S. De; Deo, M. De; Vincenzi, M. De; Derbin, A.; Devoto, A.; Eusanio, F. Di; Pietro, G. Di; Dionisi, C.; Edkins, E.; Empl, A.; Fan, A.; Fiorillo, G.; Fomenko, K.; Forster, G.; Franco, D.; Gabriele, F.; Galbiati, C.; Giagu, S.; Giganti, C.; Giovanetti, G. K.; Goretti, A. M.; Granato, F.; Gromov, M.; Guan, M.; Guardincerri, Y.; Hackett, B. R.; Herner, K.; Hughes, D.; Humble, P.; Hungerford, E. V.; Ianni, A.; James, I.; Johnson, T. N.; Jollet, C.; Keeter, K.; Kendziora, C. L.; Koh, G.; Korablev, D.; Korga, G.; Kubankin, A.; Li, X.; Lissia, M.; Loer, B.; Lombardi, P.; Longo, G.; Ma, Y.; Machulin, I. N.; Mandarano, A.; Mari, S. M.; Maricic, J.; Marini, L.; Martoff, C. J.; Meregaglia, A.; Meyers, P. D.; Milincic, R.; Miller, J. D.; Montanari, D.; Monte, A.; Mount, B. J.; Muratova, V. N.; Musico, P.; Napolitano, J.; Agasson, A. Navrer; Odrowski, S.; Oleinik, A.; Orsini, M.; Ortica, F.; Pagani, L.; Pallavicini, M.; Pantic, E.; Parmeggiano, S.; Pelczar, K.; Pelliccia, N.; Pocar, A.; Pordes, S.; Pugachev, D. A.; Qian, H.; Randle, K.; Ranucci, G.; Razeti, M.; Razeto, A.; Reinhold, B.; Renshaw, A. L.; Rescigno, M.; Riffard, Q.; Romani, A.; Rossi, B.; Rossi, N.; Rountree, D.; Sablone, D.; Saggese, P.; Sands, W.; Savarese, C.; Schlitzer, B.; Segreto, E.; Semenov, D. A.; Shields, E.; Singh, P. N.; Skorokhvatov, M. D.; Smirnov, O.; Sotnikov, A.; Stanford, C.; Suvorov, Y.; Tartaglia, R.; Tatarowicz, J.; Testera, G.; Tonazzo, A.; Trinchese, P.; Unzhakov, E. V.; Verducci, M.; Vishneva, A.; Vogelaar, B.; Wada, M.; Walker, S.; Wang, H.; Wang, Y.; Watson, A. W.; Westerdale, S.; Wilhelmi, J.; Wojcik, M. M.; Xiang, X.; Xiao, X.; Xu, J.; Yang, C.; Zhong, W.; Zhu, C.; Zuzel, G. 2017-01-01 Measurements were made of scintillation light yield of alpha particles from the$^{222}$Rn decay chain within the DarkSide-50 liquid argon time projection chamber. The light yield was found to increase as the applied electric field increased, with alphas in a 200 V/cm electric field exhibiting a 2% increase in light yield compared to alphas in no field. 4. Effect of Low Electric Fields on Alpha Scintillation Light Yield in Liquid Argon Agnes, P; Alexander, T; Alton, A K; Asner, D M; Back, H O; Baldin, B; Biery, K; Bocci, V; Bonfini, G; Bonivento, W; Bossa, M; Bottino, B; Brigatti, A; Brodsky, J; Budano, F; Bussino, S; Cadeddu, M; Cadoni, M; Calaprice, F; Canci, N; Candela, A; Caravati, M; Cariello, M; Carlini, M; Catalanotti, S; Cavalcante, P; Chepurnov, A; Cicalò, C; Cocco, A G; Covone, G; D'Angelo, D; D'Incecco, M; Davini, S; De Cecco, S; De Deo, M; De Vincenzi, M; Derbin, A; Devoto, A; Di Eusanio, F; Di Pietro, G; Dionisi, C; Edkins, E; Empl, A; Fan, A; Fiorillo, G; Fomenko, K; Forster, G; Franco, D; Gabriele, F; Galbiati, C; Giagu, S; Giganti, C; Giovanetti, G K; Goretti, A M; Granato, F; Gromov, M; Guan, M; Guardincerri, Y; Hackett, B R; Herner, K; Hughes, D; Humble, P; Hungerford, E V; Ianni, A; James, I; Johnson, T N; Jollet, C; Keeter, K; Kendziora, C L; Koh, G; Korablev, D; Korga, G; Kubankin, A; Li, X; Lissia, M; Loer, B; Lombardi, P; Longo, G; Ma, Y; Machulin, I N; Mandarano, A; Mari, S M; Maricic, J; Marini, L; Martoff, C J; Meregaglia, A; Meyers, P D; Milincic, R; Miller, J D; Montanari, D; Monte, A; Mount, B J; Muratova, V N; Musico, P; Napolitano, J; Agasson, A Navrer; Odrowski, S; Oleinik, A; Orsini, M; Ortica, F; Pagani, L; Pallavicini, M; Pantic, E; Parmeggiano, S; Pelczar, K; Pelliccia, N; Pocar, A; Pordes, S; Pugachev, D A; Qian, H; Randle, K; Ranucci, G; Razeti, M; Razeto, A; Reinhold, B; Renshaw, A L; Rescigno, M; Riffard, Q; Romani, A; Rossi, B; Rossi, N; Rountree, D; Sablone, D; Saggese, P; Sands, W; Savarese, C; Schlitzer, B; Segreto, E; Semenov, D A; Shields, E; Singh, P N; Skorokhvatov, M D; Smirnov, O; Sotnikov, A; Stanford, C; Suvorov, Y; Tartaglia, R; Tatarowicz, J; Testera, G; Tonazzo, A; Trinchese, P; Unzhakov, E V; Verducci, M; Vishneva, A; Vogelaar, B; Wada, M; Walker, S; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Watson, A W; Westerdale, S; Wilhelmi, J; Wojcik, M M; Xiang, X; Xiao, X; Xu, J; Yang, C; Zhong, W; Zhu, C; Zuzel, G 2016-01-01 Measurements were made of scintillation light yield of alpha particles from the$^{222}$Rn decay chain within the DarkSide-50 liquid argon time projection chamber. The light yield was found to increase as the applied electric field increased, with alphas in a 200 V/cm electric field exhibiting a$\\sim$2% increase in light yield compared to alphas in no field. 5. Effect of low electric fields on alpha scintillation light yield in liquid argon Agnes, P.; Albuquerque, I. F. M.; Alexander, T.; Alton, A. K.; Asner, D. M.; Back, H. O.; Baldin, B.; Biery, K.; Bocci, V.; Bonfini, G.; Bonivento, W.; Bossa, M.; Bottino, B.; Brigatti, A.; Brodsky, J.; Budano, F.; Bussino, S.; Cadeddu, M.; Cadoni, M.; Calaprice, F.; Canci, N.; Candela, A.; Caravati, M.; Cariello, M.; Carlini, M.; Catalanotti, S.; Cavalcante, P.; Chepurnov, A.; Cicalò, C.; Cocco, A. G.; Covone, G.; D'Angelo, D.; D'Incecco, M.; Davini, S.; De Cecco, S.; De Deo, M.; De Vincenzi, M.; Derbin, A.; Devoto, A.; Di Eusanio, F.; Di Pietro, G.; Dionisi, C.; Edkins, E.; Empl, A.; Fan, A.; Fiorillo, G.; Fomenko, K.; Forster, G.; Franco, D.; Gabriele, F.; Galbiati, C.; Giagu, S.; Giganti, C.; Giovanetti, G. K.; Goretti, A. M.; Granato, F.; Gromov, M.; Guan, M.; Guardincerri, Y.; Hackett, B. R.; Herner, K.; Hughes, D.; Humble, P.; Hungerford, E. V.; Ianni, A.; James, I.; Johnson, T. N.; Jollet, C.; Keeter, K.; Kendziora, C. L.; Koh, G.; Korablev, D.; Korga, G.; Kubankin, A.; Li, X.; Lissia, M.; Loer, B.; Lombardi, P.; Longo, G.; Ma, Y.; Machulin, I. N.; Mandarano, A.; Mari, S. M.; Maricic, J.; Marini, L.; Martoff, C. J.; Meregaglia, A.; Meyers, P. D.; Milincic, R.; Miller, J. D.; Montanari, D.; Monte, A.; Mount, B. J.; Muratova, V. N.; Musico, P.; Napolitano, J.; Navrer Agasson, A.; Odrowski, S.; Oleinik, A.; Orsini, M.; Ortica, F.; Pagani, L.; Pallavicini, M.; Pantic, E.; Parmeggiano, S.; Pelczar, K.; Pelliccia, N.; Pocar, A.; Pordes, S.; Pugachev, D. A.; Qian, H.; Randle, K.; Ranucci, G.; Razeti, M.; Razeto, A.; Reinhold, B.; Renshaw, A. L.; Rescigno, M.; Riffard, Q.; Romani, A.; Rossi, B.; Rossi, N.; Rountree, D.; Sablone, D.; Saggese, P.; Sands, W.; Savarese, C.; Schlitzer, B.; Segreto, E.; Semenov, D. A.; Shields, E.; Singh, P. N.; Skorokhvatov, M. D.; Smirnov, O.; Sotnikov, A.; Stanford, C.; Suvorov, Y.; Tartaglia, R.; Tatarowicz, J.; Testera, G.; Tonazzo, A.; Trinchese, P.; Unzhakov, E. V.; Verducci, M.; Vishneva, A.; Vogelaar, B.; Wada, M.; Walker, S.; Wang, H.; Wang, Y.; Watson, A. W.; Westerdale, S.; Wilhelmi, J.; Wojcik, M. M.; Xiang, X.; Xiao, X.; Xu, J.; Yang, C.; Zhong, W.; Zhu, C.; Zuzel, G. 2017-01-01 Measurements were made of scintillation light yield of alpha particles from the 222Rn decay chain within the DarkSide-50 liquid argon time projection chamber. The light yield was found to increase as the applied electric field increased, with alphas in a 200 V/cm electric field exhibiting a ~2% increase in light yield compared to alphas in no field. 6. Effect of low electric fields on alpha scintillation light yield in liquid argon Agnes, P.; Albuquerque, I. F. M.; Alexander, T.; Alton, A. K.; Asner, D. M.; Back, H. O.; Baldin, B.; Biery, K.; Bocci, V.; Bonfini, G.; Bonivento, W.; Bossa, M.; Bottino, B.; Brigatti, A.; Brodsky, J.; Budano, F.; Bussino, S.; Cadeddu, M.; Cadoni, M.; Calaprice, F.; Canci, N.; Candela, A.; Caravati, M.; Cariello, M.; Carlini, M.; Catalanotti, S.; Cavalcante, P.; Chepurnov, A.; Cicalò, C.; Cocco, A. G.; Covone, G.; D' Angelo, D.; D' Incecco, M.; Davini, S.; Cecco, S. De; Deo, M. De; Vincenzi, M. De; Derbin, A.; Devoto, A.; Eusanio, F. Di; Pietro, G. Di; Dionisi, C.; Edkins, E.; Empl, A.; Fan, A.; Fiorillo, G.; Fomenko, K.; Forster, G.; Franco, D.; Gabriele, F.; Galbiati, C.; Giagu, S.; Giganti, C.; Giovanetti, G. K.; Goretti, A. M.; Granato, F.; Gromov, M.; Guan, M.; Guardincerri, Y.; Hackett, B. R.; Herner, K.; Hughes, D.; Humble, P.; Hungerford, E. V.; Ianni, A.; James, I.; Johnson, T. N.; Jollet, C.; Keeter, K.; Kendziora, C. L.; Koh, G.; Korablev, D.; Korga, G.; Kubankin, A.; Li, X.; Lissia, M.; Loer, B.; Lombardi, P.; Longo, G.; Ma, Y.; Machulin, I. N.; Mandarano, A.; Mari, S. M.; Maricic, J.; Marini, L.; Martoff, C. J.; Meregaglia, A.; Meyers, P. D.; Milincic, R.; Miller, J. D.; Montanari, D.; Monte, A.; Mount, B. J.; Muratova, V. N.; Musico, P.; Napolitano, J.; Agasson, A. Navrer; Odrowski, S.; Oleinik, A.; Orsini, M.; Ortica, F.; Pagani, L.; Pallavicini, M.; Pantic, E.; Parmeggiano, S.; Pelczar, K.; Pelliccia, N.; Pocar, A.; Pordes, S.; Pugachev, D. A.; Qian, H.; Randle, K.; Ranucci, G.; Razeti, M.; Razeto, A.; Reinhold, B.; Renshaw, A. L.; Rescigno, M.; Riffard, Q.; Romani, A.; Rossi, B.; Rossi, N.; Rountree, D.; Sablone, D.; Saggese, P.; Sands, W.; Savarese, C.; Schlitzer, B.; Segreto, E.; Semenov, D. A.; Shields, E.; Singh, P. N.; Skorokhvatov, M. D.; Smirnov, O.; Sotnikov, A.; Stanford, C.; Suvorov, Y.; Tartaglia, R.; Tatarowicz, J.; Testera, G.; Tonazzo, A.; Trinchese, P.; Unzhakov, E. V.; Verducci, M.; Vishneva, A.; Vogelaar, B.; Wada, M.; Walker, S.; Wang, H.; Wang, Y.; Watson, A. W.; Westerdale, S.; Wilhelmi, J.; Wojcik, M. M.; Xiang, X.; Xiao, X.; Xu, J.; Yang, C.; Zhong, W.; Zhu, C.; Zuzel, G. 2017-01-01 Measurements were made of scintillation light yield of alpha particles from the 222Rn decay chain within the DarkSide-50 liquid argon time projection chamber. The light yield was found to increase as the applied electric field increased, with alphas in a 200 V/cm electric field exhibiting a 2% increase in light yield compared to alphas in no field. 7. Isotope Fractionation in Methane Reactions Studied by Gas Chromatography and Liquid Scintillation Andersen, Bertel Lohmann; Bidoglio, G.; Leip, A. 1997-01-01 Determination of C-14-marked methane by gas chromatography and liquid scintillation counting is shown to be useful in studies of isotope effects. Data on the specific activity is used to separate the contributions of (CH4)-C-14, and (CH4)-C-12 to the gas-chromatographic peak area. As an application... 8. Novel determination of protein, fat, and lactose of milk by liquid scintillation counter Noble, R.C.; Shand, J.H.; West, I.G. 1981-01-01 A method for routine determination of protein, fat, and lactose contents of milk is based on the ability of a scintillation counter to measure coloration or opalescence through attenuation of photons emitted from sealed miniature carbon-14 and hydrogen-3 radioactive standards. A series of simplified and accurate analytical procedures enable full advantage to be taken of the automatic facilities on the modern liquid scintillation counter. The methods provide several advantages over existing procedures. Accuracy of quantification was high as assessed by comparing the results with those derived by recommended Kjeldahl, Gerber, and colorimetric procedures for protein, fat, and lactose determinations, respectively. 9. High-resolution tracking using large capillary bundles filled with liquid scintillator Annis, P; Benussi, L; Bruski, N; Buontempo, S; Currat, C; D'Ambrosio, N; Van Dantzig, R; Dupraz, J P; Ereditato, A; Fabre, Jean-Paul; Fanti, V; Feyt, J; Frekers, D; Frenkel, A; Galeazzi, F; Garufi, F; Goldberg, J; Golovkin, S V; Gorin, A M; Grégoire, G; Harrison, K; Höpfner, K; Holtz, K; Konijn, J; Kozarenko, E N; Kreslo, I E; Kushnirenko, A E; Liberti, B; Martellotti, G; Medvedkov, A M; Michel, L; Migliozzi, P; Mommaert, C; Mondardini, M R; Panman, J; Penso, G; Petukhov, Yu P; Rondeshagen, D; Siegmund, W P; Tyukov, V E; Van Beek, G; Vasilchenko, V G; Vilain, P; Visschers, J L; Wilquet, G; Winter, Klaus; Wolff, T; Wörtche, H J; Wong, H; Zimyn, K V 2000-01-01 We have developed large high-resolution tracking detectors based on glass capillaries filled with organic liquid scintillator of high refractive index. These liquid-core scintillating optical fibres act simultaneously as detectors of charged particles and as image guides. Track images projected onto the readout end of a capillary bundle are visualized by an optoelectronic chain consisting of a set of image-intensifier tubes followed by a photosensitive CCD or by an EBCCD camera. Two prototype detectors, each composed of \\hbox{$\\approx 10^6$} capillaries with \\hbox{20$-$25$\\mu$m} diameter and \\hbox{0.9$-$1.8 m} length, have been tested, and a spatial resolution of the order of \\hbox{20$-$40$\\mu$m} has been attained. A high scintillation efficiency and a large light-attenuation length, in excess of 3 m, was achieved through special purification of the liquid scintillator. Along the tracks of minimum-ionizing particles, the hit densities obtained were$\\sim$8 hits/mm at the readout window, and \\hbox{$\\sim$3 ... 10. Low-Afterglow, High-Refractive-Index Liquid Scintillators for Fast-Neutron Spectrometry and Imaging Applications Lauck, Ronald; Bromberger, Benjamin; Dangendorf, Volker; Goldberg, Mark B; Mor, Ilan; Tittelmeier, Kai; Vartsky, David 2009-01-01 For ion and neutron spectrometry and imaging applications at a high intensity pulsed laser facility, fast liquid scintillators with very low afterglow are required. Furthermore, neutron imaging with fiber (or liquid-core) capillary arrays calls for scintillation materials with high refractive index. To this end, we have examined various combinations of established mixtures of fluors and solvents, that were enriched alternatively with nitrogen or oxygen. Dissolved molecular oxygen is known to be a highly effective quenching agent, that efficiently suppresses the population of the triplet states in the fluor, which are primarily responsible for the afterglow. For measuring the glow curves of scintillators, we have employed the time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) technique, characterized by high dynamic range of several orders of magnitude in light intensity. In this paper we outline the application for the fast scintillators, briefly present the scintillation mechanism in liquids, describe our specif... 11. Performance of liquid argon neutrino detectors with enhanced sensitivity to scintillation light Sorel, M 2014-01-01 Scintillation light is used in liquid argon neutrino detectors to provide a trigger signal, veto information against cosmic rays, and absolute event timing. In this work, we discuss additional opportunities offered by detectors with enhanced sensitivity to scintillation light, that is with light collection efficiencies of about$10^{-3}$. We focus on two key detector performance indicators for neutrino oscillation physics: calorimetric neutrino energy reconstruction and neutrino/antineutrino separation in a non-magnetized detector. Our simulations indicate that a neutrino energy resolution as good as 3.3\\% RMS for 4 GeV electron neutrino charged-current interactions can in principle be obtained in a large detector of this type, by using both charge and light information. By exploiting muon capture in argon and scintillation light information to veto muon decay electrons, we also obtain muon neutrino identification efficiencies of about 50\\%, and muon antineutrino misidentification rates at the few percent lev... 12. Measurements of Scintillation Efficiency and Pulse-Shape for Low Energy Recoils in Liquid Xenon Akimov, D Y; Davidge, D; Dawson, J; Howard, A S; Ivaniouchenkov, Yu; Jones, W G; Joshi, M; Kudryavtsev, V A; Lawson, T B; Lebedenko, V; Lehner, M J; Lightfoot, P K; Liubarsky, I; Lüscher, R; McMillan, J E; Peak, C D; Quenby, J J; Spooner, N J C; Sumner, T J; Tovey, Daniel R; Ward, C K 2002-01-01 Results of observations of low energy nuclear and electron recoil events in liquid xenon scintillator detectors are given. The relative scintillation efficiency for nuclear recoils is 0.22 +/- 0.01 in the recoil energy range 40 keV - 70 keV. Under the assumption of a single dominant decay component to the scintillation pulse-shape the log-normal mean parameter T0 of the maximum likelihood estimator of the decay time constant for 6 keV < Eee < 30 keV nuclear recoil events is equal to 21.0 ns +/- 0.5 ns. It is observed that for electron recoils T0 rises slowly with energy, having a value ~ 30 ns at Eee ~ 15 keV. Electron and nuclear recoil pulse-shapes are found to be well fitted by single exponential functions although some evidence is found for a double exponential form for the nuclear recoil pulse-shape. 13. Rapid determination of gross alpha/beta activity in milk using liquid scintilation counter technique Sas Daniel 2016-01-01 Full Text Available Rapid determination of gross alpha and beta emitters in milk by liquid scintillation counter is discussed. This method is based on direct addition of different types of milk into scintillation cocktail and therefore it is very promising for fast determination of alpha/beta activity due to direct alpha and beta separation, measurement in close 4p geometry and without sample treatment. The selected group of radionuclides was chosen with the respect to military significance, radio-toxicity, and possibility of potential misuse. As model radionuclides 241Am, 239Pu, and 90Sr were selected. The Liquid Scintilation Counter Hidex 300 SL equipped with triple-double-coincidence-ratio technique was used for sample measurement. The aim of the work was focused on comparison of different cocktails produced by Hidex and Perkin Elmer, choosing the best cocktail based on our measurement results and adjustment of its appropriate volume. Furthermore, the optimization of ratio between the volume of scintillation cocktail and the volume of urine was investigated with the respect to the model radionuclides. According to the obtained results, the efficiency for alpha emitters was greater than 85% and for beta, greater than 95%. The obtained results allowed this method to be used for rapid determination of gross alpha/beta activity in cases where time is an essence, such as first responders or mass-scale samples, where ordinary means suffer from lack of capacity or simply collapse under the onslaught. 14. An easy method for Ra-226 determination in river waters by liquid-scintillation counting Moreno, H. P.; Vioque, I.; Manjón, G.; García-Tenorio, R. 1999-01-01 226Ra activity concentration in river water was determined using a low background liquid scintillation counter. Radium was extracted from the samples as Ra-BaSO4 precipitate which, afterwards, was dissolved with EDTA in ammonia medium. Solution was transferred into a low potassium glass vial and then mixed with a scintillation cocktail. Two different scintillation cocktails were selected for comparison. Efficiency, recovery yield and α/β separation were studied with both liquid scintillation cocktails. One single measurement, made one month after radium separation, allows to calculate the226Ra concentration as well as to assess the presence of alpha contamination of the sample. In the case of negligible interferences,224Ra concentrations can be subsequently evaluated in the same sample by the measurement made just after chemical separation of radium. This method has been applied for the determination of226Ra and224Ra activity concentrations in river water collected from different locations along the Odiel river estuary area (South-west of Spain). The presence of chemical industry, the wastes of which are released into the river, could be connected with radium activity concentration enhancements in the water. 15. Direct activity determination of Mn-54 and Zn-65 by a non-extrapolation liquid scintillation method Simpson, BRS 2004-02-01 Full Text Available The measurement of Mn-54 and Zn-65 by liquid scintillation coincidence counting results in low detection efficiencies. The activity obtained from the extrapolation of efficiency data can therefore become problematic if curvature is present... 16. Fitting of alpha-efficiency versus quenching parameter by exponential functions in liquid scintillation counting Sosa, M. [Departamento de Ingeniería Física, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, 37150 León, Guanajuato (Mexico); Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Física Aplicada II, E.T.S. Arquitectura, Av. Reina Mercedes, 2, 41012 Sevilla (Spain); Manjón, G., E-mail: manjon@us.es [Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Física Aplicada II, E.T.S. Arquitectura, Av. Reina Mercedes, 2, 41012 Sevilla (Spain); Mantero, J.; García-Tenorio, R. [Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Física Aplicada II, E.T.S. Arquitectura, Av. Reina Mercedes, 2, 41012 Sevilla (Spain) 2014-05-01 The objective of this work is to propose an exponential fit for the low alpha-counting efficiency as a function of a sample quenching parameter using a Quantulus liquid scintillation counter. The sample quenching parameter in a Quantulus is the Spectral Quench Parameter of the External Standard (SQP(E)), which is defined as the number of channel under which lies the 99% of Compton spectrum generated by a gamma emitter ({sup 152}Eu). Although in the literature one usually finds a polynomial fitting of the alpha counting efficiency, it is shown here that an exponential function is a better description. - Highlights: • We have studied the quenching in alpha measurement by liquid scintillation counting. • We have reviewed typical fitting of alpha counting efficiency versus quenching parameter. • Exponential fitting of data is proposed as better fitting. • We consider exponential fitting has a physical basis. 17. Performance of a Large Area Avalanche Photodiode in a Liquid Xenon Ionization and Scintillation Chamber Ni, K; Day, D; Giboni, K L; Lopes, J A M; Majewski, P; Yamashita, M 2005-01-01 Scintillation light produced in liquid xenon (LXe) by alpha particles, electrons and gamma-rays was detected with a large area avalanche photodiode (LAAPD) immersed in the liquid. The alpha scintillation yield was measured as a function of applied electric field. We estimate the quantum efficiency of the LAAPD to be 45%. The best energy resolution from the light measurement at zero electric field is 7.5%(sigma) for 976 keV internal conversion electrons from Bi-207 and 2.6%(sigma) for 5.5 MeV alpha particles from Am-241. The detector used for these measurements was also operated as a gridded ionization chamber to measure the charge yield. We confirm that using a LAAPD in LXe does not introduce impurities which inhibit the drifting of free electrons. 18. SNM detection by means of thermal neutron interrogation and a liquid scintillation detector Ocherashvili, A.; Roesgen, E.; Beck, A.; Caspi, E. N.; Mosconi, M.; Crochemore, J.-M.; Pedersen, B. 2012-03-01 The feasibility of using a pulsed neutron generator in a graphite assembly together with a single liquid scintillation detector for the detection of special nuclear materials is investigated. Thermal source neutrons induce fission in fissile material present in the sample. By means of pulse shape discrimination the detector signals from fast fission neutrons are easily identified among the signals from gamma rays and the interrogating thermal neutrons. The method has potential in applications for detection of special nuclear materials in shielded containers. 19. Solar neutrino interactions with liquid scintillators used for double beta decay experiments Ejiri, Hiroyasu 2016-01-01 Solar neutrinos interact with double beta decay detectors (DBD) and hence will contribute to backgrounds (BG) for DBD experiments. Background contributions due to solar neutrinos are evaluated for their interactions with atomic electrons and nuclei in liquid scintillation detectors used for DBD experiments. They are shown to be serious backgrounds for high sensitivity DBD experiments to search for the Majorana neutrino masses in the inverted and normal hierarchy regions. 20. Performance of VUV-sensitive MPPC for liquid argon scintillation light Igarashi, T.; Tanaka, M.; Washimi, T.; Yorita, K. 2016-10-01 A new multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC) sensitive to vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) light (wavelength λ dark count rate of the MPPCs are also evaluated. Using an 241Am α-ray source, the absolute photon detection efficiency (PDE) of the liquid argon (LAr) scintillation light (λ=128 nm) for the latest MPPC model is estimated to be 13%. Based on these basic measurements a possible application of the new MPPC to LAr detectors in dark matter search is suggested. 1. Efficiency calibration of a liquid scintillation counter for {sup 90}Y Cherenkov counting Vaca, F. [Huelva Univ. (Spain). Dept. de Fisica Aplicada e Ingenieria Electrica; Manjon, G. [Departamento de Fisica Aplicada, E.T.S. de Arquitectura, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes, 2, E-41012 Sevilla (Spain); Garcia-Leon, M. [Departamento de Fisica Atomica, Molecular y Nuclear, Facultad de Fisica, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes, s/n. Apartado 1061, E-41080 Sevilla (Spain) 1998-04-01 In this paper a complete and self-consistent method for {sup 90}Sr determination in environmental samples is presented. It is based on the Cherenkov counting of {sup 90}Y with a conventional liquid scintillation counter. The effects of color quenching on the counting efficiency and background are carefully studied. A working curve is presented which allows to quantify the correction in the counting efficiency depending on the color quenching strength. (orig.). 6 refs. 2. Investigation of the scintillation light from liquid argon doped with xenon Minerskjöld, Maxim; Lindblad, Thomas; Lund-Jensen, Bengt; Székely, Géza 1993-11-01 The scintillation light induced by 241Am 5.5 MeV α- particles in liquid argon doped with about 2% xenon detected with a fused silica UV photomultiplier tube is investigated. The pulse-height spectrum, the anode pulse shape and the attenuation of the light output are measured. The latter measurement was the main task of the present investigation and an effective half-length of more than 35 mm was found. 3. The research program of the Liquid Scintillation Detector (LSD) in the Mont Blanc Laboratory Dadykin, V. L.; Yakushev, V. F.; Korchagin, P. V.; Korchagin, V. B.; Malgin, A. S.; Ryassny, F. G.; Ryazhskaya, O. G.; Talochkin, V. P.; Zatsepin, G. T.; Badino, G. 1985-01-01 A massive (90 tons) liquid scintillation detector (LSD) has been running since October 1984 in the Mont Blanc Laboratory at a depth of 5,200 hg/sq cm of standard rock. The research program of the experiment covers a variety of topics in particle physics and astrophysics. The performance of the detector, the main fields of research are presented and the preliminary results are discussed. 4. Solar neutrino interactions with liquid scintillators used for double beta-decay experiments Ejiri, Hiroyasu; Zuber, Kai 2016-08-01 Solar neutrinos interact within double-beta-decay (DBD) detectors and hence will contribute to backgrounds (BGs) for DBD experiments. Background contributions due to solar neutrinos are evaluated for their interactions with atomic electrons and nuclei in liquid scintillation detectors used for DBD experiments. They are shown to be serious BGs for high-sensitivity DBD experiments to search for the Majorana neutrino masses in the inverted and normal hierarchy regions. 5. Development of an Ultra-Low Background Liquid Scintillation Counter for Trace Level Analysis Erchinger, Jennifer L.; Orrell, John L.; Aalseth, Craig E.; Bernacki, Bruce E.; Douglas, Matthew; Finn, Erin C.; Fuller, Erin S.; Keillor, Martin E.; Morley, Shannon M.; Mullen, Crystal A.; Panisko, Mark E.; Shaff, Sarah M.; Warren, Glen A.; Wright, Michael E. 2015-09-01 Low-level liquid scintillation counting (LSC) has been established as one of the radiation detection techniques useful in elucidating environmental processes and environmental monitoring around nuclear facilities. The Ultra-Low Background Liquid Scintillation Counter (ULB-LSC) under construction in the Shallow Underground Laboratory at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory aims to further reduce the MDAs and/or required sample processing. Through layers of passive shielding in conjunction with an active veto and 30 meters water equivalent overburden, the background reduction is expected to be 10 to 100 times below typical analytic low-background liquid scintillation systems. Simulations have shown an expected background of around 14 counts per day. A novel approach to the light collection will use a coated hollow light guide cut into the inner copper shielding. Demonstration LSC measurements will show low-energy detection, spectral deconvolution, and alpha/beta discrimination capabilities, from trials with standards of tritium, strontium-90, and actinium-227, respectively. An overview of the system design and expected demonstration measurements will emphasize the potential applications of the ULB-LSC in environmental monitoring for treaty verification, reach-back sample analysis, and facility inspections. 6. Design of a Low Background Liquid Scintillation Counter for a Shallow Underground Laboratory Orrell, John; Aalseth, Craig; Bernacki, Bruce; Douglas, Matt; Erchinger, Jennifer; Fuller, Erin; Keillor, Martin; Morley, Shannon; Mullen, Crystal; Panisko, Mark; Shaff, Sarah; Warren, Glen; Wright, Michael 2014-09-01 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory operates a 35-meter water-equivalent overburden, shallow underground laboratory for measuring low-concentration radioactive isotopes in environmental samples collected. A low-background liquid scintillation counter is under development. Liquid scintillation counting is useful for beta-emitting isotopes without (or low) gamma ray yields. The high-efficiency beta detection in a liquid scintillation cocktail coupled with the low-background environment of a shield located in a clean underground laboratory provides for increased-sensitivity measurements to a range of isotopes. Benchmarked simulations have evaluated the shield design requirements to assess the background rate achievable. Assay of shield construction materials provides the basis for the shield design development. The low background design is informed by efforts in experimental design of neutrinoless double beta decay experiments, direct detection dark matter experiments, and low energy neutrino detection experiments. In this vein a background budget for the instrument is presented with attention to low background methods directed toward applications of nuclear measurements. 7. Measurement of proton quenching factors and PSD-parameters in liquid scintillators Zimmer, Vincenz; Winter, Juergen; Oberauer, Lothar; Meyer, Judith; Moellenberg, Randolph; Strauss, Raimund; Ciemniak, Christian; Wawoczny, Stephan; Scherzinger, Julius [Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Physik Department E15, Garching (Germany) 2012-07-01 In liquid-scintillator detectors like Borexino, Double Chooz and the LENA (Low Energy Neutrino Astronomy) project the inverse beta decay (IBD) is used to detect electron antineutrinos anti {nu}{sub e}. This causes a delayed coincidence signal reducing the background sources to those mimicking such a coincidence. Fast neutrons are one of the background sources by scattering off a proton followed by a capture on hydrogen or gadolinium. Therefore, it is vital to understand the nature of proton recoils in liquid scintillators. Using pulse shape discrimination (PSD) to distinguish the neutron-induced proton recoils from the prompt positron signal from the IBD this background might be reduced. Furthermore, elastic {nu}-p scattering is an important channel for neutrinos from a galactic core-collapse SN. In order to reconstruct the initial neutrino energy, the energy-dependent proton quenching factor has to be known. Therefore, a neutron scattering experiment at the Maier-Leibnitz-Laboratorium in Garching has been set up in order to understand the response of proton recoils in organic liquid scintillators. 8. The IFIN-HH triple coincidence liquid scintillation counter Razdolescu, AC 2006-10-01 Full Text Available at IFIN-HH using a 3 H standard. The performances of the IFIN-HH TDCR counter was checked against the measurement results of the TDCR counters of CSIR NML (South Africa), RC (Poland) and LNHB (France). A set of ready-to-measure Ni-63 sources in liquid... 9. Scintillation-only Based Pulse Shape Discrimination for Nuclear and Electron Recoils in Liquid Xenon Ueshima, K; Hiraide, K; Hirano, S; Kishimoto, Y; Kobayashi, K; Koshio, Y; Liu, J; Martens, K; Moriyama, S; Nakahata, M; Nishiie, H; Ogawa, H; Sekiya, H; Shinozaki, A; Suzuki, Y; Takeda, A; Yamashita, M; Fujii, K; Murayama, I; Nakamura, S; Otsuka, K; Takeuchi, Y; Fukuda, Y; Nishijima, K; Motoki, D; Itow, Y; Masuda, K; Nishitani, Y; Uchida, H; Tasaka, S; Ohsumi, H; Kim, Y D; Kim, Y H; Lee, K B; Lee, M K 2011-01-01 In a dedicated test setup at the Kamioka Observatory we studied pulse shape discrimination (PSD) in liquid xenon (LXe) for dark matter searches. PSD in LXe was based on the observation that scintillation light from electron events was emitted over a longer period of time than that of nuclear recoil events, and our method used a simple ratio of early to total scintillation light emission in a single scintillation event. Requiring an efficiency of 50% for nuclear recoil retention we reduced the electron background to 7.7\\pm1.1(stat)\\pm1.2 0.6(sys)\\times10-2 at energies between 4.8 and 7.2 keVee and to 7.7\\pm2.8(stat)\\pm2.5 2.8(sys)\\times10-3 at energies between 9.6 and 12 keVee for a scintillation light yield of 20.9 p.e./keV. Further study was done by masking some of that light to reduce this yield to 4.6 p.e./keV, the same method results in an electron event reduction of 2.4\\pm0.2(stat)\\pm0.3 0.2(sys)\\times10-1 for the lower of the energy regions above. We also observe that in contrast to nuclear recoils the ... 10. Nuclear recoil scintillation and ionisation yields in liquid xenon from ZEPLIN-III data Horn, M; Akimov, D Yu; Araújo, H M; Barnes, E J; Burenkov, A A; Chepel, V; Currie, A; Edwards, B; Ghag, C; Hollingsworth, A; Kalmus, G E; Kobyakin, A S; Kovalenko, A G; Lebedenko, V N; Lindote, A; Lopes, M I; Lüscher, R; Majewski, P; Murphy, A StJ; Neves, F; Paling, S M; da Cunha, J Pinto; Preece, R; Quenby, J J; Reichhart, L; Scovell, P R; Silva, C; Solovov, V N; Smith, N J T; Smith, P F; Stekhanov, V N; Sumner, T J; Thorne, C; de Viveiros, L; Walker, R J 2011-01-01 Scintillation and ionisation yields for nuclear recoils in liquid xenon above 10 keVnr (nuclear recoil energy) are deduced from data acquired using broadband Am-Be neutron sources. The nuclear recoil data from several exposures to two sources were compared to detailed simulations. Energy-dependent scintillation and ionisation yields giving acceptable fits to the data were derived. Efficiency and resolution effects are treated using a light collection Monte Carlo, measured photomultiplier response profiles and hardware trigger studies. A gradual fall in scintillation yield below ~40 keVnr is found, together with a rising ionisation yield; both are in good agreement with the latest independent measurements. The analysis method is applied to both the most recent ZEPLIN-III data, acquired with a significantly upgraded detector and a precision-calibrated Am-Be source, as well as to the earlier data from the first run in 2008. A new method for deriving the recoil scintillation yield, which includes sub-threshold S1... 11. Pulse-shape discrimination of scintillation from alpha and beta particles with liquid scintillator and Geiger-mode multipixel avalanche diodes Kreslo, I; Delaquis, S; Ereditato, A; Janos, S; Messina, M; Moser, U; Rossi, B; Zeller, M 2011-01-01 A successfull application of Geiger-mode multipixel avalanche diodes (GMAPDs) for pulse-shape discrimination in alpha-beta spectrometry using organic liquid scintillator is described in this paper. Efficient discrimination of alpha and beta components in the emission of radioactive isotopes is achieved for alpha energies above 0.3 MeV. The ultra-compact design of the scintillating detector helps to efficiently suppress cosmic-ray and ambient radiation background. This approach allows construction of hand-held robust devices for monitoring of radioactive contamination in various environmental conditions. 12. Recent Developments In Fast Neutron Detection And Multiplicity Counting With Verification With Liquid Scintillator Nakae, L; Chapline, G; Glenn, A; Kerr, P; Kim, K; Ouedraogo, S; Prasad, M; Sheets, S; Snyderman, N; Verbeke, J; Wurtz, R 2011-09-30 For many years at LLNL, we have been developing time-correlated neutron detection techniques and algorithms for applications such as Arms Control, Threat Detection and Nuclear Material Assay. Many of our techniques have been developed specifically for the relatively low efficiency (a few percent) attainable by detector systems limited to man-portability. Historically, we used thermal neutron detectors (mainly {sup 3}He), taking advantage of the high thermal neutron interaction cross-sections. More recently, we have been investigating the use of fast neutron detection with liquid scintillators, inorganic crystals, and in the near future, pulse-shape discriminating plastics which respond over 1000 times faster (nanoseconds versus tens of microseconds) than thermal neutron detectors. Fast neutron detection offers considerable advantages, since the inherent nanosecond production time-scales of spontaneous fission and neutron-induced fission are preserved and measured instead of being lost by thermalization required for thermal neutron detectors. We are now applying fast neutron technology to the safeguards regime in the form of fast portable digital electronics as well as faster and less hazardous scintillator formulations. Faster detector response times and sensitivity to neutron momentum show promise for measuring, differentiating, and assaying samples that have modest to very high count rates, as well as mixed fission sources like Cm and Pu. We report on measured results with our existing liquid scintillator array, and progress on the design of a nuclear material assay system that incorporates fast neutron detection, including the surprising result that fast liquid scintillator detectors become competitive and even surpass the precision of {sup 3}He-based counters measuring correlated pairs in modest (kg) samples of plutonium. 13. Recent Developments in Fast Neutron Detection and Multiplicity Counting with Liquid Scintillator Nakae, L. F.; Chapline, G. F.; Glenn, A. M.; Kerr, P. L.; Kim, K. S.; Ouedraogo, S. A.; Prasad, M. K.; Sheets, S. A.; Snyderman, N. J.; Verbeke, J. M.; Wurtz, R. E. 2011-12-01 For many years, LLNL researchers have been developing time-correlated neutron detection techniques and algorithms for applications such as Arms Control, Threat Detection and Nuclear Material Assay. Many of the techniques have been developed specifically for the relatively low efficiency (a few percent) attainable by detector systems limited to man-portability. Historically, thermal neutron detectors (mainly 3He) were used, taking advantage of the high thermal neutron interaction cross sections. More recently, we have been investigating the use of fast neutron detection with liquid scintillators, inorganic crystals, and in the near future, pulse-shape discriminating plastics that respond over 1000 times faster (ns versus tens of μs) than thermal neutron detectors. Fast neutron detection offers considerable advantages since the inherent ns production timescales of spontaneous fission and neutron-induced fission are preserved and measured instead of being lost by thermalization required for thermal neutron detectors. We are now applying fast neutron technology to the safeguards regime in the form of fast portable digital electronics as well as faster and less hazardous scintillator formulations. Faster detector response times and sensitivity to neutron momentum show promise for measuring, differentiating, and assaying samples that have modest to very high count rates, as well as mixed fission sources like Cm and Pu. We report on measured results with our existing liquid scintillator array and progress on the design of a nuclear material assay system that incorporates fast neutron detection, including the surprising result that fast liquid scintillator detectors become competitive and even surpass the precision of 3He-based counters measuring correlated pairs in modest (kg) samples of plutonium. 14. Background characterization in a liquid scintillation spectrometer; Caracterizacion del fondo de un espectrometro de centelleo liquido Rodriguez Barquero, L.; Los Arcos, J.M.; Jimenez de Mingo, A. 1995-07-01 An alternate procedure for background count rate estimation in a liquid scintillation spectrometer is presented, which does not require to measure a blank with similar composition, volume and quench, to the problem sample. The procedure is based on a double linear parameterization which was obtained from a systematic study of the background observed with glass vials, in three different windows, 0 - 20 KeV, 0 - 800 KeV and 0 - 2 MeV, for volume between 2 and 20 mi of three commercial scintillators, Hisafe II, Ultima-Gold and Instagel, and quenching degree in the interval equivalent to 50% - 3% tritium efficiency. This procedure was tested with standard samples of 3H, and led to average discrepancies less than 10% for activity {>=}0,6 Bq, against conventional methods for which the discrepancies are twice on average. (Author) 10 refs. 15. Determination of {sup 226}Ra and {sup 228}Ra in water by using liquid scintillation spectrometry Mingote, Raquel Maia; Gomes, Nilton Carlos [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Servico de Quimica e Radioquimica], E-mail: mingote@cdtn.br; Gomes, Lorena Pedrosa; Menezes, Maria Angela de B.C. [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Servico de Reator e Irradiacoes 2007-07-01 A procedure for the determination of {sup 226}Ra and {sup 228}Ra in water samples by using liquid scintillation spectrometry was applied. The chemical separation of radium as Ba(Ra)SO{sub 4} was performed by the usual method of coprecipitation with barium carrier. The precipitated was mixed with water, Instagel{sup TM} and Ultima Gold AB{sup TM} scintillation cocktails after the delay time for {sup 226}Ra/{sup 222}Rn radioactive equilibrium. Activities of {sup 226}Ra and {sup 228}Ra were inferred from the alpha and beta counting respectively. It was used the pulse shape analyzer and correction factors for minimizing mutual radiometric interferences. The combined standard uncertainties were evaluated using the law of uncertainty propagation by partial derivatives method. The difficulties of method are discussed. (author) 16. Occulting Light Concentrators in Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detectors Buizza Avanzini, Margherita; Cabrera, Anatael; Dusini, Stefano; Grassi, Marco; He, Miao; Wu, Wenjie 2017-09-01 The experimental efforts characterizing the era of precision neutrino physics revolve around collecting high-statistics neutrino samples and attaining an excellent energy and position resolution. Next generation liquid-based neutrino detectors, such as JUNO, HyperKamiokande, etc, share the use of a large target mass, and the need of pushing light collection to the edge for maximal calorimetric information. Achieving high light collection implies considerable costs, especially when considering detector masses of several kt. A traditional strategy to maximize the effective photo-coverage with the minimum number of PMTs relies on Light Concentrators (LC), such as Winston Cones. In this paper, the authors introduce a novel concept called Occulting Light Concentrators (OLC), whereby a traditional LC gets tailored to a conventional PMT, by taking into account its single-photoelectron collection efficiency profile and thus occulting the worst performing portion of the photocathode. Thus, the OLC shape optimization takes into account not only the optical interface of the PMT, but also the maximization of the PMT detection performances. The light collection uniformity across the detector is another advantage of the OLC system. By considering the case of JUNO, we will show OLC capabilities in terms of light collection and energy resolution. 17. Neutron detection in a high gamma-ray background with EJ-301 and EJ-309 liquid scintillators Stevanato, L., E-mail: luca.stevanato@pd.infn.it [Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia dell' Universita di Padova, Fisica ' Galileo Galilei' , Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova (Italy); Cester, D. [Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia dell' Universita di Padova, Fisica ' Galileo Galilei' , Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova (Italy); Nebbia, G. [INFN Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova (Italy); Viesti, G. [Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia dell' Universita di Padova, Fisica ' Galileo Galilei' , Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova (Italy) 2012-10-21 Using a fast digitizer, the neutron-gamma discrimination capability of the new liquid scintillator EJ-309 is compared with that obtained using standard EJ-301. Moreover the capability of both the scintillation detectors to identify a weak neutron source in a high gamma-ray background is demonstrated. The probability of neutron detection is PD=95% at 95% confidence level for a gamma-ray background corresponding to a dose rate of 100 {mu}Sv/h. 18. A feasibility study of boron-loaded liquid scintillator for the detection of electron anti-neutrinos Wang, S C; Leung, R W S; Wang, S L; Chang, C Y; Chen Chi Ping; Cheng, K C; Ho, T I; Lai, W P; Liu, H M; Mao, Z P; Shih, I C; Wong, H T; Yu, Z Q 1999-01-01 Boron-loaded liquid scintillator offers some potential advantages as a detector for electron anti-neutrinos. A research program was carried out with the objective of developing such scintillators. The crucial feature is the pulse shape discrimination properties following the neutron capture by sup 1 sup 0 B. Results of the R and D efforts are presented. The feasibility and the technical difficulties of carrying out a full-scale neutrino experiment based on this approach are discussed. (author) 19. Some rules to improve the energy resolution in alpha liquid scintillation with beta rejection Aupiais, J; Dacheux, N 2003-01-01 Two common scintillating mixtures dedicated to alpha measurements by means of alpha liquid scintillation with pulse shape discrimination were tested: the di-isopropylnaphthalene - based and the toluene-based solvents containing the commercial cocktails Ultima Gold AB trademark and Alphaex trademark. We show the possibility to enhance the resolution up to 200% by using no-water miscible cocktails and by reducing the optical path. Under these conditions, the resolution of about 200 keV can be obtained either by the Tri Carb sup T sup M or by the Perals sup T sup M spectrometers. The time responses, e.g., the time required for a complete energy transfer between the initial interaction alpha particle-solvent and the final fluorescence of the organic scintillator, have been compared. Both cocktails present similar behavior. According to the Foerster theory, about 6-10 ns are required to complete the energy transfer. For both apparatus, the detection limits were determined for alpha emitters. The sensitivity of the... 20. Relative scintillation efficiency of liquid xenon in the XENON10 direct dark matter search Manzur, Angel There is almost universal agreement that most of the mass in the Universe consists of dark matter. Many lines of reasoning suggest that the dark matter consists of a weakly interactive massive particle (WIMP) with mass ranging from 10 GeV/c 2 to a few TeV/c 2 . Today, numerous experiments aim for direct or indirect dark matter detection. XENON10 is a direct detection experiment using a xenon dual phase time projection chamber. Particles interacting with xenon will create a scintillation signal ( S 1) and ionization. The charge produced is extracted into the gas phase and converted into a proportional scintillation light ( S 2), with an external electric field. The dominant background, b particles and g rays, will undergo an electron recoil (ER) interaction, while WIMPs and neutrons will undergo a nuclear recoil (NR) interaction. Event-by-event discrimination of background signals is based on log 10 ( S 2/ S 1) NR review the requirements for a dark matter search. In particular I discuss the XENON10 detector, deployment, operation, calibrations, analysis and WIMP-nucleon cross- section limits. Finally, I present our latest results for the relative scintillation efficiency ([Special characters omitted.] ) for nuclear recoils in liquid xenon, which was the biggest source of uncertainty in the XENON10 limit. This quantity is essential to determine the nuclear energy scale and to determine the WIMP-nucleon cross sections. 1. Prompt directional detection of galactic supernova by combining large liquid scintillator neutrino detectors Fischer, V; Lasserre, T; Volpe, C; Cribier, M; Durero, M; Gaffiot, J; Houdy, T; Letourneau, A; Mention, G; Pequignot, M; Sibille, V; Vivier, M 2015-01-01 Core-collapse supernovae produce an intense burst of electron antineutrinos in the few-tens-of-MeV range. Several Large Liquid Scintillator-based Detectors (LLSD) are currently operated worldwide, being very effective for low energy antineutrino detection through the Inverse Beta Decay (IBD) process. In this article, we develop a procedure for the prompt extraction of the supernova location by revisiting the details of IBD kinematics over the broad energy range of supernova neutrinos. Combining all current scintillator-based detector, we show that one can locate a canonical supernova at 10 kpc with an accuracy of 45 degrees (68% C.L.). After the addition of the next generation of scintillator-based detectors, the accuracy could reach 12 degrees (68% C.L.), therefore reaching the performances of the large water Cerenkov neutrino detectors. We also discuss a possible improvement of the SuperNova Early Warning System (SNEWS) inter-experiment network with the implementation of a directionality information in each... 2. Measurements of serum glucose using the luciferin/Luciferase system and a liquid scintillation spectrometer Idahl, L.A.; Sandstroem, P.E.; Sehlin, J. 1986-05-15 A single-step assay for serum glucose measurements is described. The assay is based on the phosphorylation of D-glucose by glucokinase and the measurement of ATP consumption by firefly luciferase. The luminescence is recorded in an ordinary liquid scintillation spectrometer. The use of stable reagents and a stable final signal (light emission) makes it possible to analyze a large number of samples in each assay run. The assay is of particular value when repeated serum glucose determinations are performed on samples from small laboratory animals. 3. TDCR and CIEMAT/NIST Liquid Scintillation Methods applied to the Radionuclide Metrology da Cruz, P. A. L.; da Silva, C. J.; Iwahara, A.; Loureiro, J. S.; De Oliveira, A. E.; Tauhata, L.; Lopes, R. T. 2016-07-01 This work presents TDCR and CIEMAT/NIST methods of liquid scintillation implemented in National Institutes of Metrology for activity standardization of radionuclides, which decay by beta emission and electron capture. The computer codes used to calculate the detection efficiency take into account: decay schemes, beta decay theory, quenching parameter evaluation, Poisson statistic model and Monte Carlo simulation for photon and particle interactions in the detection system. Measurements were performed for pure emitters 3H, 14C, 99Tc and for 68Ge/68Ga which decay by electron capture and positron emission, with uncertainties smaller than 1% (k = 1). 4. TDCR and CIEMAT/NIST liquid scintillation methods applied to the radionuclide metrology Cruz, Paulo A.L. da; Silva, Carlos J. da; Iwahara, Akira; Loureiro, Jamir S.; Oliveira, Antonio E. de; Tauhata, Luiz, E-mail: palcruz@ird.gov.br [Instituto de Radioprotecao e Dosimetria (IRD/CNEN-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil); Lopes, Ricardo T. [Coordenacao de Programas de Pos-Graduacao de Engenharia (PEN/COPPE/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil). Programa de Engenharia Nuclear 2015-07-01 In this work are presented TDCR and CIEMAT/NIST methods of liquid scintillation implemented in National Institutes of Metrology for activity standardization of radionuclides which decay by beta emission and electron capture. The computer codes to calculate the detection efficiency take into account: decay schemes, beta decay theory, quenching parameter evaluation, Poisson statistic model and Monte Carlo simulation for photon and particle interactions in the detection system. Measurements were performed for {sup 3}H, {sup 14}C, {sup 99}Tc pure beta emitters in a large energy range, and {sup 68}Ge/{sup 68}Ga which decay by electron capture and positron emission, with uncertainties smaller than 1% (k = 1). (author) 5. Neutron-gamma discrimination employing pattern recognition of the signal from liquid scintillator Kamada, K; Ogawa, S 1999-01-01 A pattern recognition method was applied to the neutron-gamma discrimination of the pulses from the liquid scintillator, NE-213. The circuit for the discrimination is composed of A/D converter, fast SCA, memory control circuit, two digital delay lines and two buffer memories. All components are packed on a small circuit board and are installed into a personal computer. Experiments using a weak sup 2 sup 5 sup 2 Cf n-gamma source were undertaken to test the feasibility of the circuit. The circuit is of very easy adjustment and, at the same time, of very economical price when compared with usual discrimination circuits, such as the TAC system. 6. Discrimination of neutrons and {\\gamma}-rays in liquid scintillator based on Elman neural network Zhang, Cai-Xun; Zhao, Jian-Ling; Wang, Li; Yu, Xun-Zhen; Zhu, Jing-Jun; Xing, Hao-Yang 2015-01-01 A new neutron and {\\gamma} (n/{\\gamma}) discrimination method based on Elman Neural Network (ENN) was put forward to improve the n/{\\gamma} discrimination performance of liquid scintillator (LS). In this study, neutron and {\\gamma} data acquired from EJ-335 which was exposed in Am-Be radiation field was discriminated using ENN. The difference of n/{\\gamma} discrimination performance between using ENN and Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) is that ENN gave a improvement over BPNN in n/{\\gamma} discrimination with the increasing increasing of the Figure of Merit (FOM) from 0.907 to 0.953. 7. A rope-net support system for the liquid scintillator detector for the SNO+ experiment Bialek, A., E-mail: abialek@snolab.ca [University of Alberta, Edmonton (Canada); Chen, M. [Queen' s University, Kingston (Canada); Cleveland, B. [SNOLAB, Lively (Canada); Gorel, P.; Hallin, A. [University of Alberta, Edmonton (Canada); Harvey, P.J.; Heise, J. [Queen' s University, Kingston (Canada); Kraus, C. [Laurentian University, Sudbury (Canada); Krauss, C.B. [University of Alberta, Edmonton (Canada); Lawson, I. [SNOLAB, Lively (Canada); Ng, C.J.; Pinkney, B. [University of Alberta, Edmonton (Canada); Rogowsky, D.M. [Rogowsky Engineering Ltd, AECOM Canada Ltd (Canada); Sibley, L.; Soluk, R.; Soukup, J. [University of Alberta, Edmonton (Canada); Vázquez-Jáuregui, E. [SNOLAB, Lively (Canada); Laurentian University, Sudbury (Canada) 2016-08-11 The detector for the SNO+ experiment consists of 780 000 kg of liquid scintillator contained in an acrylic vessel that is surrounded by water. A mechanical system has been installed to counteract the 1.25 MN of buoyant force on the acrylic and prevent the vessel from moving. The system is a rope net, designed using a Finite Element Analysis to calculate the amount of stress on the acrylic induced by the ropes, hydrostatic pressures and gravity. A dedicated test was performed to measure strains in the acrylic arising from the complex geometry of the knots in the rope system. The ratio between measured and FEA calculated strains was 1.3. 8. Data transfer from Beckman LS 5800 liquid scintillation counters to IBM personal computers. Maan, A C 1985-09-01 This communication describes a short routine in BASICA for the IBM-PC, written to collect data from a Beckman liquid scintillation counter. In the form presented here the routine converts incoming bytes into separate lines and saves these lines in a file. There are many possible applications for further use of the data in these files. A few suggestions are given as to the format in which data can be stored and how to process these data automatically after all samples have been counted. The only hardware needed is an asynchronous communications adapter for the IBM-PC and an RS232 cable. 9. Uncertainty evaluation in tritium activity assay in water by using direct liquid scintillation spectrometry Mingote, Raquel Maia; Rocha, Zildete [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Servico de Quimica e Radioquimica]. E-mails: mingote@cdtn.br; rochaz@cdtn.br 2007-07-01 Tritium-labeled water is often applied to studies in environmental science, hydrology, biology, oil resources and other research areas. In most cases, the tritium activity is determined by using direct liquid scintillation spectrometry without tritium enrichment. A comprehensive uncertainty quantification is so important as accuracy and precision for analysing the results. This paper presents a discussion about the uncertainty propagation law and the partial derivatives method in the tritium assay. It also includes the relations between the tritium activity results and several input parameters. (author) 10. Scintillation-only based pulse shape discrimination for nuclear and electron recoils in liquid xenon Ueshima, K., E-mail: ueshima@suketto.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp [Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 (Japan); Abe, K.; Hiraide, K.; Hirano, S. [Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 (Japan); Kishimoto, Y. [Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 (Japan); Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582 (Japan); Kobayashi, K.; Koshio, Y. [Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 (Japan); Liu, J.; Martens, K. [Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582 (Japan); Moriyama, S.; Nakahata, M. [Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 (Japan); Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582 (Japan); Nishiie, H.; Ogawa, H.; Sekiya, H.; Shinozaki, A. [Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 (Japan); Suzuki, Y. [Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 (Japan); Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582 (Japan); Takeda, A. [Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 (Japan); Yamashita, M. [Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 (Japan); Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582 (Japan); and others 2011-12-11 In a dedicated test setup at the Kamioka Observatory we studied pulse shape discrimination (PSD) in liquid xenon (LXe) for dark matter searches in the absence of an externally applied electric field. PSD in LXe was based on the observation that scintillation light from electron events was emitted over a longer period of time than that of nuclear recoil events, and our method used a simple ratio of early to total scintillation light emission in a single scintillation event. Requiring an efficiency of 50% for nuclear recoil retention we reduced the electron background by a factor of 7.7{+-}1.1(stat){+-}{sub 0.6}{sup 1.2}(sys) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -2} at energies between 4.8 and 7.2 keV{sub ee} and 7.7{+-}2.8(stat){+-}{sub 2.8}{sup 2.5}(sys) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -3} at energies between 9.6 and 12 keV{sub ee} for a scintillation light yield of 20.9 photoelectrons/keV{sub ee}. Further study was done by masking some of that light to reduce this yield to 4.6 photoelectrons/keV{sub ee}. Under these conditions the same method results in an electron event reduction by a factor of 2.4{+-}0.2(stat){+-}{sub 0.2}{sup 0.3}(sys) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -1} for the lower of the energy regions above. We also observe that in contrast to nuclear recoils the fluctuations in our early to total ratio for electron events are larger than expected from statistical fluctuations. 11. Role of quenching on alpha/beta separation in liquid scintillation counting for several high capacity cocktails Pujol, L.; Sanchez-Cabeza, J.-A. [Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona (Spain). Facultad de Ciencias 1997-04-01 The optimization of alpha/beta separation in liquid scintillation using pulse shape analysis is convenient for the simultaneous determination of alpha and beta emitters in natural water and other samples. In this work, alpha/beta separation was studied for different scintillant/vial combinations and it was observed that both the optimum pulse shape discrimination level and the total interference value (that is, the summed relative interference between alpha and beta spectra) were dependent on the sample quenching and independent of the scintillant/vial combination. These results provide a simple method for modifying the counting configuration, such as a change in the cocktail, vial or sample characteristics, without the need to perform exhaustive parameter optimizations. Also, it was observed that, for our counting conditions, the combination of Ultima Gold AB scintillation cocktail with Zinsser low diffusion vials presented the lowest total interference, namely 0.94 {+-} 0.28%, which is insignificant for the counting of environmental samples. (Author). 12. Evidence of delayed light emission of TetraPhenyl Butadiene excited by liquid Argon scintillation light Segreto, Ettore 2014-01-01 TetraPhenyl Butadiene is the wavelength shifter most widely used in combination with liquid Argon. The latter emits scintillation photons with a wavelength of 127 nm that need to be downshifted to be detected by photomultipliers with glass or quartz windows. TetraPhenyl Butadiene has been demonstrated to have an extremely high conversion efficiency, possibly higher than 100% for 127 nm photons, while there is no precise information about the time dependence of its emission. It is usually assumed to be exponentially decaying with a characteristic time of the order of one ns, as an extrapolation from measurements with exciting radiation in the near UV. This work shows that TetraPhenyl Butadiene, when excited by 127 nm photons, reemits photons not only with a very short decay time, but also with slower ones due to triplet states de-excitations. This fact can strongly contribute to clarify the anomalies of liquid Argon scintillation light reported in literature since seventies, namely the inconsistency in the mea... 13. Preparation and performance study of a novel liquid scintillator with mixed solvent as the matrix Zheng, Zhanlong; Zhu, Jiayi; Luo, Xuan; Xu, Yewei; Zhang, Qianfeng; Zhang, Xing; Bi, Yutie; Zhang, Lin 2017-04-01 A novel liquid scintillator with the mixed solvent as the matrix was prepared for obtaining a good comprehensive performance. In this ternary liquid scintillator, the combination of 20% pseudocumene (PC) and 80% linear-alkyl benzene (LAB) by volume was chosen as the mixed solvent, and 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) and 1,4-bis(2-Methylstyryl) benzene (bis-MSB) were as the primary fluor and wavelength shifter, respectively. The optimum prescription was obtained with regard to the light yield. Some characterizations based on the optimal formulation were conducted. The fluorescence emission spectra and wavelength-dependent optical attenuation length of the sample were measured by the fluorescence spectrophotometer and an UV-Vis spectrometer, respectively. The light yield was characterized by adopting the home-made optical platform device. The decay time was tested by adopting the time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) technique featured in high dynamic range of several orders of magnitude in light intensity. The experimental test results showed that the sample had a fairly good comprehensive performance. 14. Performance of VUV-sensitive MPPC for Liquid Argon Scintillation Light Igarashi, T; Tanaka, M; Washimi, T; Yorita, K 2015-01-01 A new type of the Multi-Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC), sensitive to Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) light (wavelength {\\lambda} < 150 nm), is recently developed and produced by Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. The basic properties of the new MPPC are measured at cryogenic facility of Waseda university using liquid nitrogen. Temperature dependence of breakdown voltage, capacitance, and dark count rate of the MPPC are also evaluated. In addition, the absolute photon detection efficiency (PDE) for liquid argon (LAr) scintillation light ({\\lambda} = 128 nm) is estimated to be about 7% with uncertainty of 2% by using 241 Am {\\alpha}-ray source. Based on these basic measurements a possible application of the new MPPC to LAr detector for dark matter search is discussed. 15. Liquid scintillators and liquefied rare gases for particle detectors. Background-determination in Double Chooz and scintillation properties of liquid argon Hofmann, Martin Alexander 2012-11-27 }(g)/(g)). Both gamma spectroscopy measurements and the BiPo analysis show the high level of radiopurity reached in Double Chooz. In addition, with the BiPo analysis the {alpha}-quenching factors for the Target and the GammaCatcher liquids have been determined, respectively, to 9.94{+-}0.04 and 13.69{+-}0.02 at 7.7 MeV, and 9.05{+-}0.01 and 14.3{+-}0.1 at 8.8 MeV. The former values show a good agreement with the values obtained in a dedicated laboratory measurement. The time stability of the peak position of the {sup 214}Po {alpha}-peak could be proven, too, showing a stable detector performance at low visible energies. The direct search for Dark Matter can, amongst others, be performed with liquid rare gas detectors, which make use of the scintillation light. However, a good background discrimination is needed. Studies on the wavelength- and time-resolved scintillation properties of liquid argon have therefore been carried out with high resolution and best statistics. The results obtained for different ion beams show that particle discrimination is not feasible in any realistic experiment by means of the wavelength-resolved scintillation light only, but the time structure of the emitted light provides a good handle to distinguish between different incident particles. For heavy ions (sulfur) a ratio of the fast to the slow scintillation component of (1.6 {+-} 0.6) is found, while lighter particles (protons) exhibit a ratio of (0.25 {+-} 0.05). The outcome of the present studies shows that this ratio can also be used in wavelength-integrating measurements which have a comparable detection efficiency for wavelengths below and above {proportional_to}170 nm. The present results demonstrate that for a number of 90 detected photons the singlet-to-triplet distributions obtained for sulfur ions and protons as exciting particles cease to overlap. In a Dark Matter experiment, if all photons produced can be detected, this corresponds to a discrimination threshold of only 2.25 keV. 16. The statistical distribution of the number of counted scintillation photons in digital silicon photomultipliers: model and validation. van Dam, Herman T; Seifert, Stefan; Schaart, Dennis R 2012-08-07 In the design and application of scintillation detectors based on silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), e.g. in positron emission tomography imaging, it is important to understand and quantify the non-proportionality of the SiPM response due to saturation, crosstalk and dark counts. A new type of SiPM, the so-called digital silicon photomultiplier (dSiPM), has recently been introduced. Here, we develop a model of the probability distribution of the number of fired microcells, i.e. the number of counted scintillation photons, in response to a given amount of energy deposited in a scintillator optically coupled to a dSiPM. Based on physical and functional principles, the model elucidates the statistical behavior of dSiPMs. The model takes into account the photon detection efficiency of the detector; the light yield, excess variance and time profile of the scintillator; and the crosstalk probability, dark count rate, integration time and the number of microcells of the dSiPM. Furthermore, relations for the expectation value and the variance of the number of fired cells are deduced. These relations are applied in the experimental validation of the model using a dSiPM coupled to a LSO:Ce,Ca scintillator. Finally, we propose an accurate method for the correction of energy spectra measured with dSiPM-based scintillation detectors. 17. Nd loaded liquid scintillator to search for 150Nd neutrinoless double beta decay Barabanov, I.; Bezrukov, L.; Cattadori, C.; Danilov, N.; di Vacri, A.; Ianni, A.; Nisi, S.; Ortica, F.; Romani, A.; Salvo, C.; Smirnov, O.; Yanovich, E. 2008-11-01 The 150Nd is considered one of the most attractive candidate for searching neutrinoless double beta (0νββ-) decay, thanks to its high Q-value (3.367 MeV), that makes the external background issue less significative respect to other isotopes, and favorable computed matrix elements. The isotopic abundance of this isotope in natural neodimium is only 5.6% and up to now, it has been investigated only in low mass experiments. The next step is to increase the sensitivity of the experiments using larger mass of neodymium (10 ton-1 kton). This could be possible with a Nd loaded liquid scintillator (LS). At the Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS), a joint INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) and INR (Institute for Nuclear Research of Moscow) working group has been carrying out since 2001 an R&D activity aiming to develop organic liquid scintillators (LS) doped with metals. The achieved know-how and the satisfactory results obtained both with In and Gd allowed to face the development and production of Nd doped LS. The development of metal doped LS is challenging because the metal has to be embedded in a proper organic system that makes it soluble in an organic solvent minimizing the impact of the metal-organic compound on the optical and scintillation properties of the LS. A further challenge in the case of Nd is the presence of absorption bands of this element in the optical region with a transparent region around 400 nm, which is about at the maximum of the scintillator emission spectrum. A 2.5 1 Nd loaded LS has been produced diluting an originally developed Nd-Carboxylic (Nd-CBX) salt in pseudocumene (PC), the solvent of the Borexino liquid scintillator. The measured light yield, at [Nd] = 6.5 g/1 and [PPO] = 1.5 g/1, is ~ 75% of pure PC at the same fluor concentration (~ 10000 ph/MeV). The Nd doped LS has been tested in a 2 1 quartz cell (wrapped by VM2000 reflector film) having dimensions 5x5x100 cm3. The light propagates in the cell by total internal 18. Combustion water purification techniques influence on OBT analysing using liquid scintillation counting method Varlam, C.; Vagner, I.; Faurescu, I.; Faurescu, D. [National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, Valcea (Romania) 2015-03-15 In order to determine organically bound tritium (OBT) from environmental samples, these must be converted into water, measurable by liquid scintillation counting (LSC). For this purpose we conducted some experiments to determine OBT level of a grass sample collected from an uncontaminated area. The studied grass sample was combusted in a Parr bomb. However usual interfering phenomena were identified: color or chemical quench, chemiluminescence, overlap over tritium spectrum because of other radionuclides presence as impurities ({sup 14}C from organically compounds, {sup 36}Cl as chloride and free chlorine, {sup 40}K as potassium cations) and emulsion separation. So the purification of the combustion water before scintillation counting appeared to be essential. 5 purification methods were tested: distillation with chemical treatment (Na{sub 2}O{sub 2} and KMnO{sub 4}), lyophilization, chemical treatment (Na{sub 2}O{sub 2} and KMnO{sub 4}) followed by lyophilization, azeotropic distillation with toluene and treatment with a volcanic tuff followed by lyophilization. After the purification step each sample was measured and the OBT measured concentration, together with physico-chemical analysis of the water analyzed, revealed that the most efficient method applied for purification of the combustion water was the method using chemical treatment followed by lyophilization. 19. Determination of {sup 226}Ra and {sup 224}Ra in sediments samples by liquid scintillation counting Villa, M. [Facultad de Fisica. Av. Reina Mercedes s/n, apdo 1065, Departamento de Fisica Atomica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla, 41080-Sevilla (Spain)]. E-mail: mvilla@us.es; Moreno, H.P. [E.T.S. Arquitectura. Av. Reina Mercedes, 2, Departamento de Fisica Aplicada II, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012-Sevilla (Spain); Manjon, G. [E.T.S. Arquitectura. Av. Reina Mercedes, 2, Departamento de Fisica Aplicada II, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012-Sevilla (Spain) 2005-10-01 An experimental procedure has been developed for a rapid determination of the activity concentration of {sup 226}Ra and {sup 224}Ra in sediments by liquid scintillation counting. The importance of the method lies in its application to the measurement of sediments where the Ra-isotopes activity concentration has been increased due to an anthropomorphic enhancement based on releases of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). A sample pre-treatment, including a digestion with aqua regia and a precipitation of hydroxides, was applied to samples before the radium extraction, which was made by co-precipitation with barium. Measurements were done in a low background scintillation spectrometer Quantulus 1220, which can separate and detect simultaneously {alpha} and {beta} particles. Additionally, some improvements are suggested for a better {alpha} and {beta} interference correction of the results. The obtaining of radiochemical yields is also improved using {sup 133}Ba as tracer, which decays by emission of conversion electrons and {gamma}-rays; the wide range of radiochemical yields obtained confirms the need of this analyses. The procedure has been applied to the measurement of riverbed sediments from an estuary in the south-west of Spain, affected in the past by direct and indirect phosphogypsum discharges. 20. Design Constraints for a WIMP Dark Matter and pp Solar Neutrino Liquid Neon Scintillation Detector Boulay, M G; Lidgard, J 2004-01-01 Detailed Monte-Carlo simulations were used to evaluate the performance of a liquid neon scintillation detector for dark matter and low-energy solar neutrino interactions. A maximum-likelihood event vertex fitter including PMT time information was developed, which significantly improves position resolution over spatial-only algorithms, and substantially decreases the required detector size and achievable analysis energy threshold. The ultimate sensitivity to WIMP dark matter and the pp flux uncertainty are evaluated as a function of detector size. The dependence on the neon scintillation and PMT properties are evaluated. A 300 cm radius detector would allow a ~13 keV threshold, a pp flux uncertainty of ~1%, and limits on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross-section of ~10^{-46} cm^2 for a 100 GeV WIMP, using commercially available PMTs. Detector response calibration and background requirements for a precision pp measurement are defined. Internal radioactivity requirements for uranium, thorium, and krypton a... 1. Liquid Scintillation Detectors for Gamma and Neutron Diagnostic at Textor and Results of Runaway and Sawtooth Oscillations Hoenen, F.; Graffmann, E.; Finken, K.H.; Barrenscheen, H. J.; Klein, H.; R. Jaspers, 1994-01-01 Time and energy resolved neutron and gamma measurements are performed at the TEXTOR tokamak with a fast liquid NE-213 scintillator. To distinguish between neutron and gamma (gamma)-ray induced events, pulse shape discrimination is used. To suppress scattered radiation, the detector is installed in w 2. Validated Models for Radiation Response and Signal Generation in Scintillators: Final Report Kerisit, Sebastien N.; Gao, Fei; Xie, YuLong; Campbell, Luke W.; Van Ginhoven, Renee M.; Wang, Zhiguo; Prange, Micah P.; Wu, Dangxin 2014-12-01 This Final Report presents work carried out at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) under the project entitled “Validated Models for Radiation Response and Signal Generation in Scintillators” (Project number: PL10-Scin-theor-PD2Jf) and led by Drs. Fei Gao and Sebastien N. Kerisit. This project was divided into four tasks: 1) Electronic response functions (ab initio data model) 2) Electron-hole yield, variance, and spatial distribution 3) Ab initio calculations of information carrier properties 4) Transport of electron-hole pairs and scintillation efficiency Detailed information on the results obtained in each of the four tasks is provided in this Final Report. Furthermore, published peer-reviewed articles based on the work carried under this project are included in Appendix. This work was supported by the National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Nuclear Nonproliferation Research and Development (DNN R&D/NA-22), of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 3. A Measurement of the Absorption of Liquid Argon Scintillation Light by Dissolved Nitrogen at the Part-Per-Million Level Jones, B. J. P.; Chiu, C. S.; J. M. Conrad; Ignarra, C. M.; Katori, T.; Toups, M. 2013-01-01 We report on a measurement of the absorption length of scintillation light in liquid argon due to dissolved nitrogen at the part-per-million (ppm) level. We inject controlled quantities of nitrogen into a high purity volume of liquid argon and monitor the light yield from an alpha source. The source is placed at different distances from a cryogenic photomultiplier tube assembly. By comparing the light yield from each position we extract the absorption cross section of nitrogen. We find that n... 4. Determination of {sup 90}SR in food using extraction chromatography and LSC - Liquid Scintillation Counting Temba, Eliane S.C.; Amaral, Angela M.; Reis Junior, Aluisio S.; Monteiro, Roberto P.G., E-mail: esct@cdtn.br [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG/SERTA), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Servico de Reator e Tecnicas Analiticas 2013-07-01 A methodology for the determination of {sup 90}Sr in food is described. The procedure involved a preliminary freeze-drying of the samples followed by dry-ashing and sample digestion. The separation procedure was carried out using extraction chromatography with Sr Resin, from Eichrom, and {sup 90}Sr was measured by liquid scintillation counting (LSC). A certified reference material, IAEA-375, was analyzed in order to evaluate the reliability of the method, and the results showed good agreement between the measured and certified values. The chemical yield was above 90% and the typical counting efficiency was 82%. The calculated limit of detection was 4.8 x 10{sup -3} Bq g{sup -1}. (author) 5. Discriminating cosmic muons and radioactivity using a liquid scintillation fiber detector Zhang, Y. P.; Xu, J. L.; Lu, H. Q.; Zhang, P.; Zhang, C. C.; Yang, C. G. 2017-03-01 In the case of underground experiments for neutrino physics or rare event searches, the background caused by cosmic muons contributes significantly and therefore must be identified and rejected. We proposed and optimized a new detector using liquid scintillator with wavelenghth-shifting fibers which can be employed as a veto detector for cosmic muons background rejection. From the prototype study, it has been found that the detector has good performances and is capable of discriminating between muons induced signals and environmental radiation background. Its muons detection efficiency is greater than 98%, and on average, 58 photo-electrons (p.e.) are collected when a muon passes through the detector. To optimize the design and enhance the collection of light, the reflectivity of the coating materials has been studied in detail. A Monte Carlo simulation of the detector has been developed and compared to the performed measurements showing a good agreement between data and simulation results. 6. Discrimination in Liquid Scintillator and Its Usage to Suppress$^{8}$He/$^{9}$Li Backgrounds Cheng, Ya-Ping; Zhang, Peng; Cao, Xing-Zhong 2016-01-01 Reactor neutrino experiments build large-scale detector systems to trap ghost-like neutrinos. In liquid scintillator, a neutral bound state of a positron and an electron named positronium could be formed. The spin triplet state was called ortho-positronium (o-Ps). In this script, an experiment was designed to measure the lifetime of o-Ps, which turned out to be 3.1 ns. A PSD parameter based on photon emission time distribution (PETD) was constructed to discriminate e$^+$/e$^-$. Finally the application of e$^+$/e$^-$discrimination in JUNO experiment was shown. It helps suppression of$^{8}$He/$^{9}$Li backgrounds and improves the sensitivity by 0.6 in$\\chi^2$analysis with assumption of$\\sigma=1$ns PMT Transit Time Spread, which will bring smearing effect to PETD. 7. Suppression of gamma-ray sensitivity of liquid scintillators for neutron detection Swiderski, L.; Moszyński, M.; Wolski, D.; Iwanowska, J.; Szczęśniak, T.; Schotanus, P.; Hurlbut, C. 2011-10-01 Methods to reduce gamma-ray sensitivity of a liquid scintillator EJ309 have been studied. Zero-crossing pulse shape discrimination method was used to separate events generated by neutron and gamma radiation between 60- keVee and 4 MeVee. The measurements were carried out under irradiation from an intense 137Cs source, yielding dose rate of 10 mR/h at the detector. A Pu-Be source was used to establish neutron integration window. Pile-up rejection (PUR) circuit was used to reduce gamma-ray induced events under irradiation from an intense gamma-ray source. Further, application of lead, tin and copper shields was done in order to decrease intrinsic gamma-neutron detection efficiency. 8. Suppression of gamma-ray sensitivity of liquid scintillators for neutron detection Swiderski, L., E-mail: l.swiderski@ipj.gov.pl [Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, PL 05-400 Otwock-Swierk (Poland); Moszynski, M.; Wolski, D.; Iwanowska, J.; Szczesniak, T. [Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, PL 05-400 Otwock-Swierk (Poland); Schotanus, P. [Scionix Holland B.V., 3980 CC Bunnik (Netherlands); Hurlbut, C. [Eljen Technology, 2010 E. Broadway, Sweetwater, TX 79556 (United States) 2011-10-01 Methods to reduce gamma-ray sensitivity of a liquid scintillator EJ309 have been studied. Zero-crossing pulse shape discrimination method was used to separate events generated by neutron and gamma radiation between 60- keVee and 4 MeVee. The measurements were carried out under irradiation from an intense {sup 137}Cs source, yielding dose rate of 10 mR/h at the detector. A Pu-Be source was used to establish neutron integration window. Pile-up rejection (PUR) circuit was used to reduce gamma-ray induced events under irradiation from an intense gamma-ray source. Further, application of lead, tin and copper shields was done in order to decrease intrinsic gamma-neutron detection efficiency. 9. ecCNO solar neutrinos: A challenge for gigantic ultra-pure liquid scintillator detectors Villante, F. L. 2015-03-01 Neutrinos produced in the Sun by electron capture reactions on 13N, 15O and 17F, to which we refer as ecCNO neutrinos, are not usually considered in solar neutrino analysis since the expected fluxes are extremely low. The experimental determination of this sub-dominant component of the solar neutrino flux is very difficult but could be rewarding since it provides a determination of the metallic content of the solar core and, moreover, probes the solar neutrino survival probability in the transition region at Eν ∼ 2.5 MeV. In this Letter, we suggest that this difficult measure could be at reach for future gigantic ultra-pure liquid scintillator detectors, such as LENA. 10. 13C(alpha,n)16O background in a liquid scintillator based neutrino experiment Zhao, Jie; Liu, Jianglai; Li, Xiaobo; Zhang, Feihong; Xia, Dongmei 2013-01-01 Alpha from natural radioactivity may interact with a nucleus and emit a neutron. The reaction introduces background to the liquid scintillator (LS) based neutrino experiments. In the LS detector, alpha comes from 238U, 232Th and 210Po decay chains. For Gadolinium-doped LS (Gd-LS) detector, alpha also comes from 227Ac. The nucleus 13C is a natural component of Carbon which is rich in the LS. The background rate and spectrum should be subtracted carefully from the neutrino candidates. This paper describes the calculation of neutron yield and spectrum with uncertainty estimated. The results are relevant for many existing neutrino experiments and future LS or Gd-LS based experiments. 11. Unfolding the fast neutron spectra of a BC501A liquid scintillation detector using GRAVEL method Chen, Yonghao; Lei, Jiarong; An, Li; Zhang, Xiaodong; Shao, Jianxiong; Zheng, Pu; Wang, Xinhua 2013-01-01 Accurate knowledge of the neutron energy spectra is useful in basic research and applications. The overall procedure of measuring and unfolding the fast neutron energy spectra with BC501A liquid scintillation detector is described. The recoil proton spectrum of Am-Be neutrons was obtained experimentally. With the NRESP7 code, the response matrix of detector was simulated. Combining the recoil proton spectrum and response matrix, the unfolding of neutron spectra was performed by GRAVEL iterative algorithm. A MatLab program based on the GRAVEL method was developed. The continuous neutron spectrum of Am-Be source and monoenergetic neutron spectrum of D-T source have been unfolded successfully and are in good agreement with their standard reference spectra. The unfolded Am-Be spectrum are more accurate than the spectra unfolded by artificial neural networks in recent years. 12. Unfolding the fast neutron spectra of a BC501A liquid scintillation detector using GRAVEL method Chen, YongHao; Chen, XiMeng; Lei, JiaRong; An, Li; Zhang, XiaoDong; Shao, JianXiong; Zheng, Pu; Wang, XinHua 2014-10-01 Accurate knowledge of the neutron energy spectra is useful in basic research and applications. The overall procedure of measuring and unfolding the fast neutron energy spectra with BC501A liquid scintillation detector is described. The recoil proton spectrum of 241Am-Be neutrons was obtained experimentally. With the NRESP7 code, the response matrix of detector was simulated. Combining the recoil proton spectrum and response matrix, the unfolding of neutron spectra was performed by GRAVEL iterative algorithm. A MatLab program based on the GRAVEL method was developed. The continuous neutron spectrum of 241Am-Be source and monoenergetic neutron spectrum of D-T source have been unfolded successfully and are in good agreement with their standard reference spectra. The unfolded 241Am-Be spectrum are more accurate than the spectra unfolded by artificial neural networks in recent years. 13. Borexino A real time liquid scintillator detector for low energy solar neutrino study Miramonti, L 2002-01-01 Borexino is a large unsegmented calorimeter featuring 300 tons of liquid scintillator, contained in a 8.5 meter nylon vessel, viewed by 2200 PMTs. The main goal of Borexino is the study, in real time, of low energy solar neutrinos, and in particular, the monoenergetic neutrinos coming from$^7Be$, which is one of the missing links on the solar neutrino problem. The achievement of high radiopurity level, in the order of$10^{-16} g/g$of U/Th equivalent, necessary to the detection of the low energy component of the solar neutrino flux, was proved in the Borexino prototype: the Counting Test Facility. The detector is located underground in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in the center of Italy at 3500 meter water equivalent depth. In this paper the science and technology of Borexino are reviewed and its main capabilities are presented. 14. Application of pulse decay discrimination liquid scintillation counting for indoor radon measurement Bem, H.; Ostrowska, M.; Bem, E. M. 1999-01-01 The pulse decay discrimination (PDD) liquid scintillation technique has been applied to optimise radon counting by the Pico-Rad method. A dermination limit (with 10% relative error) of 4.8 Bqm-3 for indoor radon measurement has been achieved for optimal PDD setting with a radon elution cocktail containing 20% (v/v) of Ultima Gold AB in Instafluor. From a practical point of view this procedure allows a shortening of the counting time to 1 hour after 48 hours exposure to detectors. This method has been applied to indoor radon determinations in 626 places (municipal offices and private dwellings) in the Lódz region. These measureents resulted in an average concentration of 21.4 Bqm-3 and a median value of 15.1 Bqm-3. Analysis of the data indicates that most indoor radon comes from the underlying soil, which contains relatively little226Ra (10-20 Bqkg-1). 15. Ultra Low Level Tritium Analysis Method Using a Liquid Scintillation Counter Noh, S. J.; Kim, H. J.; Kim, H.; Lim, H. J.; Lee, M. W.; Jeong, D. H.; Kim, J. K.; Kang, Y. R. [Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan (Korea, Republic of); Nam, S. H. [Inje University, Gimhae, (Korea, Republic of) 2015-05-15 To evaluate {sup 3}H concentration in the atmosphere more accurately compared to the conventional methods, the author of this paper intended to suggest more improved analytical methods and derived the elements which might occur during analysis or required improvements. The method suggested in this study is able to reduce the uncertainty and errors which may be existent in evaluating the {sup 3}H concentration of environmental sample s and thus will serve as the best solution in the technical and economic point of view. Liquid Scintillation Counter is the most widely used to analyze ultra-low level {sup 3}H by using CPM / DPM Counting Mode using external radiation source and Spectrum Plot Mode using internal radiation source. In CPM / DPM Counting Mode, multiple samples can be measured by single calibration despite its rather higher background whereas Spectrum Plot Mode requires more time and cost to analyze multiple samples despite its reliability to reduce the contribution of other radionuclides. 16. Theoretical study of structure and stability of small gadolinium carboxylate complexes in liquid scintillator solvents. Huang, Pin-Wen 2014-09-01 The structural properties of three small gadolinium carboxylate complexes in three liquid scintillator solvents (pseudocumene, linear alkylbenzene, and phenyl xylylethane) were theoretically investigated using density functional theory (B3LYP/LC-RECP) and polarizable continuum model (PCM). The average interaction energy between gadolinium atom and carboxylate ligand (E(int)) and the energy difference of the highest singly occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (Δ(SL)) were calculated to evaluate and compare the relative stability of these complexes in solvents. The calculation results show that the larger (with a longer alkyl chain) gadolinium carboxylate complex has greater stability than the smaller one, while these gadolinium carboxylates in linear alkylbenzene were found to have greater stability than those in the other two solvents. 17. Laboratory measurement of radioactivity purification for 212Pb in liquid scintillator Hu, Wei; Fang, Jian; Yu, Bo-Xiang; Zhang, Xuan; Zhou, Li; Cai, Xiao; Sun, Li-Jun; Liu, Wan-Jin; Wang, Lan; Lü, Jun-Guang 2016-09-01 Liquid scintillator (LS) has been widely used in past and running neutrino experiments, and is expected also to be used in future experiments. Requirements on LS radio-purity have become higher and higher. Water extraction is a powerful method to remove soluble radioactive nuclei, and a mini-extraction station has been constructed. To evaluate the extraction efficiency and optimize the operation parameters, a setup to load radioactivity to LS and a laboratory scale setup to measure radioactivity using the 212Bi-212Po-208Pb cascade decay have been developed. Experience from this laboratory study will be useful for the design of large scale water extraction plants and the optimization of working conditions in the future. Supported by The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA10010500), Natural Science Foundation of China (11390384) 18. Characterization of liquid scintillation detector (BC-501A) and digital pulse shape discrimination (DPSD) system Lombigit, L., E-mail: lojius@nm.gov.my; Yussup, N., E-mail: nolida@nm.gov.my; Ibrahim, Maslina Mohd; Rahman, Nur Aira Abd; Rawi, M. Z. M. [Instrumentation Group, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor (Malaysia) 2015-04-29 A digital n/γ pulse shape discrimination (PSD) system is currently under development at Instrumentation and Automation Centre, Malaysian Nuclear Agency. This system aims at simultaneous detection of fast neutron and gamma ray in mixed radiations environment. This work reports the system characterization performed on the liquid scintillation detector (BC-501A) and digital pulse shape discrimination (DPSD) system. The characterization involves measurement of electron light output from the BC-501A detector and energy channels calibration of the pulse height spectra acquired with DPSD system using set of photon reference sources. The main goal of this experiment is to calibrate the ADC channel of our DPSD system, characterized the BC-501 detector and find the position of Compton edge which later could be used as threshold for the n/γ PSD experiment. The detector resolution however is worse as compared to other published data but it is expected as our detector has a smaller active volume. 19. Measurement of the neutron spectrum of a Pu-C source with a liquid scintillator WANG Song-Lin; HUANG Han-Xiong; RUAN Xi-Chao; LI Xia; BAO Jie; NIE Yang-So; ZHONG Qi-Ping; ZHOU Zu-Ying; KONG Xiang-Zhong 2009-01-01 The neutron response function for a BC501A liquid scintillator (LS) has been measured using a series of monoenergetic neutrons produced by the p-T reaction. The proton energies were chosen such as to produce neutrons in the energy range of 1 to 20 MeV. The principles of the technique of unfolding a neutron energy spectrum by using the measured neutron response function and the measured Pulse Height (PH) spectrum is briefly described. The PH spectrum of neutrons from the Pu-C source, which will be used for the calibration of the reactor antineutrino detectors for the Daya Bay neutrino experiment, was measured and analyzed to get the neutron energy spectrum. Simultaneously the neutron energy spectrum of an Am-Be source was measured and compared with other measurements as a check of the result for the Pu-C source. Finally, an error analysis and a discussion of the results are given. 20. Attenuation length measurements of liquid scintillator with LabVIEW and reliability evaluation of the device Gao, L; Ding, YY; Zhou, L; Wen, LJ; Xie, YG; Wang, ZG; Cai, X; Sun, XL; Fang, J; Xue, Z; Zhang, AW; LÜ, QW; Sun, LJ; Ge, YS; Liu, YB; Niu, SL; Hu, T; Cao, J; LÜ, JG 2013-01-01 The attenuation length measuring device was constructed by using oscilloscope and LabVIEW for signal acquisition and processing. The performance of the device has been tested with a variety of ways, the test results show that the set-up has a good stability and high precision (sigma/mean reached 0.4 percent). Besides, the accuracy of the measurement system will decrease by about 17 percent if a filter is used. The attenuation length of gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillator (Gd-LS) was measured as 15.10 plus or minus 0.35 m where Gd-LS was heavily used in Daya Bay Neutrino Experiment. In addition, one method based on the Beer-Lambert law was proposed to investigate the reliability of the measurement device, the R-square reached 0.9995. Moreover, three purification methods for Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) production were compared in the experiment. 1. Calibration of a liquid scintillation counter to assess tritium levels in various samples Al-Haddad, M N; Abu-Jarad, F A 1999-01-01 An LKB-Wallac 1217 Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC) was calibrated with a newly adopted cocktail. The LSC was then used to measure tritium levels in various samples to assess the compliance of tritium levels with the recommended international levels. The counter was calibrated to measure both biological and operational samples for personnel and for an accelerator facility at KFUPM. The biological samples include the bioassay (urine), saliva, and nasal tests. The operational samples of the light ion linear accelerator include target cooling water, organic oil, fomblin oil, and smear samples. Sets of standards, which simulate various samples, were fabricated using traceable certified tritium standards. The efficiency of the counter was obtained for each sample. The typical range of the efficiencies varied from 33% for smear samples down to 1.5% for organic oil samples. A quenching curve for each sample is presented. The minimum detectable activity for each sample was established. Typical tritium levels in bio... 2. High Resolution Tracking Devices Based on Capillaries Filled with Liquid Scintillator Bonekamper, D; Vassiltchenko, V; Wolff, T 2002-01-01 %RD46 %title\\\\ \\\\The aim of the project is to develop high resolution tracking devices based on thin glass capillary arrays filled with liquid scintillator. This technique provides high hit densities and a position resolution better than 20$\\mu$m. Further, their radiation hardness makes them superior to other types of tracking devices with comparable performance. Therefore, the technique is attractive for inner tracking in collider experiments, microvertex devices, or active targets for short-lived particle detection. High integration levels in the read-out based on the use of multi-pixel photon detectors and the possibility of optical multiplexing allow to reduce considerably the number of output channels, and, thus, the cost for the detector.\\\\ \\\\New optoelectronic devices have been developed and tested: the megapixel Electron Bombarded CCD (EBCCD), a high resolution image-detector having an outstanding capability of single photo-electron detection; the Vacuum Image Pipeline (VIP), a high-speed gateable pi... 3. Development and Characterization of 6Li-doped Liquid Scintillator Detectors for PROSPECT Gaison, Jeremy; Prospect Collaboration 2016-09-01 PROSPECT, the Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum experiment, is a phased reactor antineutrino experiment designed to search for eV-scale sterile neutrinos via short-baseline neutrino oscillations and to make a precision measurement of the 235U reactor antineutrino spectrum. A multi-ton, optically segmented detector will be deployed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL) High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) to measure the reactor spectrum at baselines ranging from 7-12m. A two-segment detector prototype with 50 liters of active liquid scintillator target has been built to verify the detector design and to benchmark its performance. In this presentation, we will summarize the performance of this detector prototype and describe the optical and energy calibration of the segmented PROSPECT detectors. 4. ecCNO solar neutrinos: A challenge for gigantic ultra-pure liquid scintillator detectors F.L. Villante 2015-03-01 Full Text Available Neutrinos produced in the Sun by electron capture reactions on 13N, 15O and 17F, to which we refer as ecCNO neutrinos, are not usually considered in solar neutrino analysis since the expected fluxes are extremely low. The experimental determination of this sub-dominant component of the solar neutrino flux is very difficult but could be rewarding since it provides a determination of the metallic content of the solar core and, moreover, probes the solar neutrino survival probability in the transition region at Eν∼2.5 MeV. In this Letter, we suggest that this difficult measure could be at reach for future gigantic ultra-pure liquid scintillator detectors, such as LENA. 5. Evaluation of the ionization quenching correction for several liquid scintillators; Evaluacion de la extincion por ionizacion para diversos liquidos centelleadores Los Arcos, J. M.; Borras, C. 1990-07-01 The most appropriate computational model for the ionization quenching function Q(E) is analyzed for electrons in liquid scintillators. A numerical evaluation of Q(E) from 0.1 keV to 3 MeV which the kB parameter varying between 0.005 and 0.010 cm/MeV is presented for seven scintillators; Toluene, Toluene-Alcohol, PCS, Toluene-CCl4, INSTAGEL, Dioxane-Naphtalene and HISAFE II. The numerical result are summarized as tables of Ieast squares fitting coefficient which make easy the computation of Q(E). (Author) 6. Development of a new neutron monitor using a boron-loaded organic liquid scintillation detector Rasolonjatovo, A H D; Kim, E; Nakamura, T; Nunomiya, T; Endo, A; Yamaguchi, Y; Yoshizawa, M 2002-01-01 A new type of neutron dose monitor was developed by using a 12.7 cm diameterx12.7 cm long boron-loaded organic liquid scintillation detector BC523A. This detector aims to have a response in the wide energy range of thermal energy to 100 MeV by using the H and C reactions to the fast neutrons of organic liquid and the sup 1 sup 0 B(n, alpha) reaction to thermalized neutrons in the liquid. The response functions of this detector were determined by the Monte Carlo simulation in the energy region from thermal energy to 100 MeV. Using these response functions, the spectrum-weighted dose function, G-function, to get the neutron dose from the light output spectrum of the detector was also determined by the unfolding technique. The calculated G-function was applied to determine the neutron dose in real neutron fields having energies ranging from thermal energy to several tens of MeV, where the light output spectra were measured with the BC523A detector. The thus-obtained ambient doses and effective doses show rather ... 7. Development of a new neutron monitor using a boron-loaded organic liquid scintillation detector Rasolonjatovo, A.H.D.; Shiomi, T.; Kim, E.; Nakamura, T. E-mail: nakamura@cyric.tohoku.ac.jp; Nunomiya, T.; Endo, A.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Yoshizawa, M 2002-10-21 A new type of neutron dose monitor was developed by using a 12.7 cm diameterx12.7 cm long boron-loaded organic liquid scintillation detector BC523A. This detector aims to have a response in the wide energy range of thermal energy to 100 MeV by using the H and C reactions to the fast neutrons of organic liquid and the {sup 10}B(n, {alpha}) reaction to thermalized neutrons in the liquid. The response functions of this detector were determined by the Monte Carlo simulation in the energy region from thermal energy to 100 MeV. Using these response functions, the spectrum-weighted dose function, G-function, to get the neutron dose from the light output spectrum of the detector was also determined by the unfolding technique. The calculated G-function was applied to determine the neutron dose in real neutron fields having energies ranging from thermal energy to several tens of MeV, where the light output spectra were measured with the BC523A detector. The thus-obtained ambient doses and effective doses show rather good agreement with the fluence-to-dose conversion factor given by ICRP 74. This detector will be useful as a wide-energy range neutron monitor. 8. COCO, a Compton coincidence experiment to study liquid scintillator response in the 1-20 keV energy range Peron, M.N. (Laboratoire Primaire des Rayonnements Ionisants, CEA/DAMRI, CE Saclay, BP 52, 91193 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex (France)); Cassette, P. (Laboratoire Primaire des Rayonnements Ionisants, CEA/DAMRI, CE Saclay, BP 52, 91193 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex (France)) 1994-12-30 The use of Liquid Scintillation Counting (LSC) as a fundamental radionuclide standardisation method requires a correct description of the physical phenomena occurring during the LSC process. In that framework, a special point of interest is the description of the liquid scintillator response, especially for low-energy electrons, in a region where this response is known to be non-linear. As there is no simple way to produce monoenergetic electrons in the liquid scintillator, we have simulated these electrons using a Compton interaction coincidence method. Due to the energy conservation law, the selection of the energy of the scattered Compton X-ray photon is equivalent to the selection of the energy of a monoenergetic electron. This paper describes the experimental system and the methods used to analyse the experimental results in order to deduce the statistical distribution of the photons emitted by the scintillator. The effects of some artefacts are discussed, including the accidental coincidences and the influence of cascade Compton interactions. ((orig.)) 9. Optics study of liquid scintillation counting systems; Estudio de la Optica en sistemas de medida por centelle liquido Duran Ramiro, M. T.; Garcia-Torano, E. 2005-07-01 Optics is a key issue in the development of any liquid scintillation counting (LSC) system. Light emission in the scintillating solution, transmission through the vial and reflector design are some aspects that need to be considered in detail. This paper describes measurements and calculations carried out to optimise these factors for the design of a new family of LSC counters. Measurements of the light distribution emitted by a scintillation vial were done by autoradiographs of cylindrical vials made of various materials and results were compared to those obtained by direct measurements of the light distribution made by scanning the vial with a photomultiplier tube. Calculations were also carried out to study the light transmission in the vial and the optimal design of the reflector for a system with one photomultiplier tube. (Author) 10. Review of plastic and liquid scintillation dosimetry for photon, electron, and proton therapy Beaulieu, Luc; Beddar, Sam 2016-10-01 While scintillation dosimetry has been around for decades, the need for a dosimeter tailored to the reality of modern radiation therapy—in particular a real-time, water-equivalent, energy-independent dosimeter with high spatial resolution—has generated renewed interest in scintillators over the last 10 years. With the advent of at least one commercial plastic scintillation dosimeter and the ever-growing scientific literature on this subject, this topical review is intended to provide the medical physics community with a wide overview of scintillation physics, related optical concepts, and applications of plastic scintillation dosimetry. 11. Characterizing a fast-response, low-afterglow liquid scintillator for neutron time-of-flight diagnostics in fast ignition experiments Abe, Y., E-mail: abe-y@ile.osaka-u.ac.jp; Hosoda, H.; Arikawa, Y.; Nagai, T.; Kojima, S.; Sakata, S.; Inoue, H.; Iwasa, Y.; Iwano, K.; Yamanoi, K.; Fujioka, S.; Nakai, M.; Sarukura, N.; Shiraga, H.; Norimatsu, T.; Azechi, H. [Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 (Japan) 2014-11-15 The characteristics of oxygen-enriched liquid scintillators with very low afterglow are investigated and optimized for application to a single-hit neutron spectrometer for fast ignition experiments. It is found that 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene has better characteristics as a liquid scintillator solvent than the conventional solvent, p-xylene. In addition, a benzophenon-doped BBQ liquid scintillator is shown to demonstrate very rapid time response, and therefore has potential for further use in neutron diagnostics with fast time resolution. 12. Landau Energy Loss in Liquid Scintillator and the Search for Wifs with the LVD Experiment. Tang, Jie The LVD experiment at Gran Sasso, Italy, is described, and data since the completion of the first tower (one fifth of the whole LVD) are analyzed. The dE/dx distribution of reconstructed high-energy muons in the scintillator counters is obtained. This distribution is compared with predictions by a GEANT3 Monte Carlo simulation of cosmic muons going through the LVD detector. Its shape is similar to the Landau approximation. In the data from a total running time of 245 days, 159286 clearly separable charged tracks going through the detector were reconstructed. No WIF (Weakly-Interacting Fractionally-charged particle) is observed. Since the early 1930's to the 1980's, theories on the dE/dx distribution of charged particles in matter have evolved from the fundamental work done by Bethe, Bloch, Landau, Symon, Vavilov and others with the inclusion of more precise corrections of the density effect and the shell effect. At the LVD experiment, through a procedure of gain-factor calibration at every period of 20 days, to compensate for instability and nonuniformity of the scintillator counters and their readout, the muon dE/dx distribution is measured; it conforms to the Landau approximation. The precision of the dE/dx measurement is 7.6% (one sigma).. WIF particles are speculated by modern theories. Because dE/dx is proportional to the square of the charge carried by the incident particle, any WIF going through the LVD liquid scintillator will reveal itself by its dE/dx being on the low side of the carefully calibrated muon dE/dx distribution. Calculation has shown that when the charge of a WIF is as low as {2over 3} e, it still generates enough ionization in the LVD limited streamer tubes and thus its track is as visible as a muon track in the detector. Such events are not found. Assuming a uniform flux distribution of WIF particles coming from the atmosphere, the upper limit of their flux at the LVD site is 4.4 times rm 10^{-14} cm^{-2}sterad ^{-1}sec^{-1}. (Copies 13. Liquid scintillation counting methodology for 99Tc analysis. A remedy for radiopharmaceutical waste Khan, Mumtaz [Univ. of Science and Technology, Gyeongbuk (Korea); Um, Wooyong [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States) 2015-08-13 This paper presents a new approach for liquid scintillation counting (LSC) analysis of single-radionuclide samples containing appreciable organic or inorganic quench. This work offers better analytical results than existing LSC methods for technetium-99 (99gTc) analysis with significant savings in analysis cost and time. The method was developed to quantify 99gTc in environmental liquid and urine samples using LSC. Method efficiency was measured in the presence of 1.9 to 11,900 ppm total dissolved solids. The quench curve was proved to be effective in the case of spiked 99gTc activity calculation for deionized water, tap water, groundwater, seawater, and urine samples. Counting efficiency was found to be 91.66% for Ultima Gold LLT (ULG-LLT) and Ultima Gold (ULG). Relative error in spiked 99gTc samples was ±3.98% in ULG and ULG-LLT cocktails. Minimum detectable activity was determined to be 25.3 mBq and 22.7 mBq for ULG-LLT and ULG cocktails, respectively. A pre-concentration factor of 1000 was achieved at 100°C for 100% chemical recovery. 14. Scintillation particle detection based on microfluidics Mapelli, A; Renaud, P; Gorini, B; Trivino, N Vico; Jiguet, S; Vandelli, W; Haguenauer, M 2010-01-01 A novel type of particle detector based on scintillation, with precise spatial resolution and high radiation hardness, is being studied. It consists of a single microfluidic channel filled with a liquid scintillator and is designed to define an array of scintillating waveguides each independently coupled to a photodetector. Prototype detectors built using an SU-8 epoxy resin have been tested with electrons from a radioactive source. The experimental results show a light yield compatible with the theoretical expectations and confirm the validity of the approach. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 15. Comparison of the efficacy of biodegradable and non-biodegradable scintillation liquids on the counting of tritium- and [14C]-labeled compounds Medeiros R.B. 2003-01-01 Full Text Available The widespread use of ³H and 14C in research has generated a large volume of waste mixed with scintillation liquid, requiring an effective control and appropriate storage of liquid radioactive waste. In the present study, we compared the efficacy of three commercially available scintillation liquids, Optiphase HiSafe 3, Ultima-Gold(TM AB (biodegradable and Insta-Gel-XF (non-biodegradable, in terms of [14C]-glucose and [³H]-thymidine counting efficiency. We also analyzed the effect of the relative amount of water (1.6 to 50%, radioisotope concentration (0.1 to 100 nCi/ml, pH (2 to 10 and color of the solutions (samples containing 0.1 to 1.0 mg/ml of Trypan blue on the counting efficiency in the presence of these scintillation liquids. There were few significant differences in the efficiency of 14C and ³H counting obtained with biodegradable or non-biodegradable scintillation liquids. However, there was an 83 and 94% reduction in the efficiency of 14C and ³H counting, respectively, in samples colored with 1 mg/ml Trypan blue, but not with 0.1 mg/ml, independent of the scintillation liquid used. Considering the low cost of biodegradable scintillation cocktails and their efficacy, these results show that traditional hazardous scintillation fluids may be replaced with the new safe biodegradable fluids without impairment of ³H and 14C counting efficiency. The use of biodegradable scintillation cocktails minimizes both human and environmental exposure to hazardous solvents. In addition, some biodegradable scintillation liquids can be 40% less expensive than the traditional hazardous cocktails. 16. Digital liquid-scintillation counting and effective pulse-shape discrimination with artificial neural networks Langrock, Gert; Wiehl, Norbert; Kling, Hans-Otto; Mendel, Matthias; Naehler, Andrea; Tharun, Udo; Eberhardt, Klaus; Trautmann, Norbert; Kratz, Jens Volker [Mainz Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Kernchemie; Omtvedt, Jon-Petter [Oslo Univ. (Norway). Dept. of Chemistry; Skarnemark, Gunnar [Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Goeteborg (Sweden) 2015-05-01 A typical problem in low-level liquid scintillation (LS) counting is the identification of α particles in the presence of a high background of β and γ particles. Especially the occurrence of β-β and β-γ pile-ups may prevent the unambiguous identification of an α signal by commonly used analog electronics. In this case, pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) and pile-up rejection (PUR) units show an insufficient performance. This problem was also observed in own earlier experiments on the chemical behaviour of transactinide elements using the liquid-liquid extraction system SISAK in combination with LS counting. α-particle signals from the decay of the transactinides could not be unambiguously assigned. However, the availability of instruments for the digital recording of LS pulses changes the situation and provides possibilities for new approaches in the treatment of LS pulse shapes. In a SISAK experiment performed at PSI, Villigen, a fast transient recorder, a PC card with oscilloscope characteristics and a sampling rate of 1 giga samples s{sup -1} (1 ns per point), was used for the first time to record LS signals. It turned out, that the recorded signals were predominantly α β-β and β-γ pile up, and fission events. This paper describes the subsequent development and use of artificial neural networks (ANN) based on the method of 'back-propagation of errors' to automatically distinguish between different pulse shapes. Such networks can 'learn' pulse shapes and classify hitherto unknown pulses correctly after a learning period. The results show that ANN in combination with fast digital recording of pulse shapes can be a powerful tool in LS spectrometry even at high background count rates. 17. Measurement of Trace$^{129}I$Concentrations in CsI Powder and Organic Liquid Scintillator with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Dong, K J 2007-01-01 Levels of trace radiopurity in active detector materials is a subject of major concern in low-background experiments. Procedures were devised to measure trace concentrations of I-129 in the inorganic salt CsI as well as in organic liquid scintillator with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) which leads to improvement in sensitivities by several orders of magnitude over other methods. No evidence of their existence in these materials were observed. Limits of < 6 X 10^{-13} g/g and < 2.6 X 10^{-17} g/g on the contaminations of I-129 in CsI and liquid scintillator, respectively, were derived.These are the first results in a research program whose goals are to develop techniques to measure trace radioactivity in detector materials by AMS. 18. Liquid Scintillation Counting of Environmental Radioisotopes: A Review of the Impact of Background Reduction Douglas, Matthew; Bernacki, Bruce E.; Erchinger, Jennifer L.; Finn, Erin C.; Fuller, Erin S.; Hoppe, Eric W.; Keillor, Martin E.; Morley, Shannon M.; Mullen, Crystal A.; Orrell, John L.; Panisko, Mark E.; Warren, Glen A.; Wright, Michael E. 2016-03-09 Liquid scintillation counting (LSC) is a versatile and commonplace method for radiometric measurement of charged particle emitting radionuclides. The LSC method provides utility in a range of environmental science applications including hydrological studies of water transport, anthropogenic releases of radionuclides into the environment, and vertical mixing rates within oceans. Instrumental measurement background is one limiting factor of radiometric measurement sensitivity. As part of the development of a custom low background LSC system located in a shallow underground laboratory at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, a number of measurement applications of LSC have been considered and are summarized here. The focus is on determining which aspects of such measurements would gain the greatest benefit from the reduction of LSC backgrounds by a factor of 10-100 relative to values reported in the literature. Examples of benefits include lowering the minimum detectable activity, reducing the sample size required, and shortening the elapsed timeline of the processing and analysis sequence. In particular tritium, strontium, and actinium isotopes are examined as these isotopes cover a range of requirements related to the LSC measurement method (e.g., 3H: low energy; Sr: spectral deconvolution; Ac: alpha/beta discrimination). 19. Spectrum library concept and pulse shape analysis in liquid scintillation counting Kaihola, L. [Wallac Oy, Turku (Finland) 1997-03-01 Wallac introduced in 1990 a new absolute liquid scintillation counting (LSC) method, Digital Overlay Technique (DOT) to correct for quench. This method allows quantization of multilabel samples by referring to library spectra which are generated against chemical and color quench indices at the factory. The libraries can further be expanded to any beta emitter by user with a method called fine tuning, which can be carried out even with a single sample. Spectrum libraries are created over the whole spectrum range of the radionuclide and allow automatic identification of a single label beta emitting radionuclide, called Easy Count method. Another improvement in LSC is commercial introduction of Pulse Shape Analysis (PSA) in 1986 by Wallac. This method recognizes alpha particle decay by pulse shape and leads to excellent sensitivity in alpha counting because most of the background signal in LSC comprises of short or beta like pulses. PSA detects alpha events in the presence of high excess of beta activity over alphas, up to a ratio 100000 to 1. (orig.) 20. Neutron and photon spectrometry with liquid scintillation detectors in mixed fields Klein, H 2002-01-01 Liquid scintillation detectors of type NE213 or BC501A are well suited and routinely used for spectrometry in mixed n-gamma-fields. Neutron- and photon-induced pulse height spectra may be simultaneously recorded making use of the n/gamma-discrimination capability based on pulse shape analysis. The light output functions for the detected secondary charged particles, i.e. electrons, positrons, protons and other charged reaction products, and the pulse height resolution function must carefully be determined. This can be done experimentally, in part via an iterative procedure by comparison with calculations. The response functions can then be reliably calculated by Monte Carlo simulations. Photon response functions calculated with the PHRESP code, which was developed on the basis of the EGS4+PRESTA program package, are in very good agreement with calibrations up to 17 MeV, both in shape and absolute scale. Similarly, neutron response functions calculated with the NRESP7 code well describe the pulse height spectra... 1. Characterization of CaWO{sub 4} scintillator at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures Moszynski, M. [Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, PL 05-400 Otwock-Swierk (Poland)]. E-mail: marek@ipj.gov.pl; Balcerzyk, M. [Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, PL 05-400 Otwock-Swierk (Poland); Czarnacki, W. [Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, PL 05-400 Otwock-Swierk (Poland); Nassalski, A. [Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, PL 05-400 Otwock-Swierk (Poland); Szczesniak, T. [Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, PL 05-400 Otwock-Swierk (Poland); Kraus, H. [Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH (United Kingdom); Mikhailik, V.B. [Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH (United Kingdom); Solskii, I.M. [Institute of Materials SRC ' Carat' , Lviv 790031 (Ukraine) 2005-11-21 The properties of CaWO{sub 4} (CaWO) crystals in {gamma}-spectrometry were studied at room and liquid nitrogen(LN{sub 2}) temperatures. Two small samples of 10x10x4 mm{sup 3} and 10x10x8 mm{sup 3} size were tested, coupled to a Photonis XP3212 photomultiplier at room temperature and a large area avalanche photodiode at LN{sub 2} temperature. Light pulse shape and light output at room and LN{sub 2} temperatures were measured. Energy resolution and non-proportionality of the CaWO response versus {gamma}-ray energy were studied and compared with those of small BGO and CdWO{sub 4} crystals to discuss further the origin of the intrinsic resolution of undoped scintillating crystals. A high light output of 4800{+-}200 phe/MeV and a good energy resolution of 6.6{+-}0.2% for 662 keV {gamma}-rays from a {sup 137}Cs source were measured for the small samples coupled to the XP3212 photomultiplier. 2. ACID EVAPORATION OF ULTIMA GOLD TM AB LIQUID SCINTILLATION COCKTAIL RESIDUE Kyser, E.; Fondeur, F.; Crump, S. 2011-12-21 Prior analyses of samples from the F/H Lab solutions showed the presence of diisopropylnapthalene (DIN), a major component of Ultima Gold{trademark} AB liquid scintillation cocktail (LSC). These solutions are processed through H-Canyon Tank 10.5 and ultimately through the 17.8E evaporator. Similar solutions originated in SRNL streams sent to the same H Canyon tanks. This study examined whether the presence of these organics poses a process-significant hazard for the evaporator. Evaporation and calorimetry testing of surrogate samples containing 2000 ppm of Ultima Gold{trademark} AB LSC in 8 M nitric acid have been completed. These experiments showed that although reactions between nitric acid and the organic components do occur, they do not appear to pose a significant hazard for runaway reactions or generation of energetic compounds in canyon evaporators. The amount of off-gas generated was relatively modest and appeared to be well within the venting capacity of the H-Canyon evaporators. A significant fraction of the organic components likely survives the evaporation process primarily as non-volatile components that are not expected to represent any new process concerns during downstream operations such as neutralization. Laboratory Waste solutions containing minor amounts of DIN can be safely received, stored, transferred, and processed through the canyon waste evaporator. 3. A high-resolution tracking hodoscope based on capillary layers filled with liquid scintillator Bay, A; Bruski, N; Buontempo, S; Currat, C; D'Ambrosio, N; Ekimov, A V; Ereditato, A; Fabre, Jean-Paul; Fanti, V; Frekers, D; Frenkel, A; Golovkin, S V; Govorun, V N; Harrison, K; Koppenburg, P; Kozarenko, E N; Kreslo, I E; Liberti, B; Martellotti, G; Medvedkov, A M; Mondardini, M R; Penso, G; Siegmund, W P; Vasilchenko, V G; Vilain, P; Wilquet, G; Winter, Klaus; Wörtche, H J 2001-01-01 Results are given on tests of a high-resolution tracking hodoscope based on layers of \\hbox{26-$\\mu$m-bore} glass capillaries filled with organic liquid scintillator (1-methylnaphthalene doped with R39). The detector prototype consisted of three 2-mm-thick parallel layers, with surface areas of$2.1 \\times 21$~cm$^2$. The layers had a centre-to-centre spacing of 6~mm, and were read by an optoelectronic chain comprising two electrostatically focused image intensifiers and an Electron-Bombarded Charge-Coupled Device (EBCCD). Tracks of cosmic-ray particles were recorded and analysed. The observed hit density was 6.6~hits/mm for particles crossing the layers perpendicularly, at a distance of 1~cm from the capillaries' readout end, and 4.2~hits/mm for particles at a distance of 20~cm. A track segment reconstructed in a single layer had an rms residual of$\\sim$~20~$\\mu$m, and allowed determination of the track position in a neighbouring layer with a precision of$\\sim$~170~$\\mu$m. This latter value corresponded to... 4. Discrimination of neutrons and γ-rays in liquid scintillator based on Elman neural network Zhang, Cai-Xun; Lin, Shin-Ted; Zhao, Jian-Ling; Yu, Xun-Zhen; Wang, Li; Zhu, Jing-Jun; Xing, Hao-Yang 2016-08-01 In this work, a new neutron and γ (n/γ) discrimination method based on an Elman Neural Network (ENN) is proposed to improve the discrimination performance of liquid scintillator (LS) detectors. Neutron and γ data were acquired from an EJ-335 LS detector, which was exposed in a 241Am-9Be radiation field. Neutron and γ events were discriminated using two methods of artificial neural network including the ENN and a typical Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) as a control. The results show that the two methods have different n/γ discrimination performances. Compared to the BPNN, the ENN provides an improved of Figure of Merit (FOM) in n/γ discrimination. The FOM increases from 0.907 ± 0.034 to 0.953 ± 0.037 by using the new method of the ENN. The proposed n/γ discrimination method based on ENN provides a new choice of pulse shape discrimination in neutron detection. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (11275134,11475117) 5. 210Pb and 210Po determination in environmental samples using liquid scintillation counting and alpha spectrometry Pérez Sánchez, D.; Martin Sánchez, A.; Jurado Vargas, M. 2003-01-01 A simple radiochemical procedure has been developed to determine 210Pb and 210Po in environmental samples from the same matrix. Sediment samples are decomposed by leaching with mineral acids or by microwave digestion, while water samples are pre-concentrated. One part of the resulting solution, spiked with 209Po, is used for 210Po determination by spontaneous deposition onto nickel disks (α-spectrometry). The other part is assayed for 210Pb, separating the Pb either by anion-exchange (sediment samples), or by solvent extraction (water samples). The 210Pb source is finally prepared by precipitation as oxalate and the chemical recovery determined by gravimetry. The 210Pb activity concentration is determined by liquid scintillation. A standard sediment sample supplied by IAEA and spiked water samples were analysed to check the procedure. The 210Pb and 210Po measurements agreed well with the certifications, deviations being less than 10%. The mean recoveries for Pb and Po were (70±12)% and (77±8%) for sediments, and (70±10)% and (81±7)% for waters, respectively. 6. Pulse-shape discrimination and energy resolution of a liquid-argon scintillator with xenon doping Wahl, Christopher G; Lippincott, W Hugh; Nikkel, James A; Shin, Yunchang; McKinsey, Daniel N 2014-01-01 Liquid-argon scintillation detectors are used in fundamental physics experiments and are being considered for security applications. Previous studies have suggested that the addition of small amounts of xenon dopant improves performance in light or signal yield, energy resolution, and particle discrimination. In this study, we investigate the detector response for xenon dopant concentrations from 9 +/- 5 ppm to 1100 +/- 500 ppm xenon (by weight) in 6 steps. The 3.14-liter detector uses tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB) wavelength shifter with dual photomultiplier tubes and is operated in single-phase mode. Gamma-ray-interaction signal yield of 4.0 +/- 0.1 photoelectrons/keV improved to 5.0 +/- 0.1 photoelectrons/keV with dopant. Energy resolution at 662 keV improved from (4.4 +/- 0.2)% ({\\sigma}) to (3.5 +/- 0.2)% ({\\sigma}) with dopant. Pulse-shape discrimination performance degraded greatly at the first addition of dopant, slightly improved with additional additions, then rapidly improved near the end of our dopa... 7. Using the transportable, computer-operated, liquid-scintillator fast-neutron spectrometer system Thorngate, J.H. 1988-11-01 When a detailed energy spectrum is needed for radiation-protection measurements from approximately 1 MeV up to several tens of MeV, organic-liquid scintillators make good neutron spectrometers. However, such a spectrometer requires a sophisticated electronics system and a computer to reduce the spectrum from the recorded data. Recently, we added a Nuclear Instrument Module (NIM) multichannel analyzer and a lap-top computer to the NIM electronics we have used for several years. The result is a transportable fast-neutron spectrometer system. The computer was programmed to guide the user through setting up the system, calibrating the spectrometer, measuring the spectrum, and reducing the data. Measurements can be made over three energy ranges, 0.6--2 MeV, 1.1--8 MeV, or 1.6--16 MeV, with the spectrum presented in 0.1-MeV increments. Results can be stored on a disk, presented in a table, and shown in graphical form. 5 refs., 51 figs. 8. Development of a liquid scintillator-based 3D detector for range measurements of spot-scanned proton beams Darne, C. D.; Robertson, D.; Beddar, S. 2017-05-01 The goal of the present study is to develop a liquid scintillator-based 3D detector and investigate its performance for beam range measurements in real time. The detector design consists of a tank filled with water-equivalent liquid scintillator that scintillates in response to incident proton beams. Three scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) cameras collect the resulting optical signals. Preliminary measurements have shown that the optical detection system can record light distribution profiles anywhere inside the tank with an average spatial resolution of 0.23 mm. By employing multiple cameras the system is capable of capturing high resolution 2D depth and beams-eye profiles of the delivered beam and can consequently localize the position of beam anywhere inside the tank. It is also shown that it is capable of accurately measuring proton beam range with no more than 0.3 mm difference from the nominal range. The detector system thus demonstrates its ability to perform fast, high-resolution, and precise beam range measurements in 3D. 9. The light-yield response of a NE-213 liquid-scintillator detector measured using 2 -- 6 MeV tagged neutrons Scherzinger, J; Annand, J R M; Fissum, K G; Hall-Wilton, R; Kanaki, K; Lundin, M; Nilsson, B; Perrey, H; Rosborg, A; Svensson, H 2016-01-01 The response of a NE-213 liquid-scintillator detector has been measured using tagged neutrons from 2--6 MeV originating from an Am/Be neutron source. The neutron energies were determined using the time-of-flight technique. Pulse-shape discrimination was employed to discern between gamma-rays and neutrons. The behavior of both the fast (35 ns) and the combined fast and slow (475 ns) components of the neutron scintillation-light pulses were studied. Three different prescriptions were used to relate the neutron maximum energy-transfer edges to the corresponding recoil-proton scintillation-light yields, and the results were compared to simulations. Parametrizations which predict the fast or total light yield of the scintillation pulses were also tested. Our results agree with both existing data and existing parametrizations. We observe a clear sensitivity to the portion and length of the neutron scintillation-light pulse considered. 10. Validating plastic scintillation detectors for photon dosimetry in the radiologic energy range Lessard, Francois; Archambault, Louis; Plamondon, Mathieu [Departement de physique, de genie physique et d' optique, Universite Laval, Quebec, Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada and Departement de radio-oncologie, Hotel-Dieu de Quebec, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Quebec, Quebec G1R 2J6 (Canada); Departement de physique, de genie physique et d' optique, Universite Laval, Quebec, Quebec G1K 7P4 (Canada); Departement de radio-oncologie, Hotel-Dieu de Quebec, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Quebec, Quebec G1R 2J6 (Canada) and Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030 (United States); Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030 (United States); Departement de physique, de genie physique et d' optique, Universite Laval, Quebec, Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada and Departement de radio-oncologie, Hotel-Dieu de Quebec, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Quebec, Quebec G1R 2J6 (Canada); and others 2012-09-15 Purpose: Photon dosimetry in the kilovolt (kV) energy range represents a major challenge for diagnostic and interventional radiology and superficial therapy. Plastic scintillation detectors (PSDs) are potentially good candidates for this task. This study proposes a simple way to obtain accurate correction factors to compensate for the response of PSDs to photon energies between 80 and 150 kVp. The performance of PSDs is also investigated to determine their potential usefulness in the diagnostic energy range. Methods: A 1-mm-diameter, 10-mm-long PSD was irradiated by a Therapax SXT 150 unit using five different beam qualities made of tube potentials ranging from 80 to 150 kVp and filtration thickness ranging from 0.8 to 0.2 mmAl + 1.0 mmCu. The light emitted by the detector was collected using an 8-m-long optical fiber and a polychromatic photodiode, which converted the scintillation photons to an electrical current. The PSD response was compared with the reference free air dose rate measured with a calibrated Farmer NE2571 ionization chamber. PSD measurements were corrected using spectra-weighted corrections, accounting for mass energy-absorption coefficient differences between the sensitive volumes of the ionization chamber and the PSD, as suggested by large cavity theory (LCT). Beam spectra were obtained from x-ray simulation software and validated experimentally using a CdTe spectrometer. Correction factors were also obtained using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Percent depth dose (PDD) measurements were compensated for beam hardening using the LCT correction method. These PDD measurements were compared with uncorrected PSD data, PDD measurements obtained using Gafchromic films, Monte Carlo simulations, and previous data. Results: For each beam quality used, the authors observed an increase of the energy response with effective energy when no correction was applied to the PSD response. Using the LCT correction, the PSD response was almost energy independent, with 11. Monte Carlo simulation of prompt gamma-ray spectra from depleted uranium under D-T neutron irradiation and electron recoil spectra in a liquid scintillator detector Qin, Jianguo; Liu, Rong; Zhu, Tonghua; Zhang, Xinwei; Ye, Bangjiao 2015-01-01 To overcome the problem of inefficient computing time and unreliable results in MCNP5 calculation, a two-step method is adopted to calculate the energy deposition of prompt gamma-rays in detectors for depleted uranium spherical shells under D-T neutrons irradiation. In the first step, the gamma-ray spectrum for energy below 7 MeV is calculated by MCNP5 code; secondly, the electron recoil spectrum in a BC501A liquid scintillator detector is simulated based on EGSnrc Monte Carlo Code with the gamma-ray spectrum from the first step as input. The comparison of calculated results with experimental ones shows that the simulations agree well with experiment in the energy region 0.4-3 MeV for the prompt gamma-ray spectrum and below 4 MeVee for the electron recoil spectrum. The reliability of the two-step method in this work is validated. 12. Study of SiPM custom arrays for scintillation light detection in a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber Cervi, T.; Babicz, M. E.; Bonesini, M.; Falcone, A.; Kose, U.; Nessi, M.; Menegolli, A.; Pietropaolo, F.; Raselli, G. L.; Rossella, M.; Torti, M.; Zani, A. 2017-03-01 Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LAr-TPC) technique has been established as one of the most promising for the next generation of experiments dedicated to neutrino and rare-event physics. LAr-TPCs have the fundamental feature to be able to both collect the charge and the scintillation light produced after the passage of a ionizing particle inside the Argon volume. Scintillation light is traditionally detected by large surface Photo-Multiplier Tubes (PMTs) working at cryogenic temperature. Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPMs) are semiconductor-based devices with performances comparable to the PMT ones, but with very small active areas. For this reason we built a prototype array composed by SiPMs connected in different electrical configurations. We present results on preliminary tests made with four SiPMs, connected both in parallel and in series configurations, deployed into a 50 liters LAr-TPC exposed to cosmic rays at CERN. 13. Counting efficiencies by liquid scintillation counting. Single isomeric transitions; Eficiencia de recuento por centelleo liquido. Transiciones isomericas simples Grau Carles, A.; Grau Malonda, A. 1995-07-01 In this work we present liquid scintillation counting efficiency tables for several radionuclides with single isomeric transitions, in which electron conversion and gamma emission processes are competitive. We study the radionuclides: 58mCo, 77mSe, 79mBr, 87mSr, S9mY, 93mNb, 103mRh, 107mAg, 109mAg, 113mIn, 131mXe, I33mXe, 135raBa, 137mBa, 167raEr, for two different scintillators, Ultima-Gold and Insta-Gel. We consider volumes of 10 and 15 mL for Ultima Gold, and 15 mL for Insta-Gel. (Author) 18 refs. 14. Development of neutron-monitor detector using liquid organic scintillator coupled with 6Li + ZnS(Ag) Sheet. Sato, Tatsuhiko; Endo, Akira; Yamaguchi, Yasuhiro; Takahashi, Fumiaki 2004-01-01 A phoswitch-type detector has been developed for monitoring neutron doses in high-energy accelerator facilities. The detector is composed of a liquid organic scintillator (BC501A) coupled with ZnS(Ag) sheets doped with 6Li. The dose from neutrons with energies above 1 MeV is evaluated from the light output spectrum of the BC501A by applying the G-function, which relates the spectrum to the neutron dose directly. The dose from lower energy neutrons, on the other hand, is estimated from the number of scintillations emitted from the ZnS(Ag) sheets. Characteristics of the phoswitch-type detector were studied experimentally in some neutron fields. It was found from the experiments that the detector has an excellent property of pulse-shape discrimination between the scintillations of BC501A and the ZnS(Ag) sheets. The experimental results also indicate that the detector is capable of reproducing doses from thermal neutrons as well as neutrons with energies from one to several tens of megaelectronvolts (MeV). 15. A Measurement of the Absorption of Liquid Argon Scintillation Light by Dissolved Nitrogen at the Part-Per-Million Level Jones, B J P; Conrad, J M; Ignarra, C M; Katori, T; Toups, M 2013-01-01 We report on a measurement of the absorption length of scintillation light in liquid argon due to dissolved nitrogen at the part-per-million (ppm) level. We inject controlled quantities of nitrogen into a high purity volume of liquid argon and monitor the light yield from an alpha source. The source is placed at different distances from a cryogenic photomultiplier tube assembly. By comparing the light yield from each position we extract the absorption cross section of nitrogen. We find that nitrogen absorbs argon scintillation light with strength of$\\left(1.51\\pm 0.15\\right)\\times10^{-4} \\;\\mathrm{cm^{-1} ppm^{-1}}$, corresponding to an absorption cross section of$\\left(4.99 \\pm 0.51 \\right)\\times10^{-21}\\;\\mathrm{cm^{2} molecule^{-1}}$. We obtain the relationship between absorption length and nitrogen concentration over the 0 to 50 ppm range and discuss the implications for the design and data analysis of future large liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) detectors. Our results indicate that for a ... 16. A Measurement of the Absorption of Liquid Argon Scintillation Light by Dissolved Nitrogen at the Part-Per-Million Level Jones, B. J.P. [MIT, LNS; Chiu, C. S. [MIT, LNS; Conrad, J. M. [MIT, LNS; Ignarra, C. M. [MIT, LNS; Katori, T. [MIT, LNS; Toups, M. [MIT, LNS 2013-07-24 Here we report on a measurement of the absorption length of scintillation light in liquid argon due to dissolved nitrogen at the part-per-million (ppm)level. We inject controlled quantities of nitrogen into a high purity volume of liquid argon and monitor the light yield from an alpha source.The source is placed at different distances from a cryogenic photomultiplier tube assembly. By comparing the light yield from each position we extract the absorption cross section of nitrogen. We find that nitrogen absorbs argon scintillation light with strength of (1.51±0.15) × 10$-$4 cm$-$1ppm$-$1, correspondingto an absorption cross section of (4.99±0.51) × 10$-$21 cm2 molecule$-$1.We obtain the relationship between absorption length and nitrogenconcentration over the 0 to 50 ppm range and discuss the implicationsfor the design and data analysis of future large liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC)detectors. Our results indicate that for a current-generation LArTPC, wherea concentration of 2 parts per million of nitrogen is expected, the attenuationlength due to nitrogen will be 30±3 meters. 17. The air luminescence count for the rapid determination of {sup 222}Rn in a liquid scintillation spectrometer Morita-Murase, Yuko; Murakami, Isao; Homma, Yoshio [Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo (Japan) 2001-03-01 A liquid scintillation spectrometer has been applied to the determination of the counting efficiency for the air luminescence produced by standardized {sup 222}Rn and its daughters. Based on the counting efficiency, known amounts of {sup 222}Rn can be prepared in 3.5 h. Moreover, the {sup 226}Ra source from which {sup 222}Rn is collected does not necessary have to be a standard one. In contrast, the conventional method for preparing known amounts of {sup 222}Rn usually requires a long waiting period (ca. 15-30 days). (author) 18. Chemical and colour quenching in liquid scintillation counting; Estudio de la extincion quimica y por color en centelleo liquido Scott, P. E.; Grau, A. 1987-07-01 Chemical and colour quenching for H-3 and C-14 was studied. The method includes spectral analysis of colouring agents; methyl red, (4'-dimethylamine-azobenzene 2-carboxylic acid) dimethyl yellow (4'-dimethylamine-azobenzene) and malachite green (methane, bis .(4-dimethyl aminophenyl) - (phenyl)). External standard channels ratio was applied for the liquid scintillation counting of samples. The introduction of an isolated external standard seems to be a strong tool for the correction of chemical and colour quenching curves. (Author) 12 refs. 19. Results of low energy background measurements with the Liquid Scintillation Detector (LSD) of the Mont Blanc Laboratory Aglietta, M.; Badino, G.; Bologna, G. F.; Castagnoli, C.; Fulgione, W.; Galeotti, P.; Saavedra, O.; Trinchero, G. C.; Vernetto, S.; Dadykin, V. L. 1985-01-01 The 90 tons liquid scintillation detector (LSD) is fully running since October 1984, at a depth of 5,200 hg/sq cm of standard rock underground. The main goal is to search for neutrino bursts from collapsing stars. The experiment is very sensitive to detect low energy particles and has a very good signature to gamma-rays from (n,p) reaction which follows the upsilon e + p yields n + e sup + neutrino capture. The analysis of data is presented and the preliminary results on low energy measurements are discussed. 20. Simultaneous reconstruction of scintillation light and ionization charge produced by 511 keV photons in liquid xenon: Potential application to PET Amaudruz, P. [TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3 (Canada)], E-mail: amaudruz@triumf.ca; Bryman, D. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1 (Canada)], E-mail: bryman@phas.ubc.ca; Kurchaninov, L. [TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3 (Canada)], E-mail: kurchan@triumf.ca; Lu, P. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1 (Canada)], E-mail: philipfl@phas.ubc.ca; Marshall, C. [TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3 (Canada)], E-mail: cammarsh@triumf.ca; Martin, J.P. [University of Montreal, CP 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7 (Canada)], E-mail: jpmartin@lps.umontreal.ca; Muennich, A. [TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3 (Canada)], E-mail: muennich@triumf.ca; Retiere, F. [TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3 (Canada)], E-mail: fretiere@triumf.ca; Sher, A. [TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3 (Canada)], E-mail: sher@triumf.ca 2009-08-21 In order to assess the performance of liquid xenon detectors for use in positron emission tomography we studied the scintillation light and ionization charge produced by 511 keV photons in a small prototype detector. Scintillation light was detected with large area avalanche photodiodes while ionization electrons were collected on an anode instrumented with low noise electronics after drifting up to 3 cm. Operational conditions were studied as a function of the electric field. Energy resolutions of <10% (FWHM) were achieved by combining the scintillation light and ionization charge signals. The relationship between scintillation light and ionization signals was investigated. An analysis of the sources of fluctuations was performed in order to optimize future detector designs. 1. Affect of Distinguishing of Neutron and Gamma for Liquid Scintillation Detector by Methods of Baseline Compensation LI; Wei; LIU; Yi-na; LI; Chun-juan; WANG; Zhi-qiang; CHEN; Jun; LUO; Hai-long; ZHANG; Wei-hua; XU; Kun 2015-01-01 Most scintillation detectors are sensitive both for neutron and photon.Usually,there are photon in neutron fields which is coming from neutron source or reacting by neutron and materials around,so you must concern about the affect by photon which is below 10MeV.There will be a big effect for distinguishing 2. Radiocarbon dating of archaeological samples (sambaqui) using CO(2) absorption and liquid scintillation spectrometry of low background radiation. Mendonça, Maria Lúcia T G; Godoy, José M; da Cruz, Rosana P; Perez, Rhoneds A R 2006-01-01 Sambaqui means, in the Tupi language, a hill of shells. The sambaquis are archaeological sites with remains of pre-historical Brazilian occupation. Since the sambaqui sites in the Rio de Janeiro state region are older than 10,000 years, the applicability of CO(2) absorption on Carbo-sorb and (14)C determination by counting on a low background liquid scintillation counter was tested. In the present work, sambaqui shells were treated with H(3)PO(4) in a closed vessel in order to generate CO(2). The produced CO(2) was absorbed on Carbo-sorb. On saturation about 0.6g of carbon, as CO(2), was mixed with commercial liquid scintillation cocktail (Permafluor), and the (14)C activity determined by counting on a low background counter, Packard Tricarb 3170 TR/SL, for a period of 1000 mins to enable detection of a radiocarbon age of 22,400 BP. But only samples with ages up to 3500 BP were submitted to the method because the samples had been collected in the municipality of Guapimirim, in archaeological sambaqui-type sites belonging to this age range. The same samples were sent to the (14)C Laboratory of the Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA/USP) where similar results were obtained. 3. Study of digital pulse shape discrimination method for n-{\\gamma} separation of EJ-301 liquid scintillation detector Wan, Bo; Chen, Liang; Ge, Honglin; Ma, Fei; Zhang, Hongbin; Ju, Yongqin; Zhang, Yanbin; Li, Yanyan; Xu, Xiaowei 2015-01-01 A digital pulse shape discrimination system based on a programmable module NI-5772 has been established and tested with EJ-301 liquid scintillation detector. The module was operated by means of running programs developed in LabVIEW with the sampling frequency up to 1.6GS/s. Standard gamma sources 22Na, 137Cs and 60Co were used to calibrate the EJ-301 liquid scintillation detector, and the gamma response function has been obtained. Digital algorithms for charge comparison method and zero-crossing method have been developed. The experimental results showed that both digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms could discriminate neutrons from gamma-rays. Moreover, the zero-crossing method shows better n-{\\gamma} discrimination at 80 keVee and lower, whereas the charge comparison method gives better results at higher thresholds. In addition, the figure-of-merit (FOM) of two different dimension detectors were extracted at 9 energy thresholds, and it was found that the smaller one presented a better n-{\\gamma} separ... 4. Validation of GEANT4 Monte Carlo models with a highly granular scintillator-steel hadron calorimeter Adloff, C.; Blaha, J.; Blaising, J.-J.; Drancourt, C.; Espargilière, A.; Gaglione, R.; Geffroy, N.; Karyotakis, Y.; Prast, J.; Vouters, G.; Francis, K.; Repond, J.; Schlereth, J.; Smith, J.; Xia, L.; Baldolemar, E.; Li, J.; Park, S. T.; Sosebee, M.; White, A. P.; Yu, J.; Buanes, T.; Eigen, G.; Mikami, Y.; Watson, N. K.; Mavromanolakis, G.; Thomson, M. A.; Ward, D. R.; Yan, W.; Benchekroun, D.; Hoummada, A.; Khoulaki, Y.; Apostolakis, J.; Dotti, A.; Folger, G.; Ivantchenko, V.; Uzhinskiy, V.; Benyamna, M.; Cârloganu, C.; Fehr, F.; Gay, P.; Manen, S.; Royer, L.; Blazey, G. C.; Dyshkant, A.; Lima, J. G. R.; Zutshi, V.; Hostachy, J.-Y.; Morin, L.; Cornett, U.; David, D.; Falley, G.; Gadow, K.; Göttlicher, P.; Günter, C.; Hermberg, B.; Karstensen, S.; Krivan, F.; Lucaci-Timoce, A.-I.; Lu, S.; Lutz, B.; Morozov, S.; Morgunov, V.; Reinecke, M.; Sefkow, F.; Smirnov, P.; Terwort, M.; Vargas-Trevino, A.; Feege, N.; Garutti, E.; Marchesini, I.; Ramilli, M.; Eckert, P.; Harion, T.; Kaplan, A.; Schultz-Coulon, H.-Ch; Shen, W.; Stamen, R.; Bilki, B.; Norbeck, E.; Onel, Y.; Wilson, G. W.; Kawagoe, K.; Dauncey, P. D.; Magnan, A.-M.; Bartsch, V.; Wing, M.; Salvatore, F.; Calvo Alamillo, E.; Fouz, M.-C.; Puerta-Pelayo, J.; Bobchenko, B.; Chadeeva, M.; Danilov, M.; Epifantsev, A.; Markin, O.; Mizuk, R.; Novikov, E.; Popov, V.; Rusinov, V.; Tarkovsky, E.; Kirikova, N.; Kozlov, V.; Smirnov, P.; Soloviev, Y.; Buzhan, P.; Ilyin, A.; Kantserov, V.; Kaplin, V.; Karakash, A.; Popova, E.; Tikhomirov, V.; Kiesling, C.; Seidel, K.; Simon, F.; Soldner, C.; Szalay, M.; Tesar, M.; Weuste, L.; Amjad, M. S.; Bonis, J.; Callier, S.; Conforti di Lorenzo, S.; Cornebise, P.; Doublet, Ph; Dulucq, F.; Fleury, J.; Frisson, T.; van der Kolk, N.; Li, H.; Martin-Chassard, G.; Richard, F.; de la Taille, Ch; Pöschl, R.; Raux, L.; Rouëné, J.; Seguin-Moreau, N.; Anduze, M.; Boudry, V.; Brient, J.-C.; Jeans, D.; Mora de Freitas, P.; Musat, G.; Reinhard, M.; Ruan, M.; Videau, H.; Bulanek, B.; Zacek, J.; Cvach, J.; Gallus, P.; Havranek, M.; Janata, M.; Kvasnicka, J.; Lednicky, D.; Marcisovsky, M.; Polak, I.; Popule, J.; Tomasek, L.; Tomasek, M.; Ruzicka, P.; Sicho, P.; Smolik, J.; Vrba, V.; Zalesak, J.; Belhorma, B.; Ghazlane, H.; Takeshita, T.; Uozumi, S.; Götze, M.; Hartbrich, O.; Sauer, J.; Weber, S.; Zeitnitz, C. 2013-07-01 Calorimeters with a high granularity are a fundamental requirement of the Particle Flow paradigm. This paper focuses on the prototype of a hadron calorimeter with analog readout, consisting of thirty-eight scintillator layers alternating with steel absorber planes. The scintillator plates are finely segmented into tiles individually read out via Silicon Photomultipliers. The presented results are based on data collected with pion beams in the energy range from 8 GeV to 100 GeV. The fine segmentation of the sensitive layers and the high sampling frequency allow for an excellent reconstruction of the spatial development of hadronic showers. A comparison between data and Monte Carlo simulations is presented, concerning both the longitudinal and lateral development of hadronic showers and the global response of the calorimeter. The performance of several GEANT4 physics lists with respect to these observables is evaluated. 5. Validation of GEANT4 Monte Carlo Models with a Highly Granular Scintillator-Steel Hadron Calorimeter Adloff, C; Blaising, J J; Drancourt, C; Espargiliere, A; Gaglione, R; Geffroy, N; Karyotakis, Y; Prast, J; Vouters, G; Francis, K; Repond, J; Schlereth, J; Smith, J; Xia, L; Baldolemar, E; Li, J; Park, S T; Sosebee, M; White, A P; Yu, J; Buanes, T; Eigen, G; Mikami, Y; Watson, N K; Mavromanolakis, G; Thomson, M A; Ward, D R; Yan, W; Benchekroun, D; Hoummada, A; Khoulaki, Y; Apostolakis, J; Dotti, A; Folger, G; Ivantchenko, V; Uzhinskiy, V; Benyamna, M; Cârloganu, C; Fehr, F; Gay, P; Manen, S; Royer, L; Blazey, G C; Dyshkant, A; Lima, J G R; Zutshi, V; Hostachy, J Y; Morin, L; Cornett, U; David, D; Falley, G; Gadow, K; Gottlicher, P; Gunter, C; Hermberg, B; Karstensen, S; Krivan, F; Lucaci-Timoce, A I; Lu, S; Lutz, B; Morozov, S; Morgunov, V; Reinecke, M; Sefkow, F; Smirnov, P; Terwort, M; Vargas-Trevino, A; Feege, N; Garutti, E; Marchesini, I; Ramilli, M; Eckert, P; Harion, T; Kaplan, A; Schultz-Coulon, H Ch; Shen, W; Stamen, R; Bilki, B; Norbeck, E; Onel, Y; Wilson, G W; Kawagoe, K; Dauncey, P D; Magnan, A M; Bartsch, V; Wing, M; Salvatore, F; Alamillo, E Calvo; Fouz, M C; Puerta-Pelayo, J; Bobchenko, B; Chadeeva, M; Danilov, M; Epifantsev, A; Markin, O; Mizuk, R; Novikov, E; Popov, V; Rusinov, V; Tarkovsky, E; Kirikova, N; Kozlov, V; Smirnov, P; Soloviev, Y; Buzhan, P; Ilyin, A; Kantserov, V; Kaplin, V; Karakash, A; Popova, E; Tikhomirov, V; Kiesling, C; Seidel, K; Simon, F; Soldner, C; Szalay, M; Tesar, M; Weuste, L; Amjad, M S; Bonis, J; Callier, S; Conforti di Lorenzo, S; Cornebise, P; Doublet, Ph; Dulucq, F; Fleury, J; Frisson, T; van der Kolk, N; Li, H; Martin-Chassard, G; Richard, F; de la Taille, Ch; Poschl, R; Raux, L; Rouene, J; Seguin-Moreau, N; Anduze, M; Boudry, V; Brient, J-C; Jeans, D; Mora de Freitas, P; Musat, G; Reinhard, M; Ruan, M; Videau, H; Bulanek, B; Zacek, J; Cvach, J; Gallus, P; Havranek, M; Janata, M; Kvasnicka, J; Lednicky, D; Marcisovsky, M; Polak, I; Popule, J; Tomasek, L; Tomasek, M; Ruzicka, P; Sicho, P; Smolik, J; Vrba, V; Zalesak, J; Belhorma, B; Ghazlane, H; Takeshita, T; Uozumi, S; Gotze, M; Hartbrich, O; Sauer, J; Weber, S; Zeitnitz, C 2013-01-01 Calorimeters with a high granularity are a fundamental requirement of the Particle Flow paradigm. This paper focuses on the prototype of a hadron calorimeter with analog readout, consisting of thirty-eight scintillator layers alternating with steel absorber planes. The scintillator plates are finely segmented into tiles individually read out via Silicon Photomultipliers. The presented results are based on data collected with pion beams in the energy range from 8GeV to 100GeV. The fine segmentation of the sensitive layers and the high sampling frequency allow for an excellent reconstruction of the spatial development of hadronic showers. A comparison between data and Monte Carlo simulations is presented, concerning both the longitudinal and lateral development of hadronic showers and the global response of the calorimeter. The performance of several GEANT4 physics lists with respect to these observables is evaluated. 6. Development of InP solid state detector and liquid scintillator containing metal complex for measurement of pp/7Be solar neutrinos and neutrinoless double beta decay Fukuda, Yoshiyuki; Moriyama, Shigetaka 2012-07-01 A large volume solid state detector using a semi-insulating Indium Phosphide (InP) wafer have been developed for measurement of pp/7Be solar neutrinos. Basic performance such as the charge collection efficiency and the energy resolution were measured by 60% and 20%, respectively. In order to detect two gammas (115keV and 497keV) from neutrino capture, we have designed hybrid detector which consist InP detector and liquid xenon scintillator for IPNOS experiment. New InP detector with thin electrode (Cr 50Å- Au 50Å). For another possibility, an organic liquid scintillator containing indium complex and zirconium complex were studied for a measurement of low energy solar neutrinos and neutrinosless double beta decay, respectively. Benzonitrile was chosen as a solvent because of good solubility for the quinolinolato complexes (2 wt%) and of good light yield for the scintillation induced by gamma-ray irradiation. The photo-luminescence emission spectra of InQ3 and ZrQ4 in benzonitrile was measured and liquid scintillator cocktail using InQ3 and ZrQ4 (50mg) in benzonitrile solutions (20 mL) with secondary scintillators with PPO (100mg) and POPOP (10mg) was made. The energy spectra of incident gammas were measured, and they are first results of the gamma-ray energy spectra using luminescent of metal complexes. 7. Separating double-beta decay events from solar neutrino interactions in a kiloton-scale liquid scintillator detector by fast timing Elagin, Andrey; Frisch, Henry J.; Naranjo, Brian; Ouellet, Jonathan; Winslow, Lindley; Wongjirad, Taritree 2017-03-01 We present a technique for separating nuclear double beta decay (ββ -decay) events from background neutrino interactions due to 8B decays in the sun. This background becomes dominant in a kiloton-scale liquid-scintillator detector deep underground and is usually considered as irreducible due to an overlap in deposited energy with the signal. However, electrons from 0 νββ -decay often exceed the Cherenkov threshold in liquid scintillator, producing photons that are prompt and correlated in direction with the initial electron direction. The use of large-area fast photodetectors allows some separation of these prompt photons from delayed isotropic scintillation light and, thus, the possibility of reconstructing the event topology. Using a simulation of a 6.5 m radius liquid scintillator detector with 100 ps resolution photodetectors, we show that a spherical harmonics analysis of early-arrival light can discriminate between 0 νββ -decay signal and 8B solar neutrino background events on a statistical basis. Good separation will require the development of a slow scintillator with a 5 ns risetime. 8. Effective determination of the long-lived nuclide 41Ca in nuclear reactor bioshield concretes: comparison of liquid scintillation counting and accelerator mass spectrometry. Warwick, P E; Croudace, I W; Hillegonds, D J 2009-03-01 The routine application of liquid scintillation counting to (41)Ca determination has been hindered by the absence of traceable calibration standards of known (41)Ca activity concentrations. The introduction of the new IRMM (41)Ca mass-spectrometric standards with sufficiently high (41)Ca activities for radiometric detection has partly overcome this although accurate measurement of stable Ca concentrations coupled with precise half-life data are still required to correct the certified (41)Ca:(40)Ca ratios to (41)Ca activity concentrations. In this study, (41)Ca efficiency versus quench curves have been produced using the IRMM standard, and their accuracy validated by comparison with theoretical calculations of (41)Ca efficiencies. Further verification of the technique was achieved through the analysis of (41)Ca in a reactor bioshield core that had been previously investigated for other radionuclide variations. Calcium-41 activity concentrations of up to 25 Bq/g were detected. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements of the same suite of samples showed a very good agreement, providing validation of the procedure. Calcium-41 activity concentrations declined exponentially with distance from the core of the nuclear reactor and correlated well with the predicted neutron flux. 9. Counting efficiency for liquid scintillator systems with a single multiplier phototube; Eficiencia de recuento en espectrometros de centelleo con un solo fotomultiplicador Grau Malonda, A.; Garcia-Torano, E. 1984-07-01 In this paper counting efficiency as a function of a free parameter (the figure of merit) has been computed. The results are applicable to liquid scintillator systems with a single multiplier phototube. Tables of counting efficiency for 62 pure beta emitters are given for figures of merit in the range 0.25 to 50. (Author) 16 refs. 10. Comparison of calculated spectra for the interaction of photons in a liquid scintillator. Example of Mn-54 835 keV emission Cassette, P 2006-10-01 Full Text Available methods require the calculation of the energy spectrum absorbed by the liquid scintillator. For radionuclides emitting X-rays or g-rays, when the energy is greater than a few tens of keV the Compton interaction is important and the absorption is not total... 11. Separating Double-Beta Decay Events from Solar Neutrino Interactions in a Kiloton-Scale Liquid Scintillator Detector By Fast Timing Elagin, Andrey; Naranjo, Brian; Ouellet, Jonathan; Winslow, Lindley; Wongjirad, Taritree 2016-01-01 We present a technique for separating nuclear double beta decay ($\\beta\\beta$-decay) events from background neutrino interactions due to$^{8}$B decays in the sun. This background becomes dominant in a kiloton-scale liquid-scintillator detector deep underground and is usually considered as irreducible due to an overlap in deposited energy with the signal. However, electrons from 0$\

12. A simple method to determine bioethanol content in gasoline using two-step extraction and liquid scintillation counting.

Yunoki, Shunji; Saito, Masaaki

2009-12-01

A simple method for determining bioethanol content in gasoline containing bioethanol (denoted as E-gasoline in this study) is urgently required. Liquid scintillation counting (LSC) was employed based on the principle that (14)C exists in bioethanol but not in synthetic ethanol. Bioethanol was extracted in two steps by water from E-gasoline containing 3% (E3) or 10% (E10) bioethanol. The (14)C radioactivity was measured by LSC and converted to the amount of bioethanol. The bioethanol content in E-gasoline was determined precisely from the partition coefficient in the extraction and the amount of bioethanol in the water phases: 2.98+/-0.10% for E3 and 10.0+/-0.1% for E10 (means+/-SD; n=3). It appears that this method can be used to determine bioethanol content in E-gasoline quickly and easily.

13. Attenuation length measurements of a liquid scintillator with LabVIEW and reliability evaluation of the device

GAO Long; YU Bo-Xiang; DING Ya-Yun; ZHOU Li; WEN Liang-Jian; XIE Yu-Guang; WANG Zhi-Gang

2013-01-01

An attenuation length measurement device was constructed using an oscilloscope and LabVIEW for signal acquisition and processing.The performance of the device has been tested in a variety of ways.The test results show that the set-up has a good stability and high precision (sigma/mean reached 0.4 percent).Besides,the accuracy of the measurement system will decrease by about 17 percent if a filter is used.The attenuation length of a gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillator (Gd-LS) was measured as 15.10±0.35 m where Gd-LS was heavily used in the Daya Bay Neutrino Experiment.In addition,one method based on the Beer-Lambert law was proposed to investigate the reliability of the measurement device,the R-square reached 0.9995.Moreover,three purification methods for Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) production were compared in the experiment.

14. Results from a combined test of an electromagnetic liquid argon calorimeter with a hadronic scintillating-tile calorimeter

Ajaltouni, Ziad J; Alifanov, A; Amaral, P; Ambrosini, G; Amorim, A; Anderson, K J; Astvatsaturov, A R; Aubert, Bernard; Augé, E; Autiero, D; Azuelos, Georges; Badaud, F; Baisin, L; Battistoni, G; Bazan, A; Bee, C P; Bellettini, Giorgio; Berglund, S R; Berset, J C; Blaj, C; Blanchot, G; Blucher, E; Bogush, A A; Bohm, C; Boldea, V; Borisov, O N; Bosman, M; Bouhemaid, N; Brette, P; Bromberg, C; Brossard, M; Budagov, Yu A; Buono, S; Calôba, L P; Camin, D V; Canton, B; Casado, M P; Cavalli, D; Cavalli-Sforza, M; Cavasinni, V; Chadelas, R; Chase, Robert L; Chekhtman, A; Chevaleyre, J C; Chevalley, J L; Chirikov-Zorin, I E; Chlachidze, G; Chollet, J C; Cobal, M; Cogswell, F; Colas, Jacques; Collot, J; Cologna, S; Constantinescu, S; Costa, G; Costanzo, D; Cozzi, L; Crouau, M; Dargent, P; Daudon, F; David, M; Davidek, T; Dawson, J; De, K; de La Taille, C; Del Prete, T; Depommier, P; de Saintignon, P; De Santo, A; Dinkespiler, B; Di Girolamo, B; Dita, S; Dolejsi, J; Dolezal, Z; Downing, R; Dugne, J J; Duval, P Y; Dzahini, D; Efthymiopoulos, I; Errede, D; Errede, S; Etienne, F; Evans, H; Fassnacht, P; Fedyakin, N N; Ferrari, A; Ferreira, P; Ferrer, A; Flaminio, Vincenzo; Fouchez, D; Fournier, D; Fumagalli, G; Gallas, E J; Gaspar, M; Gianotti, F; Gildemeister, O; Gingrich, D M; Glagolev, V V; Golubev, V B; Gómez, A; González, J; Gordon, H A; Grabskii, V; Hakopian, H H; Haney, M; Hellman, S; Henriques, A; Holmgren, S O; Honoré, P F; Hostachy, J Y; Huston, J; Ivanyushenkov, Yu M; Jézéquel, S; Johansson, E K; Jon-And, K; Jones, R; Juste, A; Kakurin, S; Karapetian, G V; Karyukhin, A N; Khokhlov, Yu A; Klioukhine, V I; Kolomoets, V; Kopikov, S V; Kostrikov, M E; Kovtun, V E; Kukhtin, V V; Kulagin, M; Kulchitskii, Yu A; Laborie, G; Lami, S; Lapin, V; Lebedev, A; Lefebvre, M; Le Flour, T; Leitner, R; León-Florián, E; Leroy, C; Le Van-Suu, A; Li, J; Liba, I; Linossier, O; Lokajícek, M; Lomakin, Yu F; Lomakina, O V; Lund-Jensen, B; Mahout, G; Maio, A; Malyukov, S N; Mandelli, L; Mansoulié, B; Mapelli, Livio P; Marin, C P; Marroquin, F; Martin, L; Mazzanti, M; Mazzoni, E; Merritt, F S; Michel, B; Miller, R; Minashvili, I A; Miotto, A; Miralles, L; Mnatzakanian, E A; Monnier, E; Montarou, G; Mornacchi, Giuseppe; Muanza, G S; Nagy, E; Némécek, S; Nessi, Marzio; Nicoleau, S; Noppe, J M; Olivetto, C; Orteu, S; Padilla, C; Pallin, D; Pantea, D; Parrour, G; Pereira, A; Perini, L; Perlas, J A; Pétroff, P; Pilcher, J E; Pinfold, James L; Poggioli, Luc; Poirot, S; Polesello, G; Price, L; Protopopov, Yu; Proudfoot, J; Pukhov, O; Radeka, V; Rahm, David Charles; Reinmuth, G; Renardy, J F; Renzoni, G; Resconi, S; Richards, R; Riu, I; Romanov, V; Ronceux, B; Rumyantsev, V; Rusakovitch, N A; Sala, P R; Sanders, H; Sauvage, G; Savard, P; Savoy-Navarro, Aurore; Sawyer, L; Says, L P; Schaffer, A C; Scheel, C V; Schwemling, P; Schindling, J; Seguin-Moreau, N; Seixas, J M; Selldén, B; Seman, M; Semenov, A A; Senchyshyn, V G; Serin, L; Shchelchkov, A S; Shevtsov, V P; Shochet, M J; Sidorov, V; Simaitis, V J; Simion, S; Sissakian, A N; Solodkov, A A; Sonderegger, P; Soustruznik, K; Stanek, R; Starchenko, E A; Stephani, D; Stephens, R; Studenov, S; Suk, M; Surkov, A; Tang, F; Tardell, S; Tas, P; Teiger, J; Teubert, F; Thaler, J J; Tisserant, S; Tokár, S; Topilin, N D; Trka, Z; Turcot, A S; Turcotte, M; Valkár, S; Vartapetian, A H; Vazeille, F; Vichou, I; Vinogradov, V; Vorozhtsov, S B; Vuillemin, V; Wagner, D; White, Alan R; Wingerter-Seez, I; Yamdagni, N; Yarygin, G; Yosef, C; Zaitsev, A; Zdrazil, M; Zitoun, R; Zolnierowski, Y

1996-01-01

The first combined test of an electromagnetic liquid argon accordion calorimeter and a hadronic scintillating-tile calorimeter was carried out at the CERN SPS. These devices are prototypes of the barrel calorimeter of the future ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The energy resolution of pions in the energy range from 20 to 300~GeV at an incident angle $\\theta$ of about 11$^\\circ$ is well-described by the expression $\\sigma/E = ((46.5 \\pm 6.0)\\%/\\sqrt{E} +(1.2 \\pm 0.3)\\%) \\oplus (3.2 \\pm 0.4)~\\mbox{GeV}/E$. Shower profiles, shower leakage, and the angular resolution of hadronic showers were also studied.

15. Results from a new combined test of an electromagnetic liquid argon calorimeter with a hadronic scintillating-tile calorimeter

Akhmadaliev, S Z; Amaral, P; Ambrosini, G; Amorim, A; Anderson, K; Andrieux, M L; Aubert, Bernard; Augé, E; Badaud, F; Baisin, L; Barreiro, F; Battistoni, G; Bazan, A; Bazizi, K; Bee, C P; Belorgey, J; Belymam, A; Benchekroun, D; Berglund, S R; Berset, J C; Blanchot, G; Bogush, A A; Bohm, C; Boldea, V; Bonivento, W; Borgeaud, P; Borisov, O N; Bosman, M; Bouhemaid, N; Breton, D; Brette, P; Bromberg, C; Budagov, Yu A; Burdin, S V; Calôba, L P; Camarena, F; Camin, D V; Canton, B; Caprini, M; Carvalho, J; Casado, M P; Cases, R; Castillo, M V; Cavalli, D; Cavalli-Sforza, M; Cavasinni, V; Chadelas, R; Chalifour, M; Chekhtman, A; Chevalley, J L; Chirikov-Zorin, I E; Chlachidze, G; Chollet, J C; Citterio, M; Cleland, W E; Clément, C; Cobal, M; Cogswell, F; Colas, Jacques; Collot, J; Cologna, S; Constantinescu, S; Costa, G; Costanzo, D; Coulon, J P; Crouau, M; Dargent, P; Daudon, F; David, M; Davidek, T; Dawson, J; De, K; Delagnes, E; de La Taille, C; Del Peso, J; Del Prete, T; de Saintignon, P; Di Girolamo, B; Dinkespiler, B; Dita, S; Djama, F; Dodd, J; Dolejsi, J; Dolezal, Z; Downing, R; Dugne, J J; Duval, P Y; Dzahini, D; Efthymiopoulos, I; Errede, D; Errede, S; Etienne, F; Evans, H; Eynard, G; Farida, F; Fassnacht, P; Fedyakin, N N; Fernández de Troconiz, J; Ferrari, A; Ferrer, A; Flaminio, Vincenzo; Fournier, D; Fumagalli, G; Gallas, E J; García, G; Gaspar, M; Gianotti, F; Gildemeister, O; Glagolev, V; Glebov, V Yu; Gómez, A; González, V; González de la Hoz, S; Gordeev, A; Gordon, H A; Grabskii, V; Graugès-Pous, E; Grenier, P; Hakopian, H H; Haney, M; Hébrard, C; Henriques, A; Henry-Coüannier, F; Hervás, L; Higón, E; Holmgren, S O; Hostachy, J Y; Hoummada, A; Huet, M; Huston, J; Imbault, D; Ivanyushenkov, Yu M; Jacquier, Y; Jézéquel, S; Johansson, E K; Jon-And, K; Jones, R; Juste, A; Kakurin, S; Karst, P; Karyukhin, A N; Khokhlov, Yu A; Khubua, J I; Klioukhine, V I; Kolachev, G M; Kolomoets, V; Kopikov, S V; Kostrikov, M E; Kovtun, V E; Kozlov, V; Krivkova, P; Kukhtin, V V; Kulagin, M; Kulchitskii, Yu A; Kuzmin, M V; Labarga, L; Laborie, G; Lacour, D; Lami, S; Lapin, V; Le Dortz, O; Lefebvre, M; Le Flour, T; Leitner, R; Leltchouk, M; Le Van-Suu, A; Li, J; Liapis, C; Linossier, O; Lissauer, D; Lobkowicz, F; Lokajícek, M; Lomakin, Yu F; Lomakina, O V; López-Amengual, J M; Lottin, J P; Lund-Jensen, B; Lundqvist, J M; Maio, A; Makowiecki, D S; Malyukov, S N; Mandelli, L; Mansoulié, B; Mapelli, Livio P; Marin, C P; Marrocchesi, P S; Marroquin, F; Martin, L; Martin, O; Martin, P; Maslennikov, A M; Massol, N; Mazzanti, M; Mazzoni, E; Merritt, F S; Michel, B; Miller, R; Minashvili, I A; Miralles, L; Mirea, A; Mnatzakanian, E A; Monnier, E; Montarou, G; Mornacchi, Giuseppe; Mosidze, M D; Moynot, M; Muanza, G S; Nagy, E; Nayman, P; Némécek, S; Nessi, Marzio; Nicod, D; Nicoleau, S; Niculescu, M; Noppe, J M; Onofre, A; Pallin, D; Pantea, D; Paoletti, R; Park, I C; Parrour, G; Parsons, J; Pascual, J I; Pereira, A; Perini, L; Perlas, J A; Perrodo, P; Petroff, P; Pilcher, J E; Pinhão, J; Plothow-Besch, Hartmute; Poggioli, Luc; Poirot, S; Price, L; Protopopov, Yu; Proudfoot, J; Pukhov, O; Puzo, P; Radeka, V; Rahm, David Charles; Reinmuth, G; Renardy, J F; Renzoni, G; Rescia, S; Resconi, S; Richards, R; Richer, J P; Riu, I; Roda, C; Roldán, J; Romance, J B; Romanov, V; Romero, P; Rusakovitch, N A; Sala, P R; Sanchis, E; Sanders, H; Santoni, C; Santos, J; Sauvage, D; Sauvage, G; Savoy-Navarro, Aurore; Sawyer, L; Says, L P; Schaffer, A C; Schwemling, P; Schwindling, J; Seguin-Moreau, N; Seidl, W; Seixas, J M; Selldén, B; Seman, M; Semenov, A A; Senchyshyn, V G; Serin, L; Shaldaev, E; Shchelchkov, A S; Shochet, M J; Sidorov, V; Silva, J; Simaitis, V J; Simion, S; Sissakian, A N; Soloviev, I V; Snopkov, R; Söderqvist, J; Solodkov, A A; Sonderegger, P; Soustruznik, K; Spanó, F; Spiwoks, R; Stanek, R; Starchenko, E A; Stavina, P; Stephens, R; Studenov, S; Suk, M; Surkov, A; Sykora, I; Taguet, J P; Takai, H; Tang, F; Tardell, S; Tas, P; Teiger, J; Teubert, F; Thaler, J J; Thion, J; Tikhonov, Yu A; Tisserand, V; Tisserant, S; Tokar, S; Topilin, N D; Trka, Z; Turcotte, M; Valkár, S; Varanda, M J; Vartapetian, A H; Vazeille, F; Vichou, I; Vincent, P; Vinogradov, V; Vorozhtsov, S B; Vuillemin, V; Walter, C; White, A; Wielers, M; Wingerter-Seez, I; Wolters, H; Yamdagni, N; Yarygin, G; Yosef, C; Zaitsev, A; Zitoun, R; Zolnierowski, Y

2000-01-01

A new combined test of an electromagnetic liquid argon accordion calorimeter and a hadronic scintillating-tile calorimeter was carried out at the CERN SPS. These devices are prototypes of the barrel calorimeter of the future ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The energy resolution of pions in the energy range from 10 to 300 GeV at an incident angle theta of about 12 degrees is well described by the expression sigma /E=((41.9+or-1.6)%/ square root E+(1.8+or-0.1)%)(+) (1.8+or-0.1)/E, where E is in GeV. The response to electrons and muons was evaluated. Shower profiles, shower leakage and the angular resolution of hadronic showers were also studied. Results are compared with those from the previous beam test. (22 refs).

16. e+/e- discrimination in liquid scintillator and its usage to suppress 8He/9Li backgrounds

Cheng, Ya-Ping; Wen, Liang-Jian; Zhang, Peng; Cao, Xing-Zhong

2017-01-01

Reactor neutrino experiments build large-scale detector systems to detect neutrinos. In liquid scintillator, a neutral bound state of a positron and an electron, named positronium, can be formed. The spin triplet state is called ortho-positronium (o-Ps). In this article, an experiment is designed to measure the lifetime of o-Ps, giving a result of 3.1 ns. A PSD parameter based on photon emission time distribution (PETD) was constructed to discriminate e+/e-. Finally, the application of e+/e- discrimination in the JUNO experiment is shown. It helps suppress 8He/9Li backgrounds and improves the sensitivity by 0.6 in χ 2 analysis with an assumption of σ = 1 ns PMT Transit Time Spread, which will bring a smearing effect to the PETD. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (11575226, 11475197, 11205183)

17. Attenuation length measurements of a liquid scintillator with LabVIEW and reliability evaluation of the device

Gao, Long; Yu, Bo-Xiang; Ding, Ya-Yun; Zhou, Li; Wen, Liang-Jian; Xie, Yu-Guang; Wang, Zhi-Gang; Cai, Xiao; Sun, Xi-Lei; Fang, Jian; Xue, Zhen; Zhang, Ai-Wu; Lü, Qi-Wen; Sun, Li-Jun; Ge, Yong-Shuai; Liu, Ying-Biao; Niu, Shun-Li; Hu, Tao; Cao, Jun; Lü, Jun-Guang

2013-07-01

An attenuation length measurement device was constructed using an oscilloscope and LabVIEW for signal acquisition and processing. The performance of the device has been tested in a variety of ways. The test results show that the set-up has a good stability and high precision (sigma/mean reached 0.4 percent). Besides, the accuracy of the measurement system will decrease by about 17 percent if a filter is used. The attenuation length of a gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillator (Gd-LS) was measured as 15.10±0.35 m where Gd-LS was heavily used in the Daya Bay Neutrino Experiment. In addition, one method based on the Beer-Lambert law was proposed to investigate the reliability of the measurement device, the R-square reached 0.9995. Moreover, three purification methods for Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) production were compared in the experiment.

18. The implications of particle energy and acidic media on gross alpha and gross beta determination using liquid scintillation

Zapata-Garcia, D. [Laboratori de Radiologia Ambiental (LRA), Departament de Quimica Analitica, Universitat de Barcelona, Marti i Franques, 1-11 Planta 3, E-08028 Barcelona (Spain); Llaurado, M., E-mail: montse.llaurado@ub.edu [Laboratori de Radiologia Ambiental (LRA), Departament de Quimica Analitica, Universitat de Barcelona, Marti i Franques, 1-11 Planta 3, E-08028 Barcelona (Spain); Rauret, G. [Laboratori de Radiologia Ambiental (LRA), Departament de Quimica Analitica, Universitat de Barcelona, Marti i Franques, 1-11 Planta 3, E-08028 Barcelona (Spain)

2012-04-15

The interaction of humans with radioactivity present in the environment from natural and artificial sources necessitates an evaluation of its risk on human health. Gross alpha and gross beta activities can provide a rapid evaluation of the radioactive content of a sample and can be simultaneously determined by using liquid scintillation counters. However, calibration of the liquid scintillation counter is required and is affected by many factors, such as particle energy and the acidity of the media. This study investigates what effect the particle energy used for calibration has on misclassification and how to account for this misclassification in routine measurements. The variability in measurement produced by the final pH, as well as any acids used in sample treatment, was also studied. These results showed that the most commonly used acid for these types of analyses, HNO{sub 3}, produced a high amount of misclassifications at very low pH. The results improved when HCl was used to adjust the sample to low pH. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer We study the effect of alpha and beta energies on PSA optimisation. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The optimum PSA shifts to higher values as the alpha energy increases. Beta energies do not affect it. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer We study the effect of pH on the simultaneous determination of gross alpha/beta activities. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer HNO{sub 3} produces a high amount of misclassification at very low pH. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The results improve when HCl is used to adjust the sample to low pH.

19. Liquid scintillation counting efficiency in three photomultiplier systems. Pure electron capture; Eficiencia de recuento por centelleo liquido en sistemas con tres fotomultiplicadores. Captura electronica pura

Los Arcos, J. M.; Grau Carles, A.; Grau Malonda, A.

1990-07-01

The tables of counting efficiency as a function of the figure of merit for a liquid scintillation counting system working with three phototubes are presented. The evaluation has been carried out for a Toluene-based scintillator with 5, 10 and 15 ml column, and 19 different radionuclides decaying by pure electron capture: 37Ar 41Ca, 49V, 53 Mn, 55Fe, 59Ni, 68Ge 7iGe, 82Sr, 97Tc, 118Te, 131CS, 137La, 140Ca, 157Tb, 165Er, 193Pt, 194Hg, 205Pb. (Author) 22 refs.

20. SCINFI, a program to calculate the standardization curve in liquid scintillation counting; SCINFI, un programa para calcular la curva de calibracion eficiencia-extincion en centelleo liquido

Grau Carles, A.; Grau Malonda, A.

1984-07-01

A code, SCINFI, was developed, written in BASIC, to compute the efficiency- quench standardization curve for any radionuclide. The program requires the standardization curve for 3H and the polynomial relations between counting efficiency and figure of merit for both 3H and the problem (e.g. 14{sup C}). The program is applied to the computation of the efficiency-quench standardization curve for 14{sup c}. Five different liquid scintillation spectrometers and two scintillator solutions have bean checked. The computation results are compared with the experimental values obtained with a set of 14{sup c} standardized samples. (Author)

1. Microfluidic Scintillation Detectors for High Energy Physics

Maoddi, Pietro; Mapelli, Alessandro

This thesis deals with the development and study of microfluidic scintillation detectors, a technology of recent introduction for the detection of high energy particles. Most of the interest for such devices comes from the use of a liquid scintillator, which entails the possibility of changing the active material in the detector, leading to increased radiation resistance. A first part of the thesis focuses on the work performed in terms of design and modelling studies of novel prototype devices, hinting to new possibilities and applications. In this framework, the simulations performed to validate selected designs and the main technological choices made in view of their fabrication are addressed. The second part of this thesis deals with the microfabrication of several prototype devices. Two different materials were studied for the manufacturing of microfluidic scintillation detectors, namely the SU-8 photosensitive epoxy and monocrystalline silicon. For what concerns the former, an original fabrication appro...

2. Comparison of analysis techniques by liquid scintillation and Cerenkov Effect for {sup 40}K quantification in aqueous samples; Comparacion de las tecnicas de analisis por centelleo liquido y efecto Cerenkov para la cuantificacion {sup 40}K en muestras acuosas

Miranda C, L.; Davila R, J. I.; Lopez del R, H.; Mireles G, F., E-mail: lilimica20@hotmail.com [Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Unidad Academica de Estudios Nucleares, Cipres No. 10, Fracc. La Penuela, 98068 Zacatecas, Zac. (Mexico)

2015-09-15

In this work the counting by liquid scintillation and Cerenkov Effect to quantify {sup 40}K in aqueous samples was used. The performance of both techniques was studied by comparing the response of three commercial liquid scintillation OptiPhase HiSafe 3, Ultima Gold Ab and OptiPhase TriSafe, the vial type and presentation conditions of the sample for counting. In liquid scintillation, the ability to form homogeneous mixtures depended on the ionic strength of the aqueous solutions. The scintillator OptiPhase HiSafe 3 showed a greater charge capacity for solutions with high ionic strength (<3.4), while the scintillator OptiSafe TriSafe no form homogeneous mixtures for solutions of ionic strength higher than 0.3. Counting efficiencies for different proportions of sample and scintillator near 100% for the scintillators OptiSafe HiSafe 3 and Ultima Gold Ab were obtained. In the counting by Cerenkov Effect, the efficiency and sensitivity depended of the vial type; polyethylene vials were more suitable for counting that the glass vials. The sample volume had not significant effect on counting efficiency, obtaining an average value of 44.8% for polyethylene vials and 37.3% for glass vials. Therefore, the liquid scintillation was more efficient and sensitive for the measurement of {sup 40}K in aqueous solutions. (Author)

3. p-Terphenyl: An alternative to liquid scintillators for neutron detection

Sardet, A., E-mail: alix.sardet@cea.fr [CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon (France); Varignon, C.; Laurent, B.; Granier, T. [CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon (France); Oberstedt, A. [CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon (France); Fundamental Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, S-41296 Göteborg (Sweden)

2015-08-21

A detailed characterization of doped paraterphenyl (p-Terphenyl) neutron detectors was obtained by means of γ-sources and a {sup 252}Cf fission chamber. The intrinsic timing resolution, the energy resolution up to 2 MeV{sub ee}, and the electron-equivalent energy calibration were determined using γ-sources. The neutron time-of-flight spectrum from the spontaneous fission of {sup 252}Cf provided information on the proton energy calibration, the light output function, and the intrinsic neutron detection efficiency between 0 and 8 MeV for a threshold of 250 keV. Measurements of the latter were also performed using monoenergetic neutron beams. The applied experimental methods were cross-checked using two BC501A scintillation detectors, which were previously calibrated at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig, Germany. Results were compared to Monte-Carlo simulations performed using NRESP7 and NEFF7 codes.

4. A rapid method for the simultaneous determination of gross alpha and beta activities in water samples using a low background liquid scintillation counter

Sanchez-Cabeza, J.A.; Pujol, Ll. [Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Spain)

1995-05-01

The radiological examination of water requires a rapid screening technique that permits the determination of the gross alpha and beta activities of each sample in order to decide if further radiological analyses are necessary. In this work, the use of a low background liquid scintillation system (Quantulus 1220) is proposed to simultaneously determine the gross activities in water samples. Liquid scintillation is compared to more conventional techniques used in most monitoring laboratories. In order to determine the best counting configuration of the system, pulse shape discrimination was optimized for 6 scintillant/vial combinations. It was concluded that the best counting configuration was obtained with the scintillation cocktail Optiphase Hisafe 3 in Zinsser low diffusion vials. The detection limits achieved were 0.012 Bq L{sup -1} and 0.14 Bq L{sup {minus}1} for gross alpha and beta activity respectively, after a 1:10 concentration process by simple evaporation and for a counting time of only 360 min. The proposed technique is rapid, gives spectral information, and is adequate to determine gross activities according to the World Health Organization (WMO) guideline values.

5. Study of the factors affecting the performance of microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) using liquid scintillation counter and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Altun, Zeki [Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, SE-651 88 Karlstad (Sweden); Abdel-Rehim, Mohamed [Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, SE-651 88 Karlstad (Sweden); Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, AstraZeneca R and D Soedertaelje, SE-151 85 Soedertaelje (Sweden)], E-mail: Mohamed.Abdel-Rehim@Astrazeneca.com

2008-12-23

Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) is a new technique for sample preparation that can be connected on-line with LC or GC. In MEPS, approximately 1-2 mg of the solid packing material is inserted into a syringe (100-250 {mu}L) as a plug. Sample preparation takes place on the packed bed. The bed can be packed or coated to provide selective and suitable sampling conditions. The new method is very promising for extraction of drugs and metabolites from biological samples. In this paper, some factors affecting the performance of MEPS such as recovery, carry-over, leakage, washing volume and elution volume were studied using C18 and hydroxylated polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (ENV+) as sorbents. Radioactively labelled bupivacaine in plasma samples was used as test analyte. For the extraction of this drug, using methanol/water 95:5 (v/v) (0.25% ammonium hydroxide) was used as elution solvent. The analyte response increased with increasing the elution volume and it was linear upp up to 100 {mu}L utilizing liquid scintillation counter. Further, for concentrating the sample, we found that MEPS may be used such that the sample can be drawn through the needle, up and down, several times. The analyte leakage increases as the volume washing increases, though higher washing volumes may also result in cleaner extracts. To eliminate analyte carry-over, the sorbents were washed first with 3 x 250 {mu}L elution solution and then with 3 x 250 {mu}L washing solution. In addition, the reproducibility measurements show relatively good relative standard deviation (RSD) % values concerning analyte recovery and analyte leakage. The present study provides an understanding of basic aspects when optimizing methods for MEPS. In this study, MEPS was used off-line with liquid scintillation counter and on-line with LC-MS/MS.

6. Monitoring gross alpha and beta activity in liquids by using ZnS(Ag) scintillation detectors

Stevanato, L.; Cester, D.; Filippi, D.; Lunardon, M.; Mistura, G.; Moretto, S.; Viesti, G. [Department of Physics and Astronomy ' Galileo Galilei' , University of Padova, (Italy); Badocco, D.; Pastore, P.; Romanini, F. [Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, (Italy)

2015-07-01

In this work the possibility of monitoring gross alpha and beta activity in liquids using EJ-444 was investigated. Specific tests were carried out to determine the change of the detector properties in water tests. Possible protecting coating is also proposed and tested. Alpha/beta real-time monitoring in liquids is a goal of the EU project TAWARA{sub R}TM. (authors)

7. Table-top setup for investigating the scintillation properties of liquid argon

Heindl, T; Fedenev, A; Hofmann, M; Krücken, R; Oberauer, L; Potzel, W; Wieser, J; Ulrich, A

2015-01-01

The spectral and temporal light emission properties of liquid argon have been studied in the context of its use in large liquid rare-gas detectors for detecting Dark Matter particles in astronomy. A table-top setup has been developed. Continuous and pulsed low energy electron beam excitation is used to stimulate light emission. A spectral range from 110 to 1000 nm in wavelength is covered by the detection system with a time resolution on the order of 1 ns.

8. Standardization of 137mCs+137mBa by Liquid Scintillation; Calibracion de 137Cs+137mBa por Centelleo Liquido

Rodriguez, L.; Los Arcos, J.M.; Grau, A.

1995-07-01

A procedure for the preparation of a stable, homogeneous solution of 137Cs+''137mBa, for use in liquid scintillation measurements, is described. Its count rate stability and spectral time evolution has been followed for several weeks. The solution has been standardised by the CIEMAT/NIST method in both Ultima-Gold and Insta-Gel, to a combined uncertainty lower than 0,51 % (k=l). (Author) 5 refs.

9. Intense Vacuum-Ultraviolet and Infrared Scintillation of Liquid Ar-Xe Mixtures

Neumeier, A; Heindl, T; Himpsl, A; Oberauer, L; Potzel, W; Roth, S; Schönert, S; Wieser, J; Ulrich, A

2015-01-01

Vacuum ultraviolet light emission from xenon-doped liquid argon is described in the context of liquid noble gas particle detectors. Xenon concentrations in liquid argon from 0.1 ppm to 1000 ppm were studied. The energy transfer from the second excimer continuum of argon ($\\sim$127 nm) to the second excimer continuum of xenon ($\\sim$174 nm) is observed by recording optical emission spectra. The transfer almost saturates at a xenon concentration of $\\sim$10 ppm for which, in addition, an intense emission in the infrared at a peak wavelength of 1.17 $\\mu$m with (13000$\\pm$4000) photons per MeV deposited by electrons had been found. The corresponding value for the VUV emission at a peak wavelength of 174 nm (second excimer continuum of xenon) is determined to be (20000$\\pm$6000) photons per MeV electron energy deposited. Under these excitation conditions pure liquid argon emits (22000$\\pm$3000) photons per MeV electron energy deposited at a peak wavelength of 127nm. An electron-beam induced emission spectrum for ...

10. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the collection and direct measurement of adsorbed alpha-emitting radionuclides from environmental waters by liquid scintillation analysis

O' Hara, Matthew J.; Addleman, R. Shane

2017-01-01

11. A measurement of the time profile of scintillation induced by low energy gamma-rays in liquid xenon with the XMASS-I detector

Takiya, H; Hiraide, K; Ichimura, K; Kishimoto, Y; Kobayashi, K; Kobayashi, M; Moriyama, S; Nakahata, M; Norita, T; Ogawa, H; Sekiya, H; Takachio, O; Takeda, A; Tasaka, S; Yamashita, M; Yang, B S; Kim, N Y; Kim, Y D; Itow, Y; Kegasa, R; Kobayashi, K; Masuda, K; Fushimi, K; Martens, K; Suzuki, Y; Fujita, R; Hosokawa, K; Miuchi, K; Oka, N; Onishi, Y; Takeuchi, Y; Kim, Y H; Lee, J S; Lee, K B; Lee, M K; Fukuda, Y; Nishijima, K; Nakamura, S

2016-01-01

We report the measurement of the emission time profile of scintillation from gamma-ray induced events in the XMASS-I 832 kg liquid xenon scintillation detector. Decay time constant was derived from a comparison of scintillation photon timing distributions between the observed data and simulated samples in order to take into account optical processes such as absorption and scattering in liquid xenon. Calibration data of radioactive sources, $^{55}$Fe, $^{241}$Am, and $^{57}$Co were used to obtain the decay time constant. The decay time constant $\\tau$ increased from 27.9 ns to 37.0 ns as the gamma-ray energy increased from 5.9 keV to 122 keV. The accuracy of the measurement was better than 1.5 ns at all energy levels. Furthermore, a fast decay component with $\\tau \\sim$2 ns was necessary to reproduce data. The obtained data almost reproduced previously reported data and extended it to the lower energy region relevant to the direct dark matter search.

12. A measurement of the time profile of scintillation induced by low energy gamma-rays in liquid xenon with the XMASS-I detector

Takiya, H.; Abe, K.; Hiraide, K.; Ichimura, K.; Kishimoto, Y.; Kobayashi, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Moriyama, S.; Nakahata, M.; Norita, T.; Ogawa, H.; Sekiya, H.; Takachio, O.; Takeda, A.; Tasaka, S.; Yamashita, M.; Yang, B. S.; Kim, N. Y.; Kim, Y. D.; Itow, Y.; Kegasa, R.; Kobayashi, K.; Masuda, K.; Fushimi, K.; Martens, K.; Suzuki, Y.; Fujita, R.; Hosokawa, K.; Miuchi, K.; Oka, N.; Onishi, Y.; Takeuchi, Y.; Kim, Y. H.; Lee, J. S.; Lee, K. B.; Lee, M. K.; Fukuda, Y.; Nishijima, K.; Nakamura, S.

2016-10-01

We report the measurement of the emission time profile of scintillation from gamma-ray induced events in the XMASS-I 832 kg liquid xenon scintillation detector. Decay time constant was derived from a comparison of scintillation photon timing distributions between the observed data and simulated samples in order to take into account optical processes such as absorption and scattering in liquid xenon. Calibration data of radioactive sources, 55Fe, 241Am, and 57Co were used to obtain the decay time constant. Assuming two decay components, τ1 and τ2, the decay time constant τ2 increased from 27.9 ns to 37.0 ns as the gamma-ray energy increased from 5.9 keV to 122 keV. The accuracy of the measurement was better than 1.5 ns at all energy levels. A fast decay component with τ1 ∼ 2 ns was necessary to reproduce data. Energy dependencies of τ2 and the fraction of the fast decay component were studied as a function of the kinetic energy of electrons induced by gamma-rays. The obtained data almost reproduced previously reported results and extended them to the lower energy region relevant to direct dark matter searches.

13. Neutron-Gamma Pulse Shape Discrimination with a NE-213 Liquid Scintillator by Using Digital Signal Processing Combined with Similarity Method

Mardiyanto

2008-07-01

Full Text Available Neutron-Gamma Pulse Shape Discrimination with a NE-213 Liquid Scintillator by Using Digital Signal Processing Combined with Similarity Method. Measurement of mixed neutron-gamma radiation is difficult because a neuclear detector is usually sensitive to both radiations. A new attempt of neutron-gamma pulse shape discrimination for a NE-213 liquid scintillator is presented by using digital signal processing combined with an off-line similarity method. The output pulse shapes are digitized with a high speed digital oscilloscope. The n-γ discrimination is done by calculating the index of each pulse shape, which is determined by the similarity method, and then fusing it with its corresponding pulse height. Preliminary results demonstrate good separation of neutron and gamma-ray signals from a NE-213 scintillator with a simple digital system. The results were better than those with a conventional rise time method. Figure of Merit is used to determine the quality of discrimination. The figure of merit of the discrimination using digital signal processing combined with of line similarity method are 1.9; 1.7; 1.1; 1.1; and 0.8 ; on the other hand by using conventional method the rise time are 0.9; 0.9; 0.9; 0.7; and 0.4 for the equivalent electron energy of 800 ; 278 ; 139 ; 69 ; and 30 keV

14. Development of a liquid scintillation method for in vitro determination of {sup 226}Ra and {sup 228} Ra in bioassay samples

Fernandes, Paulo Cesar P.; Sousa, Wanderson O.; Juliao, Ligia M.Q.C.; Dantas, Bernardo M., E-mail: pcesar@ird.gov.b [Instituto de Radioprotecao e Dosimetria (IRD/CNEN-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil)

2011-07-01

Radium isotopes are dispersed in the environment according to their physicochemical characteristics. The intake of {sup 226}Ra and {sup 228}Ra in humans can occur by inhalation and ingestion and the risk of internal exposure are related to their long half-lives, characteristics of the emission and biokinetics of the isotopes in the human body. The goal of this work is to develop a methodology for the analysis of {sup 226}Ra and {sup 228}Ra in excreta samples (urine and feces), using liquid scintillation technique. Excreta samples were provided by non-exposed humans for the purpose of standardizing the methodology and the establishment of a background level of radium excretion. Radium isotopes were concentrated and separated from the constituents of the sample by co-precipitation with barium sulphate. The precipitate of Ba(Ra)SO{sub 4} was filtrated and weighted for the determination of the chemical yield. The filter containing the precipitate was transferred to a scintillation vial. In the scintillation vial, 8 mL of water, 8 mL of Instagel XF and 4 mL of UltimaGold were added, forming a gel suspension, after stirring the solution. The {sup 226}Ra and {sup 228}Ra activities were determined 21 days after the precipitation of samples. The samples were counted in a liquid scintillation spectrometer. The technique presented adequate sensitivity and reproducibility for the analysis of urine and feces. The activities of {sup 226}Ra and {sup 228}Ra in excreta samples provide useful information for the identification of the main route of intake and for the assessment of the internal exposure of occupationally exposed workers and inhabitants of high background areas. (author)

15. The study of vial and cocktail for tritium radioactivity analysis of rain water by liquid scintillation counter

Noh, Sung Jin; Kim, Hyo Jin; Kim, Hyun; Lee, Man Woo; Jeong, Dong Hyeok; Yang, Kwang Mo; Kang, Yeong Rok [Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan (Korea, Republic of); Nam, Sang Hee [Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae (Korea, Republic of)

2015-10-15

Even though the current method for tritium (3H) analysis is routine, for the case of the low level of tritium in the environment, special conditions have to be fulfilled in order to obtain accurate and reliable tritium measurements. There are very little comparative data concerning commercial scintillating cocktails. The best cocktails for measuring tritium are those based on benzene derived solvent, and the worse cocktails are those which have complex chemical composition or contain too small concentration of scintillators. The aim of study was to investigate various vials and cocktails by comparison with the combination of few different scintillation cocktails and vials in our routine measurements according to count, efficiency, and the figure of merit (FOM). The comparison of three types of vials with scintillation cocktails for tritium activity analysis of rain water shows that glass vials have higher count rates and HiSafe 3 cocktails have lower FOM.

16. Comparison of the quantulus 1220 and 300SL liquid scintillation counters for the analysis of {sup 222}Rn in groundwater

Kim, Hyun Cheol; Jung, Yoon Hee; Lee, Wanno; Choi, Guen Sik; Chung, Kun Ho; Kang, Mun Ja [Environmental Radioactivity Assessment Team, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of)

2016-12-15

Liquid scintillation counters (LSCs) are commonly used as an analytical method for detecting {sup 222}Rn in groundwater because they involve a simple sample pretreatment and allow high throughout with an autosampler. The Quantulus 1220 is the best-selling LSC in Korea, but its production was stopped. Recently, a new type of LSC, the 300SL, was introduced. In this study, the 300SL was compared with the Quantulus 1220 in order to evaluate the ability of each apparatus to detect {sup 222}Rn in groundwater. The Quantulus 1220 and 300SL were used to detect the presence of {sup 222}Rn. Radon gas was extracted from a groundwater sample using a water-immiscible cocktail in a LSC vial. The optimal analytical conditions for each LSC were determined using a {sup 222}Rn calibration source prepared with a {sup 226}Ra source. The optimal pulse shape analysis level for alpha and beta separation was 80 for the Quantulus 1220, and the corresponding pulse length index was 12 in the 300SL. The counting efficiency of the Quantulus 1220 for alpha emissions was similar to that of the 300SL, but the background count rate of the Quantulus 1220 was 10 times lower than that of the 300SL. The minimum detectable activity of the Quantulus 1220 was 0.08 Bq·L{sup -,} while that of the 300SL was 0.20 Bq·L{sup -1}. The analytical results regarding {sup 222}Rn in groundwater were less than 10% different between these LSCs. The 300SL is an LSC that is comparable to the Quantulus 1220 for detecting {sup 222}Rn in groundwater. Both LSCs can be applied to determine the levels of {sup 222}Rn in groundwater under the management of the Ministry of Environment.

17. Analytical method of Kr-85 determination, using cryogenic concentration and separation and liquid scintillation counting; Desarrollo del metodo de concentracion y se paracion criogenica cromatografica y medida radiactiva por centelleo liquido de Kr-85

Heras, M. C.; Perez, M. M.; Grau, A.

1983-07-01

The method used in the Laboratory of the JEN for the determination of Kr-85 levels in gaseous effluents of nuclear power and in the atmosphere is described. Samples of air, collected in metallic cylinders, are introduced into a gas-solid chromatographic separation system which resolves Kr from the other air components. The separated Kr ia dissolved in a toluene based scintillation cocktail, and the Kr-85 content is determined by liquid scintillation counting. (Author)

18. A combined neutron and gamma-ray multiplicity counter based on liquid scintillation detectors

Enqvist, Andreas; Flaska, Marek; Dolan, Jennifer L.; Chichester, David L.; Pozzi, Sara A.

2011-10-01

Multiplicity counters for neutron assay have been extensively used in materials control and accountability for nonproliferation and nuclear safeguards. Typically, neutron coincidence counters are utilized in these fields. In this work, we present a measurement system that makes use not only of neutron (n) multiplicity counting but also of gamma-ray ( γ) multiplicity counting and the combined higher-order multiples containing both neutrons and gamma rays. The benefit of this approach is in using both particle types available from the sample, leading to a reduction in measurement times compared with single-particle measurements. We present measurement results of n, γ, nn, nγ, γγ, nnn, nnγ, nγγ and γγγ multiples emitted by Mixed-Oxide (MOX) samples measured at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The MOX measurement is compared to initial validation of the detection system done using a 252Cf source. The dual radiation measuring system proposed here uses extra measurables to improve the statistics when compared to a neutron-only system and allows for extended analysis and interpretation of sample parameters. New challenges such as the effect of very high intrinsic gamma-ray sources in the case of MOX samples are discussed. Successful measurements of multiple rates can be performed also when using high-Z shielding.

19. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the simulation of 123I and 54Mn gamma and X-ray emissions in a liquid scintillation vial.

Bignell, L J; Mo, L; Alexiev, D; Hashemi-Nezhad, S R

2010-01-01

Radiation transport simulations of the most probable gamma- and X-ray emissions of (123)I and (54)Mn in a three photomultiplier tube liquid scintillation detector have been carried out. A Geant4 simulation was used to acquire energy deposition spectra and interaction probabilities with the scintillant, as required for absolute activity measurement using the triple to double coincidence ratio (TDCR) method. A sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the simulation model is presented here. The uncertainty in the Monte Carlo simulation results due to the input parameter uncertainties was found to be more significant than the statistical uncertainty component for a typical number of simulated decay events. The model was most sensitive to changes in the volume of the scintillant. Estimates of the relative uncertainty associated with the simulation outputs due to the combined stochastic and input uncertainties are provided. A Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis of an (123)I TDCR measurement indicated that accounting for the simulation uncertainties increases the uncertainty of efficiency of the logical sum of double coincidence by 5.1%. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

20. Measurement of the scintillation time spectra and pulse-shape discrimination of low-energy β and nuclear recoils in liquid argon with DEAP-1

Amaudruz, P.-A.; Batygov, M.; Beltran, B.; Bonatt, J.; Boudjemline, K.; Boulay, M. G.; Broerman, B.; Bueno, J. F.; Butcher, A.; Cai, B.; Caldwell, T.; Chen, M.; Chouinard, R.; Cleveland, B. T.; Cranshaw, D.; Dering, K.; Duncan, F.; Fatemighomi, N.; Ford, R.; Gagnon, R.; Giampa, P.; Giuliani, F.; Gold, M.; Golovko, V. V.; Gorel, P.; Grace, E.; Graham, K.; Grant, D. R.; Hakobyan, R.; Hallin, A. L.; Hamstra, M.; Harvey, P.; Hearns, C.; Hofgartner, J.; Jillings, C. J.; Kuźniak, M.; Lawson, I.; La Zia, F.; Li, O.; Lidgard, J. J.; Liimatainen, P.; Lippincott, W. H.; Mathew, R.; McDonald, A. B.; McElroy, T.; McFarlane, K.; McKinsey, D. N.; Mehdiyev, R.; Monroe, J.; Muir, A.; Nantais, C.; Nicolics, K.; Nikkel, J.; Noble, A. J.; O'Dwyer, E.; Olsen, K.; Ouellet, C.; Pasuthip, P.; Peeters, S. J. M.; Pollmann, T.; Rau, W.; Retière, F.; Ronquest, M.; Seeburn, N.; Skensved, P.; Smith, B.; Sonley, T.; Tang, J.; Vázquez-Jáuregui, E.; Veloce, L.; Walding, J.; Ward, M.

2016-12-01

The DEAP-1 low-background liquid argon detector was used to measure scintillation pulse shapes of electron and nuclear recoil events and to demonstrate the feasibility of pulse-shape discrimination down to an electron-equivalent energy of 20 keVee. In the surface dataset using a triple-coincidence tag we found the fraction of β events that are misidentified as nuclear recoils to be cross-section sensitivity of 10-46 cm2, assuming negligible contribution from nuclear recoil backgrounds.

1. [Comparative analysis of two diffusion methods for radon Rn-222 estimation in atmospheric air by means of gamma ray spectrometry and liquid scintillation counting].

Gorzkowski, B; Pachocki, K; Peńsko, J; Majle, T; Rózycki, Z

1995-01-01

The comparative measurements of radon Rn-222 concentration in indoor air of some buildings and in radon labour chamber have been conducted using two different diffusions methods. The results of parallel measurements using radon charcoal detectors and gamma-rays spectrometry with liquid alpha scintillation counting (Pico-Rad) have been presented. It was concluded that both methods offer the similar measurements possibilities of radon concentrations in the air from about 30 Bq/m3 to about 600 Bq/m3 with the real average divergence between both methods of about +/- 11%.

2. A high-rate sup 1 sup 0 B-loaded liquid scintillation detector for parity-violation studies in neutron resonances

Yen Yi Fen; Bolton, R D; Crawford, B E; Delheij, P P J; Hart, G W; Haseyama, T; Frankle, C M; Iinuma, M; Knudson, J N; Masaike, A; Masuda, Y; Matsuda, Y; Mitchell, G E; Penttilae, S I; Roberson, N R; Seestrom, S J; Sharapov, E I; Shimizu, H M; Smith, D A; Stephenson, S L; Szymanski, J J; Yoo, S H; Yuan, V W

2000-01-01

We have developed a large-area sup 1 sup 0 B-loaded liquid scintillation detector for parity-violation studies in neutron resonances with high instantaneous neutron fluxes from the LANSCE short-pulse spallation source. The detector has an efficiency of 95%, 85% and 71% at neutron energies of 10, 100 and 1000 eV, respectively. The neutron mean capture time in the detector is (416+-5) ns. We describe the detector and the current-mode signal processing system, that can handle neutron rates up to 500 MHz.

3. Deuterated-xylene (xylene-d{sub 10}; EJ301D): A new, improved deuterated liquid scintillator for neutron energy measurements without time-of-flight

Becchetti, F.D.; Raymond, R.S.; Torres-Isea, R.O. [Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (United States); Di Fulvio, A.; Clarke, S.D.; Pozzi, S.A. [Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (United States); Febbraro, M. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 (United States)

2016-06-01

In conjunction with Eljen Technology, Inc. (Sweetwater,TX) we have designed, constructed, and evaluated a 3 in. ×3 in. deuterated-xylene organic liquid scintillator (C{sub 8}D{sub 10}; EJ301D) as a fast neutron detector. Similar to deuterated benzene (C{sub 6}D{sub 6}; NE230, BC537, and EJ315) this scintillator can provide good pulse-shape discrimination between neutrons and gamma rays, has good timing characteristics, and can provide a light spectrum with peaks corresponding to discrete neutron energy groups up to ca. 20 MeV. Unlike benzene-based detectors, deuterated xylene is less volatile, less toxic, is not known to be carcinogenic, has a higher flashpoint, and hence is much safer for many applications. In addition EJ301D can provide slightly more light output and better PSD than deuterated-benzene scintillators. We show that, as with deuterated-benzene scintillators, the light-response spectra can be unfolded to provide useable neutron energy spectra without need for time-of-flight (ToF). An array of these detectors arranged at many angles close to a reaction target can be much more effective (×10 to ×100 or more) than an array of long-path ToF detectors which must utilize a narrowly-bunched and pulse-selected beam. As we demonstrate using a small Van de Graaff accelerator, measurements can thus be performed when a bunched and pulse-selected beam (as needed for time-of-flight) is not available.

4. A Comprehensive Model to Predict the Timing Resolution of SiPM-Based Scintillation Detectors : Theory and Experimental Validation

Seifert, Stefan; van Dam, Herman T.; Vinke, Ruud; Dendooven, Peter; Lohner, Herbert; Beekman, Freek J.; Schaart, Dennis R.

Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are expected to replace photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) in several applications that require scintillation detectors with excellent timing resolution, such as time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET). However, the theory about the timing resolution of

5. Experimental Validation of an Efficient Fan-Beam Calibration Procedure for k -Nearest Neighbor Position Estimation in Monolithic Scintillator Detectors

Borghi, G.; Tabacchini, V.; Seifert, S.; Schaart, D.R.

2015-01-01

Monolithic scintillator detectors can achieve excellent spatial resolution and coincidence resolving time. However, their practical use for positron emission tomography (PET) and other applications in the medical imaging field is still limited due to drawbacks of the different methods used to

6. A Comprehensive Model to Predict the Timing Resolution of SiPM-Based Scintillation Detectors : Theory and Experimental Validation

Seifert, Stefan; van Dam, Herman T.; Vinke, Ruud; Dendooven, Peter; Lohner, Herbert; Beekman, Freek J.; Schaart, Dennis R.

2012-01-01

Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are expected to replace photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) in several applications that require scintillation detectors with excellent timing resolution, such as time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET). However, the theory about the timing resolution of SiPM-

7. Electro-removal of H-3 and C-14 contained in scintillation liquid absorbed in soils type Phaeozem; Electrorremocion de H-3 y C-14 contenidos en liquido de centelleo absorbidos en suelos tipo Phaeozem

Valdovinos, V.; Bustos, E. [Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo Tecnologico en Electroquimica, Parque Tecnologico Queretaro s/n, San Fandila, 76703 Pedro Escobedo, Queretaro (Mexico); Monroy G, F., E-mail: vvaldovinos@cideteq.mx [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)

2014-10-15

This paper presents the results of electro-removal, an electrochemical treatment in soils contaminated with H-3 and C-14 contained in scintillation liquids absorbed in soils. For this purpose the best electrochemical conditions were used, which are: scintillation liquid Ultima Gold Xr, water (1:1) and 1 m A in the passage of current. The media were characterized before and after of applying the different potentials by various analytical techniques, such as: liquids by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector, solids and liquids by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Ftir) and electrodes by scanning electron microscopy with elemental analysis by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Later standard samples with H-3 and C-14 were prepared and the electrochemical treatment was applied to previously established conditions. After electrochemical treatment the scintillation liquid characterization was performed by gas chromatography and a scintillation counter to see the disintegrations per minute. According to results of Ftir, soils show no deterioration and in the liquid phase the amount of water increases as the applied potential, due to oxidation-reduction reactions where happen modification or mineralization of organic molecules (H{sub 2}O and CO{sub 2} formation). In 4 h of treatment, removal percentages in the liquid phase, were: 53.6% of H-3 and 11.6% of C-14. (Author)

8. Microfluidic Scintillation Detectors

Microfluidic scintillation detectors are devices of recent introduction for the detection of high energy particles, developed within the EP-DT group at CERN. Most of the interest for such technology comes from the use of liquid scintillators, which entails the possibility of changing the active material in the detector, leading to an increased radiation resistance. This feature, together with the high spatial resolution and low thickness deriving from the microfabrication techniques used to manufacture such devices, is desirable not only in instrumentation for high energy physics experiments but also in medical detectors such as beam monitors for hadron therapy.

9. Evaluation of different parameters affecting the liquid scintillation spectrometry measurement of gross alpha and beta index in water samples

Palomo, M. [Unitat de Radioquimica Ambiental i Sanitaria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona (Spain); Villa, M. [Centro de Investigacion, Tecnologia e Innovacion. Servicio Radioisotopos. Universidad de Sevilla (Spain); Casacuberta, N. [Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambientals-Departament de Fisica, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Spain (Spain); Penalver, A.; Borrull, F. [Unitat de Radioquimica Ambiental i Sanitaria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona (Spain); Aguilar, C., E-mail: carme.aguilar@urv.cat [Unitat de Radioquimica Ambiental i Sanitaria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona (Spain)

2011-09-15

Liquid scintillation spectrometry is a fast competitive technique for the simultaneous evaluation of gross alpha and beta indexes. However, the implementation of this technique should not be considered as straightforward, and the pre-concentration methods to decrease the detection limit together with quenching and alpha, and beta crossover corrections should be carefully chosen according to the needs of the laboratory. Both aspects are being approached in this work as to find an easy and robust method for alpha/beta measurement in water samples, taking into account the quenching and alpha/beta crossover interferences effects. Results showed that most of the pre-concentration methods increased the quenching in the measurement, although HNO{sub 3} 0.05 M points to be the best solution for pre-concentration and re-dissolution of the sample as converges into low quenching and maximum recovery. Subsequently, in the measurement of water samples with different conductivities, the analysis of the raw counts to obtain gross alpha and beta indexes was carried out using different approaches to implement quenching and interference corrections. If quenching and salt content in the sample are relatively low, interference and quenching-efficiency corrections do not improve the accuracy of the results within the usual precision assumed for a result of gross alpha and beta index (25%). Special attention must be paid when corrections are applied to high quenched or saline samples and when alpha and beta activities values are different in several orders of magnitude. - Highlights: > Developed method for simultaneously quantifying gross alpha and gross beta indexes based on LSC was as accurate and precise as the results obtained from methods based on gas proportional counting and ZnS alpha counting. > Alpha/beta crossover and/or quenching corrections were applied and the results obtained did not improve accuracy within 25% dispersion, a widespread acceptance limit for gross alpha and

10. Determination of the 10Be half-life by multicollector ICP-MS and liquid scintillation counting

Chmeleff, Jérôme; von Blanckenburg, Friedhelm; Kossert, Karsten; Jakob, Dieter

2010-01-01

A new method was designed and used for determining the half-life of the isotope 10Be. The method is based on (1) accurate 10Be/ 9Be measurements of 9Be-spiked solutions of a 10Be-rich master solution using multicollector ICP mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) and (2) liquid scintillation counting (LSC) using the CIEMAT/NIST method for determining the activity concentrations of the solutions whose 10Be concentrations were determined by mass spectrometry. Important requirements for the success of this approach (a) was the previous coating of glass ampoules filled for counting experiments with 9Be, thereby reducing the risk of the adsorptive loss of 10Be; (b) the removal of Boron from solutions to be measured by MC-ICP-MS by cation chromatography without the introduction of mass fractionation and (c) the accurate determination of the mass bias of 10Be/ 9Be measurements by ICP-MS which are always affected by the space-charge effect. The mass bias factor was determined to be 1.1862 ± 0.071 for 10Be/ 9Be from careful fitting and error propagation of ratios of measured Li, B, Si, Cr, Fe, Cu, Sr, Nd, Hf, Tl and U standard solutions of known composition under the same measurement conditions. Employing this factor, an absolute 10Be/ 9Be ratio of 1.464 ± 0.014 was determined for a first dilution of the 10Be-rich master solution. This solution is now available as an absolute Be ratio standard in AMS measurements. Finally, a half-life of (1.386 ± 0.016) My (standard uncertainty) was calculated. This value is much more precise than previous estimates and was derived from a fully independent set of experiments. In a parallel, fully independent study using the same master solution, Korschinek et al. [35] have determined a half-life of (1.388 ± 0.018) My. The combined half-life and uncertainty amounts to (1.387 ± 0.012) My. We suggest the use of this value in nuclear studies and in studies that make use of cosmogenic 10Be in environmental and geologic samples.

11. Measurement of radon on Misasa district, Tottori pref. using the PICO-RAD detector and a liquid scintillation spectrometer. 3

Koga, Taeko; Inagaki, Masayo; Morishima, Hiroshige; Tanaka, Yuki [Kinki Univ., Higashi-Osaka, Osaka (Japan). Atomic Energy Research Inst.; Nakanishi, Akihiro; Sasaki, Noriko; Mifune, Masaaki

1996-12-01

By means of a radon detecting device (Packard Pico-Rad System) using absorbed active charcoal and a liquid scintillation spectrometer, studies on environmental movements of radon and its decay nuclides on Misasa district in Tottori pref. were done continuously on last year. Its minimum detection limits of radon in the air are 1.7Bq/m{sup 3} and 0.43Bq/l in the water on counting time of 200 minutes. This method is able to measure conveniently and rapidly on sampling period for 24 hours. (1) Radon concentrations in the air at Misasa environs area on October and November, 1995 were ranged 7.7-59Bq/m{sup 3} in outdoor and 13-141Bq/m{sup 3} in indoor. On the results measured on Misasa area, {sup 222}Rn concentrations on Asahi district located southward from Misasa spa district and Takeda district along Tenjin stream are high, on Kojika district located east-southward from Misasa spa district and Mitoku district are low and outdoor {sup 222}Rn concentrations on Ningyo toge neighboring are low level with ranged 12-31Bq/m{sup 3}. Indoor {sup 222}Rn concentrations at Takeda district are about 4 times higher than Kojika district showed the lowest concentration and those of Kojika district are almost similar to those of Higashi Osaka. Indoor {sup 222}Rn concentration are higher than outdoor, the mean ratio of indoor to outdoor {sup 222}Rn concentration on a few sample of Takeda and Asahi districts (upper stream) are about 2 and those on the other district are shown in low tendency ranged 1-1.3. There are a few difference among some districts. (2) {sup 222}Rn concentration variations in a dwelling at Misasa spa district were observed from May to December 1995 in the time course. They are varied in range of 53-121Bq/m{sup 3} indoor, 9-50Bq/m{sup 3} outdoor and 48-188Bq/m{sup 3} in bathroom. (3) {sup 222}Rn concentration variations in water samples at Misasa spa district are 91-161Bq/l in hot spring, 2.3-10Bq/l in river water and 14-34Bq/l in well water from May to December 1995

12. A comparison between the measurements of Kr-85 in environmental samples by liquid scintillation and proportional counters; Comparacion de resultados de la medida radiactiva del Kr-85 ambiental por centelleo liquido y contadores proporcionales

Heras, M. C.; Perez, M. M.

1983-07-01

The most used methods for the measurement of Kr-81 beta-activity after their concentration and aisolation are the liquid scintillation counting and the proportional counter. In this work the beta activity of concentrated and aisolated Kr-85 samples measured in collaboration with the Max-Planck Institut fur Kernphyslk, Aussenstelle Freiburg. Samples taken both In Madrid and Frelburg are measured by proportional counters in the Max-Planck lnstitut, Freibury and by liquid scintillation counting in JEN, Madrid. The comparison of both measurements do not show appreciable discrepancy between the results obtained to both techniques. (Author)

13. Performance of two liquids scintillation and optimization of a Wallac 1411 counter in the tritium quantification in aqueous samples; Desempeno de dos centelleadores liquidos y optimizacion de un contador Wallac 1411 en la cuantificacion de tritio en muestras acuosas

Contreras de la Cruz, E. de J.; Lopez del Rio, H.; Davila R, J. I.; Mireles G, F.; Pinedo V, J. L., E-mail: hlopezdelrio@hotmail.com [Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Unidad Academica de Estudios Nucleares, Cipres No. 10, Fracc. La Penuela, 98068 Zacatecas (Mexico)

2014-10-15

The optimization of a liquid scintillation counting Wallac 1411 is presented as well as the performance of the liquids scintillation miscible in water OptiPhase Hi Safe 3 and Last Gold Ab, in the tritium quantification in aqueous samples. The luminescence effect, the quenching, the solution ph and the level of pulse amplitude comparator (Pac) were evaluated in the response of both liquids scintillation in the tritium measurement. The quenching and the luminescence modify the scintillators response; in the first of them the counting efficiency decreases and the minimum detectable activity increases; the second interferes in the tritium quantification in the interest window, but the effect disappears after 4 hours of darkness of the samples. The maximum counting efficiency was of 24% for OptiPhase Hi Safe 3 and 31% for Last Gold Ab, diminishing with the quenching until values of 8 and 11%, respectively. For a counting time of 6 hours and lower quenching, the minimum detectable concentration for OptiPhase Hi Safe 3 was of 13.4 ± 0.2 Bq/L and 9.9 ± 0.1 Bq/L for Last Gold Ab. Both scintillators responded appropriately to sour and basic solutions, being only presented chemiluminescence in Last Gold Ab to ph highly basic. The Pac application that varies between 1 and 256 does not have effect in the tritium measurement until values above 90. (Author)

14. Topological track reconstruction in liquid scintillator and LENA as a far-detector in an LBNO experiment

Lorenz, Sebastian

2016-12-15

Unsegmented liquid scintillator (LSc) neutrino detectors have proven to be successful instruments of neutrino physics. They usually measure terrestrial and astrophysical low-energy (LE) neutrinos and antineutrinos with energies up to some tens of MeV. Designs for next-generation detectors based on this technology intend to use several tens of kilotons of LSc. Two examples are the Low Energy Neutrino Astronomy (LENA) project with 50 kt considered in Europe and the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) with 20 kt already under construction in China. A key factor to reach the scientific goals of these projects, e.g., the determination of the neutrino mass ordering (MO) in the case of JUNO, will be the efficient rejection of background from radioisotopes produced by cosmogenic muons. This requires accurate reconstructions of extended muon event topologies in the LSc volume.The first part of this work is about the implementation of a novel, iterative track reconstruction procedure for unsegmented LSc detectors and a basic evaluation of its performance with the LENA detector simulation. The ultimate goal of the new method is to reconstruct the spatial number density distribution of optical photon emissions. This will give access to a charged particle's differential energy loss dE/dx in LSc and resolve details of an event's topology, e.g., induced particle showers. Visual comparisons of reconstruction outcomes with Monte Carlo (MC) truths already provide evidence for this capability. First quantitative results were extracted from the 3D reconstruction data of fully-contained muons in the kinetic energy range from 1 to 10 GeV: Despite some well understood systematic effects in the current method to find start and end point of a track, resolutions

15. Determination of {sup 125}I impurities in [{sup 123}I]labelled radiopharmaceuticals, by liquid scintillation counting: sensitivity of the method

Bonardi, M.L. E-mail: mauro.bonardi@mi.infn.itmauro.bonari@mi.infn.it; Birattari, C.; Groppi, F.; Gini, L.; Mainardi, C.H.S.; Menapace, E

2004-01-01

Iodine-125 is a radioisotopic impurity 'always' present in iodine-123, produced by nuclear reactions induced either on natural or 'highly' enriched targets. Liquid scintillation counting is a very sensitive tool to determine low level impurities of both low energy electrons and photons in aqueous and organic solutions of radiopharmaceutical compounds. With this technique it was possible to determine, on commercial samples, that the content of {sup 125}I was of the order of not less than 0.1% for {sup 123}I produced via {sup 127}I(p,5n) reactions and not less than 0.01% for {sup 123}I produced via 'highly' enriched {sup 124}Xe(p,X) nuclear reactions.

16. Measurements of high energy neutrons penetrated through iron shields using the Self-TOF detector and an NE213 organic liquid scintillator

Sasaki, M; Nunomiya, T; Nakamura, T; Fukumura, A; Takada, M

2002-01-01

Neutron energy spectra penetrated through iron shields were measured using the Self-TOF detector and an NE213 organic liquid scintillator which have been newly developed by our group at the Heavy-Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) of National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), Japan. Neutrons were generated by bombarding 400 MeV/nucleon C ion on a thick (stopping-length) copper target. The neutron spectra in the energy range from 20 to 800 MeV were obtained through the FORIST unfolding code with their response functions and compared with the MCNPX calculations combined with the LA150 cross section library. The neutron fluence measured by the NE213 detector was simulated by the track length estimator in the MCNPX, and evaluated the contribution of the room-scattered neutrons. The calculations are in fairly good agreement with the measurements. Neutron fluence attenuation lengths were obtained from the experimental results and the calculation.

17. Liquid scintillation counting standardization of 125I in organic and inorganic samples by the CIEMAT/NIST method; Calibracion por centelleo liquido del 125I en muestras inorganicas y organicas, mediante el metodo CIEMAT/NIST

Rodriguez Barquero, L.; Grau Malonda, A.; Los Arcos Merino, J. M.; Grau Carles, A.

1994-07-01

The liquid scintillation counting standardization of organic and inorganic samples of ''I25I by the CIEMAT/NIST method using five different scintillators is described. The discrepancies between experimental and computed efficiencies are lower than 1.4% and 1.7%, for inorganic and organic samples, respectively, in the interval 421-226 of quenching parameter. Both organic and inorganic solutions have been standardized in terms of activity concentration to an overall uncertainty of 0.76%. (Author) 14 refs.

18. Measurement of the scintillation time spectra and pulse-shape discrimination of low-energy beta and nuclear recoils in liquid argon with DEAP-1

Boulay, M G; Chen, M; Golovko, V V; Harvey, P; Mathew, R; Lidgard, J J; McDonald, A B; Pasuthip, P; Pollman, T; Skensved, P; Graham, K; Hallin, A L; McKinsey, D N; Lippincott, W H; Nikkel, J; Jillings, C J; Duncan, F; Cleveland, B; Lawson, I

2009-01-01

The DEAP-1 low-background liquid argon detector has been used to measure scintillation pulse shapes of beta decays and nuclear recoil events and to demonstrate the feasibility of pulse-shape discrimination down to an electron-equivalent energy of 20 keVee. The relative intensities of singlet/triplet states in liquid argon have been measured as a function of energy between 15 and 500 keVee for both beta and nuclear recoils. Using a triple-coincidence tag we find the fraction of beta events that are mis-identified as nuclear recoils to be less than 6x10^{-8} between 43-86 keVee and that the discrimination parameter agrees with a simple analytic model. The discrimination measurement is currently limited by nuclear recoils induced by cosmic-ray generated neutrons, and is expected to improve by operating the detector underground at SNOLAB. The analytic model predicts a beta mis-identification fraction of 10^{-10} for an electron-equivalent energy threshold of 20 keVee. This reduction allows for a sensitive search ...

19. Detection of gamma-rays with a 3.5 l liquid xenon ionization chamber triggered by the primary scintillation light

Aprile, E; Chen Dan Li; Muhkerjee, R; Xu Fan

2002-01-01

A gridded ionization chamber with a drift length of 4.5 cm and a total volume of 3.5 l, was operated with high-purity liquid xenon and extensively tested with gamma-rays from sup 1 sup 3 sup 7 Cs, sup 2 sup 2 Na and sup 6 sup 0 Co radioactive sources. An electron lifetime in excess of 1 ms was inferred from two independent measurements. The electric field dependence of the collected charge and energy resolution was studied in the range 0.1-4 kV/cm, for different gamma-ray energies. With an electric field of 4 kV/cm, the spectral performance of the detector is consistent with an energy resolution of 5.9% at 1 MeV, scaling with energy as E sup - sup 0 sup . sup 5. The chamber was also used to detect the primary scintillation light produced by gamma-ray interactions in liquid xenon. The light signal was successfully used to trigger the acquisition of the charge signal with a FADC readout. A trigger efficiency of approx 85% was measured at 662 keV.

20. Neutron/gamma discrimination properties of composite scintillation detectors

Iwanowska, J; Swiderski, L; Moszynski, M; Szczesniak, T; Sibczynski, P [The Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Otwock-Swierk, PL-05-400 Poland (Poland); Galunov, N Z; Karavaeva, N L, E-mail: j.iwanowska@ipj.gov.pl [The Institute for Scintillation Materials of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60 Lenin Ave., 61001, Kharkov (Ukraine)

2011-07-15

A composite scintillator is a solid solution, which contains the grains of organic molecular single crystal introduced into a polymer matrix and placed inside the housing. Hereunder, we present n/{gamma} discrimination properties of four composite scintillators; two of the them are based on p-terphenyl and two others-on stilbene. The results obtained with a stilbene single crystal and a liquid scintillator BC501A are shown as a comparison. Initial conclusion, which is drawn from the paper, is that composite scintillators could be an alternative substitution for commonly used liquid scintillators.

1. Preparation of manganese salts of carboxylic acids labelled with ''54Mn and comparison with ''54 MnCl{sub 2} in liquid scintillation counting; Preparacion de sales manganosas de acidos alifaticos monocarboxilicos marcados con ''54 MnCl{sub 2} en medidas por centelleo liquido

Rodriguez Barquero, L.; Arcos Merino, J. M. los; Grau Malonda, A.

1992-07-01

Procedures for liquid scintillation sample preparation of manganese dimethylbutirate, decanoate and palmitate, labelled with 54 Mn are described. their quenching effect, spectral evolution and counting stability along several weeks are analysed in liquid scintillation measurements with Toluene. HISafe II. PCS, instagel. Dioxane-naphtalene and Toluene-alcohol. For comparison, Inorganic 54 MnCl-2 samples are also studied, resulting in acceptable counting stability but showing greater quenching and signs of little spectral degradation against the organic samples. (Author)

2. Influence of atomic and nuclear constants on the counting efficiency for 55{sup F}e in liquid scintillators; Influencia de los parametros atomicos y nucleares en la calibracion de 55{sup F}e mediante centelleo liquido

Fernandez, A.; Grau, A.; Arcos, J. M. los

1985-07-01

In this paper one considers the influence of the different parameters on the determination of the uncertainty of the detection efficiency for 55{sup F}e when the counting technique of liquid scintillation is applied. The following parameters are considered: the relative probabilities of X and Auger emission so as their corresponding energies, the fluorescence yields W{sup K} and W{sup L}, and the non-interaction probabilities of the emitted X photons. (Author) 11 refs.

3. Determination of Carbon-14 in environmental samples by mixing 14CO{sub 2} with a liquid scintillator; Determinacion de carbono-14 en muestras ambientales por incorporacion de 14CO{sub 2} a un centelleador liquido

Garcia, M. R.; Gomez, V.; Heras, M. C.; Beltran, M. A.

1990-07-01

A method for the determination of Carbon-14 (14CO2) in environmental samples has been developed. The method use the direct absorption of the carbon dioxide into Carbosorb, followed with incorporation of the mixture (Carbosorb-CO2) to the liquid scintillator. The results obtained to apply this method and the benzene synthesis, usual in our laboratory, are discussed and compared. The method of collection of atmospheric samples is also described. (Author) 10 refs.

4. Liquid Scintillation Counting Standardization of {sup 2}2NaCl by te CIEMAT/NIST method; Calibracion por Centelleo Liquido del ''22NaCl, mediante el metodo CIEMAT/NIST

Rodriguez Barquero, L.; Grau Carles, A.; Grau Malonda, A.

1995-07-01

We describe a procedure for preparing a stable solution of ''22NaCl for liquid scintillation counting and its counting stability and spectral evolution in Insta-Gel''R is studied. The solution has been standardised in terms of activity concentration by the CIEMAT/NIST method with discrepancies between experimental and computed efficiencies lower than 0.4 % and an overall uncertainty of 0.35 %. (Author) 4 refs.

5. Optical artefact characterization and correction in volumetric scintillation dosimetry

Robertson, Daniel; Hui, Cheukkai; Archambault, Louis; Mohan, Radhe; Beddar, Sam

2014-01-01

The goals of this study were (1) to characterize the optical artefacts affecting measurement accuracy in a volumetric liquid scintillator detector, and (2) to develop methods to correct for these artefacts. The optical artefacts addressed were photon scattering, refraction, camera perspective, vignetting, lens distortion, the lens point spread function, stray radiation, and noise in the camera. These artefacts were evaluated by theoretical and experimental means, and specific correction strategies were developed for each artefact. The effectiveness of the correction methods was evaluated by comparing raw and corrected images of the scintillation light from proton pencil beams against validated Monte Carlo calculations. Blurring due to the lens and refraction at the scintillator tank-air interface were found to have the largest effect on the measured light distribution, and lens aberrations and vignetting were important primarily at the image edges. Photon scatter in the scintillator was not found to be a significant source of artefacts. The correction methods effectively mitigated the artefacts, increasing the average gamma analysis pass rate from 66% to 98% for gamma criteria of 2% dose difference and 2 mm distance to agreement. We conclude that optical artefacts cause clinically meaningful errors in the measured light distribution, and we have demonstrated effective strategies for correcting these optical artefacts.

6. Measurement by liquid scintillation of {sup 226} Ra coprecipitated in BaSO{sub 4}; Medicion por centelleo liquido de {sup 226} Ra coprecipitado en BaSO{sub 4}

Lopez del Rio, H.; Davila R, J.I.; Badillo A, V.E.; Mireles G, F.; Quirino T, L.; Lugo R, J.F.; Pinedo V, J.L.; Rios M, C. [UAEN-UAZ, A.P. 579C, Cipres 10, Fracc. La Penuela, 98068 Zacatecas (Mexico)]. e-mail: idavila@cantera.reduaz.mx

2003-07-01

The {sup 226} Ra is one of the more radio toxic nuclides since when entering to the organism it continues metabolically to the calcium, accumulating mainly in the bone tissue where it becomes in an internal radiation source. For the analysis of radium in water the methods of radon emanation are generally applied and coprecipitation with barium sulfate. This last is quick and efficient, and the radium in the precipitate can be measured by alpha or gamma spectrometry, or liquid scintillation dissolving the precipitate one with EDTA. In this work it is proposed a procedure for the radium measurement in water based on the coprecipitation with barium sulfate and in the detection by liquid scintillation. The precipitate of Ba(Ra)SO{sub 4} it is carried with water and blended with the liquid scintillator OptiPhase Hi Safe 3, avoiding the dissolution with EDTA. A 92{+-} 1.4% of radium it was recovered and it was reached a minimum activity detectable of 4.2 {+-} 0.9 mBq{sup -1}. The procedure was essayed with natural mineral water with a knew activity in concentration of {sup 226} Ra. The analytic result it coincided with the reported value with a relative error of 9%. (Author)

7. Development and validation of a liquid composite molding model

Bayldon, John Michael

2007-12-01

In composite manufacturing, Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) is becoming increasingly important as a cost effective manufacturing method of structural composites. In this process the dry preform (reinforcement) is placed on a rigid tool and covered by a flexible film to form an airtight vacuum bag. Liquid resin is drawn under vacuum through the preform inside the vacuum bag. Modeling of this process relies on a good understanding of closely coupled phenomena. The resin flow depends on the preform permeability, which in turn depends on the local fluid pressure and the preform compaction behavior. VARTM models for predicting the flow rate in this process do exist, however, they are not able to properly predict the flow for all classes of reinforcement material. In this thesis, the continuity equation used in VARTM models is reexamined and a modified form proposed. In addition, the compaction behavior of the preform in both saturated and dry states is studied in detail and new models are proposed for the compaction behavior. To assess the validity of the proposed models, the shadow moire method was adapted and used to perform full field measurement of the preform thickness during infusion, in addition to the usual measurements of flow front position. A new method was developed and evaluated for the analysis of the moire data related to the VARTM process, however, the method has wider applicability to other full field thickness measurements. The use of this measurement method demonstrated that although the new compaction models work well in the characterization tests, they do not properly describe all the preform features required for modeling the process. In particular the effect of varying saturation on the preform's behavior requires additional study. The flow models developed did, however, improve the prediction of the flow rate for the more compliant preform material tested, and the experimental techniques have shown where additional test methods

8. Liquid Water from First Principles: Validation of Different Sampling Approaches

Mundy, C J; Kuo, W; Siepmann, J; McGrath, M J; Vondevondele, J; Sprik, M; Hutter, J; Parrinello, M; Mohamed, F; Krack, M; Chen, B; Klein, M

2004-05-20

A series of first principles molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations were carried out for liquid water to assess the validity and reproducibility of different sampling approaches. These simulations include Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations using the program CPMD with different values of the fictitious electron mass in the microcanonical and canonical ensembles, Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics using the programs CPMD and CP2K in the microcanonical ensemble, and Metropolis Monte Carlo using CP2K in the canonical ensemble. With the exception of one simulation for 128 water molecules, all other simulations were carried out for systems consisting of 64 molecules. It is found that the structural and thermodynamic properties of these simulations are in excellent agreement with each other as long as adiabatic sampling is maintained in the Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations either by choosing a sufficiently small fictitious mass in the microcanonical ensemble or by Nos{acute e}-Hoover thermostats in the canonical ensemble. Using the Becke-Lee-Yang-Parr exchange and correlation energy functionals and norm-conserving Troullier-Martins or Goedecker-Teter-Hutter pseudopotentials, simulations at a fixed density of 1.0 g/cm{sup 3} and a temperature close to 315 K yield a height of the first peak in the oxygen-oxygen radial distribution function of about 3.0, a classical constant-volume heat capacity of about 70 J K{sup -1} mol{sup -1}, and a self-diffusion constant of about 0.1 Angstroms{sup 2}/ps.

9. Determination of {sup 55}Fe in waste waters of the Krsko nuclear power plant measured simultaneously by liquid scintillation spectrometer (LSC) and X-ray spectrometer (XRS)

Mikelic, L. [Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Laboratory for Radioecology, Bijenicka Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb (Croatia)], E-mail: lmikelic@irb.hr; Orescanin, V.; Lulic, S. [Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Laboratory for Radioecology, Bijenicka Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb (Croatia)

2007-10-15

This paper presents comparison of two methods for the determination of {sup 55}Fe activity of waste waters discharged from the Krsko nuclear power plant (KNPP). Research was conducted on 12 composite samples of waste water collected in the waste monitor tank (WMT) during each month as well as on Analytics, Inc. cross-check sample. Results showed that the complicated and time-consuming method proposed by the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) could be successfully replaced with a simple and fast based on the extraction of {sup 55}Fe from waste water by non-specific chelating agent ammonium-pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) at pH 4 after separation from cobalt, and activity measurement by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRS). Results obtained by the XRS method were approximately 8.6% lower than those obtained by liquid scintillation spectrometer (LSC). The mean deviation of the XRS results from the activity of cross-check sample was 2.47%, which ensures that this method is accurate enough for environmental monitoring.

10. Determination of 55Fe in waste waters of the Krsko nuclear power plant measured simultaneously by liquid scintillation spectrometer (LSC) and X-ray spectrometer (XRS)

Mikelic, L.; Orescanin, V.; Lulic, S.

2007-10-01

This paper presents comparison of two methods for the determination of 55Fe activity of waste waters discharged from the Krsko nuclear power plant (KNPP). Research was conducted on 12 composite samples of waste water collected in the waste monitor tank (WMT) during each month as well as on Analytics, Inc. cross-check sample. Results showed that the complicated and time-consuming method proposed by the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) could be successfully replaced with a simple and fast based on the extraction of 55Fe from waste water by non-specific chelating agent ammonium-pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) at pH 4 after separation from cobalt, and activity measurement by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRS). Results obtained by the XRS method were approximately 8.6% lower than those obtained by liquid scintillation spectrometer (LSC). The mean deviation of the XRS results from the activity of cross-check sample was 2.47%, which ensures that this method is accurate enough for environmental monitoring.

11. Development of liquid scintillation based 4πβ(LS)-γ coincidence counting system and demonstration of its performance by standardization of ⁶⁰Co.

Kulkarni, D B; Anuradha, R; Joseph, Leena; Tomar, B S

2013-02-01

A single-vial, single-PMT 4πβ(LS)-γ coincidence counting system has been developed at the Radiation Safety Systems Division, BARC. It has advantages of simple sample preparation, higher counting efficiency and the absence of self absorption over the conventional proportional counter based 4πβ(PC)-γ coincidence counting system. The performance of the system is demonstrated by standardizing a (60)Co solution using the 4πβ(LS)-γ coincidence counting system, 4πβ(PC)-γ coincidence counting system and CIEMAT/NIST method and comparing the results obtained by each method. The detection efficiency of liquid scintillation counter of the 4πβ(LS)-γ coincidence counting system was varied by color quenching, by chemical quenching and by varying the bias voltage applied to the LSC PMT. For the proportional counter based 4πβ(PC)-γ coincidence counting system the detection efficiency was varied by source self absorption. The activity concentrations obtained using the 4πβ(LS)-γ coincidence counting system, the 4πβ(PC)-γ coincidence counting system and the CIEMAT/NIST method are comparable within the uncertainty limits.

12. Measurement of radon in air using the PICO-RAD detector and a liquid scintillation spectrometer. 2. Misasa district, Tottori pref. on sampling of 1993

Koga, Taeko; Inagaki, Masayo; Morishima, Hiroshige; Kawai, Hiroshi; Kondo, Sohei [Kinki Univ., Higashi-Osaka, Osaka (Japan). Atomic Energy Research Inst.; Morishita, Satoru; Kitamura, Naoya; Mifune, Masaaki

1994-12-01

13. Development and Mass Production of a Mixture of LAB- and DIN-based Gadolinium-loaded Liquid Scintillator for the NEOS Short-baseline Neutrino Experiment

Kim, Ba Ro; Jeon, Eun-ju; Joo, Kyung Kwang; Kim, H J; Kim, Hyunsoo; Kim, Jinyu; Kim, Yeongduk; Ko, Youngju; Lee, Jaison; Lee, Jooyoung; Lee, Moohyun; Ma, Kyungju; Oh, Yoomin; Park, Hyangkyu; Park, Kang-soon; Seo, Kyungmin; Seon, Gwang-Min; Siyeon, Kim

2015-01-01

A new experiment, which is called as NEOS (NEutrino Oscillation at Short baseline), is proposed on the site of Hanbit reactors at Yonggwang, South Korea, to investigate a reactor antineutrino anomaly. A homogeneous NEOS detector having a 1000-L target volume has been constructed and deployed at the tendon gallery ~25 m away from the reactor core. A linear alkylbenzene (LAB) is used as a main base solvent of the NEOS detector. Furthermore, a di-isopropylnaphthalene (DIN) is added to improve the light output and pulse shape discrimination (PSD) ability. The ratio of LAB to DIN is 90:10. PPO (3 g/L) and bis-MSB (30 mg/L) are dissolved to formulate the mixture of LAB- and DIN-based liquid scintillator (LS). Then, ~0.5% gadolinium (Gd) is loaded into the LS by using the solvent-solvent extraction technique. In this paper, we report the characteristics of Gd-loaded LS (GdLS) for the NEOS detector and the handling during mass production.

14. Systematic study of particle quenching in organic scintillators

Santiago, L.M.; Bagán, H. [Department of Analytical Chemistry of the University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona (Spain); Tarancón, A., E-mail: alex.tarancon@ub.edu [Department of Analytical Chemistry of the University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona (Spain); Rauret, G.; Garcia, J.F. [Department of Analytical Chemistry of the University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona (Spain)

2013-01-11

Among the different factors that affect measurements by organic scintillators, the majority of attention has been focused on those related to the scintillator (i.e., ionization, chemical, color and optical quenching), and less attention has been paid to the loss of energy before the particle (i.e., alpha or beta) arrives at the scintillator (i.e., particle quenching). This study evaluates the effect of particle quenching in different scintillation methods (i.e., using two plastic scintillation microspheres (PSm1 and PSm2), liquid scintillator and gel scintillator) by measuring solutions that contain increasing concentrations of NaCl, BaCl{sub 2} and glycerin. The results show the importance of particle quenching in PSm measurements because detection efficiency decreases with increasing concentrations of the quenching component, although the spectrum position and external standard parameter remain constant. The results have shown evidence of particle quenching, although at a lower magnitude, in the liquid scintillation or gel scintillation measurements. Moreover, the use of two PSm with different diameters and salty compound that alters the equilibrium of the liquid and gel emulsions also exemplified the importance of the transmission of optical photons through different scintillation media (i.e., optical quenching). Improvement and deterioration of the optical conditions on the scintillation media is manifested as a movement of the spectrum to higher and lower energies, respectively. The results obtained with PSm were confirmed by Monte Carlo simulation.

15. 直径30cm的等高圆柱形载钆液闪探测性能%Performance measurement of large volume ?30 cm×30 cm gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillator detector

朱传新; 牟云峰; 郑普

2016-01-01

16. Determination of maduramicin in feedingstuffs and premixtures by liquid chromatography : development, validation and interlaboratory study

Jong, de J.; Stoisser, B.; Wagner, K.; Tomassen, M.J.H.; Driessen, J.J.M.; Hofman, P.; Putzka, H.A.

2004-01-01

A reversed-phase liquid chromatography method for determination of maduramicin in feedingstuffs and premixtures was developed, validated, and interlaboratory studied. The extraction solvent was methanol. Maduramicin was detected at 520 nm after postcolumn derivatization with vanillin. Recovery was

17. Metal-loaded organic scintillators for neutrino physics

Buck, Christian

2016-01-01

Organic liquid scintillators are used in many neutrino physics experiments of the past and present. In particular for low energy neutrinos when realtime and energy information are required, liquid scintillators have several advantages compared to other technologies. In many cases the organic liquid needs to be loaded with metal to enhance the neutrino signal over background events. Several metal loaded scintillators of the past suffered from chemical and optical instabilities, limiting the performance of these neutrino detectors. Different ways of metal loading are described in the article with a focus on recent techniques providing metal loaded scintillators that can be used under stable conditions for many years even in ton scale experiments. Applications of metal loaded scintillators in neutrino experiments are reviewed and the performance as well as the prospects of different scintillator types are compared.

18. Metal-loaded organic scintillators for neutrino physics

Buck, Christian; Yeh, Minfang

2016-09-01

Organic liquid scintillators are used in many neutrino physics experiments of the past and present. In particular for low energy neutrinos when realtime and energy information are required, liquid scintillators have several advantages compared to other technologies. In many cases the organic liquid needs to be loaded with metal to enhance the neutrino signal over background events. Several metal loaded scintillators of the past suffered from chemical and optical instabilities, limiting the performance of these neutrino detectors. Different ways of metal loading are described in the article with a focus on recent techniques providing metal loaded scintillators that can be used under stable conditions for many years even in ton scale experiments. Applications of metal loaded scintillators in neutrino experiments are reviewed and the performance as well as the prospects of different scintillator types are compared.

19. A comparative study of 19-iodo cholesterol-125I 3-acetate and Na 125I in liquid scintillation measurements; Estudio comparativo del acetato de 19-iodocolesterol- -125I con Nal25I en medidas por centelleo liquido

Rodriguez Barquero, L.; Grau Malonda, A.; Los Arcos Merino, J. M.; Grau Carles, A.

1994-07-01

A comparative study of performance of 19-iodo cholesterol {sup 1}25I 3-acetate and sodium iodide samples labeled with 125I is presented for liquid scintillation counting measurements. Quench effect, count rate stability and spectral evolution of samples have been followed for several weeks in Toluene, Hisafe II, Instagel, Dioxane-naphthalene and Toluene-alcohol scintillators. Organic samples have negligible quench effect in the interval of I concentration of 0-90 {mu}g and inorganic samples only show a very small variation, lower than 12%, for Dioxane-naphthalene, in the same range of concentration. Satisfactory stability is obtained in general for both, organic and inorganic samples, but small counting losses, 0.03% for 19-iodocholesterol 1 I 3-acetate samples in Tolue ne-alcohol and 0 .04% for Na 125I samples in Dioxane-naphthalene and Toluene-alcohol, have been reported. (Author) 8 refs.

20. Index of refraction, Rayleigh scattering length, and Sellmeier coefficients in solid and liquid argon and xenon

Grace, Emily

2015-01-01

Like all the noble elements, argon and xenon are scintillators, \\emph{i.e.} they produce light when exposed to radiation. Large liquid argon detectors have become widely used in low background experiments, including dark matter and neutrino research. However, the index of refraction of liquid argon at the scintillation wavelength has not been measured and current Rayleigh scattering length calculations disagree with measurements. Furthermore, the Rayleigh scattering length and index of refraction of solid argon and solid xenon at their scintillation wavelengths have not been previously measured or calculated. We introduce a new calculation using previously measured data in liquid and solid argon and xenon to extrapolate the optical properties at the scintillation wavelengths using the Sellmeier dispersion relationship. As a point of validation, we compare our extrapolated index of refraction for liquid xenon against the measured value and find agreement within the uncertainties. This method results in a Rayle...

1. A new value for the half-life of {sup 10}Be by Heavy-Ion Elastic Recoil Detection and liquid scintillation counting

Korschinek, G., E-mail: Gunther.Korschinek@ph.tum.d [Physik Department, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, D-85748 Garching (Germany); Bergmaier, A. [Universitaet der Bundeswehr Muenchen, Fakultaet fuer Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik, Institut fuer Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik LRT2, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85577 Neubiberg (Germany); Faestermann, T. [Physik Department, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, D-85748 Garching (Germany); Gerstmann, U.C. [Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg (Germany); Knie, K.; Rugel, G. [Physik Department, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, D-85748 Garching (Germany); Wallner, A. [VERA Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 17, A-1090 Wien (Austria); Dillmann, I. [Physik Department, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, D-85748 Garching (Germany); Dollinger, G. [Universitaet der Bundeswehr Muenchen, Fakultaet fuer Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik, Institut fuer Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik LRT2, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85577 Neubiberg (Germany); Lierse von Gostomski, Ch. [Lehrstuhl fuer Radiochemie, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, D-85748 Garching (Germany); Kossert, K. [Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig (Germany); Maiti, M.; Poutivtsev, M. [Physik Department, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, D-85748 Garching (Germany); Remmert, A. [Lehrstuhl fuer Radiochemie, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, D-85748 Garching (Germany)

2010-01-15

The importance of {sup 10}Be in different applications of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is well-known. In this context the half-life of {sup 10}Be has a crucial impact, and an accurate and precise determination of the half-life is a prerequisite for many of the applications of {sup 10}Be in cosmic-ray and earth science research. Recently, the value of the {sup 10}Be half-life has been the centre of much debate. In order to overcome uncertainties inherent in previous determinations, we introduced a new method of high accuracy and precision. An aliquot of our highly enriched {sup 10}Be master solution was serially diluted with increasing well-known masses of {sup 9}Be. We then determined the initial {sup 10}Be concentration by least square fit to the series of measurements of the resultant {sup 10}Be/{sup 9}Be ratio. In order to minimize uncertainties because of mass bias which plague other low-energy mass spectrometric methods, we used for the first time Heavy-Ion Elastic Recoil Detection (HI-ERD) for the determination of the {sup 10}Be/{sup 9}Be isotopic ratios, a technique which does not suffer from difficult to control mass fractionation. The specific activity of the master solution was measured by means of accurate liquid scintillation counting (LSC). The resultant combination of the {sup 10}Be concentration and activity yields a {sup 10}Be half-life of T{sub 1/2} = 1.388 +- 0.018 (1 s, 1.30%) Ma. In a parallel but independent study (Chmeleff et al. ), found a value of 1.386 +- 0.016 (1.15%) Ma. Our recommended weighted mean and mean standard error for the new value for {sup 10}Be half-life based on these two independent measurements is 1.387 +- 0.012 (0.87%) Ma.

2. Broad Energy Range Neutron Spectroscopy using a Liquid Scintillator and a Proportional Counter: Application to a Neutron Spectrum Similar to that from an Improvised Nuclear Device.

Xu, Yanping; Randers-Pehrson, Gerhard; Marino, Stephen A; Garty, Guy; Harken, Andrew; Brenner, David J

2015-09-11

A novel neutron irradiation facility at the Radiological Research Accelerator Facility (RARAF) has been developed to mimic the neutron radiation from an Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) at relevant distances (e.g. 1.5 km) from the epicenter. The neutron spectrum of this IND-like neutron irradiator was designed according to estimations of the Hiroshima neutron spectrum at 1.5 km. It is significantly different from a standard reactor fission spectrum, because the spectrum changes as the neutrons are transported through air, and it is dominated by neutron energies from 100 keV up to 9 MeV. To verify such wide energy range neutron spectrum, detailed here is the development of a combined spectroscopy system. Both a liquid scintillator detector and a gas proportional counter were used for the recoil spectra measurements, with the individual response functions estimated from a series of Monte Carlo simulations. These normalized individual response functions were formed into a single response matrix for the unfolding process. Several accelerator-based quasi-monoenergetic neutron source spectra were measured and unfolded to test this spectroscopy system. These reference neutrons were produced from two reactions: T(p,n)(3)He and D(d,n)(3)He, generating neutron energies in the range between 0.2 and 8 MeV. The unfolded quasi-monoenergetic neutron spectra indicated that the detection system can provide good neutron spectroscopy results in this energy range. A broad-energy neutron spectrum from the (9)Be(d,n) reaction using a 5 MeV deuteron beam, measured at 60 degrees to the incident beam was measured and unfolded with the evaluated response matrix. The unfolded broad neutron spectrum is comparable with published time-of-flight results. Finally, the pair of detectors were used to measure the neutron spectrum generated at the RARAF IND-like neutron facility and a comparison is made to the neutron spectrum of Hiroshima.

3. Energy resolution of scintillation detectors

Moszyński, M., E-mail: M.Moszynski@ncbj.gov.pl; Syntfeld-Każuch, A.; Swiderski, L.; Grodzicka, M.; Iwanowska, J.; Sibczyński, P.; Szczęśniak, T.

2016-01-01

According to current knowledge, the non-proportionality of the light yield of scintillators appears to be a fundamental limitation of energy resolution. A good energy resolution is of great importance for most applications of scintillation detectors. Thus, its limitations are discussed below; which arise from the non-proportional response of scintillators to gamma rays and electrons, being of crucial importance to the intrinsic energy resolution of crystals. The important influence of Landau fluctuations and the scattering of secondary electrons (δ-rays) on intrinsic resolution is pointed out here. The study on undoped NaI and CsI at liquid nitrogen temperature with a light readout by avalanche photodiodes strongly suggests that the non-proportionality of many crystals is not their intrinsic property and may be improved by selective co-doping. Finally, several observations that have been collected in the last 15 years on the influence of the slow components of light pulses on energy resolution suggest that more complex processes are taking place in the scintillators. This was observed with CsI(Tl), CsI(Na), ZnSe(Te), and undoped NaI at liquid nitrogen temperature and, finally, for NaI(Tl) at temperatures reduced below 0 °C. A common conclusion of these observations is that the highest energy resolution, and particularly intrinsic resolution measured with the scintillators, characterized by two or more components of the light pulse decay, is obtainable when the spectrometry equipment integrates the whole light of the components. In contrast, the slow components observed in many other crystals degrade the intrinsic resolution. In the limiting case, afterglow could also be considered as a very slow component that spoils the energy resolution. The aim of this work is to summarize all of the above observations by looking for their origin.

4. Separation of Scintillation and Cherenkov Lights in Linear Alkyl Benzene

Li, Mohan; Yeh, Minfang; Wang, Zhe; Chen, Shaomin

2015-01-01

To separate scintillation and Cherenkov lights in water-based liquid scintillator detectors is a desired feature for future neutrino and proton decay researches. Linear alkyl benzene (LAB) is one important ingredient of a water-based liquid scintillator being developed. In this paper we observed a good separation of scintillation and Cherenkov lights in an LAB sample. The rising and decay times of the scintillation light of the LAB were measured to be $(7.7\\pm3.0)\\ \\rm{ns}$ and $(36.6\\pm2.4)\\ \\rm{ns}$, respectively, while the full width [-3$\\sigma$, 3$\\sigma$] of the Cherenkov light was 12 ns dominated by the time resolution of our photomultiplier tubes. The light yield of the scintillation was measured to be $(1.01\\pm0.12)\\times10^3\\ \\rm{photons}/\\rm{MeV}$.

5. Evaluation of the uncertainty for the efficiency curve determination of {sup 210}Pb by liquid scintillation; Avaliacao da incerteza para a curva de eficiencia da determinacao de {sup 210}Pb por cintilacao liquida

Sampaio, C.S.; Sousa, W.O.; Dantas, B.M., E-mail: camilla@ird.gov.br [Instituto de Radioprotecao e Dosimetria, (IRD/CNEN-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil)

2014-07-01

Methodologies for the evaluation of uncertainties associated with the determination of the efficiency curve of {sup 210}Pb by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) are presented. No statistical difference were found when compared the uncertainties of the curves that represented the counting net before and after the secular equilibrium between {sup 210}Pb and {sup 210}Bi, nether when compared the curves when counting only {sup 210}Pb and the curve with the total count of {sup 210}Pb and {sup 210}Bi, for the same time interval after precipitation. (author)

6. Scintillator materials for calorimetry

Weber, M.J. [Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States). Life Sciences Div.

1994-09-01

Requirements for fast, dense scintillator materials for calorimetry in high energy physics and approaches to satisfying these requirements are reviewed with respect to possible hosts and luminescent species. Special attention is given to cerium-activated crystals, core-valence luminescence, and glass scintillators. The present state of the art, limitations, and suggestions for possible new scintillator materials are presented.

7. Scintillation response of organic and inorganic scintillators

1999-01-01

A method to evaluate the scintillation response of organic and inorganic scintillators to different heavy ionizing particles is suggested. A function describing the rate of the energy consumed as fluorescence emission is derived, i.e., the differential response with respect to time. This function is then integrated for each ion and scintillator (anthracene, stilbene and CsI(Tl)) to determine scintillation response. The resulting scintillation responses are compared to the previously reported measured responses. Agreement to within 2.5% is observed when these data are normalized to each other. In addition, conclusions regarding the quenching parameter kB dependence on the type of the particle and the computed values of kB for certain ions are included. (author)

8. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A MULTIFIELD MODEL OF CHURN-TURBULENT GAS/LIQUID FLOWS

Elena A. Tselishcheva; Steven P. Antal; Michael Z. Podowski; Donna Post Guillen

2009-07-01

The accuracy of numerical predictions for gas/liquid two-phase flows using Computational Multiphase Fluid Dynamics (CMFD) methods strongly depends on the formulation of models governing the interaction between the continuous liquid field and bubbles of different sizes. The purpose of this paper is to develop, test and validate a multifield model of adiabatic gas/liquid flows at intermediate gas concentrations (e.g., churn-turbulent flow regime), in which multiple-size bubbles are divided into a specified number of groups, each representing a prescribed range of sizes. The proposed modeling concept uses transport equations for the continuous liquid field and for each bubble field. The overall model has been implemented in the NPHASE-CMFD computer code. The results of NPHASE-CMFD simulations have been validated against the experimental data from the TOPFLOW test facility. Also, a parametric analysis on the effect of various modeling assumptions has been performed.

9. Representation and validation of liquid densities for pure compounds and mixtures

Diky, Vladimir; O'Connell, John P.; Abildskov, Jens

2015-01-01

values at unmeasured conditions. The model has been shown to successfully represent and validate the pressure and temperature dependence of liquid densities greater than 1.5 of the critical density for pure compounds, binary mixtures, and ternary mixtures from the triple to critical temperatures...... at pressures up to 106 kPa. The systems include the full range of organic compounds, including complex solutions, and ionic liquids. Minimal data are required for making predictions....

10. Characterization of the scintillation anisotropy in crystalline stilbene scintillator detectors

Schuster, Patricia

2016-01-01

This paper reports a series of measurements that characterize the directional dependence of the scintillation response of crystalline melt-grown and solution-grown stilbene to incident DT and DD neutrons. These measurements give the amplitude and pulse shape dependence on the proton recoil direction over one hemisphere of the crystal, confirming and extending previous results in the literature for melt-grown stilbene and providing the first measurements for solution-grown stilbene. In similar measurements of liquid and plastic detectors, no directional dependence was observed, confirming the hypothesis that the anisotropy in stilbene and other organic crystal scintillators is a result of internal effects due to the molecular or crystal structure and not an external effect on the measurement system.

11. Development of a quasi-monoenergetic neutron field and measurements of the response function of an organic liquid scintillator for the neutron energy range from 66 to 206 MeV

Nakao, N; Nakamura, T; Uwamino, Y

2002-01-01

A quasi-monoenergetic neutron field was developed using a thin sup 7 Li target bombarded by protons in the energy range from 70 to 210 MeV at the RIKEN ring cyclotron facility. The neutron energy spectra were measured with an NE213 organic liquid scintillator using the TOF method. The absolute peak neutron yields were obtained by measurements of 478 keV gamma-rays from sup 7 Be nuclei produced in a sup 7 Li target through the sup 7 Li( p,n) sup 7 Be (g.s.+0.429 MeV) reaction. Using the neutron field, the absolute values of the neutron response functions of a 12.7 cm diameter by 12.7 cm long NE213 organic liquid scintillator were measured, and were compared with calculations using a Monte Carlo code developed by Cecil et al. The measured response functions without any wall-effect events were also obtained, and compared with calculations using a modified Monte Carlo code. Comparisons between a measurement and a calculation both with and without any wall-effect events gave a good agreement.

12. Assessment of scintillation proxy maps for a scintillation study during geomagnetically quiet and disturbed conditions over Uganda

Amabayo, Emirant B.; Jurua, Edward; Cilliers, Pierre J.

2017-02-01

The objective of this paper is demonstrate the validity and usefulness of scintillation proxies derived from IGS data, through its comparison with data from dedicated scintillation monitors and its application to GNSS scintillation patterns. The paper presents scintillation patterns developed by using data from the dedicated scintillation monitors of the scintillation network decision aid (SCINDA) network, and proxy maps derived from IGS GPS data for 2011 and 2012 over low latitude stations in Uganda. The amplitude and phase scintillation indicies (S4 and σΦ) were obtained from the Novatel GSV4004B ionospheric scintillation and total electron content (TEC) monitor managed by SCINDA at Makerere (0.340N, 32.570E). The corresponding IGS GPS proxy data were obtained from the receivers at Entebbe (0.040N, 32.440E) and Mbarara (0.600S, 30.740E). The derived amplitude (S4p) and phase (sDPR) scintillation proxy maps were compared with maps of S4 and σΦ during geomagnetic storms (moderate and strong) and geomagnetically quiet conditions. The scintillation patterns using S4 and σΦ and their respective proxies revealed similar diurnal and seasonal patterns of strong scintillation occurrence. The peaks of scintillation occurrence with mean values in the range 0.3 geomagnetically disturbed (moderate and strong) and quiet conditions over the Ugandan region. The results show that SCINDA and IGS based scintillation patterns reveal the same nighttime and seasonal occurrence of irregularities over Uganda irrespective of the geomagnetic conditions. Therefore, the amplitude and phase scintillation proxies presented here can be used to fill gaps in low-latitude data where there are no data available from dedicated scintillation receivers, irrespective of the geomagnetic conditions.

13. Energy and resolution calibration of NaI(Tl) and LaBr{sub 3}(Ce) scintillators and validation of an EGS5 Monte Carlo user code for efficiency calculations

Casanovas, R., E-mail: ramon.casanovas@urv.cat [Unitat de Fisica Medica, Facultat de Medicina i Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, ES-43201 Reus (Tarragona) (Spain); Morant, J.J. [Servei de Proteccio Radiologica, Facultat de Medicina i Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, ES-43201 Reus (Tarragona) (Spain); Salvado, M. [Unitat de Fisica Medica, Facultat de Medicina i Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, ES-43201 Reus (Tarragona) (Spain)

2012-05-21

The radiation detectors yield the optimal performance if they are accurately calibrated. This paper presents the energy, resolution and efficiency calibrations for two scintillation detectors, NaI(Tl) and LaBr{sub 3}(Ce). For the two former calibrations, several fitting functions were tested. To perform the efficiency calculations, a Monte Carlo user code for the EGS5 code system was developed with several important implementations. The correct performance of the simulations was validated by comparing the simulated spectra with the experimental spectra and reproducing a number of efficiency and activity calculations. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer NaI(Tl) and LaBr{sub 3}(Ce) scintillation detectors are used for gamma-ray spectrometry. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Energy, resolution and efficiency calibrations are discussed for both detectors. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer For the two former calibrations, several fitting functions are tested. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A Monte Carlo user code for EGS5 was developed for the efficiency calculations. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The code was validated reproducing some efficiency and activity calculations.

14. Pressurised liquid extraction of flavonoids in onions. Method development and validation

Søltoft, Malene; Christensen, J.H.; Nielsen, J.

2009-01-01

A rapid and reliable analytical method for quantification of flavonoids in onions was developed and validated. Five extraction methods were tested on freeze-dried onions and subsequently high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection was used for quantification of seven flavonoids...

15. Liquid chromatographic method to determine narasin in feedingstuffs and premixtures: development, validation and interlaboratory study

Thalman, A.; Wagner, K.; Tomassen, M.J.H.; Driessen, J.J.M.; Jong, de J.

2004-01-01

A reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) method for narasin in feedingstuffs and premixtures was developed, validated, and interlaboratory studied. The extraction solvent was methanol-K2HPO4 solution (9 + 1, v/v). Narasin was detected at 600 nm after post-column derivatization with dimethylamino-

16. Liquid chromatographic method for nicarbazin in broiler feeds and premixtures: development, validation and interlaboratory study

Jong, de J.; Tomassen, M.J.H.; Driessen, J.J.M.; Putzka, H.A.; Brambilla, G.

2004-01-01

A reversed-phase liquid chromatography method for nicarbazin in broiler feeds and premixtures was developed, validated, and interlaboratory studied. The extraction solvent was an acetonitrile-methanol (1 + 1) mixture. For feedingstuffs, water was also added. The 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide moiety of nic

17. Liquid chromatographic method for nicarbazin in broiler feeds and premixtures: development, validation and interlaboratory study

Jong, de J.; Tomassen, M.J.H.; Driessen, J.J.M.; Putzka, H.A.; Brambilla, G.

2004-01-01

A reversed-phase liquid chromatography method for nicarbazin in broiler feeds and premixtures was developed, validated, and interlaboratory studied. The extraction solvent was an acetonitrile-methanol (1 + 1) mixture. For feedingstuffs, water was also added. The 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide moiety of

18. Liquid chromatographic method to determine narasin in feedingstuffs and premixtures: development, validation and interlaboratory study

Thalman, A.; Wagner, K.; Tomassen, M.J.H.; Driessen, J.J.M.; Jong, de J.

2004-01-01

A reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) method for narasin in feedingstuffs and premixtures was developed, validated, and interlaboratory studied. The extraction solvent was methanol-K2HPO4 solution (9 + 1, v/v). Narasin was detected at 600 nm after post-column derivatization with

19. Preliminary Validation of High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Detection of Methyltestosterone Residue in Carp Muscle

JIANG Jie; LIN Hong; FU Xiaoting; LI Mingming

2005-01-01

The use of synthetic anabolic steroid methyltestosterone (MT) as growth promoter is prohibited in China. Validations of analytical methods for MT residue in food and the results obtained have become indispensable. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the detection of MT with liquid-liquid extraction by trichloromethanemethanol in carp muscle tissue was preliminarily validated with reference to the following parameters: recovery (accuracy)at the 1, 5 and 10 mgkg-1 level, between-run and within-run CV values (repeatability, also called relative standard deviation(RSD)) and limit of detection. The recoveries were above 80% and the between-run and within-run CV values below 10%for muscle tissue. The limit of detection was 0.05 mgkg-1.

20. Optimization and validation of liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning for determination of carbamates in water

Machado Goulart, Simone; Domingos Alves, Renata; Neves, Antonio Augusto; Queiroz, Jose Humberto de; Conde de Assis, Tamires [Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vila Gianetti, Casa 24, 36 570-000 Vicosa, MG (Brazil); Queiroz, Maria Eliana L.R. de, E-mail: meliana@ufv.br [Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vila Gianetti, Casa 24, 36 570-000 Vicosa, MG (Brazil)

2010-06-25

Using a 2{sup 3} experimental design, liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning (LLE-LTP) was optimized and validated for analysis of three carbamates (aldicarb, carbofuran and carbaryl) in water samples. In this method, 2.0 mL of sample is placed in contact with 4.0 mL of acetonitrile. After agitation, the sample is placed in a freezer for 3 h for phase separation. The organic extract is analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). For validation of the technique, the following figures of merit were evaluated: accuracy, precision, detection and quantification limits, linearity, sensibility and selectivity. Extraction recovery percentages of the carbamates aldicarb, carbofuran and carbaryl were 90%, 95% and 96%, respectively. Even though extremely low volumes of sample and solvent were used, the extraction method was selective and the detection and quantification limits were between 5.0 and 10.0 {mu}g L{sup -1}, and 17.0 and 33.0 {mu}g L{sup -1}, respectively.

1. A simple method for validation and verification of pipettes mounted on automated liquid handlers

Stangegaard, Michael; Hansen, Anders Johannes; Frøslev, Tobias G

2011-01-01

We have implemented a simple, inexpensive, and fast procedure for validation and verification of the performance of pipettes mounted on automated liquid handlers (ALHs) as necessary for laboratories accredited under ISO 17025. A six- or seven-step serial dilution of OrangeG was prepared in quadru......We have implemented a simple, inexpensive, and fast procedure for validation and verification of the performance of pipettes mounted on automated liquid handlers (ALHs) as necessary for laboratories accredited under ISO 17025. A six- or seven-step serial dilution of OrangeG was prepared...... are freely available. In conclusion, we have set up a simple, inexpensive, and fast solution for the continuous validation of ALHs used for accredited work according to the ISO 17025 standard. The method is easy to use for aqueous solutions but requires a spectrophotometer that can read microtiter plates....

2. Subnanosecond Scintillation Detector

Hoenk, Michael (Inventor); Hennessy, John (Inventor); Hitlin, David (Inventor)

2017-01-01

A scintillation detector, including a scintillator that emits scintillation; a semiconductor photodetector having a surface area for receiving the scintillation, wherein the surface area has a passivation layer configured to provide a peak quantum efficiency greater than 40% for a first component of the scintillation, and the semiconductor photodetector has built in gain through avalanche multiplication; a coating on the surface area, wherein the coating acts as a bandpass filter that transmits light within a range of wavelengths corresponding to the first component of the scintillation and suppresses transmission of light with wavelengths outside said range of wavelengths; and wherein the surface area, the passivation layer, and the coating are controlled to increase the temporal resolution of the semiconductor photodetector.

3. Improved Scintillator Materials For Compact Electron Antineutrino Detectors

Dijkstra, Peter; Wortche, Heinrich J.; Browne, Wesley R.

2012-01-01

Recent developments provide new components holding the potential to improve the performance of liquid scintillation electron antineutrino detectors used as nuclear reactors monitors. Current systems raise issues regarding size, quantum efficiency, stability, and spatial resolution of the vertex dete

4. Development and Studies of Novel Microfabricated Radiation Hard Scintillation Detectors With High Spatial Resolution

Mapelli, A; Haguenauer, M; Jiguet, S; Renaud, P; Vico Triviño, N

2011-01-01

A new type of scintillation detector is being developed with standard microfabrication techniques. It consists of a dense array of scintillating waveguides obtained by coupling microfluidic channels filled with a liquid scintillator to photodetectors. Easy manipulation of liquid scintillators inside microfluidic devices allow their flushing, renewal, and exchange making the active medium intrinsically radiation hard. Prototype detectors have been fabricated by photostructuration of a radiation hard epoxy resin (SU-8) deposited on silicon wafers and coupled to a multi-anode photomultiplier tube (MAPMT) to read-out the scintillation light. They have been characterized by exciting the liquid scintillator in the 200 micrometers thick microchannels with electrons from a 90Sr yielding approximately 1 photoelectron per impinging Minimum Ionizing Particle (MIP). These promising results demonstrate the concept of microfluidic scintillating detection and are very encouraging for future developments.

5. Validity of the Stokes-Einstein relation in liquids: simple rules from the excess entropy.

Pasturel, A; Jakse, N

2016-12-07

It is becoming common practice to consider that the Stokes-Einstein relation D/T~ η (-1) usually works for liquids above their melting temperatures although there is also experimental evidence for its failure. Here we investigate numerically this commonly-invoked assumption for simple liquid metals as well as for their liquid alloys. Using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations we show how entropy scaling relationships developed by Rosenfeld can be used to predict the conditions for the validity of the Stokes-Einstein relation in the liquid phase. Specifically, we demonstrate the Stokes-Einstein relation may break down in the liquid phase of some liquid alloys mainly due to the presence of local structural ordering as evidenced in their partial two-body excess entropies. Our findings shed new light on the understanding of transport properties of liquid materials and will trigger more experimental and theoretical studies since excess entropy and its two-body approximation are readily obtainable from standard experiments and simulations.

6. Representation and Validation of Liquid Densities for Pure Compounds and Mixtures

O'Connell, J.; V. Dicky, V.; Abildskov, Jens;

at pressures up to 1000 MPa. The systems include the full range of organic compounds, including complex mixtures, and ionic liquids. Minimal data are required for making predictions.The presentation will show the implementation of the method, criteria for its deployment, examples of its application to a wide...... values at unmeasured conditions. The model has been shown to successfully validate and represent the pressure and temperature dependence of liquid densities greater than 1.5 of the critical density for pure compounds, binary mixtures, and ternary mixtures from the triple to critical temperatures...

7. The SNO+ Scintillator Purification Plant and Projected Sensitivity to Solar Neutrinos in the Pure Scintillator Phase

Pershing, Teal; SNO+ Collaboration

2016-03-01

The SNO+ detector is a neutrino and neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment utilizing the renovated SNO detector. In the second phase of operation, the SNO+ detector will contain 780 tons of organic liquid scintillator composed of 2 g/L 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) in linear alkylbenzene (LAB). In this phase, SNO+ will strive to detect solar neutrinos in the sub-MeV range, including CNO production neutrinos and pp production neutrinos. To achieve the necessary detector sensitivity, a four-part scintillator purification plant has been constructed in SNOLAB for the removal of ionic and radioactive impurities. We present an overview of the SNO+ scintillator purification plant stages, including distillation, water extraction, gas stripping, and metal scavenger columns. We also give the projected SNO+ sensitivities to various solar-produced neutrinos based on the scintillator plant's projected purification efficiency.

8. Nonproportionality of inorganic scintillators

Khodyuk, I.V.

2013-01-01

A scintillator is a transparent material that emits a flash of light when it absorbs a γ-ray photon or an energetic particle. Scintillation crystals are widely used as spectroscopic detectors of ionizing radiation in nuclear science, space exploration, medical imaging, homeland security, etc. This t

9. Anticoincidence scintillation counter

1966-01-01

This anticoincidence scintillation counter will be mounted in a hydrogen target vessel to be used in a measurement of the .beta. parameter in the .LAMBDA0. decay. The geometry of the counter optimizes light collection in the central part where a scintillation disk of variable thickness can be fitted.

10. Improvements in apparatus and procedures for using an organic liquid scintillator as a fast-neutron spectrometer for radiation protection applications

Thorngate, J.H.

1987-05-15

For use in radiation protection measurements, a neutron spectrometer must have a wide energy range, good sensitivity, medium resolution, and ease of taking and reducing data. No single spectrometer meets all of these requirements. Several experiments aimed at improving and characterizing the detector response to gamma rays and neutrons were conducted. A light pipe (25 mm) was needed between the scintillator cell and the photomultiplier tube to achieve the best resolution. The light output of the scintillator as a function of gamma-ray energy was measured. Three experiments were conducted to determine the light output as a function of neutron energy. Monte Carlo calculations were made to evaluate the effects of multiple neutron scattering and edge effects in the detector. The electronic systems associated with the detector were improved with a transistorized circuit providing the bias voltage for the photomultiplier tube dynodes. This circuit was needed to obtain pulse-height linearity over the wide range of signal sizes. A special live-time clock was built to compensate for the large amount of dead time generated by the pulse-shape discrimination circuit we chose to use. 64 refs., 58 figs., 9 tabs.

11. Detecting alpha radiation by scintillation in porous materials

Keillor, M.E. [McClellan Central Lab., McClellan AFB, CA (United States); Burggraf, L.W. [Air Force Inst. of Tech., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH (United States)

1997-10-01

This paper presents a study of some parameters essential to the development of a heterogeneous scintillation detector with improved alpha energy resolution and detection efficiency. Such a detector with better than 10% alpha energy resolution could provide in situ capability to identify and quantify important alpha-emitting radionuclides in dilute aqueous solutions. Nanoporous gel-silica is a potential scintillation matrix with the promise of improved energy resolution and 100% detection efficiency. Scintillating gel-silica made by a sol-gel process is under development. As a step toward realizing the system described, the dependence of alpha detection efficiency and intrinsic energy resolution in particulate and porous glass scintillation detectors is examined. The two main areas of this research are: (1) computer modeling of the geometric detection efficiency and energy dispersion in particulate and porous glass scintillation detectors and (2) experiments to test model predictions for detection of alphas in liquid-infiltrated porous glass structures. To confirm the predicted alpha energy deposition, the authors measured scintillation in nanoporous gel-silica infiltrated with an organic liquid scintillator. Results show that phase dimensions must be considered in constructing a heterogeneous detector for alpha spectroscopy. Nanometer-scale dimensions available in gel-silica essentially eliminate degradation of energy resolution due to energy dispersion of alpha particles within the liquid sample, while providing 100% detection efficiency.

12. Preparation of 45Ca(HDEHP)n and (CaH{sub 1}50{sub 2})2 samples for liquid scintillation counting, compared to 45caCl{sub 2} results; Preparacion de Ca (HDEHP)n y (C{sub 8}H{sub 1}50{sub 2})2 marcados con 45Ca y estudio comparativo con 4 5ca Cl2 en medidas por centelleo liquido

Rodriguez, L.; Arcos, J. M. los; Grau Malonda, A.

1994-07-01

A procedure for preparation of liquid scintillation counting organic samples of the Di-2-ethylhexyl phosphate calcium complex and the 2-ethylhexanoate calcium salt, labelled with 45Ca, is described. The chemical quench, the counting stability and spectral evolution of both compounds is studied in six scintillators,Toluene-alcohol, Dioxane-naphtalene, Hi safe II, Ultimate-Gold and Instagel, and compared to results obtained from a commercial solution of 4 5CaCl2. (Author) 7 refs.

13. Further validation of liquid metal MHD code for unstructured grid based on OpenFOAM

Feng, Jingchao; Chen, Hongli, E-mail: hlchen1@ustc.edu.cn; He, Qingyun; Ye, Minyou

2015-11-15

Highlights: • Specific correction scheme has been adopted to revise the calculating result for non-orthogonal meshes. • The developed MHD code based on OpenFOAM platform has been validated by benchmark cases under uniform and non-uniform magnetic field in round and rectangular ducts. • ALEX experimental results have been used to validate the MHD code based on OpenFOAM. - Abstract: In fusion liquid metal blankets, complex geometries involving contractions, expansions, bends, manifolds are very common. The characteristics of liquid metal flow in these geometries are significant. In order to extend the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) solver developed on OpenFOAM platform to be applied in the complex geometry, the MHD solver based on unstructured meshes has been implemented. The adoption of non-orthogonal correction techniques in the solver makes it possible to process the non-orthogonal meshes in complex geometries. The present paper focused on the validation of the code under critical conditions. An analytical solution benchmark case and two experimental benchmark cases were conducted to validate the code. Benchmark case I is MHD flow in a circular pipe with arbitrary electric conductivity of the walls in a uniform magnetic field. Benchmark cases II and III are experimental cases of 3D laminar steady MHD flow under fringing magnetic field. In all these cases, the numerical results match well with the benchmark cases.

14. Scintillation properties of polycrystalline LaxY1-xO3 ceramic

Sahi, Sunil; Chen, Wei; Kenarangui, Rasool

2015-03-01

Scintillators are the material that absorbs the high-energy photons and emits visible photons. Scintillators are commonly used in radiation detector for security, medical imaging, industrial applications and high energy physics research. Two main types of scintillators are inorganic single crystals and organic (plastic or liquid) scintillators. Inorganic single crystals are expensive and difficult to grow in desire shape and size. Also, some efficient inorganic scintillator such as NaI and CsI are not environmental friendly. But on the other hand, organic scintillators have low density and hence poor energy resolution which limits their use in gamma spectroscopy. Polycrystalline ceramic can be a cost effective alternative to expensive inorganic single crystal scintillators. Here we have fabricated La0.2Y1.8O3 ceramic scintillator and studied their luminescence and scintillation properties. Ceramic scintillators were fabricated by vacuum sintering of La0.2Y1.8O3 nanoparticles at temperature below the melting point. La0.2Y1.8O3 ceramic were characterized structurally using XRD and TEM. Photoluminescence and radioluminescence studies were done using UV and X-ray as an excitation source. We have used gamma isotopes with different energy to studies the scintillation properties of La0.2Y1.8O3 scintillator. Preliminary studies of La0.2Y1.8O3 scintillator shows promising result with energy resolution comparable to that of NaI and CsI.

15. An Experiment to Demonstrate Cherenkov / Scintillation Signal Separation

Caravaca, J; Land, B J; Wallig, J; Yeh, M; Gann, G D Orebi

2016-01-01

The ability to separately identify the Cherenkov and scintillation light components produced in scintillating mediums holds the potential for a major breakthrough in neutrino detection technology, allowing development of a large, low-threshold, directional detector with a broad physics program. The CHESS (CHErenkov / Scintillation Separation) experiment employs an innovative detector design with an array of small, fast photomultiplier tubes and state-of-the-art electronics to demonstrate the reconstruction of a Cherenkov ring in a scintillating medium based on photon hit time and detected photoelectron density. This paper describes the physical properties and calibration of CHESS along with first results. The ability to reconstruct Cherenkov rings is demonstrated in a water target, and a time precision of 338 +/- 12 ps FWHM is achieved. Monte Carlo based predictions for the ring imaging sensitivity with a liquid scintillator target predict an efficiency for identifying Cherenkov hits of 94 +/- 1% and 81 +/- 1...

16. SR study of scintillators

Mikhailin, V V

2000-01-01

The technique and the models developed recently in Synchrotron Radiation (SR) Laboratory of Moscow University for the investigation of energy transfer processes in insulators can be applied for a detailed study of scintillator's properties. The experiments with SR in VUV and XUV regions allow to separate various processes and stages of energy transfer and help to indicate the dominating process on each stage. Thus, we can find the way to improve the properties, essential for the particular application of the scintillator: conversion efficiency, decay time, afterglow, radiation hardness, etc. The results of such a study can be used for the testing procedures in scintillator production.

17. Development and validation of a multiplex methylation specific PCR-coupled liquid bead array for liquid biopsy analysis.

Parisi, C; Mastoraki, S; Markou, A; Strati, A; Chimonidou, M; Georgoulias, V; Lianidou, E S

2016-10-01

Liquid biopsy is based on minimally invasive blood tests and has the potential to characterize the evolution of a solid tumor in real time, by extracting molecular information from circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). Epigenetic silencing of tumor and metastasis suppressor genes plays a key role in survival and metastatic potential of cancer cells. Our group was the first to show the presence of epigenetic alterations in CTCs. We present the development and analytical validation of a highly specific and sensitive Multiplex Methylation Specific PCR-coupled liquid bead array (MMSPA) for the simultaneous detection of the methylation status of three tumor and metastasis suppressor genes (CST6, SOX17 and BRMS1) in liquid biopsy material (CTCs, corresponding ctDNA) and paired primary breast tumors. In the EpCAM-positive CTCs fraction we observed methylation of: a) CST6, in 11/30(37%) and 11/30(37%), b) BRMS1 in 8/30(27%) and 11/30(37%) c) SOX17 in 8/30(27%) and 13/30(43%) early breast cancer patients and patients with verified metastasis respectively. In ctDNA we observed methylation of: a) CST6, in 5/30(17%) and 10/31(32%), b) BRMS1 in 8/30 (27%) and 8/31 (26%) c) SOX17 in 5/30(17%) and 13/31(42%) early breast cancer patients and patients with verified metastasis respectively. Our results indicate a high cancerous load at the epigenetic level in EpCAM-positive CTCs fractions and corresponding ctDNA in breast cancer. The main principle of the developed methodology has the potential to be extended in a large number of gene-targets and be applied in many types of cancer. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.

18. Measurement of the response function and the detection efficiency of an organic liquid scintillator for neutrons between 1 and 30 MeV

HUANG Han-Xiong; RUAN Xi-Chao; CHEN Guo-Chang; ZHOU Zu-Ying; LI Xia; BAO Jie; NIE Yang-Bo; ZHONG Qi-Ping

2009-01-01

The light output function of a φ50.8 mm×50.8 mm BC501A scintillation detector was measured in the neutron energy region of 1 to 30 MeV by fitting the pulse height (PH) spectra for neutrons with the simulations from the NRESP code at the edge range. Using the new light output function, the neutron detection efficiency was determined with two Monte-Carlo codes, NEFF and SCINFUL. The calculated efficiency was corrected by comparing the simulated PH spectra with the measured ones. The determined efficiency was verified at the near threshold region and normalized with a Proton-Recoil-Telescope (PRT) at the 8-14 MeV energy region.

19. Development and validation of high performance liquid chromatographic method for analysis of clozapine.

Kaur, Harpreet; Bassi, Pallavi; Monif, Tausif; Khuroo, Arshad; Kaur, Gurpreet

2013-05-01

In this study a rapid, simple and sensitive assay to quantify clozapine in human plasma by using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed. Clozapine was extracted from human plasma using a mixture of chloroform: n-hexane 50:50 employing liquid-liquid extraction method. The calibration curve was found to be linear in the concentration range of 25-800 ng/ml. The inter day and intra day assay accuracy and precision fulfilled the criteria specified by USFDA, Guidance for industry: bioanalytical method validation. Clozapine was found to be stable in human plasma after 6 h incubation at room temperature, 50 days storage at -27°C and freeze thaw cycles, as well as after reconstitution with mobile phase after 24 h of storage in refrigerator. The validated method offers the advantage of using minimum injection volume (25μl) and plasma sample volume (300μl). The extraction method is simple and single step with no back extraction step, thus, making this method applicable to determination of pharmacokinetic profiles and parameters.

20. Validation of a technique by high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of total isoflavones

Pilar A. Soledispa Cañarte

2017-04-01

Full Text Available Context: Isoflavones may act as selective regulators in the prevention of various diseases. The most important source of isoflavones is the soy, from which different phytotherapeutics are elaborated of use in Ecuadorian population. However, its concentration varies depending on several factors, therefore quality assessment need to be carried out through out several analytical methods. Aims: To validate an analytical method by high precision liquid chromatography (HPLC to quantify total isoflavones in herbal medicine. Methods: To quantify isoflavones, it was used a brand liquid chromatography with UV/VIS detector at 260 nm, C-18 column using isocratic method. The mobile phase was composed of 2% acetic acid: acetonitrile (75:25. The quantification was performed against reference standard. The parameters for the validation followed the established in the USP 33. Results: The chromatogram presented six peaks with elution between 1.557 and 18.913 min. The linearity of the system and the method got r2 equal to 0.98 and 0.99 respectively. The coefficients of variation 1.5% in the study of repetitiveness and 2% in intermediate precision. The accuracy of the adjusted lineal model exhibited r=0.95 and intercept reliable interval (-0.921; 1.743. Conclusions: The validated method was specific, accurate, precise and linear. It can be used for quality control and stability studies of isoflavones present in herbal medicine.

1. Fully atomistic molecular-mechanical model of liquid alkane oils: Computational validation.

Zahariev, Tsvetan K; Slavchov, Radomir I; Tadjer, Alia V; Ivanova, Anela N

2014-04-15

Fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were performed on liquid n-pentane, n-hexane, and n-heptane to derive an atomistic model for middle-chain-length alkanes. All simulations were based on existing molecular-mechanical parameters for alkanes. The computational protocol was optimized, for example, in terms of thermo- and barostat, to reproduce properly the properties of the liquids. The model was validated by comparison of thermal, structural, and dynamic properties of the normal alkane liquids to experimental data. Two different combinations of temperature and pressure coupling algorithms were tested. A simple differential approach was applied to evaluate fluctuation-related properties with sufficient accuracy. Analysis of the data reveals a satisfactory representation of the hydrophobic systems behavior. Thermodynamic parameters are close to the experimental values and exhibit correct temperature dependence. The observed intramolecular geometry corresponds to extended conformations domination, whereas the intermolecular structure demonstrates all characteristics of liquid systems. Cavity size distribution function was calculated from coordinates analysis and was applied to study the solubility of gases in hexane and heptane oils. This study provides a platform for further in-depth research on hydrophobic solutions and multicomponent systems.

2. Indacaterol determination in human urine: validation of a liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analytical method.

Ammari, Wesam G; Al-Qadhi, Zainab; Khalil, Mohammad; Tayyem, Rabab; Qammaz, Samir; Oriquat, Ghaleb; Basheti, Iman A; Chrystyn, Henry

2015-06-01

Indacaterol is a novel once-a-day inhaled ultra-long-acting β2-agonist. Quantitative bioanalysis supports pharmacokinetic and clinical research. The aim of the current work was to validate an in-house developed high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analytical method for indacaterol determination in human urine samples. A liquid-liquid extraction method has been developed to extract indacaterol from human urine samples using ethyl acetate. Indacaterol dry extract was reconstituted with 200 μL of the mobile phase (acidified water:methanol (30:70, v/v)) of which 5 μL was needed for the HPLC-MS/MS analysis. Indacaterol was eluted on a reversed C18 stationary phase with an isocratic mobile phase at a flow of 1 mL/min. Formoterol was the internal standard (IS). The MS/MS detection was employed with a turbo-ion spray ionization in the positive ion mode. A consensus of the international Guidelines for Bioanalytical Method Validation was followed. Indacaterol was detected at a mass to charge ratio (m/z) of 393.3 and its MS/MS daughter at 173.2. The retention times of indacaterol and IS were 1.60 and 1.20 min, respectively. Validated calibration curves were linear over a range of 0.075-100 ng/mL with correlation coefficients (r)≥0.990. The curves' regression weighting factor was 1/x. Method specificity was established in six different human urine batches. No matrix interference was observed. The intra- and inter-batch precision and accuracy within±20% (at lower limit) and±15% (other quality control (QC) levels) were confirmed. The indacaterol mean recovery (precision) percentages at Low, Mid, and High QC levels were 93.5 (3.84), 89.8 (2.15), and 92.2 (2.17), respectively. Short-term, long-term, freeze-thaw, and auto-sampler stability results were accepted. A specific, accurate and precise HPLC-MS/MS method has been validated for indacaterol quantification in human urine. This simple method is reproducible and robust

3. A simple method for validation and verification of pipettes mounted on automated liquid handlers.

Stangegaard, Michael; Hansen, Anders J; Frøslev, Tobias G; Morling, Niels

2011-10-01

We have implemented a simple, inexpensive, and fast procedure for validation and verification of the performance of pipettes mounted on automated liquid handlers (ALHs) as necessary for laboratories accredited under ISO 17025. A six- or seven-step serial dilution of OrangeG was prepared in quadruplicates in a flat-bottom 96-well microtiter plate, manually using calibrated pipettes. Each pipette of the liquid handler (1-8) dispensed a selected volume (1-200 μL) of OrangeG eight times into the wells of the microtiter plate. All wells contained a total of 200 μL liquid. The absorbance was read, and the dispensed volume of each pipette was calculated based on a plot of volume and absorbance of a known set of OrangeG dilutions. Finally, the percent inaccuracy (%d) and the imprecision (%CV) of each pipette were calculated. Using predefined acceptance criteria, each pipette was then either approved or failed. Failed pipettes were either repaired or the volume deviation was compensated for by applying a calibration curve in the liquid-handler software. We have implemented the procedure on a Sias Xantus, an MWGt TheONYX, four Tecan Freedom EVO, a Biomek NX Span-8, and four Biomek 3000 robots, and the methods are freely available. In conclusion, we have set up a simple, inexpensive, and fast solution for the continuous validation of ALHs used for accredited work according to the ISO 17025 standard. The method is easy to use for aqueous solutions but requires a spectrophotometer that can read microtiter plates.

4. Design and Construction of the First Prototype of Liquid Scintillator Detector for Fast Beam Loss Monitor(FBLM) System%快响应束流损失监控(FBLM)系统液闪探测器初样的研制

韩晨霞; 陈昌; 田建民; 赵中亮; 徐美杭; 李公平; 陈元柏; 徐韬光; 赵海泉

2011-01-01

给出快响应束流损失监控(Fast Beam Lost Monitor,FBLM)系统的液体闪烁体探测器初样的研制.在高频四极加速器(Radio Frequency Quadrupole,RFQ)实验装置上的测试表明,液闪探测器能给出宽度为500 μs 束流宏脉冲结构,能逐个显示出宏脉冲内490 ns的束流切束脉冲.液闪输出信号脉冲较490 ns束流切束脉冲延迟约70 ns.液闪型FBLM输出的信号幅度大于塑闪型.液闪探测器初样的成功研制,为其性能进一步改进提高,打下了良好的基础.%Design and constmction of the first prototype of liquid scintillator detector for fast beam loss monitor ( FBLM ) system are given. A beam chopping device can remove a 490 ns section of beam at approximately 1 MHz repetition rate within a 500 μs macro beam pulse - width. The liquid scintillator displays the measured beam - pulse structure after the beam chopper. Through RFQ special beam structure, the response time of FBLM is measured. The response time of FBLM is about nano second. The signal amplitude from liquid scintillator is larger than plastic scintillator. All of these give us good experiences for the futher improvement of liquid seintillator detector design and construction. According to the measurement data. liquid seintillator is suggested as the detector of FBLM system.

5. Light output of EJ228 scintillation neutron detectors

2011-02-15

The light output of neutron detectors based on the plastic scintillator EJ228 is studied as a function of neutron energy using a time tagged {sup 252}Cf source. Calibration of the light output scale is performed by fitting the experimental distribution of Compton scattering events of photons from a {sup 22}Na source with a response function obtained by Gaussian smearing of the predicted line-shape. The light output curve as well as the pulse height resolution for the EJ228 scintillators is very close (within 5%) to those recently reported for NE213 type organic liquid scintillators.

6. A validated new method for nevirapine quantitation in human plasma via high-performance liquid chromatography.

Silverthorn, Courtney F; Parsons, Teresa L

2006-01-01

A fully validated and clinically relevant assay was developed for the assessment of nevirapine concentrations in neonate blood plasma samples. Solid-phase extraction with an acid-base wash series was used to prepare subject samples for analysis. Samples were separated by high performance liquid chromatography and detected at 280 nm on a C8 reverse-phase column in an isocratic mobile phase. The retention times of nevirapine and its internal standard were 5.0 and 6.9 min, respectively. The method was validated by assessment of accuracy and precision (statistical values 0.996) and the average recovery was 93% (n = 18). The lower limit of quantification (relative standard deviation <20%) was determined to be 25 ng/mL for 50 microL of plasma, allowing detection of as little as 1.25 ng of nevirapine in a sample. This value represents an increase in sensitivity of up to 30-fold over previously published methods.

7. Validation of high-performance liquid chromatographic method for analysis of fluconazole in microemulsions and liquid crystals

Hilris Rocha e Silva

2014-04-01

Full Text Available In recent decades, there has been a significant increase in the incidence of fungal diseases. Certain fungal diseases cause cutaneous lesions and in the usual treatment, generally administred orally, the drug reaches the site of action with difficulty and its concentration is too low. An approach much explored in recent years is the development of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, and microemulsions (ME and liquid crystals (LC are promising. ME and LC were developed with oleic acid or copaiba oil as the oil phase, propoxyl (5OP ethoxyl (20 OE cetyl alcohol as surfactant and water. An analytical method to assess the incorporation of fluconazole (FLU in the systems under study was validated according to guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH guidelines and the Brazilian Food, Drug and Sanitation Agency (ANVISA. The method was conducted on a C18-RP column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., maintained at room temperature. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water (50:50, v/v, run at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min and using ultraviolet detection at 210nm. The chromatographic separation was obtained with a retention time of 6.3min, and was linear in the range of 20-400 µg/mL (r2=0.9999. The specificity showed no interference of the excipients. The accuracy was 100.76%. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.057 and 0.172 µg.mL-1, respectively. Moreover, method validation demonstrated satisfactory results for precision and robustness. The proposed method was applied for the analysis of the incorporation of FLU in ME and LC, contributing to improve the quality control and to assure the therapeutic efficacy.

8. Scintillations of higher order laser beams in anisotropic atmospheric turbulence.

Baykal, Yahya; Luo, Yujuan; Ji, Xiaoling

2016-11-20

The scintillation index of higher order laser beams is examined when such beams propagate in anisotropic atmospheric turbulence. Anisotropy is introduced through non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence. The scintillation index results are obtained by employing the Rytov method solution; thus the results are valid for weak anisotropic atmospheric turbulence and for horizontal links. Variations in the scintillations are shown for various higher order laser modes against the changes in the optical source size, power law exponent of anisotropic non-Kolmogorov spectrum, anisotropic factors, and link length. Our results can be used in the design of optical wireless communication systems used between airplanes.

9. High-performance liquid chromatography method validation for determination of tetracycline residues in poultry meat

Vikas Gupta

2014-01-01

Full Text Available Background: In this study, a method for determination of tetracycline (TC residues in poultry with the help of high-performance liquid chromatography technique was validated. Materials and Methods: The principle step involved in ultrasonic-assisted extraction of TCs from poultry samples by 2 ml of 20% trichloroacetic acid and phosphate buffer (pH 4, which gave a clearer supernatant and high recovery, followed by centrifugation and purification by using 0.22 μm filter paper. Results: Validity study of the method revealed that all obtained calibration curves showed good linearity (r2 > 0.999 over the range of 40-4500 ng. Sensitivity was found to be 1.54 and 1.80 ng for oxytetracycline (OTC and TC. Accuracy was in the range of 87.94-96.20% and 72.40-79.84% for meat. Precision was lower than 10% in all cases indicating that the method can be used as a validated method. Limit of detection was found to be 4.8 and 5.10 ng for OTC and TC, respectively. The corresponding values of limit of quantitation were 11 and 12 ng. Conclusion: The method reliably identifies and quantifies the selected TC and OTC in the reconstituted poultry meat in the low and sub-nanogram range and can be applied in any laboratory.

10. Development and validation of a reversed phase liquid chromatographic method for analysis of griseofulvin and impurities.

2013-06-01

A simple and robust reversed phase liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of griseofulvin (GF) and its impurities in drug substances and drug products (tablets). Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Discovery C18 (250mm×4.6mm, 5μm) column kept at 30°C. The mobile phase consisted of a gradient mixture of mobile phase A (water-0.1% formic acid pH 4.5, 80:20, v/v) and B (ACN-water-0.1% formic acid pH 4.5, 65:15:20, v/v/v) pumped at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min. UV detection was performed at 290nm. The method was validated for its robustness, sensitivity, precision, accuracy and linearity based on ICH guidelines. The robustness study was performed by means of an experimental design and multivariate analysis. Satisfactory results were obtained from the validation studies. The use of volatile mobile phases allowed for the identification of three main impurities present above the identification threshold using mass spectrometry (MS). The developed LC method has been applied for the assay and impurity determination of GF drug substances and tablets. The method could be very useful for the quality control of GF and its impurities in bulk and formulated dosage forms.

11. Study of n-γ discrimination for 0.4-1 MeV neutrons using the zero-crossing method with a BC501A liquid scintillation detector

CHEN Yong-Hao; LEI Jia-Rong; ZHANG Xiao-Dong; AN Li; ZHENG Pu; WANG Xin-Hua; ZHU Chuan-Xin

2013-01-01

An experimental system aimed at n-γ discrimination using the zero-crossing method with a φ3"× 2"BC501A liquid scintillation detector was established and tested with an Am-Be neutron source.Two-dimensional plots of energy versus zero-crossing time were obtained.The quality of n-γdiscrimination was checked by the figure-of-merit (FOM),the neutron peak-to-valley ratio,and the proportion of leaked neutrons over all neutron events.The performance of n-γ discrimination in terms of FOM was compared with previous work done by other groups.The n-γ discrimination in four different energy regions with an interval of 0.1 MeV between 0.3 MeV and 0.7 MeV was studied,and the results indicate that the n-γ discrimination threshold can go down to 0.4 MeV.

12. Combination of chemical separation and data treatment for {sup 55}Fe, {sup 63}Ni, {sup 99}Tc, {sup 137}Cs and {sup 90}Sr/{sup 90}Y activity determination in radioactive waste by liquid scintillation

Mellado, J. [Departament de Quimica Analitica, Facultat de Quimica, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Marti Franques 1, 08028 Barcelona (Spain); Tarancon, A. [Departament de Quimica Analitica, Facultat de Quimica, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Marti Franques 1, 08028 Barcelona (Spain); Garcia, J.F. [Departament de Pintura, Facultat de Belles Arts, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Pau Gargallo 4, 08028 Barcelona (Spain)]. E-mail: jfgarcia@apolo.qui.ub.es; Rauret, G. [Departament de Quimica Analitica, Facultat de Quimica, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Marti Franques 1, 08028 Barcelona (Spain); Warwick, P. [Geoscience Advisory Unit, Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH (United Kingdom)

2005-08-01

Routine operations involving nuclear reactors and decommissioning activities require numerous chemical analyses. Most of the procedures developed for these chemical characterisations involve several separation steps to prepare the sample for measurement. Chemical treatments are time- and manpower-consuming, labour intensive and produce significant quantities of waste. In order to address this problem, we evaluate a data treatment procedure (multivariate calibration-PLS), which we propose as a substitute to some of these separation steps. Mixtures of beta emitter radionuclides of increasing complexity ({sup 90}Sr/{sup 90}Y-{sup 99}Tc, {sup 90}Sr/{sup 90}Y-{sup 99}Tc-{sup 63}Ni-{sup 137}Cs and {sup 90}Sr/{sup 90}Y-{sup 99}Tc-{sup 63}Ni-{sup 137}Cs-{sup 55}Fe) have been measured by liquid scintillation (LS) counting. The influences of quenching and level of activity was evaluated and the activity of unknown samples determined. Despite the spectra overlapping and low resolution of LS, relative errors in the activities quantification of unknown samples inside the range covered by the calibration matrix are lower than 15% whatever the number of radionuclides included in the solution was.

13. Determination of total alpha and beta activity in water for human consumption by LSC(Liquid Scintillation Counter); Determinacao de atividades alfa e beta total em agua para consumo humano por LSC (Contador de Cintilacao Liquida))

NONE

2013-07-01

The Ordinance Brazilian of Ministry of Health (MS 2914/2011) establishes the standards for quality of water intended for human consumption, being limits values of 5.0 Bq/L for gross alpha, and 1.0 Bq/L for gross beta radioactivity. The liquid scintillation spectrometry (LSC) technique has been presented as an alternative to conventional procedure using gas flow proportional counter. The present work shows a review of the methods for determination of gross alpha and gross beta in water by using LSC. Between the factors that influence the accuracy and repeatability of the analytical results we can highlight: thermal preconcentration, type of the acid and calibration standard. A procedure was established and carried out to samples of the National Program of Intercomparison of Radionuclides in Environmental Samples for evaluation of its performance. The gross alpha and gross beta analysis in samples of the public water supplies in the Metropolitan Region of Goiania, state of Goias was carried out. The results are consistent with the guideline values form the Ministry of Health concerning radioactivity. (author)

14. Research on the Progeny Volume Activity Measuring Method of 222 Rn with Liquid Scintillation Counting%氡子体体积活度的液体闪烁计数方法研究

杨志杰; 李则书; 侯胜利; 刘皓然; 张明; 梁珺成

2015-01-01

Based on liquid scintillation counting,a measuring method of 222 Rn progeny volume activity is established. Using this kind of method,measurements are executed in NIM’s radon chamber when 222 Rn and its progenies get to the secure equilibrium,and a typically expanded uncertainty of 1. 5%(k = 2)for the potential alpha energy concentration is obtained. Comparative measurements based on the alpha energy spectrum are also executed and the results of the two methods agree within the estimated uncertainty limit.%基于液体闪烁计数原理和滤膜采样技术，建立了一种氡（222 Rn）子体体积活度和α潜能浓度的测量方法。应用该方法对氡室中处于放射性平衡状态的氡子体体积活度进行了取样测量，氡子体α潜能浓度测量结果的扩展不确定度小于1.5％（k ＝2）；用α能谱法对氡子体液体闪烁计数测量方法进行了旁证，两种方法的测量结果在不确定度范围内一致。

15. Scintillation properties of acrylate based plastic scintillator by photoploymerization method

Kim, Sung Hwan [Dept. of Radiological Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju (Korea, Republic of); Lee, Joo Il [Dept. of of Radiology, Daegu Health College, Daegu (Korea, Republic of)

2016-12-15

In this study, we prepared and characterized a acrylate based UV-curable plastic scintillator. It was used co-polymers TMPTA, DHPA and Ultima GoldTM LLT organic scintillator. The emission spectrum of the plastic scintillator was located in the range of 380⁓520 nm, peaking at 423 nm. And the scintillator is more than 50% transparent in the range of 400⁓ 800 nm. The emission spectrum is well match to the quantum efficiency of photo-multiplier tube and the fast decay time of the scintillation is 12 ns, approximately. This scintillation material provides the possibility of combining 3D printing technology, and then the applications of the plastic scintillator may be expected in human dosimetry etc.

16. Calibration of radionuclides with decay trough beta emission or electron capture by liquid scintillation technique; Calibracao de radionuclideos que decaem por emissao beta ou por captura eletronica pela tecnica de cintilacao liquida

Loureiro, Jamir dos Santos

2000-02-01

In this work is reported a methodology a methodology for pure beta and electron capture radionuclides standardization, suing liquid scintillation technique. In this sense the CIEMAT/NIST method, recently utilized by international laboratories, was implemented and the lack in the Laboratorio Nacional das Radiacoes Ionizantes - LNMRI, of the Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear - CNEN, for adequate methodology to standardize this kind if radionuclides was filled, fact that was not present with alpha and gamma radionuclides. The implementation procedure evaluation was provided by concentration activity determination of the following radionuclides: {sup 14} C and {sup 90} Sr, pure beta emitters; {sup 55} Fe, electron capture decay; {sup 204} Tl, electron capture and beta decay and {sup 60} Co, beta-gamma emitter. In this way, a careful analysis of the implementation procedure with these radionuclides types, ranging on a broad energy spectral, was possible. To check the calibration results, intercomparisons among our measurements of these radionuclides and the reference values of the CIEMAT/Spain laboratory were provided. To check the calibration results, intercomparisons among our measurements of these radionuclides and the reference values of the CIEMAT/Spain laboratory were provided. Besides this intercomparisons, one was provided with a {sup 204} Tl solution, utilized in the international comparison recently promoted by BIPM, and another one with a {sup 60} C solution calibrated in LNMRI/CNEN previously by a relative calibration system, with a well type pressurized ionization chamber, and an absolute beta-gamma coincidence system, with a pill-box type proportional counter 4 {pi} geometry, coupled with a scintillator system with a sodium iodide cristal of 4x4 inches. The comparisons among LNMRI/CNEN results and the reference values, showed a small deviation of 1,32% for {sup 14} C, 0,40% for {sup 60} Co, 1,12% for {sup 55} Fe, 0,10% for {sup 90} Sr and 0,73% for {sup

17. Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatographic Method for Estimation of Naringin in Nanoformulation.

Musmade, Kranti P; Trilok, M; Dengale, Swapnil J; Bhat, Krishnamurthy; Reddy, M S; Musmade, Prashant B; Udupa, N

2014-01-01

A simple, precise, accurate, rapid, and sensitive reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection has been developed and validated for quantification of naringin (NAR) in novel pharmaceutical formulation. NAR is a polyphenolic flavonoid present in most of the citrus plants having variety of pharmacological activities. Method optimization was carried out by considering the various parameters such as effect of pH and column. The analyte was separated by employing a C18 (250.0 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column at ambient temperature in isocratic conditions using phosphate buffer pH 3.5: acetonitrile (75 : 25% v/v) as mobile phase pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. UV detection was carried out at 282 nm. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines Q2(R1). The method was found to be precise and accurate on statistical evaluation with a linearity range of 0.1 to 20.0 μg/mL for NAR. The intra- and interday precision studies showed good reproducibility with coefficients of variation (CV) less than 1.0%. The mean recovery of NAR was found to be 99.33 ± 0.16%. The proposed method was found to be highly accurate, sensitive, and robust. The proposed liquid chromatographic method was successfully employed for the routine analysis of said compound in developed novel nanopharmaceuticals. The presence of excipients did not show any interference on the determination of NAR, indicating method specificity.

18. Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatographic Method for Estimation of Naringin in Nanoformulation

2014-01-01

Full Text Available A simple, precise, accurate, rapid, and sensitive reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC method with UV detection has been developed and validated for quantification of naringin (NAR in novel pharmaceutical formulation. NAR is a polyphenolic flavonoid present in most of the citrus plants having variety of pharmacological activities. Method optimization was carried out by considering the various parameters such as effect of pH and column. The analyte was separated by employing a C18 (250.0 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm column at ambient temperature in isocratic conditions using phosphate buffer pH 3.5: acetonitrile (75 : 25% v/v as mobile phase pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. UV detection was carried out at 282 nm. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines Q2(R1. The method was found to be precise and accurate on statistical evaluation with a linearity range of 0.1 to 20.0 μg/mL for NAR. The intra- and interday precision studies showed good reproducibility with coefficients of variation (CV less than 1.0%. The mean recovery of NAR was found to be 99.33 ± 0.16%. The proposed method was found to be highly accurate, sensitive, and robust. The proposed liquid chromatographic method was successfully employed for the routine analysis of said compound in developed novel nanopharmaceuticals. The presence of excipients did not show any interference on the determination of NAR, indicating method specificity.

19. A Scintillator Purification Plant and Fluid Handling System for SNO+

Ford, Richard J

2015-01-01

A large capacity purification plant and fluid handling system has been constructed for the SNO+ neutrino and double-beta decay experiment, located 6800 feet underground at SNOLAB, Canada. SNO+ is a refurbishment of the SNO detector to fill the acrylic vessel with liquid scintillator based on Linear Alkylbenzene (LAB) and 2 g/L PPO, and also has a phase to load natural tellurium into the scintillator for a double-beta decay experiment with 130Te. The plant includes processes multi-stage dual-stream distillation, column water extraction, steam stripping, and functionalized silica gel adsorption columns. The plant also includes systems for preparing the scintillator with PPO and metal-loading the scintillator for double-beta decay exposure. We review the basis of design, the purification principles, specifications for the plant, and the construction and installations. The construction and commissioning status is updated.

20. Validity of the Rosenfeld relationship: A comparative study of the network forming NTW model and other simple liquids

ATREYEE BANERJEE; MANOJ KUMAR NANDI; SARIKA MAITRA BHATTACHARYYA

2017-07-01

In this paper we explore the validity of the Rosenfeld and the Dzugutov relation for the Lennard- Jones (LJ) system, its repulsive counterpart, the WCA system and a network forming liquid, the NTW model. We find that for all the systems both the relations are valid at high temperature regime with an universalexponent close to 0.8. Similar to that observed for the simple liquids, the LJ and the WCA systems show a breakdown of the scaling laws at the low temperature regime. However for the NTW model, which is a simple liquid, these scaling laws are valid even at lower temperature regime similar to that found for ionic melts. Thus we find that the NTW model has mixed characteristics of simple liquids and ionic melts. Our study further reveals a quantitative relationship between the Rosenfeld and the Arrhenius relations. For strong liquids, the validity of the Rosenfeld relation in the low temperature regime is connected to it following the Arrhenius behaviour in that regime. Finally we explore the role of pair entropy and residual multiparticle entropy in the dynamics as a function of fragility of the systems.

1. Light transport in long, plastic scintillators

Gierlik, M. [Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, PL 05-400 Swierk-Otwock (Poland)], E-mail: m.gierlik@ipj.gov.pl; Batsch, T.; Marcinkowski, R.; Moszynski, M.; Sworobowicz, T. [Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, PL 05-400 Swierk-Otwock (Poland)

2008-08-11

As a form of the input into the collaboration the group from the Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies undertook a task of investigating the validity of the design of a compact detector for Gamma Ray Bursts photon polarization measurements, known as POLAR. The authors focused at the scintillation and light transport properties of (200x6x6)mm{sup 3} BC400 plastic bars as well as of other samples of BC408 plastic in the attempt to determine whether the assembled instrument is going to achieve the performance criteria bestowed upon it by the project. The investigation revealed a strong dependence between the amplitude of a signal and distance between the precursor interaction in a scintillator and the photodetector. Accordingly to this finding an attempt has been made to determine the influence of the surface polishing quality on the overall scintillator performance. The authors consider that proper machining of scintillator pieces, adequate choice of their packaging, and proper software analysis may overcome the revealed disadvantages.

2. Chemical analysis of solid residue from liquid and solid fuel combustion: Method development and validation

Trkmic, M. [University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecturek Zagreb (Croatia); Curkovic, L. [University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Zagreb (Croatia); Asperger, D. [HEP-Proizvodnja, Thermal Power Plant Department, Zagreb (Croatia)

2012-06-15

This paper deals with the development and validation of methods for identifying the composition of solid residue after liquid and solid fuel combustion in thermal power plant furnaces. The methods were developed for energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer analysis. Due to the fuels used, the different composition and the location of creation of solid residue, it was necessary to develop two methods. The first method is used for identifying solid residue composition after fuel oil combustion (Method 1), while the second method is used for identifying solid residue composition after the combustion of solid fuels, i. e. coal (Method 2). Method calibration was performed on sets of 12 (Method 1) and 6 (Method 2) certified reference materials (CRM). CRMs and analysis test samples were prepared in pellet form using hydraulic press. For the purpose of method validation the linearity, accuracy, precision and specificity were determined, and the measurement uncertainty of methods for each analyte separately was assessed. The methods were applied in the analysis of real furnace residue samples. (Copyright copyright 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

3. Control of levamisole residues in milk using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method

Nina Bilandžić

2016-03-01

Full Text Available Concentrations of the anthelmintic agent levamisole were measured in a total of 85 raw cow milk samples collected during 2014 from dairy farms across Croatia. The liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS method used for levamisole quantification was validated according to the criteria set by Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The following validation parameters were determined: limit of decision (CCα 0.55 μg kg-1, detection of capability (CCβ 0.59 μg kg-1, limit of detection (LOD 0.06 μg kg-1, limit of quantification (LOQ 0.22 μg kg-1, precision and accuracy (expressed as recovery 97.3-100 %, intra-laboratory reproducibility (RSD 4.2-5.6 %. Levamisole levels for 45 of the total of 85 samples were below the LOD value (0.06 µg kg-1. In the remaining 40 milk samples, levamisole was measured in the range from 0.061 to 0.142 µg kg-1 and the mean value was 0.092 µg kg-1. Accordingly, all concentrations analysed were below the LOQ value (0.22 µg kg-1 and limit of decision (CCα of the method used.

4. Development and Validation of Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Hydroxychloroquine Sulphate.

Singh, A; Roopkishora; Singh, C L; Gupta, R; Kumar, S; Kumar, M

2015-01-01

In the present work new, simple reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of hydroxychloroquine sulphate in blood plasma. Chloroquine sulphate was used as an internal standard. The chromatographic separation was achieved with octadecyl silane Hypersil C18 column (250×6 mm, 5 μm) using water and organic (acetonitrile:methanol: 50:50, v/v) mobile phase in 75:25 v/v ratio, with sodium 1-pentanesulfonate and phosphoric acid. This organic phase was maintained at pH 3.0 by orthophosphoric acid. The flow rate of 2.0 ml/min(.) with detection at 343 nm was used in the analysis. The calibration curve of standard hydroxychloroquine sulphate was linear in range 0.1-20.0 μg/ml. The method was validated with respected to linearity, range, precision, accuracy, specificity and robustness studies according to ICH guidelines. The method was found to be accurate and robust to analyze the hydroxychloroquine sulphate in plasma samples.

5. Validation of salivary cortisol and testosterone assays in chimpanzees by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Kutsukake, Nobuyuki; Ikeda, Koki; Honma, Seijiro; Teramoto, Migaku; Mori, Yusuke; Hayasaka, Ikuo; Yamamoto, Rain; Ishida, Takafumi; Yoshikawa, Yasuhiro; Hasegawa, Toshikazu

2009-08-01

Owing to its high temporal sensitivity, saliva has distinct advantages for measuring steroids, compared with other noninvasive samples such as urine and feces. Here, we report the validity of assaying salivary cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in captive male chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. For both the C and T concentrations, we found positive relationships between saliva and plasma. The concentrations of C and T in saliva showed clear patterns of diurnal fluctuation, whereas those in urine and feces did not. These results suggest that the salivary steroid concentrations can be regarded as good indicators of circulating steroid levels. We also developed and validated an efficient method for collecting saliva samples from cotton rope. Although rope includes inherent steroid-like compounds and may affect the accuracy of steroid measurements, our rope-washing procedures effectively removed intrinsic steroidal materials. There was a significant association between the C and T concentrations measured from saliva collected from rope licked by the chimpanzees and those measured from saliva collected directly from the mouth. Salivary T values estimated by LC/MS-MS were similar to those measured by radioimmunoassay. The results indicate the usefulness of saliva as a noninvasive steroid measure and that steroids in the saliva of chimpanzees can be accurately measured by LC-MS/MS.

6. Amphenicols stability in medicated feed – development and validation of liquid chromatography method

Pietro Wojciech Jerzy

2014-12-01

Full Text Available A liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method for the determination of florfenicol (FF and thiamphenicol (TAP in feeds is presented. The method comprises the extraction of analytes from the matrix with a mixture of methanol and acetonitrile, drying of the extract, and its dissolution in phosphate buffer. The analysis was performed with a gradient programme of the mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and buffer (pH = 7.3 on a Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm analytical column with UV (λ = 220 nm detection. The analytical procedure has been successfully adopted and validated for quantitative determination of florfenicol and thiamphenicol in feed samples. Sensitivity, specificity, linearity, repeatability, and intralaboratory reproducibility were included in the validation. The mean recovery of amphenicols was 93.5% within the working range of 50-4000 mg/kg. Simultaneous determination of chloramphenicol, which is banned in the feed, was also included within the same procedure of FF and TAP stability studies. Storing the medicated feed at room temperature for up to one month decreased concentration in the investigated drugs even by 45%. These findings are relevant to successful provision of therapy to animals.

7. Neutron detection with single crystal organic scintillators

Zaitseva, N; Newby, J; Hamel, S; Carman, L; Faust, M; Lordi, V; Cherepy, N; Stoeffl, W; Payne, S

2009-07-15

Detection of high-energy neutrons in the presence of gamma radiation background utilizes pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) phenomena in organics studied previously only with limited number of materials, mostly liquid scintillators and single crystal stilbene. The current paper presents the results obtained with broader varieties of luminescent organic single crystals. The studies involve experimental tools of crystal growth and material characterization in combination with the advanced computer modeling, with the final goal of better understanding the relevance between the nature of the organic materials and their PSD properties. Special consideration is given to the factors that may diminish or even completely obscure the PSD properties in scintillating crystals. Among such factors are molecular and crystallographic structures that determine exchange coupling and exciton mobility in organic materials and the impurity effect discussed on the examples of trans-stilbene, bibenzyl, 9,10-diphenylanthracene and diphenylacetylene.

8. Neutron spectroscopy with scintillation detectors using wavelets

Hartman, Jessica

The purpose of this research was to study neutron spectroscopy using the EJ-299-33A plastic scintillator. This scintillator material provided a novel means of detection for fast neutrons, without the disadvantages of traditional liquid scintillation materials. EJ-299-33A provided a more durable option to these materials, making it less likely to be damaged during handling. Unlike liquid scintillators, this plastic scintillator was manufactured from a non-toxic material, making it safer to use, as well as easier to design detectors. The material was also manufactured with inherent pulse shape discrimination abilities, making it suitable for use in neutron detection. The neutron spectral unfolding technique was developed in two stages. Initial detector response function modeling was carried out through the use of the MCNPX Monte Carlo code. The response functions were developed for a monoenergetic neutron flux. Wavelets were then applied to smooth the response function. The spectral unfolding technique was applied through polynomial fitting and optimization techniques in MATLAB. Verification of the unfolding technique was carried out through the use of experimentally determined response functions. These were measured on the neutron source based on the Van de Graff accelerator at the University of Kentucky. This machine provided a range of monoenergetic neutron beams between 0.1 MeV and 24 MeV, making it possible to measure the set of response functions of the EJ-299-33A plastic scintillator detector to neutrons of specific energies. The response of a plutonium-beryllium (PuBe) source was measured using the source available at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. The neutron spectrum reconstruction was carried out using the experimentally measured response functions. Experimental data was collected in the list mode of the waveform digitizer. Post processing of this data focused on the pulse shape discrimination analysis of the recorded response functions to remove the

9. Scintillation Particle Detectors Based on Plastic Optical Fibres and Microfluidics

Mapelli, Alessandro; Renaud, Philippe

2011-01-01

This thesis presents the design, development, and experimental validation of two types of scintillation particle detectors with high spatial resolution. The first one is based on the well established scintillating fibre technology. It will complement the ATLAS (A Toroidal Large ApparatuS) detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The second detector consists in a microfabricated device used to demonstrate the principle of operation of a novel type of scintillation detector based on microfluidics. The first part of the thesis presents the work performed on a scintillating fibre tracking system for the ATLAS experiment. It will measure the trajectory of protons elastically scattered at very small angles to determine the absolute luminosity of the CERN LHC collider at the ATLAS interaction point. The luminosity of an accelerator characterizes its performance. It is a process-independent parameter that is completely determined by the properties of the colliding beams and it relates the cross section of a ...

10. Fast neutron spectrometry with organic scintillators applied to magnetic fusion experiments

Kaschuck, Y A; Trykov, L A; Semenov, V P

2002-01-01

Neutron spectrometry with NE213 liquid scintillators is commonly used in thermonuclear fusion experiments to measure the 2.45 and 14.1 MeV neutron flux. We present the unfolded neutron spectrum, which was accumulated during several ohmic deuterium plasma discharges in the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade using a 2''x2'' NE213 scintillator. In this paper, we review the application of organic scintillator neutron spectrometers to tokamaks, focusing in particular on the comparison between NE213 and stilbene scintillators. Various aspects of the calibration technique and neutron spectra unfolding procedure are considered in the context of their application for fusion neutron spectrometry. Testing and calibration measurements have been carried out using D-D and D-T neutron generator facilities with both NE213 and stilbene scintillators. The main result from these measurements is that stilbene scintillator has better neutron energy resolution than NE213. Our stilbene detector could be used for the determination of the ion ...

11. Preliminary validation of high performance liquid chromatography method for detection of methyl-testosterone residue in carp muscle

Jiang, Jie; Lin, Hong; Fu, Xiaoting; Li, Mingming

2005-07-01

The use of synthetic anabolic steroid methyltestosterone (MT) as growth promoter is prohibited in China. Validations of analytical methods for MT residue in food and the results obtained have become indispensable. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the detection of MT with liquid-liquid extraction by trichloromethane-methanol in carp muscle tissue was preliminarily validated with reference to the following parameters: recovery (accuracy) at the 1, 5 and l0 mgkg-1 level, between-run and within-run CV values (repeatability, also called relative standard deviation (RSD)) and limit of detection. The recoveries were above 80% and the between-run and within-run CV values below 10% for muscle tissue. The limit of detection was 0.05 mgkg-1.

12. Multilaboratory validation of a method to confirm chloramphenicol in shrimp and crabmeat by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Hammack, Walter; Carson, Mary C; Neuhaus, Barbara K; Hurlbut, Jeffrey A; Nochetto, Cristina; Stuart, James S; Brown, Amy; Kilpatrick, Donna; Youngs, Kristl; Ferbos, Krystle; Heller, David N

2003-01-01

An existing method for chloramphenicol (CAP) determination in shrimp using a gas chromatograph with electron capture detector was adapted for confirmation of CAP with a liquid chromatograph interfaced to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. CAP residues are extracted from tissue with ethyl acetate, isolated via liquid-liquid extraction, and concentrated by evaporation. Extracts are chromatographed by using a reversed-phased column and analyzed by electrospray negative mode tandem mass spectrometry. Four product ions (m/z 152, 176, 194, and 257) of precursor m/z 321 were monitored. Moving from gas chromatography to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry improved the sensitivity of the method greatly, enabling reliable confirmation of CAP residues at 0.3 microg/kg (ppb). The method meets confirmation criteria recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and 4-point identification criteria established by the European Union. With slight modifications to accommodate different equipment, the method was validated in 3 laboratories.

13. Validation of stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method for estimation of Desloratadine in tablet formulation

R.B. Patel

2017-02-01

Full Text Available A simple, sensitive and specific stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC method for the estimation of Desloratadine was developed and validated. Desloratadine was separated and quantitated on Inertsil ODS-3 V column (250 mm length, 4.6 mm id, 5 μm particle size using a mixture of methanol–phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 (70:30 v/v as a mobile phase and at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Quantification was achieved with an UV detector at 254 nm over the concentration range of 5–75 μg/mL. The applied HPLC method allowed the separation and quantification of Desloratadine with good linearity (r2 = 0.999 in the studied concentration range. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 1.28 μg/mL and 3.89 μg/mL, respectively. The method was validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH guidelines. Desloratadine stock solution was subjected to different stress conditions. The degraded product peaks were well resolved from the pure drug peak with significant difference in their retention time values. Stressed samples were assayed using developed HPLC method. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the method is precise, accurate, reproducible, and selective for the analysis of Desloratadine. The method was successfully applied to the estimation of Desloratadine in tablet dosage form.

14. Scintillation properties of solution-grown trans-stilbene single crystals

Zaitseva, Natalia, E-mail: zaitseva1@llnl.gov [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551 (United States); Glenn, Andrew; Carman, Leslie; Paul Martinez, H.; Hatarik, Robert [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551 (United States); Klapper, Helmut [Institut für Kristallographie, Jägerstraße 17-19, D-52066 Aachen (Germany); Payne, Stephen [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551 (United States)

2015-07-21

The scintillation properties of trans-stilbene crystals grown for the first time by application of the solution growth technique to the scale of 10 cm are reported. Measurements of the scintillation light output, pulse shape discrimination, and neutron detection efficiency were made with sets of crystals cut as 50 cm diameter cylinders of different lengths from 0.3 to 10 cm. Comparison to liquid scintillators and traditional melt-grown stilbene showed that at increasing sizes new solution-grown crystals exhibit better scintillation performance that makes them promising for use in large scale neutron detectors. Results are discussed in relation to structural imperfections attributed to different methods of growth. - Highlights: • 10-cm-scale trans-stilbene single crystals grown from organic solutions. • Crystals have high optical quality required for fast neutron detection. • Scintillation performance superior to liquids and melt-grown stilbene demonstrated.

15. Description and validation of coupling high performance liquid chromatography with resonance Rayleigh scattering in aminoglycosides determination

Zhang Lei [Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing (China); Peng Jingdong, E-mail: hxpengjd@swu.edu.cn [Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing (China); Tang Jinxia; Yuan Binfang; He Rongxing; Xiao Ying [Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing (China)

2011-11-14

Graphical abstract: Theoretical and experimental analysis had proved that aminoglycosides reacted with Congo red to form binary compounds simultaneously, which led to a novel HPLC-RRS strategy being applied in substances which are not fluorescing and not UV absorbed. Highlights: {yields} A novel HPLC-RRS strategy was shown in this study. {yields} Theoretical and experimental analysis had proved the feasibility of this method. {yields} Because of its specificity, no interference from the matrix was observed. {yields} The analytes in biological matrix were all well resolved without any interference. {yields} It provided new insights for analytes lack of useful spectroscopic and electrochemical properties. - Abstract: In view of the fact that many substances generally exhibit very little ultraviolet absorbance and the absence of native fluorescence, a new strategy with simple instrumentation and excellent analytical performance combining high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) was developed. It was validated for the quantification of aminoglycosides (AGs). This fact was also carefully calculated by quantum chemistry. However, the sensitivity was probably limited by the volume of flow-through cell. Therefore, the result calls for a suitable one to ensure optimal RRS signal. Interestingly, when serum or urine samples of analytes were analyzed by this method, they were all well resolved without any interference, which would hold a new perspective to be applied in the determination of substances in biological matrix.

16. Validation of a liquid chromatographic method for the pharmaceutical quality control of products containing elacridar

Emilia Sawicki

2016-08-01

Full Text Available Many anticancer drugs have an impaired bioavailability and poor brain penetration because they are substrates to drug efflux pumps such as P-glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein. Elacridar is a strong inhibitor of these two drug efflux pumps and therefore has great potential to improve oral absorption and brain penetration of many anticancer drugs. Currently, a clinical formulation of elacridar is unavailable and therefore the pharmaceutical development of a drug product is highly warranted. This also necessitates the availability of an analytical method for its quality control. A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection was developed for the pharmaceutical quality control of products containing elacridar as the active pharmaceutical ingredient. The analytical method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, selectivity, carry-over, stability of stock and reference solutions, stability of the final extract, stability-indicating capability and impurity testing. We found that elacridar is unstable in aqueous solutions that are exposed to light because a hydroxylation product of elacridar is formed. Therefore, sample solutions with elacridar must be protected from light.

17. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for bioanalytical application with rimonabant.

Bhaumik, Uttam; Ghosh, Animesh; Chatterjee, Bappaditya; Sengupta, Pinaki; Darbar, Soumendra; Roy, Bikash; Nandi, Utpal; Pal, Tapan K

2009-05-01

A simple and feasible high-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection was developed and validated for the quantification of rimonabant in human plasma. The chromatographic separation was carried out in a Hypersil BDS, C(18) column (250 mm x 4.6mm; 5 microm). The mobile phase was a mixture of 10 mM phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (30:70, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The UV detection was set at 220 nm. The extraction recovery of rimonabant in plasma at three quality control (QC) samples was ranged from 84.17% to 92.64%. The calibration curve was linear for the concentration range of 20-400 ng/ml with the correlation coefficient (r(2)) above 0.9921. The method was specific and sensitive with the limit of quantification of 20 ng/ml. The accuracy and precision values obtained from six different sets of QC samples analyzed in separate occasions ranged from 88.13% to 106.48% and 0.13% to 3.61%, respectively. In stability tests, rimonabant in human plasma was stable during storage and assay procedure. The method is very simple, sensitive and economical and the assay was applied to human plasma samples in a clinical (pharmacokinetic) study of rimonabant.

18. Development and validation of a specific stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method for rizatriptan benzoate.

Mallikarjuna Rao, B; Sangaraju, Sivaiah; Srinivasu, M K; Madhavan, P; Lalitha Devi, M; Rajendra Kumar, P; Chandrasekhar, K B; Arpitha, Ch; Satya Balaji, T

2006-06-16

A gradient, reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (RP-LC) method was developed for the quantitative determination of rizatriptan benzoate, used to treat relieves migraine headache symptoms. The developed method can be also employed for the related substance determination in bulk samples. Forced degradation studies were performed on bulk sample of rizatriptan benzoate using acid (0.5 N hydrochloric acid), base (0.1 N sodium hydroxide), oxidation (3.0% hydrogen peroxide), water hydrolysis, heat (60 degrees C) and photolytic degradation. Mild degradation of the drug substance was observed in base hydrolysis and considerable degradation observed during oxidative stress. The chromatographic method was fine tuned using the samples generated from forced degradation studies. Good resolution between the peaks corresponds to degradation products and the analyte was achieved on Agilent Zorbax SB-CN (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) column. The mobile phase consists of a mixture of aqueous potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphate (pH 3.4), acetonitrile and methanol. The stress sample solutions were assayed against the qualified reference standard of rizatriptan benzoate and the mass balance in each case was close to 99.7% indicating that the developed method is stability indicating. Validation of the developed method was carried out as per ICH requirements.

19. Validation of a liquid chromatographic method for the pharmaceutical quality control of products containing elacridar$Emilia Sawicki; Michel J. Hillebrand; Hilde Rosing; Jan H.M. Schellens; Bastiaan Nuijen; Jos H. Beijnen 2016-01-01 Many anticancer drugs have an impaired bioavailability and poor brain penetration because they are sub-strates to drug efflux pumps such as P-glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein. Elacridar is a strong inhibitor of these two drug efflux pumps and therefore has great potential to improve oral absorption and brain penetration of many anticancer drugs. Currently, a clinical formulation of elacridar is unavailable and therefore the pharmaceutical development of a drug product is highly warranted. This also necessitates the availability of an analytical method for its quality control. A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chro-matographic method with ultraviolet detection was developed for the pharmaceutical quality control of products containing elacridar as the active pharmaceutical ingredient. The analytical method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, selectivity, carry-over, stability of stock and reference solutions, stability of the final extract, stability-indicating capability and impurity testing. We found that elacridar is unstable in aqueous solutions that are exposed to light because a hydroxylation product of elacridar is formed. Therefore, sample solutions with elacridar must be protected from light. 20. PLASTIC SCINTILLATOR FOR RADIATION DOSIMETRY. Kim, Yewon; Yoo, Hyunjun; Kim, Chankyu; Lim, Kyung Taek; Moon, Myungkook; Kim, Jongyul; Cho, Gyuseong 2016-09-01 Inorganic scintillators, composed of high-atomic-number materials such as the CsI(Tl) scintillator, are commonly used in commercially available a silicon diode and a scintillator embedded indirect-type electronic personal dosimeters because the light yield of the inorganic scintillator is higher than that of an organic scintillator. However, when it comes to tissue-equivalent dose measurements, a plastic scintillator such as polyvinyl toluene (PVT) is a more appropriate material than an inorganic scintillator because of the mass energy absorption coefficient. To verify the difference in the absorbed doses for each scintillator, absorbed doses from the energy spectrum and the calculated absorbed dose were compared. From the results, the absorbed dose of the plastic scintillator was almost the same as that of the tissue for the overall photon energy. However, in the case of CsI, it was similar to that of the tissue only for a photon energy from 500 to 4000 keV. Thus, the values and tendency of the mass energy absorption coefficient of the PVT are much more similar to those of human tissue than those of the CsI. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com. 1. Validation of high performance liquid chromatography method for determination of meloxicam loaded PEGylated nanocapsules Francine Rodrigues Ianiski 2015-12-01 Full Text Available abstract A method to ensure that an analytical method will produce reliable and interpretable information about the sample must first be validated, making sure that the results can be trusted and traced. In this study, we propose to validate an analytical high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC method for the quantitation of meloxicam loaded PEGylated nanocapsules(M-PEGNC. We performed a validation study, evaluated parameters including specificity, linearity, quantification limit, detection limit, accuracy, precision and robustness. PEGylated nanocapsules were prepared by interfacial deposition of preformed polymer, and the particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, pH value and encapsulation efficiency were characterized. The proposed HPLC method provides selective, linear results in the range of 1.0-40.0 μg/mL; quantification and detection limits were 1.78 μg/mL and 0.59 μg/mL, respectively; relative standard deviation for repeatability was 1.35% and intermediate precision was 0.41% and 0.61% for analyst 1 and analyst 2, respectively; accuracy between 99.23 and 101.79%; robustness between 97.13 and 98.45% for the quantification of M-PEGNC. Mean particle diameters were 261 ± 13 nm and 249 ± 20 nm, polydispersity index was 0.15 ± 0.07 and 0.17 ± 0.06, pH values were 5.0 ± 0.2 and 5.2 ± 0.1, and zeta-potential values were -37.9 ± 3.2 mV e -31.8 ± 2.8 mV for M-PEGNC and placebo(B-PEGNC, respectively. In conclusion, the proposed analytical method is suitable for the quality control of M-PEGNC. Moreover, suspensions showed monomodal size distributions and low polydispersity index indicating high homogeneity of formulations with narrow size distributions, and appropriate pH and zeta potential. The extraction process was efficient for release of meloxicam from nanostructured systems. 2. A scintillator purification system for the Borexino solar neutrino detector Benziger, J.; Cadonati, L.; Calaprice, F.; Chen, M.; Corsi, A.; Dalnoki-Veress, F.; Fernholz, R.; Ford, R.; Galbiati, C.; Goretti, A.; Harding, E.; Ianni, Aldo; Ianni, Andrea; Kidner, S.; Leung, M.; Loeser, F.; McCarty, K.; McKinsey, D.; Nelson, A.; Pocar, A.; Salvo, C.; Schimizzi, D.; Shutt, T.; Sonnenschein, A. 2008-03-01 Purification of the 278 tons of liquid scintillator and 889 tons of buffer shielding for the Borexino solar neutrino detector is performed with a system that combines distillation, water extraction, gas stripping, and filtration. This paper describes the principles of operation, design, and construction of that purification system, and reviews the requirements and methods to achieve system cleanliness and leak-tightness. 3. Comparative analysis of two diffusion methods for radon Rn-222 estimation in atmospheric air by means of gamma-ray spectroscopy and liquid scintillation counting; Analiza porownawcza dwoch metod dyfuzyjnych pomiaru radonu Rn-222 w powietrzu z wykorzystaniem spektrometru promieni gamma i metody cieklej scyntylacji Gorzkowski, B.; Pachocki, K.; Pensko, J.; Majle, T.; Rozycki, Z. [Panstwowy Zaklad Higieny, Warsaw (Poland) 1995-12-31 The comparative measurements of radon Rn-222 concentration in indoor air some buildings and in radon labour chamber have been conducted using two diffusions methods. The results of parallel measurements using radon charcoal detectors and gamma-ray spectroscopy with liquid alpha scintillation counting (Pico-Rad) have been presented. It was concluded that both methods offer the similar measurements possibilities of radon concentrations in the air from about 30 Bq/m{sup 3} to about 600 Bq/m{sup 3} with the real average divergence between both methods of about {+-}11%. (author). 10 refs, 6 figs, 1 tab. 4. GPS Scintillation Analysis. 2007-11-02 Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-1 298-102 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. GPS COMPARISON WITH ALL-SKY IMAGES OVER AGUA VERDE...Depletions from 1 October 1994 2 3. GPS data from Agua Verde, Chile on the night of 1 October 1994 3 4. PL-SCINDA display of GPS ionospheric...comparison of GPS measurements with GOES8 L-band scintillation data, are discussed. 2. GPS COMPARISON WITH ALL-SKY IMAGES OVER AGUA VERDE, CHILE As 5. Scintillating fiber detector Vozak, Matous 2016-01-01 NA61 is one of the physics experiments at CERN dedicated to study hadron states coming from interactions of SPS beams with various targets. To determine the position of a secondary beam, three proportional chambers are placed along the beamline. However, these chambers tend to have slow response. In order to obtain more precise time information, use of another detector is being considered. Fast response and compact size is making scintillation fiber (SciFi) with silicon photomultiplier (Si-PM) read out a good candidate. This report is focused on analysing data from SciFi collected in a test beam at the beginning of July 2016. 6. Hybrid scintillators for neutron discrimination Feng, Patrick L; Cordaro, Joseph G; Anstey, Mitchell R; Morales, Alfredo M 2015-05-12 A composition capable of producing a unique scintillation response to neutrons and gamma rays, comprising (i) at least one surfactant; (ii) a polar hydrogen-bonding solvent; and (iii) at least one luminophore. A method including combining at least one surfactant, a polar hydrogen-bonding solvent and at least one luminophore in a scintillation cell under vacuum or an inert atmosphere. 7. Performance Validation and Scaling of a Capillary Membrane Solid-Liquid Separation System Rogers, S; Cook, J; Juratovac, J; Goodwillie, J; Burke, T 2011-10-25 Algaeventure Systems (AVS) has previously demonstrated an innovative technology for dewatering algae slurries that dramatically reduces energy consumption by utilizing surface physics and capillary action. Funded by a$6M ARPA-E award, transforming the original Harvesting, Dewatering and Drying (HDD) prototype machine into a commercially viable technology has required significant attention to material performance, integration of sensors and control systems, and especially addressing scaling issues that would allow processing extreme volumes of algal cultivation media/slurry. Decoupling the harvesting, dewatering and drying processes, and addressing the rate limiting steps for each of the individual steps has allowed for the development individual technologies that may be tailored to the specific needs of various cultivation systems. The primary performance metric used by AVS to assess the economic viability of its Solid-Liquid Separation (SLS) dewatering technology is algae mass production rate as a function of power consumption (cost), cake solids/moisture content, and solids capture efficiency. An associated secondary performance metric is algae mass loading rate which is dependent on hydraulic loading rate, area-specific hydraulic processing capacity (gpm/in2), filter:capillary belt contact area, and influent algae concentration. The system is capable of dewatering 4 g/L (0.4%) algae streams to solids concentrations up to 30% with capture efficiencies of 80+%, however mass production is highly dependent on average cell size (which determines filter mesh size and percent open area). This paper will present data detailing the scaling efforts to date. Characterization and performance data for novel membranes, as well as optimization of off-the-shelf filter materials will be examined. Third party validation from Ohio University on performance and operating cost, as well as design modification suggestions will be discussed. Extrapolation of current productivities

8. Validated Liquid Culture Monitoring System for Lifespan Extension of Caenorhabditis elegans through Genetic and Dietary Manipulations.

Win, Myat Thu Thu; Yamamoto, Yasuhiko; Munesue, Seiichi; Han, Dong; Harada, Shin-Ichi; Yamamoto, Hiroshi

2013-08-01

Nutritional and genetic factors influence aging and life expectancy. The reduction of food intake without malnutrition, referred to caloric restriction (CR), has been shown to increase lifespan in a wide variety of species. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is one of the principle models with which to study the biology of aging and search for anti-aging compounds. In this study, we validated and optimized a high-throughput liquid culture system to monitor C. elegans lifespan with minimized mechanical stress. We used alive and ultraviolet (UV)-killed Escherichia coli (E. coli) OP50 at 10(8) or 10(9) colony-forming units (cfu)/ml to feed Bristol N2 wild-type (WT) and mutant worms of a well-characterized insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (ILS) pathway: the insulin receptor homolog daf-2 (e1370), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase age-1 (hx546), and transcriptional factor FOXO homolog daf-16 (mu86 and mgDf50). Compared with alive E. coli at 10(9) cfu/ml, supplementations of alive E. coli at 10(8) cfu/ml or UV-killed E. coli at 10(9) cfu/ml dramatically prolonged lifespan in WT and age-1 mutants, and to a lesser extent, in daf-2 and daf-16 mutants, suggesting that signaling pathways in CR and ILS do not overlap fully. Feeding 10(8) cfu/ml UV-killed E. coli, which led to maximally saturated longevity in WT and daf-2 mutant, can prolonged lifespan in age-1, but not daf-16, mutants. This approach will be useful for investigating the biology of aging, physiological responses and gene functions under CR conditions and also for screening pharmacologic compounds to extend lifespan or affect other biologic processes.

9. Proton induced radiation damage in fast crystal scintillators

Yang, Fan; Zhang, Liyuan; Zhu, Ren-Yuan; Kapustinsky, Jon; Nelson, Ron; Wang, Zhehui

2016-07-01

This paper reports proton induced radiation damage in fast crystal scintillators. A 20 cm long LYSO crystal, a 15 cm long CeF3 crystal and four liquid scintillator based sealed quartz capillaries were irradiated by 800 MeV protons at Los Alamos up to 3.3 ×1014 p /cm2. Four 1.5 mm thick LYSO plates were irradiated by 24 GeV protons at CERN up to 6.9 ×1015 p /cm2. The results show an excellent radiation hardness of LYSO crystals against charged hadrons.

10. Determination of {sup 90}Sr, {sup 63}Ni and {sup 55}Fe activities by liquid scintillation counting in the environmental samples close to French nuclear power plants located on Loire and Garonne rivers

Rousseau, G.; Mokili, M.B.; Le Roy, C.; Deniau, I. [SUBATECH, IN2P3 (France); Gontier, G.; Boyer, C. [EDF-DPI-DIN-CIDEN (France); Hemidy, P.Y. [EDF-DPN-UNIE-GPRE-IEV (France); Chardon, P. [CNRS/IN2P3 (France)

2014-07-01

The protection of the aquatic and terrestrial environment from a wide range of radioactive contaminants released by nuclear industry requires continuous monitoring of radionuclides released into the environment. Specific measurement methods depending of the radionuclide are used to determinate this contribution. A lot of radionuclide can easily be measured at low level by gamma spectrometry, like {sup 137}Cs, {sup 60}Co..., but others like {sup 90}Sr, {sup 63}Ni or {sup 55}Fe require prior specific radiochemical separations. Activity of {sup 90}Sr values in environmental samples are available but only few measurements of {sup 63}Ni and {sup 55}Fe activities have been carried out in samples collected in the environment close to French nuclear power plants located on the Loire and Garonne rivers despite they represent 12% to 24% for {sup 63}Ni activity and <1% for {sup 55}Fe + other minor radionuclides of total activity of their liquid effluent discharges. {sup 90}Sr is not rejected by the liquid effluent discharges of Nuclear Power Plants and can be found in the environmental samples because of thermonuclear test and subsequently after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. Considering the French Nuclear Power Plant located on Loire and Garonne rivers, the determination of {sup 90}Sr, {sup 63}Ni and {sup 55}Fe levels in the environmental samples around French nuclear power plants is carried out to detect the traces of these radionuclides originating from nuclear technology activities. The environment around five French nuclear Power Plants was investigated for 4 years between 2009 and 2014. The radionuclide activities determined by liquid scintillation counting after chemical steps were performed on a large set of various matrix samples likely to be encountered in environmental monitoring as soils, sediments, terrestrial and aquatic bio-indicators. It was found that the mean activity concentration of the most frequently detected was for the radionuclide {sup 90

11. On the validity of the Navier-Stokes equations for nanoscale liquid flows: The role of channel size

Chong Liu

2011-09-01

Full Text Available In this work, we investigate the validity of the Navier-Stokes (NS equations for nanoscale liquid flows through molecular dynamics simulations. We focus on the role of channel size by considering the fluid-wall interaction. Liquid flows between two planar parallel walls driven by an external force with channel size ranging from 2 to 80 nm are studied. The volumetric flux is computed and the dependence of the volumetric flux on the channel size is explained both qualitatively and quantitatively. It is found that the flow is sensitive to the fluid-wall binding energy and the classical fluid mechanics falls apart in small nanochannels. However, the wall effects become insignificant and the NS equations are valid when the channel size is larger than about 150 molecular diameters (∼ 50 nm.

12. Development of Radiation Hard Scintillators

Tiras, Emrah; Bilki, Burak; Winn, David; Onel, Yasar

2016-01-01

Modern high-energy physics experiments are in ever increasing need for radiation hard scintillators and detectors. In this regard, we have studied various radiation-hard scintillating materials such as Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), our prototype material Scintillator X (SX) and Eljen (EJ). Scintillation and transmission properties of these scintillators are studied using stimulated emission from a 334 nm wavelength UV laser with PMT before and after certain amount of radiation exposure. Recovery from radiation damage is studied over time. While the primary goal of this study is geared for LHC detector upgrades, these new technologies could easily be used for future experiments such as the FCC and ILC. Here we discuss the physics motivation, recent developments and laboratory measurements of these materials.

13. Simulating Silicon Photomultiplier Response to Scintillation Light

Jha, Abhinav K.; van Dam, Herman T.; Kupinski, Matthew A.; Clarkson, Eric

2015-01-01

The response of a Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) to optical signals is affected by many factors including photon-detection efficiency, recovery time, gain, optical crosstalk, afterpulsing, dark count, and detector dead time. Many of these parameters vary with overvoltage and temperature. When used to detect scintillation light, there is a complicated non-linear relationship between the incident light and the response of the SiPM. In this paper, we propose a combined discrete-time discrete-event Monte Carlo (MC) model to simulate SiPM response to scintillation light pulses. Our MC model accounts for all relevant aspects of the SiPM response, some of which were not accounted for in the previous models. We also derive and validate analytic expressions for the single-photoelectron response of the SiPM and the voltage drop across the quenching resistance in the SiPM microcell. These analytic expressions consider the effect of all the circuit elements in the SiPM and accurately simulate the time-variation in overvoltage across the microcells of the SiPM. Consequently, our MC model is able to incorporate the variation of the different SiPM parameters with varying overvoltage. The MC model is compared with measurements on SiPM-based scintillation detectors and with some cases for which the response is known a priori. The model is also used to study the variation in SiPM behavior with SiPM-circuit parameter variations and to predict the response of a SiPM-based detector to various scintillators. PMID:26236040

14. Liquid flooded compression and expansion in scroll machines – Part II: Experimental testing and model validation

Bell, Ian; Lemort, Vincent; Groll, E. A.; James E. Braun; King, Galen; Horton, W. Travis

2012-01-01

The use of liquid-flooding in the compression and expansion of non-condensable gas in scroll compressors and expanders enables the possibility of quasi-isothermal working processes. Liquid-flooded scroll machines were installed in a fully-instrumented Liquid-Flooded Ericsson Cycle test rig to conduct entire cycle performance tests. In addition, detailed compressor and expander performance data was obtained. Oil mass fractions of up to 92% and 76% were added to the gas entering the scroll comp...

15. Antineutrino Geophysics with Liquid Scintillator Detectors

Rothschild, C G; Calaprice, F P; Rothschild, Casey G.; Chen, Mark C.; Calaprice, Frank P.

1997-01-01

Detecting the antineutrinos emitted by the decay of radioactive elements in the mantle and crust could provide a direct measurement of the total abundance of uranium and thorium in the Earth. In calculating the antineutrino flux at specific sites, the local geology of the crust and the background from the world's nuclear power reactors are important considerations. Employing a global crustal map, with type and thickness data, and using recent estimates of the uranium and thorium distribution in the Earth, we calculate the antineutrino event rate for two new neutrino detectors. We show that spectral features allow terrestrial antineutrino events to be identified above reactor antineutrino backgrounds and that the uranium and thorium contributions can be separately determined.

16. Validation of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC method for quantitative analysis of histamine in fish and fishery products

2016-12-01

Full Text Available A high-performance liquid chromatography method is described for quantitative determination and validation of histamine in fish and fishery product samples. Histamine is extracted from fish/fishery products by homogenizing with tri-chloro acetic acid, separated with Amberlite CG-50 resin and C18-ODS Hypersil reversed phase column at ambient temperature (25°C. Linear standard curves with high correlation coefficients were obtained. An isocratic elution program was used; the total elution time was 10 min. The method was validated by assessing the following aspects; specificity, repeatability, reproducibility, linearity, recovery, limits of detection, limit of quantification and uncertainty. The validated parameters are in good agreement with method and it is a useful tool for determining histamine in fish and fishery products.

Riddle, Catherine Lynn; Akers, Douglas William; Demmer, Ricky Lynn; Paviet, Patricia Denise; Drigert, Mark William

2016-11-29

A gadolinium (Gd) loaded scintillation gel (Gd-ScintGel) compound allows for neutron and gamma-ray detection. The unique gel scintillator encompasses some of the best features of both liquid and solid scintillators, yet without many of the disadvantages associated therewith. Preferably, the gel scintillator is a water soluble Gd-DTPA compound and water soluble fluorophores such as: CdSe/ZnS (or ZnS) quantum dot (Q-dot) nanoparticles, coumarin derivatives 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid, 7-hydroxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid, and Alexa Fluor 350 as well as a carbostyril compound, carbostyril 124 in a stable water-based gel, such as methylcellulose or polyacrylamide polymers. The Gd-loaded ScintGel allows for a homogenious distribution of the Gd-DTPA and the fluorophores, and yields clean fluorescent emission peaks. A moderator, such as deuterium or a water-based clear polymer, can be incorporated in the Gd-ScintGel. The gel scintillators can be used in compact detectors, including neutron and antineutrino detectors.

Riddle, Catherine Lynn; Akers, Douglas William; Demmer, Ricky Lynn; Paviet, Patricia Denise; Drigert, Mark William

2016-11-29

A gadolinium (Gd) loaded scintillation gel (Gd-ScintGel) compound allows for neutron and gamma-ray detection. The unique gel scintillator encompasses some of the best features of both liquid and solid scintillators, yet without many of the disadvantages associated therewith. Preferably, the gel scintillator is a water soluble Gd-DTPA compound and water soluble fluorophores such as: CdSe/ZnS (or ZnS) quantum dot (Q-dot) nanoparticles, coumarin derivatives 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid, 7-hydroxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid, and Alexa Fluor 350 as well as a carbostyril compound, carbostyril 124 in a stable water-based gel, such as methylcellulose or polyacrylamide polymers. The Gd-loaded ScintGel allows for a homogenious distribution of the Gd-DTPA and the fluorophores, and yields clean fluorescent emission peaks. A moderator, such as deuterium or a water-based clear polymer, can be incorporated in the Gd-ScintGel. The gel scintillators can be used in compact detectors, including neutron and antineutrino detectors.

19. Quantitative analysis of boldine alkaloid in natural extracts by cyclic voltammetry at a liquid-liquid interface and validation of the method by comparison with high performance liquid chromatography.

Cámara, C I; Bornancini, C A; Cabrera, J L; Ortega, M G; Yudi, L M

2010-12-15

The quantitative determination of boldine alkaloid in boldo leaf extracts by employing cyclic voltammetry, at a liquid/liquid interface as well as the validation of this methodology against the reference method, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), are reported in the present paper. The voltammetric analysis was performed successfully and economically using two kinds of liquid/liquid interfaces: water/1,2-dicholoroethane and water/PVC (polyvinyl chloride)-gelled 1,2-dichloroethane. Linear calibration curves in the concentration range of 1.04 × 10(-5)mol L(-1) to 5.19 × 10(-4)mol L(-1) were obtained with a detection limit equal to (6.1 ± 0.7) × 10(-5)mol L(-1) and the quantitative determination of this alkaloid, in complex matrixes such as boldo leaf extracts, by the electrochemical technique proposed was found to be equal to the values obtained using the standard HPLC method. The validation analysis of this methodology against HPLC demonstrated that accuracy, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), specificity and precision are acceptable. The electroanalytical technique proposed is economical and selective, involves simple equipment and can be applied for the quantitative determination of boldine alkaloid in complex matrixes such as leaf extracts without special drug separation. Moreover, cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments applied at the liquid/liquid interface under different experimental conditions allowed us to study the transfer mechanism of boldine, and determine a value of pK(a)(w)=6.90 for protonated boldine, from the variation of voltammetric peak current with pH.

20. First performance test of newly developed plastic scintillator for radiation detection

Watanabe, M., E-mail: minori@hep.sc.niigata-u.ac.jp [Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181 (Japan); Katsumata, M. [Faculty of Science, Physics Department, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181 (Japan); Ono, H. [Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata 951-8580 (Japan); Suzuki, T. [Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181 (Japan); Miyata, H. [Faculty of Science, Physics Department, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181 (Japan); Itoh, Y.; Ishida, K. [Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181 (Japan); Tamura, M.; Yamaguchi, Y. [Carlit Holdings Co., Ltd., Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0024 (Japan)

2015-01-11

We present a plastic scintillator, developed in collaboration with Carlit Holdings Co., Ltd., that is fabricated using a liquid parent material cured at room temperature by adding a hardener. The new scintillator can incorporate heat-labile functional materials such as gadolinium to enhance neutron sensitivity. The characteristics of the new scintillator, in particular the light yield and attenuation length, were evaluated using a {sup 90}Sr β-ray source. The light yield was measured 7% Anthracene on the basis of a comparison with commercially available scintillator (BC-408) at a distance of 18 cm from the photodetector surface. This light yield is dependent on the distance between the luminous point and the photodetector because of light attenuation. The attenuation length of the Gd-doped scintillator was about 50 cm.

1. Fracture-resistant lanthanide scintillators

Doty, F. Patrick

2011-01-04

Lanthanide halide alloys have recently enabled scintillating gamma ray spectrometers comparable to room temperature semiconductors (lanthanide alloy substitution, while preserving scintillation, have been demonstrated. Isovalent alloys having nominal compositions of comprising Al, Ga, Sc, Y, and In dopants as well as aliovalent alloys comprising Ca, Sr, Zr, Hf, Zn, and Pb dopants were prepared. All of these alloys exhibit bright fluorescence under UV excitation, with varying shifts in the spectral peaks and intensities relative to pure CeBr.sub.3. Further, these alloys scintillate when coupled to a photomultiplier tube (PMT) and exposed to .sup.137Cs gamma rays.

2. QbD-oriented development and validation of a bioanalytical method for nevirapine with enhanced liquid-liquid extraction and chromatographic separation.

Beg, Sarwar; Chaudhary, Vandna; Sharma, Gajanand; Garg, Babita; Panda, Sagar Suman; Singh, Bhupinder

2016-06-01

The present studies describe the systematic quality by design (QbD)-oriented development and validation of a simple, rapid, sensitive and cost-effective reversed-phase HPLC bioanalytical method for nevirapine in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a C18 column using isocratic 68:9:23% v/v elution of methanol, acetonitrile and water (pH 3, adjusted by orthophosphoric acid) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min using UV detection at 230 nm. A Box-Behnken design was applied for chromatographic method optimization taking mobile phase ratio, pH and flow rate as the critical method parameters (CMPs) from screening studies. Peak area, retention time, theoretical plates and peak tailing were measured as the critical analytical attributes (CAAs). Further, the bioanalytical liquid-liquid extraction process was optimized using an optimal design by selecting extraction time, centrifugation speed and temperature as the CMPs for percentage recovery of nevirapine as the CAA. The search for an optimum chromatographic solution was conducted through numerical desirability function. Validation studies performed as per the US Food and Drug Administration requirements revealed results within the acceptance limit. In a nutshell, the studies successfully demonstrate the utility of analytical QbD approach for the rational development of a bioanalytical method with enhanced chromatographic separation and recovery of nevirapine in rat plasma. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

3. A validated method for simultaneous screening and quantification of twenty-three benzodiazepines and metabolites plus zopiclone and zaleplone in whole blood by liquid-liquid extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry

Simonsen, Kirsten Wiese; Hermansson, Sigurd; Steentoft, Anni

2010-01-01

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) method for detection of 23 benzodiazepines and related compounds in whole blood was developed and validated. The method is used for screening and quantitation of benzodiazepines in whole blood received from autopsy...... ranged from 0.002 to 0.005 mg/kg. Long-term imprecision (CV%) ranged from 6.0 to 18.7%. We present a fully validated UPLC-MS-MS method for 23 benzodiazepines in whole blood with a run-time of only 5 min and using only 0.200 g of whole blood....

4. Photon statistics in scintillation crystals

Bora, Vaibhav Joga Singh

Scintillation based gamma-ray detectors are widely used in medical imaging, high-energy physics, astronomy and national security. Scintillation gamma-ray detectors are eld-tested, relatively inexpensive, and have good detection eciency. Semi-conductor detectors are gaining popularity because of their superior capability to resolve gamma-ray energies. However, they are relatively hard to manufacture and therefore, at this time, not available in as large formats and much more expensive than scintillation gamma-ray detectors. Scintillation gamma-ray detectors consist of: a scintillator, a material that emits optical (scintillation) photons when it interacts with ionization radiation, and an optical detector that detects the emitted scintillation photons and converts them into an electrical signal. Compared to semiconductor gamma-ray detectors, scintillation gamma-ray detectors have relatively poor capability to resolve gamma-ray energies. This is in large part attributed to the "statistical limit" on the number of scintillation photons. The origin of this statistical limit is the assumption that scintillation photons are either Poisson distributed or super-Poisson distributed. This statistical limit is often dened by the Fano factor. The Fano factor of an integer-valued random process is dened as the ratio of its variance to its mean. Therefore, a Poisson process has a Fano factor of one. The classical theory of light limits the Fano factor of the number of photons to a value greater than or equal to one (Poisson case). However, the quantum theory of light allows for Fano factors to be less than one. We used two methods to look at the correlations between two detectors looking at same scintillation pulse to estimate the Fano factor of the scintillation photons. The relationship between the Fano factor and the correlation between the integral of the two signals detected was analytically derived, and the Fano factor was estimated using the measurements for SrI2:Eu, YAP

5. Validated Stability-indicating High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Estimation of Degradation Behaviour of Eberconazole Nitrate and Mometasone Furoate in Cream Formulation

Sharma, N.; Rao, S. S.; Vaghela, B

2013-01-01

The objective of current investigation was to study the degradation behaviour of eberconazole nitrate and mometasone furoate under different International Conference on harmonisation recommended stress condition using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method and to establish validated stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method to determine purity of eberconazole nitrate and mometasone furoate in presence of its impurities, forced degradation produc...

6. Ionospheric Scintillation Effects on GPS

Steenburgh, R. A.; Smithtro, C.; Groves, K.

2007-12-01

. Ionospheric scintillation of Global Positioning System (GPS) signals threatens navigation and military operations by degrading performance or making GPS unavailable. Scintillation is particularly active, although not limited to, a belt encircling the earth within 20 degrees of the geomagnetic equator. As GPS applications and users increases, so does the potential for detrimental impacts from scintillation. We examined amplitude scintillation data spanning seven years from Ascension Island, U.K.; Ancon, Peru; and Antofagasta, Chile in the Atlantic/Americas longitudinal sector at as well as data from Parepare, Indonesia; Marak Parak, Malaysia; Pontianak, Indonesia; Guam; and Diego Garcia, U.K.; in the Pacific longitudinal sector. From these data, we calculate percent probability of occurrence of scintillation at various intensities described by the S4 index. Additionally, we determine Dilution of Precision at one minute resolution. We examine diurnal, seasonal and solar cycle characteristics and make spatial comparisons. In general, activity was greatest during the equinoxes and solar maximum, although scintillation at Antofagasta, Chile was higher during 1998 rather than at solar maximum.

7. Validation of method for determination of different classes of pesticides in aqueous samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric detection.

Caldas, Sergiane Souza; Costa, Fabiane Pinho; Primel, Ednei Gilberto

2010-04-14

In this study, a simple, rapid and efficient method has been developed for the extraction and preconcentration of different classes of pesticides, carbofuran (insecticide), clomazone (herbicide) and tebuconazole (fungicide) in aqueous samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric detection. Some experimental parameters that influence the extraction efficiency, such as the type and volume of the disperser solvents and extraction solvents, extraction time, speed of centrifugation, pH and addition of salt were examined and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the recoveries of pesticides in water at spiking levels between 0.02 and 2.0 microg L(-1) ranged from 62.7% to 120.0%. The relative standard deviations varied between 1.9% and 9.1% (n=3). The limits of quantification of the method considering a 50-fold preconcentration step were 0.02 microg L(-1). The linearity of the method ranged from 1.0 to 1000 microg L(-1) for all compounds, with correlation coefficients varying from 0.9982 to 0.9992. Results show that the method we propose can meet the requirements for the determination of pesticides in water samples. The comparison of this method with solid-phase extraction indicates that DLLME is a simple, fast, and low-cost method for the determination of pesticides in natural waters.

8. Reconstruction of scintillations coordinates in cylindrical large detector with radial arrangement of photomultipliers

Alekseev, V M; Verbitskij, V S; Verbitskij, S S; Lapik, M A; Tselebrovskij, A N; Lapik, A M; Rusakov, A V; Savopulo, M L; Smirnov, V V; Chubarov, M N

2002-01-01

Paper describes algorithm to calculate scintillation coordinates elaborated for a coordinate-sensitive large detector based on liquid scintillator with radial arrangement of nine FEU-174 photomultipliers. Paper contains the simulation results of coordinate resolution dependence in detector centre on energy of gamma-quanta within 0.2-8 MeV range. Using this algorithm one processed the experimental data obtained with application of sup 6 sup 0 Co gamma-radiation source and the results of determination of scintillation coordinates for gamma-quanta beam. The accuracy of coordinate determination in detector centre when applying the descried algorithm constitutes approx 10 mm

9. Calculation of the detection efficiency in liquid scintillators. II. Single positron emitters; Calculo de la eficiencia de deteccion en liquidos centelleadores. II Nucleidos que se desintegran por emision simple de positrones

Grau Malonda, A.; Garcia Torano, E.

1982-07-01

Counting efficiency as a function of the figure of merit for 30 positron emitters has been computed from the positron energy spectrum. Only the efficiency contribution of positrons has been taken into consideration. The contribution of the annihilation photons depending on the volume of the scintillator will be investigated in a near future. Efficiency vs figure of merit is plotted and tabulated. (Author) 19 refs.

10. Determination of methyldibromoglutaronitrile in cosmetic products by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Method validation

Rastogi, Suresh Chandra; Zachariae, Claus; Johansen, Jeanne D

2004-01-01

An increased frequency of contact allergy to methyldibromoglutaronitrile (MDBGN), a commonly used preservative in cosmetics and other consumer products, has been reported in recent years. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of MDBGN in cosmetic products has...... been validated in the present study. The identification is performed by reductive electrochemical detection of the bromine present in the molecule. The method is suitable for compliance testing of cosmetic products as well as for the research to support clinical and epidemiological studies....

11. Development and validation of a rapid ultra high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of methylxanthines in herbal infusions.

Zacharis, Constantinos K; Kika, Fotini S; Tzanavaras, Paraskevas D; Fytianos, Konstantinos

2013-05-15

An ultra high pressure liquid chromatographic method coupled with diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD) has been developed and validated for the fast separation and determination of three major methylxanthines, i.e., caffeine, theophylline and theobromine, in various herbal beverages. Isocratic elution using 0.1vol% formic acid/CH3OH (92.5:7.5, v/v) enabled the completion of the separation cycle in less than 3min using a flow rate of 0.7mL/min and a column temperature of 50°C. Validation of the method included linearity (0.5-50mg/L), limits of detection (12-35μg/L) and quantification (40-120μg/L), precision, matrix effect and accuracy. The percent recoveries ranged between 90 and 108%.

12. Experimental validation of computational fluid dynamic codes (CFD for liquid-solid risers in clean alkylation processes

2002-01-01

Full Text Available This manuscript, based on the presentation given by one of the authors (M.P. Dudukovic at the Technological and Engineering Forum in Pančevo, May 21 2002, summarizes the use of the computer automated radioactive particle tracking (CARPT and gamma computed tomography (CT in obtaining the data needed to validate the Euler-Euler based CFD simulations for solids distribution, flow pattern and mixing in a liquid-solid riser. The riser is one of the reactors considered for acid solid catalyst promoted alkylation. It is shown that CFD calculations, validated by CARPT-CT data, show promise for scale-up and design of this novel reactor type.

13. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography method for oligodeoxynucleotides determination in a novel coagel-based formulation

Gabriela V. Ullio-Gamboa

2015-06-01

However, due to inter-assay variability and accuracy problems associated with the afore mentioned methods, we have developed and validated an isocratic high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC for analytical determination of PS-ODN containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG-ODN. Validation under Food and Drug Administration (FDA guidelines of the analytical parameters include: linearity (r2 0.9996, LOD (0.86 μg/ml and LOQ (6.25 μg/ml, intra (0.19–3.37% and inter-day precision (0.63–3.75% expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD, and robustness parameters (less than 2.80%. Using this method, recoveries ranging from 89.9% to 99.9% were obtained. Thus, this method provides a simple, sensitive, precise and reproducible examination which can be readily adapted for the assessment of CpG-ODN in different pharmaceutical preparations.

14. The validation and preference among different EAM potentials to describe the solid-liquid transition of aluminum

Jiang, Yewei; Luo, Jie; Wu, Yongquan

2017-06-01

Empirical potential is vital to the classic atomic simulation, especially for the study of phase transitions, as well as the solid-interface. In this paper, we attempt to set up a uniform procedure for the validation among different potentials before the formal simulation study of phase transitions of metals. Two main steps are involved: (1) the prediction of the structures of both solid and liquid phases and their mutual transitions, i.e. melting and crystallization; (2) the prediction of vital thermodynamic (the equilibrium melting point at ambient pressure) and dynamic properties (the degrees of superheating and undercooling). We applied this procedure to the testing of seven published embedded-atom potentials (MKBA (Mendelev et al 2008 Philos. Mag. 88 1723), MFMP (Mishin et al 1999 Phys. Rev. B 59 3393), MDSL (Sturgeon and Laird 2000 Phys. Rev. B 62 14720), ZM (Zope and Mishin 2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 024102), LEA (Liu et al 2004 Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 12 665), WKG (Winey et al 2009 Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 17 055004) and ZJW (Zhou et al 2004 Phys. Rev. B 69 144113)) for the description of the solid-liquid transition of Al. All the predictions of structure, melting point and superheating/undercooling degrees were compared with the experiments or theoretical calculations. Then, two of them, MKBA and MDSL, were proven suitable for the study of the solid-liquid transition of Al while the residuals were unqualified. However, potential MKBA is more accurate to predict the structures of solid and liquid, while MDSL works a little better in the thermodynamic and dynamic predictions of solid-liquid transitions.

15. The theory and practice of scintillation counting

Birks, John Bettely

1964-01-01

The Theory and Practice of Scintillation Counting is a comprehensive account of the theory and practice of scintillation counting. This text covers the study of the scintillation process, which is concerned with the interactions of radiation and matter; the design of the scintillation counter; and the wide range of applications of scintillation counters in pure and applied science. The book is easy to read despite the complex nature of the subject it attempts to discuss. It is organized such that the first five chapters illustrate the fundamental concepts of scintillation counting. Chapters 6

16. A simple method for validation and verification of pipettes mounted on automated liquid handlers

Stangegaard, Michael; Hansen, Anders Johannes; Frøslev, Tobias Guldberg;

pipettes were either repaired or the volume deviation was compensated for by applying a calibration curve in the liquid handler software. We have implemented the method on a Sias Xantus, an MWGt TheONYX, three Tecan Freedom EVO, a Biomek NX Span-8 and four Biomek 3000 robots, and the scripts are freely...

17. Characterization of cerium fluoride nanocomposite scintillators

Stange, Sy [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Esch, Ernst I [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Brown, Leif O [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Couture, Aaron J [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Mckigney, Edward A [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Muenchausen, Ross E [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Del Sesto, Rico E [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Gilbertson, Robert D [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Mccleskey, T Mark [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Reifarth, Rene [Los Alamos National Laboratory

2009-01-01

Measurement of the neutron capture cross-sections of a number of short-lived isotopes would advance both pure and applied scientific research. These cross-sections are needed for calculation of criticality and waste production estimates for the Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative, for analysis of data from nuclear weapons tests, and to improve understanding of nucleosynthesis. However, measurement of these cross-sections would require a detector with a faster signal decay time than those used in existing neutron capture experiments. Crystals of faster detector materials are not available in sufficient sizes and quantities to supply these large-scale experiments. Instead, we propose to use nanocomposite detectors, consisting of nanoscale particles of a scintillating material dispersed in a matrix material. We have successfully fabricated cerium fluoride (CeF{sub 3}) nanoparticles and dispersed them in a liquid matrix. We have characterized this scintillator and have measured its response to neutron capture. Results of the optical, structural, and radiation characterization will be presented.

18. Validation of an Analytical Method for Determination of 13 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mineral water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and GC-MS

2016-01-01

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used for the extraction and determination of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mineral water samples. In this procedure, the suitable combination of extraction solvent (500 µL chloroform) and disperser solvent (1000 µL acetone) were quickly injected into the water sample (10.00 mL) by Hamilton syringe. After centrifugation, 500 µL of the lower organic phase was dried under a gentle stream of nitrogen, re-dissolved in chloroform and injected into GC-MS. Chloroform and acetone were found to be the best extraction and disperser solvent, respectively. Validation of the method was performed using spiked calibration curves. The enrichment factor ranged from 93 to 129 and the recovery ranged from 71 to 90%. The linear ranges for all the PAHs were 0.10-2.80 ngmL-1. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of PAHs in water by using anthracene-d10 as internal standard, were in the range of 4-11% for most of the analytes (n = 3). Limit of detection (LOD) for different PAHs were between 0.03 and 0.1 ngmL-1. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of PAHs in mineral water samples collected from Tehran. PMID:27610156

19. Validation of a liquid chromatography ultraviolet method for determination of herbicide diuron and its metabolites in soil samples

ANA LUCIA S.M. FELICIO

2016-01-01

Full Text Available ABSTRACT Diuron is one of the most widely herbicide used worldwide, which can undergo degradation producing three primary metabolites: 3,4-dichlorophenylurea, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl-1-methylurea, and 3,4-dichloroaniline. Since the persistence of diuron and its by-products in ecosystems involves risk of toxicity to environment and human health, a reliable quantitative method for simultaneous monitoring of these compounds is required. Hence, a simple method without preconcentration step was validated for quantitation of diuron and its main metabolites by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Separation was achieved in less than 11 minutes using a C18 column, mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and water (45:55 v/v at 0.86 mL min-1 and detection at 254 nm. The validated method using solid-liquid extraction followed by an isocratic chromatographic elution proved to be specific, precise and linear (R2 ˃ 0.99, presenting more than 90% of recovery. The method was successfully applied to quantify diuron and their by-products in soil samples collected in a sugarcane cultivation area, focusing on the environmental control.

20. Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic-electrospray tandem mass spectrometric multiresidue method for anthelmintics in milk.

De Ruyck, Hendrik; Daeseleire, Els; De Ridder, Herman; Van Renterghem, Roland

2002-11-08

A liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric multiresidue method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of the tetrahydroimidazole, levamisole and the benzimidazoles thiabendazole, oxfendazole, oxibendazole, albendazole, fenbendazole, febantel and triclabendazole in milk has been developed and validated. The anthelmintic residues were extracted with ethyl acetate. The liquid chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column with gradient elution. The analytes were detected by tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry after positive electrospray ionisation by multiple reaction monitoring. The confirmatory method is very sensitive and each component can be detected at a residue level lower than 1 microgram/l. The method is validated according to the revised European Union requirements and all parameters were found conform the criteria. The evaluated parameters were linearity, specificity, stability, recovery, precision (repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility) and analytical limits (detection limit, decision limit and detection capability). This analytical method is applied in the Belgian monitoring programme for classical anthelmintic veterinary drugs in raw farm cow's milk.

1. Application of a free parameter model to plastic scintillation samples

Tarancon Sanz, Alex, E-mail: alex.tarancon@ub.edu [Departament de Quimica Analitica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona (Spain); Kossert, Karsten, E-mail: Karsten.Kossert@ptb.de [Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig (Germany)

2011-08-21

In liquid scintillation (LS) counting, the CIEMAT/NIST efficiency tracing method and the triple-to-double coincidence ratio (TDCR) method have proved their worth for reliable activity measurements of a number of radionuclides. In this paper, an extended approach to apply a free-parameter model to samples containing a mixture of solid plastic scintillation microspheres and radioactive aqueous solutions is presented. Several beta-emitting radionuclides were measured in a TDCR system at PTB. For the application of the free parameter model, the energy loss in the aqueous phase must be taken into account, since this portion of the particle energy does not contribute to the creation of scintillation light. The energy deposit in the aqueous phase is determined by means of Monte Carlo calculations applying the PENELOPE software package. To this end, great efforts were made to model the geometry of the samples. Finally, a new geometry parameter was defined, which was determined by means of a tracer radionuclide with known activity. This makes the analysis of experimental TDCR data of other radionuclides possible. The deviations between the determined activity concentrations and reference values were found to be lower than 3%. The outcome of this research work is also important for a better understanding of liquid scintillation counting. In particular the influence of (inverse) micelles, i.e. the aqueous spaces embedded in the organic scintillation cocktail, can be investigated. The new approach makes clear that it is important to take the energy loss in the aqueous phase into account. In particular for radionuclides emitting low-energy electrons (e.g. M-Auger electrons from {sup 125}I), this effect can be very important.

2. Molecular origins of scintillation in organic scintillators (Conference Presentation)

Feng, Patrick; Mengesha, Wondwosen; Myllenbeck, Nicholas

2016-09-01

Organic-based scintillators are indispensable materials for radiation detection owing to their high sensitivity to fast neutrons, low cost, and tailorable properties. There has been a recent resurgence of interest in organic scintillators due to exciting discoveries related to neutron discrimination and gamma-ray spectroscopy, which represent capabilities previously thought not possible in these materials. I will discuss our development of crystalline and polymer-based scintillators for these applications. Structure-property relationships related to intermolecular interactions and host-guest electronic exchange will be discussed in the context of energy-transfer pathways relevant to scintillation. An emphasis will be placed on the rational design of these materials, as guided by first principles and DFT calculations. Two related topics will be discussed: 1) Incorporation of organometallic triplet-harvesting additives to plastic scintillator matrices to confer a 'two-state' (singlet and triplet) luminescence signature to different types of ionizing radiation. This approach relies upon energetic and spatial overlap between the donor and acceptor excited states for efficient electronic exchange. Key considerations also include synthetic modification of the luminescence spectra and kinetics, as well as the addition of secondary additives to increase the recombination efficiency. 2) Design of organotin-containing plastic scintillators as a route towards gamma-ray spectroscopy. Organometallic compounds were selected on the basis of distance-dependent quenching relationships, phase compatibility with the polymer matrix, and the gamma-ray cross sections. This approach is guided by molecular modeling and radiation transport modeling to achieve the highest possible detection sensitivity luminescence intensity.

3. Detection of Liquid Water in PEM Fuel Cells' Channels: Design and Validation of a Microsensor.

Conteau, Delphine; Bonnet, Caroline; Funfschilling, Denis; Weber, Mathieu; Didierjean, Sophie; Lapicque, François

2010-01-01

Abstract Suitable water management is a critical issue to reach the full potential of PEM fuel cells: whereas the membrane must be hydrated enough, liquid droplets formed by water in excess can block the flow in the gas distribution channels and hinder the fuel cell performance. In order to detect the presence of droplets in cathode flow channel, an electrochemical sensor has been developed and tested in a dedicated emulation cell. It is based on the widely used principle of two-el...

4. Prediction and experimental validation of liquid-phase diffusion resistance in unsaturated soils

Schaefer, C. E.; Arands, R. R.; van der Sloot, H. A.; Kosson, D. S.

1995-11-01

Determination of liquid-phase diffusion through unsaturated soils is important for estimating contaminant transport in soils and design of remediation processes for contaminated soils and groundwater. Liquid-phase diffusion through unsaturated soils is governed by both the pore size distribution and water distribution of the soil matrix. Diffusion tube experiments were carried out using several soils packed to field densities to determine the effective diffusivity of chloride ion as a function of soil moisture content. Chloride was selected to serve as a non-volatile, non-sorbing tracer species. A transport model was developed to predict liquid-phase tortuosity as a function of readily obtained soil parameters, including density, moisture content, particle size distribution and pore size distribution. The basis of the model was parallel diffusion resistances in the inter- and intra-particle pore regimes. The new model was found to provide an accurate prediction of observed experimental results. Previously reported models did not agree with experimental results over significant portions of the experimental domain investigated.

5. New halide scintillators for gamma ray detection

Alekhin, M. S.

2013-01-01

Scintillators are used for the detection of ionizing radiation. Despite decades of intensive search and numerous compounds discovered, there is still a need for materials with improved properties. Recently, several new scintillators with excellent light yield, energy resolution, and proportionality

6. Aperture-averaging effects for weak to strong scintillations in turbulent atmosphere

Yixin Zhang(张逸新); Tuo Zhu(朱拓); Chunkan Tao(陶纯堪)

2004-01-01

Under the approximations of (1) the received irradiance fluctuations of an optical wave caused by small scale turbulent eddies are multiplicatively modulated by the fluctuations caused by large scale turbulent eddies;(2) the scintillations caused by small- and large-scale eddies, respectively, are statistically independent; (3)the Rytov method for optical scintillation collected by the finite-diameter receiving aperture is valid for light wave propagation under weak to saturation fluctuation regime, we develop the applicable apertureaveraging analytic formulas in the week-to-strong-fluctuation for the scintillations of plane and spherical waves, which include the outer- and inner-scale rules of turbulence.

7. Dynamics of methanol in ionic liquids: validity of the Stokes-Einstein and Stokes-Einstein-Debye relations.

Herold, Elisabeth; Strauch, Matthias; Michalik, Dirk; Appelhagen, Andreas; Ludwig, Ralf

2014-10-06

The validity of Stokes-Einstein (SE) and Stokes-Einstein-Debye (SED) relations for methanol in the physical environment of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide is studied by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation time experiments, viscosity measurements and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The reorientational correlation times of the hydroxyl groups of pure methanol and of methanol in the IL/methanol mixtures were determined. For that purpose an approach for estimating NMR deuteron quadrupole coupling constants, presented by Wendt and Farrar (Mol. Phys. 1998, 95, 1077-1081), was confirmed. The self-diffusion coefficients of methanol were taken from the MD simulations. The viscosities of all systems were then measured and the SE and SED relations validated. For pure methanol both relations are valid, whereas they become increasingly invalid with increasing IL concentration, as indicated by effective volumes and radii that are too low. The deviation from the SE and SED relations could be related to dynamical heterogeneities described by the non-Gaussian parameter α(t) obtained from MD simulations. For pure methanol, α(t) is close to zero in accord with the validity of both relations. With increasing IL concentration the dynamical heterogeneities of methanol increase strongly. The times t* at the maximum of α(t) increase linearly with the relative number of methanol monomers in the mixtures. Thus, the dynamical heterogeneities are largest for single methanol molecules fully embedded in the IL environment. In their own environment methanol molecules are highly mobile, whereas in the IL-rich region the mobility is strongly reduced leading to the non-validity of SE and SED relations.

8. Validation of analysis of amphetamines, opiates, phencyclidine, cocaine, and benzoylecgonine in oral fluids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Kala, Subbarao V; Harris, Steve E; Freijo, Tom D; Gerlich, Stan

2008-10-01

The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a method for the detection and quantitation of drugs of abuse in oral fluids. Fortified oral fluid samples (made in-house) and samples from donors collected with Quantasil oral fluid collection kits from Immunalysis were screened on an Olympus 5400 using reagents purchased from Immunalysis. Amphetamines (AMPs), opiates, phencyclidine (PCP), and cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine (BE) in oral fluids were quantitated by an Applied Biosystems 3200 QTRAP liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS-MS). AMPs, opiates, PCP, cocaine, and BE were extracted from samples using liquid-liquid or solid-phase extractions and the extracts were separated on a Shimadzu high-performance liquid chromatograph prior to the MS-MS analysis. For each drug, two multiple reaction mode transitions were monitored using positive electrospray ionization coupled to an MS-MS detector. Corresponding d3, d5, d6, and d11 internal standards were used to quantitate the results. The limit of detection/quantitation for AMPs, opiates, PCP, cocaine, and its metabolite BE were 10, 10, 2, 2, and 2 ng/mL of oral fluid, respectively, on a signal-to-noise ratio > 4. This corresponded to 25, 25, 5, 5, and 5 pg on column. The method was verified by participating in the North America Oral Fluid Proficiency Testing administered by Research Triangle Institute and by analyzing real samples from donors. In conclusion, LC-MS-MS provided a simple way to analyze and quantitate drugs of abuse in oral fluids.

9. Studies of scintillator optical properties, electronics simulation and data analysis for the BOREXINO neutrino experiment

Lewke, Timo

2013-10-18

Borexino is a state-of-the-art low-energy neutrino detector. Many results, like the first real-time measurement of {sup 7}Be neutrinos and the detection of pep neutrinos, could be reported. However, still some parts of the solar neutrino spectrum remain unseen. With a better detector understanding and monitoring these unexploited regions could be investigated. The results achieved in course of the present thesis account for accomplishing these improvements. First, the ionization quenching for electrons in liquid scintillators is investigated using a specially designed and build experiment. This effect is especially interesting for low-energy events and, therefore, has a direct influence on the possibility to detect CNO and pp neutrinos. With a coincidence circuit and the properties of Compton scattering the quenching is analysed. Further, the so-called Birks factor kB is measured for the scintillator used in the running Borexino experiment. As the Birks factor is also an important input parameter to simulations of the future large scale neutrino experiment LENA, the Birks factor of LENA's most probable scintillator is determined as well. Second, as muons are responsible for a large amount of background, an excellent working muon veto is essential. During this thesis, it was achieved to monitor the muon tagging stability and efficiency for a long period of time. Further, to verify the muon track reconstruction Monte Carlo simulations are needed. For the Inner Detector of Borexino the simulation is fully operable. In course of this thesis the complete electronics system of the Outer Detector is included into the simulation tool. In this way, a functioning simulation mimicking real physical events is generated. In addition, the output of the simulation can now be accessed and evaluated by the normal data handling system of Borexino. A comparison to real data and, therefore, validating the muon track reconstruction is now possible. Last, to check the neutron

Stephens, Donald R.

2015-01-01

CommLargo, Inc., has developed a scintillation-hardened Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver that improves reliability for low-orbit missions and complies with NASA's Space Telecommunications Radio System (STRS) architecture standards. A software-defined radio (SDR) implementation allows a single hardware element to function as either a conventional radio or as a GPS receiver, providing backup and redundancy for platforms such as the International Space Station (ISS) and high-value remote sensing platforms. The innovation's flexible SDR implementation reduces cost, weight, and power requirements. Scintillation hardening improves mission reliability and variability. In Phase I, CommLargo refactored an open-source GPS software package with Kalman filter-based tracking loops to improve performance during scintillation and also demonstrated improved navigation during a geomagnetic storm. In Phase II, the company generated a new field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based GPS waveform to demonstrate on NASA's Space Communication and Navigation (SCaN) test bed.

11. Ionospheric precursors to scintillation activity

Paul S.J. Spencer

2014-03-01

Full Text Available Ionospheric scintillation is the rapid fluctuation of both phase and amplitude of trans-ionospheric radio waves due to small scale electron density irregularities in the ionosphere. Prediction of the occurrence of scintillation at L band frequencies is needed to mitigate the disruption of space-based communication and navigation systems. The purpose of this paper is to present a method of using tomographic inversions of the ionospheric electron density obtained from ground-based GPS data to infer the location and strength of the post-sunset plasma drift vortex. This vortex is related to the pre-reversal enhancement in the eastwards electric field which has been correlated to the subsequent occurrence of scintillation.

12. Scintillation detectors in computerized tomography

Gilar, O.; Pavlicek, Z.; Jursova, L. (Tesla, Premysleni (Czechoslovakia). Vyzkumny Ustav Pristroju Jaderne Techniky)

1984-07-01

A new scintillator, Bi/sub 4/Ge/sub 3/O/sub 12/ (BGO), was tested for use in the detection part of computerized tomographs. In comparison with the NaI(Tl) scintillator it has a three-fold mass stopping power and allows the detection of medium and high energy gamma radiation with a higher detection efficiency, i.e., for the same detection efficiency its size is much smaller. Some other mechanical, physical and optical parameters of the BGO scintillator are given. BGO is prospective for use in high energy spectrometry and may replace NaI(Tl) wherever the following parameters are significant: crystal size, detection efficiency for gamma radiation, and good spatial resolution.

13. Development of novel UV emitting single crystalline film scintillators

Zorenko, Yu; Gorbenko, V.; Savchyn, V.; Voznyak, T.; Nikl, M.; Mares, J. A.; Martin, T.; Douissard, P.-A.

2011-04-01

The work is dedicated to development of new types of UV -emitting scintillators based on single crystalline films (SCF) of aluminimum perovskites and garnets grown by the liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) method. The development of the following three types of UV SCF scintillators is considered in this work: i) Ce-doped SCF of Y-Lu-Al-perovskites with Ce3+ emission in the 360-370 nm range with a decay time of 16-17 ns; ii) Pr-doped SCF of Y-Lu-Al garnets with Pr3+ emission in the 300-400 nm range with a decay time of 13-17 ns; iii) La3+ and Sc3+ doped SCF of Y-Lu-Al-garnets, emitting in the 290-400 nm range due to formation of the LaY,Lu, ScY,Lu and ScAl centers with decay time of 250-575 ns. The results of testing the several novel UV-emitting SCFs scintillators for visualization of X-ray images at ESFR are presented. It is shown that the UV emission of the LuAG:Sc, LuAG:La and LuAG:Pr SCFs is efficient enough for conversion of X-ray to the UV light and that these scintillators can be used for improvement of the resolution of imaging detectors in synchrotron radiation applications.

14. First approach to radionuclide mixtures quantification by using plastic scintillators

Tarancon, A. [Departament de Quimica Analitica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona (Spain); Garcia, J.F. [Departament de Pintura, Universitat de Barcelona, Pau Gargallo 4, E-08028 Barcelona (Spain)]. E-mail: jfgarcia@ub.edu; Rauret, G. [Departament de Quimica Analitica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona (Spain)

2007-05-08

Recent studies have evaluated the capability of plastic scintillation (PS) as an alternative to liquid scintillation (LS) in radionuclide activity determination without mixed waste production. In order to complete the comparison, we now assess the extent to which PS can be used to quantify mixtures of radionuclides and the influence of the diameter of the plastic scintillation beads in detection efficiency. The results show that the detection efficiency decreases and the spectrum shrink to lower energies when the size of the plastic scintillation beads increases, and that the lower the energy of the beta particle, the greater the variation takes place. Similar behaviour has been observed for beta-gamma and alpha emitters. Two scenarios for the quantification of mixtures are considered, one including two radionuclides ({sup 14}C and {sup 60}Co) whose spectra do not overlap significantly, and the other including two radionuclides ({sup 137}Cs and {sup 90}Sr/{sup 90}Y), where the spectra of one the isotopes is totally overlapped by the other The calculation has been performed by using the conventional window selection procedure and a new approach in which the selected windows correspond to those with lower quantification errors. Relative errors obtained using the proposed approach (less than 10%) are lower than those of the conventional procedure, even when a radionuclide is completely overlapped, except for those samples with extreme activity ratios that were not included in the window optimization process.

15. Validation of a liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous quantification of ochratoxin A and its analogues in red wines.

Remiro, Rebeca; Ibáñez-Vea, María; González-Peñas, Elena; Lizarraga, Elena

2010-12-24

A validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection for the simultaneous quantification of ochratoxin A (OTA) and its analogues (ochratoxin B (OTB), ochratoxin C (OTC) and methyl ochratoxin A (MeOTA)) in red wine at trace levels is described. Before their analysis by HPLC-FLD, ochratoxins were extracted and purified with immunoaffinity columns from 50 mL of red wine at pH 7.2. Validation of the analytical method was based on the following parameters: selectivity, linearity, robustness, limits of detection and quantification, precision (within-day and between-day variability), recovery and stability. The limits of detection (LOD) in red wine were established at 0.16, 0.32, 0.27 and 0.17 ng L(-1) for OTA, OTB, MeOTA and OTC, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was established as 0.50 ng L(-1) for all of the ochratoxins. The LOD and LOQ obtained are the lowest found for OTA in the reference literature up to now. Recovery values were 93.5, 81.7, 76.0 and 73.4% for OTA, OTB, MeOTA and OTC, respectively. For the first time, this validated method permits the investigation of the co-occurrence of ochratoxins A, B, C and methyl ochratoxin A in 20 red wine samples from Spain.

16. Validation of a DNA IQ-based extraction method for TECAN robotic liquid handling workstations for processing casework.

Frégeau, Chantal J; Lett, C Marc; Fourney, Ron M

2010-10-01

A semi-automated DNA extraction process for casework samples based on the Promega DNA IQ™ system was optimized and validated on TECAN Genesis 150/8 and Freedom EVO robotic liquid handling stations configured with fixed tips and a TECAN TE-Shake™ unit. The use of an orbital shaker during the extraction process promoted efficiency with respect to DNA capture, magnetic bead/DNA complex washes and DNA elution. Validation studies determined the reliability and limitations of this shaker-based process. Reproducibility with regards to DNA yields for the tested robotic workstations proved to be excellent and not significantly different than that offered by the manual phenol/chloroform extraction. DNA extraction of animal:human blood mixtures contaminated with soil demonstrated that a human profile was detectable even in the presence of abundant animal blood. For exhibits containing small amounts of biological material, concordance studies confirmed that DNA yields for this shaker-based extraction process are equivalent or greater to those observed with phenol/chloroform extraction as well as our original validated automated magnetic bead percolation-based extraction process. Our data further supports the increasing use of robotics for the processing of casework samples. Crown Copyright © 2009. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

17. Determination of alpha-methyldopa in human plasma by validated high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

Róna, K; Ary, K; Gachályi, B; Klebovich, I

1996-04-12

A sensitive reversed-phase gradient elution high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection has been developed for the determination of alpha-methyldopa (AMD) in human plasma. Separation of the investigated compound and the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) internal standard was achieved on a Nucleosil 7 C18 column with a 5 mM heptanesulphonic acid sodium salt containing 0.05 M potassium dihydrogenphosphate (pH 3.2)-acetonitrile mobile phase. The composition of the mobile phase was changed according to a linear gradient time program. Detection was performed at 270 nm fluorimetric excitation and 320 nm emission. The compounds were isolated from plasma by Bond-Elut C18 solid-phase extraction. The limit of quantitation was found to be 10 ng/ml plasma. The assay was validated with respect to accuracy, precision and system suitability. All validated parameters were found to be within the 20% required limits. On the basis of the sensitivity, linearity and validation parameters the developed analytical method was found to be suitable for application in a bioequivalency study.

18. Study of a method of detection for natural carbon-14 using a liquid scintillator, recent variations in the natural radio-activity due to artificial carbon-14 (1963); Etude d'une methode de detection du carrons 14 naturel, utilisant un scintillateur liquide - variations recentes de l'activite naturelle dues au carbone 14 artificiel (1963)

Leger, C. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires

1963-06-15

Among the various natural isotopes of carbon, a radioactive isotope, carbon-14, is formed by the action of secondary neutrons from cosmic rays on nitrogen in the air. Until 1950, the concentration of this isotope in ordinary carbon underwent weak fluctuations of about 2-3 per cent. The exact measurement of this concentration 6 X 10{sup 12} Ci/gm of carbon, and of its fluctuations, are difficult and in the first part of this report a highly sensitive method is given using a liquid scintillator. Since 1950 this natural activity has shown large fluctuations because of the carbon-14 formed during nuclear explosions, and in the second part, the evolution in France of this specific activity of carbon in the atmosphere and biosphere is examined. In the last part is studied the local increase in carbon activity in the atmosphere around the Saclay site, an increase caused by the carbon-14 given off as C{sup 14}O{sub 2}, by the reactors cooled partially with exterior air. (author) [French] Parmi les differents isotopes naturels du carbone, un isotope radioactif, le carbone 14, est forme par l'action de neutrons secondaires due aux rayons cosmiques sir l'azote de l'air. Jusqu'en 1950, la concentration de cet isotope dans le carbone ordinaire est soumise a des fluctuations de faible amplitude, de l'ordre de 2 a 3 pour cent. Les mesures precises de cette concentration, 6. 10{sup -12} Ci/g de carbone, et de ses fluctuations sont delicates, et dans la premiere partie de ce rapport, on decrit une methode de detection a grande sensibilite utilisant un scintillateur liquide. Depuis 1950, cette activite naturelle subit des fluctuations importantes dues au carbone 14 forme lors des explosions nucleaires, et dans la seconde partie, on examine l'evolution en France de l'activite specifique du carbone de l'atmosphere et ce la biosphere. Dans la derniere partie, on etudie l'accroissement local de l'activite du carbone de l'air aux

19. Composite scintillators for detection of ionizing radiation

Dai, Sheng [Knoxville, TN; Stephan, Andrew Curtis [Knoxville, TN; Brown, Suree S [Knoxville, TN; Wallace, Steven A [Knoxville, TN; Rondinone, Adam J [Knoxville, TN

2010-12-28

Applicant's present invention is a composite scintillator having enhanced transparency for detecting ionizing radiation comprising a material having optical transparency wherein said material comprises nano-sized objects having a size in at least one dimension that is less than the wavelength of light emitted by the composite scintillator wherein the composite scintillator is designed to have selected properties suitable for a particular application.

20. Photonic crystal scintillators and methods of manufacture

Torres, Ricardo D.; Sexton, Lindsay T.; Fuentes, Roderick E.; Cortes-Concepcion, Jose

2015-08-11

Photonic crystal scintillators and their methods of manufacture are provided. Exemplary methods of manufacture include using a highly-ordered porous anodic alumina membrane as a pattern transfer mask for either the etching of underlying material or for the deposition of additional material onto the surface of a scintillator. Exemplary detectors utilizing such photonic crystal scintillators are also provided.

1. Experimental validation of a mass- efficiency model for an indium liquid-metal ion source

Tajmar, M

2003-01-01

A model is derived linking microdroplet emission of a liquid-metal ion source (LMIS) to the actual current-voltage characteristic and operating temperature. All parameters were experimentally investigated using an indium LMIS, confirming the relationships found. The model allows for the first time the optimisation of a LMIS for low droplet emission at high emission currents. This is very important for application as a thruster, which has been developed at ARC Seibersdorf research. It can be also used to extrapolate droplet emission values along the current-voltage characteristic. (orig.)

2. A systematic characterization of the low-energy photon response of plastic scintillation detectors.

Boivin, Jonathan; Beddar, Sam; Bonde, Chris; Schmidt, Daniel; Culberson, Wesley; Guillemette, Maxime; Beaulieu, Luc

2016-08-01

To characterize the low energy behavior of scintillating materials used in plastic scintillation detectors (PSDs), 3 PSDs were developed using polystyrene-based scintillating materials emitting in different wavelengths. These detectors were exposed to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-matched low-energy beams ranging from 20 kVp to 250 kVp, and to (137)Cs and (60)Co beams. The dose in polystyrene was compared to the dose in air measured by NIST-calibrated ionization chambers at the same location. Analysis of every beam quality spectrum was used to extract the beam parameters and the effective mass energy-absorption coefficient. Monte Carlo simulations were also performed to calculate the energy absorbed in the scintillators' volume. The scintillators' expected response was then compared to the experimental measurements and an energy-dependent correction factor was identified to account for low-energy quenching in the scintillators. The empirical Birks model was then compared to these values to verify its validity for low-energy electrons. The clear optical fiber response was below 0.2% of the scintillator's light for x-ray beams, indicating that a negligible amount of fluorescence contamination was produced. However, for higher-energy beams ((137)Cs and (60)Co), the scintillators' response was corrected for the Cerenkov stem effect. The scintillators' response increased by a factor of approximately 4 from a 20 kVp to a (60)Co beam. The decrease in sensitivity from ionization quenching reached a local minimum of about [Formula: see text] between 40 keV and 60 keV x-ray beam mean energy, but dropped by 20% for very low-energy (13 keV) beams. The Birks model may be used to fit the experimental data, but it must take into account the energy dependence of the kB quenching parameter. A detailed comprehension of intrinsic scintillator response is essential for proper calibration of PSD dosimeters for radiology.

3. Development and validation of confirmatory method for analysis of nitrofuran metabolites in milk, honey, poultry meat and fish by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Fatih Alkan

2016-03-01

Full Text Available In this study we have devoloped and validated a confirmatory analysis method for nitrofuran metabolites, which is in accordance with European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC requirements. Nitrofuran metabolites in honey, milk, poultry meat and fish samples were acidic hydrolised followed by derivatisation with nitrobenzaldehyde and liquid-liquid extracted with ethylacetate. The quantitative and confirmative determination of nitrofuran metbolites was performed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS in the positive ion mode. In-house method validation was performed and reported data of validation (specificity, linearity, recovery, CCα and CCβ. The advantage of this method is that it avoids the use of clean-up by Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE. Furthermore, low levels of nitrofuran metabolites are detectable and quantitatively confirmed at a rapid rate in all samples.

4. Development and validation of high-perfomance liquid chromatographic method for determination of ofloxacin and lomefloxacin in human plasma

DRAGICA ZENDELOVSKA

2005-12-01

Full Text Available Ahigh-performance liquid chromatographicmethod for the determination of ofloxacin and lomefloxacin in human plasma has been developed and validated. The effect of organic modifiers on the retention of the investigated drugs was investigated. Asimple isocratic chromatographic assay with UV-detection at 280 nm was performed on a Hibar Lichrospher 100 RP 8 column (250Ã4.6 mm, 5 mm. Merck, Germany using a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.5 % triethylamine in water (pH adjusted to 2.5 with H3PO4 (15:85, V/V as the mobile phase at flow rate of 1.2 mL min-1. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration ragne of 0.5 â 6.0 mg mL-1 for ofloxacin and 0.2-4.5 mg mL-1 for lomefloxacin.

5. Development and validation of a new high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the loperamid hydrochloride determination in drugs

Nikolić, G. S.; Savić, I.; Marinković, V.

2009-09-01

A selective, precise and new high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of loperamid hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations was developed and validated. The mobile phase consisting buffer (sodium-octansulphonate, triethylamine and ammonium hydroxide) in water: acetonitriie (45: 55, v/v) (pH 3.2). The absorbance was monitored with a DAD detector at 226 nm. The flow rate was 1.5 cm3 min-1. The linearity ( r = 0.9947) and the recovery (98.58-100.42%) were found to be satisfactory. The detection and quantitation limits were found to be 0.95 and 3.12 μg cm-3. The results demonstrated that the procedure was accurate, precise and reproducible. It can be suitably applied for the estimation of lopera-mid hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations.

6. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of clomazone residues in surface water.

Zanella, R; Primel, E G; Gonçalves, F F; Martins, A F

2000-12-29

A method is described for the determination of clomazone residues in surface water by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The method involves solid-phase extraction with C18 extraction tubes. Clomazone was separated on a C18 column with a mobile phase of methanol-water (65:35, v/v) at pH 4.0 and a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. After optimization of the extraction and separation conditions, the method was validated. The method developed can be used for determination of clomazone in surface water, at the limit of 0.1 mcirog/l set by the European Union drinking water directive, with a 400-fold preconcentration.

7. Melt-cast organic glasses as high-efficiency fast neutron scintillators

Carlson, Joseph S.; Feng, Patrick L., E-mail: plfeng@sandia.gov

2016-10-01

In this work we report a new class of organic-based scintillators that combines several of the desirable attributes of existing crystalline, liquid, and plastic organic scintillators. The prepared materials may be isolated in single crystalline form or melt-cast to produce highly transparent glasses that have been shown to provide high light yields of up to 16,000 photons/MeVee, as evaluated against EJ-200 plastic scintillators and solution-grown trans-stilbene crystals. The prepared organic glasses exhibit neutron/gamma pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) and are compatible with wavelength shifters to reduce optical self-absorption effects that are intrinsic to pure materials such as crystalline organics. The combination of high scintillation efficiency, PSD capabilities, and facile scale-up via melt-casting distinguishes this new class of amorphous materials from existing alternatives.

8. Neutron detection with noble gas scintillation: a review of recent results

Lavelle, C. M.; Coplan, Michael; Miller, Eric C.; Thompson, Alan K.; Kowler, Alex; Vest, Rob; Yue, Andrew; Koeth, Tim; Al-Sheikhly, Mohammad; Clark, Charles

2015-08-01

Thermal neutron detection is of vital importance to many disciplines, including neutron scattering, workplace monitoring, and homeland protection. We survey recent results from our collaboration which couple low-pressure noble gas scintillation with novel approaches to neutron absorbing materials and geometries to achieve potentially advantageous detector concepts. Noble gas scintillators were used for neutron detection as early as the late 1950's. Modern use of noble gas scintillation includes liquid and solid forms of argon and xenon in the dark matter and neutron physics experiments and commercially available high pressure applications have achieved high resolution gamma ray spectroscopy. Little attention has been paid to the overlap between low pressure noble gas scintillation and thermal neutron detection, for which there are many potential benefits.

9. Extruded plastic scintillator for MINERvA

Pla-Dalmau, Anna; Bross, Alan D.; /Fermilab; Rykalin, Victor V.; Wood, Brian M.; /NICADD, DeKalb

2005-11-01

An extrusion line has recently been installed at Fermilab in collaboration with NICADD (Northern Illinois Center for Accelerator and Detector Development). This new facility will serve to further develop and improve extruded plastic scintillator. Since polystyrene is widely used in the consumer industry, the logical path was to investigate the extrusion of commercial-grade polystyrene pellets with dopants to yield high quality plastic scintillator. The D0 and MINOS experiments are already using extruded scintillator strips in their detectors. A new experiment at Fermilab is pursuing the use of extruded plastic scintillator. A new plastic scintillator strip is being tested and its properties characterized. The initial results are presented here.

10. New Scintillation Detectors for PET

Shah, K.S.

2010-01-01

The focus of this thesis is on new detection technologies that can be used in advancing nuclear medicine modalities, particularly positron emission tomography (PET). Several detection technologies are covered in this thesis. First, new Ce3+ doped rare earth trihalide scintillators that can be used

11. New Scintillation Detectors for PET

Shah, K.S.

2010-01-01

The focus of this thesis is on new detection technologies that can be used in advancing nuclear medicine modalities, particularly positron emission tomography (PET). Several detection technologies are covered in this thesis. First, new Ce3+ doped rare earth trihalide scintillators that can be used i

12. Complex Dynamics of Equatorial Scintillation

Piersanti, Mirko; Materassi, Massimo; Forte, Biagio; Cicone, Antonio

2017-04-01

Radio power scintillation, namely highly irregular fluctuations of the power of trans-ionospheric GNSS signals, is the effect of ionospheric plasma turbulence. The scintillation patterns on radio signals crossing the medium inherit the ionospheric turbulence characteristics of inter-scale coupling, local randomness and large time variability. On this basis, the remote sensing of local features of the turbulent plasma is feasible by studying radio scintillation induced by the ionosphere. The distinctive character of intermittent turbulent media depends on the fluctuations on the space- and time-scale statistical properties of the medium. Hence, assessing how the signal fluctuation properties vary under different Helio-Geophysical conditions will help to understand the corresponding dynamics of the turbulent medium crossed by the signal. Data analysis tools, provided by complex system science, appear to be best fitting to study the response of a turbulent medium, as the Earth's equatorial ionosphere, to the non-linear forcing exerted by the Solar Wind (SW). In particular we used the Adaptive Local Iterative Filtering, the Wavelet analysis and the Information theory data analysis tool. We have analysed the radio scintillation and ionospheric fluctuation data at low latitude focusing on the time and space multi-scale variability and on the causal relationship between forcing factors from the SW environment and the ionospheric response.

13. Development and Validation of a Stability-Indicating Liquid Chromatographic Method for Estimating Olmesartan Medoxomil Using Quality by Design.

Beg, Sarwar; Sharma, Gajanand; Katare, O P; Lohan, Shikha; Singh, Bhupinder

2015-08-01

The current studies entail systematic quality by design (QbD)-based development of a simple, rapid, sensitive and cost-effective stability-indicating method for the estimation of olmesartan medoxomil. Quality target method profile was defined and critical analytical attributes (CAAs) for the reverse-phase liquid chromatography method earmarked. Chromatographic separation accomplished on a C18 column using acetonitrile and water (containing 0.1% orthophosphoric acid, pH 3.5) in 40 : 60 (v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with UV detection at 243 nm. Risk assessment studies and screening studies facilitated comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting CAAs. The mobile phase ratio and flow rate were identified as critical method parameters (CMPs) and were systematically optimized using face-centered cubic design, evaluating for CAAs, namely peak area, retention time, theoretical plates and peak tailing. Statistical modelization was accomplished followed by response surface analysis for comprehending plausible interaction(s) among CMPs. Search for optimum solution was conducted through numerical and graphical optimization for demarcating the design space. Analytical method validation and subsequent forced degradation studies corroborated the method to be highly efficient for routine analysis of drug and its degradation products. The studies successfully demonstrate the utility of QbD approach for developing the highly sensitive liquid chromatographic method with enhanced method performance.

14. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry method to determine resveratrol and piceid isomers in beeswax.

Ares, Ana M; González, Yolanda; Nozal, María J; Bernal, José L; Higes, Mariano; Bernal, José

2015-01-01

This paper represents the first report of a liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for simultaneously analyzing resveratrol and piceid isomers (cis and trans) in beeswax. An efficient extraction procedure has been proposed (average analyte recoveries were between 89 and 95%); this involved a solid-liquid extraction using a mixture of ethanol and water (80:20, v/v) and a concentration step in a rotary evaporator. The separation of all the compounds was achieved using a C18 column and a mobile phase composed of ammonium formate 0.03 M in water and acetonitrile in gradient elution mode at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, limits of detection and quantification, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The limits of detection and quantification ranged from 1.0 to 1.7 and 3.5 to 5.5 μg/kg, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was applied to analyze beeswax samples collected from experimental and organic apiaries.

15. Validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of pramipexole in human plasma.

Yadav, Manish; Rao, Rajasekhar; Kurani, Hemal; Rathod, Jaysukh; Patel, Rakesh; Singhal, Puran; Shrivastav, Pranav S

2010-11-01

A sensitive and high throughput ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) method has been developed for the determination of pramipexole, a dopamine agonist, in human plasma. Sample preparation involved liquid-liquid extraction of pramipexole and ranitidine as the internal standard (IS) in ethyl acetate from 100 μL human plasma. The chromatographic separation is achieved on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) analytical column using an isocratic mobile phase, consisting of 10 mM ammonium formate (pH 7.50)-acetonitrile (15:85, v/v), at a flow-rate of 0.5 mL/min. The precursor → product ion transition for pramipexole (m/z 212.1 → 153.0) and IS (m/z 315.0 → 176.1) were monitored on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and positive ion mode. The method was validated over a wide dynamic concentration range of 20-4020 pg/mL. Matrix effect is assessed by post-column infusion experiment and the process efficiency were 91.9% and 85.7% for pramipexole and IS, respectively. The method is rugged and rapid with a total run time of 1.5 min and is applied to a bioequivalence study of 0.25 mg PPX tablet formulation in 30 healthy Indian male subjects under fasting condition.

16. X-ray digital industrial radiography (DIR) for local liquid velocity (VLL) measurement in trickle bed reactors (TBRs): Validation of the technique

Mohd Salleh, Khairul Anuar; Rahman, Mohd Fitri Abdul; Lee, Hyoung Koo; Al Dahhan, Muthanna H.

2014-06-01

Local liquid velocity measurements in Trickle Bed Reactors (TBRs) are one of the essential components in its hydrodynamic studies. These measurements are used to effectively determine a reactor's operating condition. This study was conducted to validate a newly developed technique that combines Digital Industrial Radiography (DIR) with Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) to measure the Local Liquid Velocity (VLL) inside TBRs. Three millimeter-sized Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) beads were used as packing material. Three validation procedures were designed to test the newly developed technique. All procedures and statistical approaches provided strong evidence that the technique can be used to measure the VLL within TBRs.

17. Validation of a high performance liquid chromatography method for the stabilization of epigallocatechin gallate.

Fangueiro, Joana F; Parra, Alexander; Silva, Amélia M; Egea, Maria A; Souto, Eliana B; Garcia, Maria L; Calpena, Ana C

2014-11-20

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a green tea catechin with potential health benefits, such as anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. In general, EGCG is highly susceptible to degradation, therefore presenting stability problems. The present paper was focused on the study of EGCG stability in HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid) medium regarding the pH dependency, storage temperature and in the presence of ascorbic acid a reducing agent. The evaluation of EGCG in HEPES buffer has demonstrated that this molecule is not able of maintaining its physicochemical properties and potential beneficial effects, since it is partially or completely degraded, depending on the EGCG concentration. The storage temperature of EGCG most suitable to maintain its structure was shown to be the lower values (4 or -20 °C). The pH 3.5 was able to provide greater stability than pH 7.4. However, the presence of a reducing agent (i.e., ascorbic acid) was shown to provide greater protection against degradation of EGCG. A validation method based on RP-HPLC with UV-vis detection was carried out for two media: water and a biocompatible physiological medium composed of Transcutol®P, ethanol and ascorbic acid. The quantification of EGCG for purposes, using pure EGCG, requires a validated HPLC method which could be possible to apply in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies.

18. Simultaneous estimation of three triterpenoids from Carissa carandas using validated high performance liquid chromatography

Sunita Shailajan

2012-01-01

Full Text Available Background : Carissa carandas L. (Apocynaceae, an important fruit of tropical and subtropical arid region, has a great potential for the development of a new phytotherapeutic medicine. Due to an increase in commercial products of this fruit in the global market, an extensive phytochemical comparison seems imperative to understand its internal quality. Aims and Objective : To develop and validate an HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous estimation of three triterpenoids from C. carandas. Materials and Methods : A simple, sensitive and rapid HPLC-DAD method was developed for simultaneous estimation of lupeol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol from C. carandas fruits. Isocratic elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min was employed on C 18 Cosmosil column with PDA detection at 210 nm using acetonitrile and ethanol. Different parts of C. carandas and its fruits collected from different geographical region were screened for lupeol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol contents. Results : Proposed method for simultaneous estimation of lupeol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol was found highly specific, reliable, and sensitive which allowed good recovery of all analytes. It was validated as per ICH guidelines and proved to have good linearity, precision, repeatability, and stability. It was efficiently applied to screen different samples of C. carandas providing a mean to assess the quality and authenticity. Conclusion : The HPLC method could be an effective technique for routine analysis of lupeol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol simultaneously and monitoring the quality of fruit and its available products in cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies.

19. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography method development and validation for the assay of HEPES zwitterionic buffer.

Xu, Xiaolong; Gevaert, Bert; Bracke, Nathalie; Yao, Han; Wynendaele, Evelien; De Spiegeleer, Bart

2017-02-20

HEPES is a zwitterionic buffer component used as a raw material in the GMP-manufacturing of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), hence requiring an adequate assay method with sufficient selectivity toward related impurities. Therefore, a hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) method was developed. Different factors were investigated towards the retention behavior of HEPES, its analogue EPPS and its starting material isethionate: pH, ion concentration and organic solvent ratio of the mobile phase, as well as column temperature. Moreover, stress testing resulted in the N-oxide degradant, identified by high resolution MS. The final method consisted of an isocratic system with an aqueous (pH 2.0 with H3PO4) acetonitrile (35:65, v/v) mobile phase on a zwitterionic HILIC (Obelisc N) column with a flow rate of 0.5mL/min and UV detection at 195nm. The assay method of HEPES was validated, obtaining adequate linearity (R(2)=0.999), precision (RSD of 0.5%) and accuracy (recovery of 100.08%). Finally, the applicability of the validated method was demonstrated by analysis of samples from different suppliers.

20. Organic scintillators with pulse shape discrimination for detection of radiation (Conference Presentation)

Mabe, Andrew; Carman, M. Leslie; Glenn, Andrew M.; Zaitseva, Natalia P.; Payne, Stephen A.

2016-09-01

The detection of neutrons in the presence of gamma-ray fields has important applications in the fields of nuclear physics, homeland security, and medical imaging. Organic scintillators provide several attractive qualities as neutron detection materials including low cost, fast response times, ease of scaling, and the ability to implement pulse shape discrimination (PSD) to discriminate between neutrons and gamma-rays. This talk will focus on amorphous organic scintillators both in plastic form and small-molecule organic glass form. The first section of this talk will describe recent advances and improvements in the performance of PSD-capable plastic scintillators. The primary advances described in regard to modification of the polymer matrix, evaluation of new scintillating dyes, improved fabrication conditions, and implementation of additives which impart superior performance and mechanical properties to PSD-capable plastics as compared to commercially-available plastics and performance comparable to PSD-capable liquids. The second section of this talk will focus on a class of small-molecule organic scintillators based on modified indoles and oligophenylenes which form amorphous glasses as PSD-capable neutron scintillation materials. Though indoles and oligophenylenes have been known for many decades, their PSD properties have not been investigated and their scintillation properties only scantily investigated. Well-developed synthetic methodologies have permitted the synthesis of a library of structural analogs of these compounds as well as the investigation of their scintillation properties. The emission wavelengths of many indoles are in the sensitive region of common photomultiplier tubes, making them appropriate to be used as scintillators in either pure or doped form. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. This work has been supported by the U

1. A theory of scintillation for two-component power law irregularity spectra: Overview and numerical results

Carrano, Charles S.; Rino, Charles L.

2016-06-01

We extend the power law phase screen theory for ionospheric scintillation to account for the case where the refractive index irregularities follow a two-component inverse power law spectrum. The two-component model includes, as special cases, an unmodified power law and a modified power law with spectral break that may assume the role of an outer scale, intermediate break scale, or inner scale. As such, it provides a framework for investigating the effects of a spectral break on the scintillation statistics. Using this spectral model, we solve the fourth moment equation governing intensity variations following propagation through two-dimensional field-aligned irregularities in the ionosphere. A specific normalization is invoked that exploits self-similar properties of the structure to achieve a universal scaling, such that different combinations of perturbation strength, propagation distance, and frequency produce the same results. The numerical algorithm is validated using new theoretical predictions for the behavior of the scintillation index and intensity correlation length under strong scatter conditions. A series of numerical experiments are conducted to investigate the morphologies of the intensity spectrum, scintillation index, and intensity correlation length as functions of the spectral indices and strength of scatter; retrieve phase screen parameters from intensity scintillation observations; explore the relative contributions to the scintillation due to large- and small-scale ionospheric structures; and quantify the conditions under which a general spectral break will influence the scintillation statistics.

2. Development of a validated liquid chromatographic method for determination of related substances of telmisartan in bulk drugs and formulations.

Rao, R Nageswara; Guru Prasad, K; Gangu Naidu, Ch; Maurya, Pawan K

2011-11-01

A simple and rapid reversed phase liquid chromatographic method for separation and determination of the related substances of telmisartan (TLM) was developed and validated. The chromatographic separation was achieved on Lichrospher RP-18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), using 20 mM ammonium acetate containing 0.1% (v/v) triethylamine (pH adjusted to 3.0 with trifluoroacetic acid) and acetonitrile as mobile phase at 25°C. The detection was performed at 254 nm. The method was validated and found to be robust, precise, specific and linear between 0.37 and 500 μg/mL. The limits of detection and quantification of telmisartan were 0.11 and 0.37 μg/mL, respectively. The method was successfully applied to quantify related substances and assay of TLM in bulk drugs and commercial tablets. The related substances relate to a novel synthetic route and different from those A-H impurities reported by European Pharmacopeia.

3. Development and Validation of Stability-indicating High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Estimation of Everolimus in Tablets.

Sharmila, D; Rao, A Lakshmana; Kalyani, L

2015-01-01

The present study depicts the development of a validated reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the everolimus in presence of degradation products or pharmaceutical excipients. Stress study was performed on everolimus and it was found that it degrade sufficiently in oxidizing and acidic conditions but less degradation was found in alkaline, neutral, thermal and photolytic conditions. The separation was carried out on Hypersil BDS C18 column (100×4.6 mm, 5 μ) column having particle size 5 μ using acetate buffer:acetonitrile (50:50 v/v) with pH 6.5 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid as mobile phase at flow rate of 1 ml/min. The wavelength of the detection was 280 nm. A retention time (Rt) nearly 3.110 min was observed. The calibration curve for everolimus was linear (r(2)=0.999) from range of 25-150 μg/ml with limit of detection and limit of quantification of 0.036 μg/ml and 0.109 μg/ml, respectively. Analytical validation parameters such as selectivity, specificity, linearity, accuracy and precision were evaluated and relative standard deviation value for all the key parameters were less than 2.0%. The recovery of the drug after standard addition was found to be 100.55%. Thus, the developed RP-HPLC method was found to be suitable for the determination of everolimus in tablets containing various excipients.

4. Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic method for estimation of dicyclomine hydrochloride, mefenamic Acid and paracetamol in tablets.

Shah, D A; Rana, Jainika P; Chhalotiya, Usmangani K; Baldania, S L; Bhatt, K K

2014-01-01

Liquid chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous quantitative determination of dicyclomine hydrochloride, mefenamic acid and paracetamol in their combined dosage form. The separation was achieved using a C18 column (250×4.6 mm id, 5 μm) using acetonitrile:20 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate 70:30 (v/v) adjusted to pH 4 using orthophosphoric acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and detection at 220 nm. Separation was completed within 12 min. The retention times of dicyclomine hydrochloride, mefenamic acid and paracetamol were 3.8, 9.3 and 2.5 minutes respectively. The proposed method was found to have linearity in concentration range of 10-100 μg/ml for dicyclomine hydrochloride, 0.05-10 μg/ml for mefenamic acid and 0.1-20 μg/ml for paracetamol. The developed method has been statistically validated and was found to be simple, precise, reproducible and accurate. The developed and validated method was successfully used for the quantitative analysis of commercially available dosage form.

5. Development and validation of a reversed phase liquid chromatographic method for analysis of oxytetracycline and related impurities.

Kahsay, Getu; Shraim, Fairouz; Villatte, Philippe; Rotger, Jacques; Cassus-Coussère, Céline; Van Schepdael, Ann; Hoogmartens, Jos; Adams, Erwin

2013-03-05

A simple, robust and fast high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the analysis of oxytetracycline and its related impurities. The principal peak and impurities are all baseline separated in 20 min using an Inertsil C₈ (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column kept at 50 °C. The mobile phase consists of a gradient mixture of mobile phases A (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water) and B (acetonitrile-methanol-tetrahydrofuran, 80:15:5, v/v/v) pumped at a flow rate of 1.3 ml/min. UV detection was performed at 254 nm. The developed method was validated for its robustness, sensitivity, precision and linearity in the range from limit of quantification (LOQ) to 120%. The limits of detection (LOD) and LOQ were found to be 0.08 μg/ml and 0.32 μg/ml, respectively. This method allows the separation of oxytetracycline from all known and 5 unknown impurities, which is better than previously reported in the literature. Moreover, the simple mobile phase composition devoid of non-volatile buffers made the method suitable to interface with mass spectrometry for further characterization of unknown impurities. The developed method has been applied for determination of related substances in oxytetracycline bulk samples available from four manufacturers. The validation results demonstrate that the method is reliable for quantification of oxytetracycline and its impurities.

6. A VALIDATED REVERSE PHASE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DOXOFYLINE IN PURE AND PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS

Lanka Venkateswararao

2013-02-01

Full Text Available A novel reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method (RP-HPLC was developed and validated for the determination of doxofylline (DXF in pharmaceutical formulations. Agilent 1100 series HPLC instrument equipped with variable wavelength programmable UV-Visible detector and a chromosil C18 (250mm x 4.6mm, 5μm column with an auto injector was used for the present investigation. A volume of 20µL of working standard of concentration 25µg/mL was injected into the chromatographic system, the component was separated by using the mobile phase of the mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer of pH 5.5 and acetonitrile in the ratio 75:25(v/v at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and the detection of the components was carried out at a wavelength of 275nm. Chemstation software was used for the data acquisition through out the analysis. The system suitable parameters such as number of theoretical plates, tailing factor and resolution were found to be satisfactory. The retention time of the component was found to be at 4.814 minutes. The proposed method was validated in terms of precision, accuracy, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, robustness and ruggedness. The developed method was found to be rapid, simple and sensitive hence it could be used as an alternative method in assay of the doxofylline in any pharmaceutical industries.

7. VALIDATION OF OBSERVATIONS OBTAINED WITH A LIQUID MIRROR TELESCOPE BY COMPARISON WITH SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY OBSERVATIONS

Borra, E. F. [Centre d’Optique, Photonique et Lasers Département de Physique, Université Laval (Canada)

2015-06-15

The results of a search for peculiar astronomical objects using very low resolution spectra obtained with the NASA Orbital Debris Observatory (NODO) 3 m diameter liquid mirror telescope (LMT) are compared with results of spectra obtained with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The main purpose of this comparison is to verify whether observations taken with this novel type of telescope are reliable. This comparison is important because LMTs are an inexpensive novel type of telescope that is very useful for astronomical surveys, particularly surveys in the time domain, and validation of the data taken with an LMT by comparison with data from a classical telescope will validate their reliability. We start from a published data analysis that classified as peculiar only 206 of the 18,000 astronomical objects observed with the NODO LMT. A total of 29 of these 206 objects were found in the SDSS. The reliability of the NODO data can be seen through the results of the detailed analysis that, in practice, incorrectly identified less than 0.3% of the 18,000 spectra as peculiar objects, most likely because they are variable stars. We conclude that the LMT gave reliable observations, comparable to those that would have been obtained with a telescope using a glass mirror.

8. Development and Validation of High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Lamivudine from Pharmaceutical Preparation

S. K. Patro

2010-01-01

Full Text Available A new, simple, specific, accurate and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for determination of lamivudine in pure and tablet formulations. A Thermo BDS C18 column in isocratic mode, with a mobile phase consisting of 0.01 M ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer adjusted to pH 2.48 by using formic acid and methanol in the ratio of 50:50 was used. The flow rate was set at 0.6 mL/min and UV detection was carried out at 264 nm. The retention time of lamivudine and nevirapine were 2.825 min and 4.958 min respectively. The method was validated for linearity, precision, robustness and recovery. Linearity for lamivudine was found in the range of 50-175 μg/mL. Hence, it can be applied for routine quality control of lamivudine in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

9. Development and validation of micellar liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of antibiotics in different matrixes.

Rambla-Alegre, Maria; Esteve-Romero, Josep; Carda-Broch, Samuel

2011-01-01

Antibiotics are the most important bioactive and chemotherapeutic compounds to be produced by microbiological synthesis, and they have proved their worth in a variety of fields, such as medicinal chemistry, agriculture, and the food industry. Interest in antibiotics has grown in parallel with an increasingly high degree of productivity in the field of analytical applications. Therefore, it is necessary to develop chromatographic procedures capable of determining various drugs simultaneously in the shortest possible time. Micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) is an RP-HPLC technique that offers advantages over conventional HPLC as far as sample preparation, selectivity, and versatility are concerned. Its main advantage is that samples can be injected directly into the chromatographic system with no previous preparation step. This paper mainly focuses on the results of the authors' own recent research and reports the chromatographic conditions for determination of various antibiotics (penicillins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) in different matrixes (pharmaceuticals, biological fluids, and food). The work of other authors on MLC-based antibiotic determination has been included.

10. Position Reconstruction in a Dual Phase Xenon Scintillation Detector

Solovov, V N; Akimov, D Yu; Araújo, H M; Barnes, E J; Burenkov, A A; Chepel, V; Currie, A; DeViveiros, L; Edwards, B; Ghag, C; Hollingsworth, A; Horn, M; Kalmus, G E; Kobyakin, A S; Kovalenko, A G; Lebedenko, V N; Lindote, A; Lopes, M I; Lüscher, R; Majewski, P; Murphy, A St J; Neves, F; Paling, S M; da Cunha, J Pinto; Preece, R; Quenby, J J; Reichhart, L; Scovell, P R; Silva, C; Smith, N J T; Smith, P F; Stekhanov, V N; Sumner, T J; Thorne, C; Walker, R J

2011-01-01

We studied the application of statistical reconstruction algorithms, namely maximum likelihood and least squares methods, to the problem of event reconstruction in a dual phase liquid xenon detector. An iterative method was developed for in-situ reconstruction of the PMT light response functions from calibration data taken with an uncollimated gamma-ray source. Using the techniques described, the performance of the ZEPLIN-III dark matter detector was studied for 122 keV gamma-rays. For the inner part of the detector (R<100 mm), spatial resolutions of 13 mm and 1.6 mm FWHM were measured in the horizontal plane for primary and secondary scintillation, respectively. An energy resolution of 8.1% FWHM was achieved at that energy. The possibility of using this technique for improving performance and reducing cost of scintillation cameras for medical applications is currently under study.

11. Validation of keratan sulfate level in mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Tomatsu, Shunji; Montaño, Adriana M; Oguma, Toshihiro; Dung, Vu Chi; Oikawa, Hirotaka; de Carvalho, Talita Giacomet; Gutiérrez, María L; Yamaguchi, Seiji; Suzuki, Yasuyuki; Fukushi, Masaru; Kida, Kazuhiro; Kubota, Mitsuru; Barrera, Luis; Orii, Tadao

2010-12-01

Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA, Morquio A disease), a progressive lysosomal storage disease, causes skeletal chondrodysplasia through excessive storage of keratan sulfate (KS). KS is synthesized mainly in cartilage and released to the circulation. The excess storage of KS disrupts cartilage, consequently releasing more KS into circulation, which is a critical biomarker for MPS IVA. Thus, assessment of KS level provides a potential screening strategy and determines clinical course and efficacy of therapies. We have recently developed a tandem mass spectrometry liquid chromatography [LC/MS/MS] method to assay KS levels in blood. Forty-nine blood specimens from patients with MPS IVA [severe (n = 33), attenuated (n = 11) and undefined (n = 5)] were analyzed for comparison of blood KS concentration with that of healthy subjects and for correlation with clinical severity. Plasma samples were digested by keratanase II to obtain disaccharides of KS. Digested samples were assayed by LC/MS/MS. We found that blood KS levels (0.4-26 µg/ml) in MPS IVA patients were significantly higher than those in age-matched controls (0.67-4.6 µg/ml; P IVA peaked between 2 years and 5 years of age (mean 11.4 µg/ml). Blood KS levels in severe MPS IVA (mean 7.3 µg/ml) were higher than in the attenuated form (mean 2.1 µg/ml) (P = 0.012). We also found elevated blood KS levels in other types of MPS. These findings indicate that the new KS assay for blood is suitable for early diagnosis and longitudinal assessment of disease severity in MPS IVA.

12. Thermodynamic evaluation of activated charcoal as a poison antidote by high-performance liquid chromatography. I: Derivation and validation of an equation for Gibbs free energy of liquid-solid adsorption.

Kleeman, W P; Bailey, L C

1988-06-01

An in vitro method utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed in order to investigate the adsorptive process between activated charcoal and various drugs and toxic chemicals by measuring their Gibbs free energy of adsorption from various acetonitrile:water mobile phases. This report details the derivation and validation of the equation for calculating the Gibbs free energy of liquid-solid adsorption via HPLC. The derived equation incorporates the following experimental parameters: specific surface area of the adsorbent, specific retention volume of the solute, molar volume of the mobile phase, and surface concentration of the solute in a predefined standard state. This equation was validated by means of a closed thermodynamic cycle composed of three segments. Each segment represents a different physical process: gas-solid adsorption of methyl iodide on activated charcoal, gas-liquid solution of methyl iodide in n-hexadecane, and liquid-solid adsorption of methyl iodide on activated charcoal from n-hexadecane. The Gibbs free energy for each of these thermodynamic processes was determined by the appropriate chromatographic technique. Since the cycle did not balance because it did not account for the interaction of n-hexadecane and activated charcoal, it was altered to include a gas-liquid-solid chromatographic technique. When the Gibbs free energies of solution and gas-solid adsorption determined by this chromatographic technique were incorporated into the cycle, the resulting imbalance was only 0.213 kJ/mol (1.1%), thereby validating the derived equation.

13. Validation of a column liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of pramipexole and its five impurities.

Malenović, Andjelija; Janić-Stojanović, Biljana; Vemić, Ana; Ivanović, Darko; Medenica, Mirjana

2010-01-01

In this paper, a previously optimized method for HPLC analysis of pramipexole and its impurities was subjected to method validation in accordance with official regulations. The optimized chromatographic conditions were as follows: mobile phase acetonitrile-water phase [15 + 85, v/v, water phase contained 1% triethylamine (TEA), pH adjusted to 7.0 with orthophosphoric acid]; detection at 262 nm for pramipexole, BI-II 751 xx, BI-I 786 BS, BI-II 820 BS, and 2-aminobenzothiazole and at 326 nm for BI-II 546 CL; column temperature, 25 degrees C; and flow rate, 1 ml/min. Acetonitrile and TEA content, pH of the water phase, flow rate, column temperature, and column type were factors studied in robustness testing. According to the experimental plan defined by a Plackett-Burman design, five dummy variables were added in order to have 12 factors. As output, resolution factor was chosen. Robustness was assessed by graphical (half-normal probability plots and Pareto charts) and statistical (t-test) methods. Also, nonsignificance intervals for significant factors were estimated, and limits for the system suitability test were determined. Finally, linearity, accuracy, and precision of the proposed HPLC method were defined. LOD and LOQ values for analyzed impurities were determined. The method was completely defined by these experiments.

14. Design, Construction and Installation of the ATLAS Hadronic Barrel Scintillator-Tile Calorimeter

Abdallah, J; Alexa, C; Alves, R; Amaral, P; Ananiev, A; Anderson, K; Andresen, X; Antonaki, A; Batusov, V; Bednar, P; Bergeaas, E; Biscarat, C; Blanch, O; Blanchot, G; Bohm, C; Boldea, V; Bosi, F; Bosman, M; Bromberg, C; Budagov, Yu A; Calvet, D; Cardeira, C; Carli, T; Carvalho, J; Cascella, M; Castillo, M V; Costello, J; Cavalli-Sforza, M; Cavasinni, V; Cerqueira, A S; Clément, C; Cobal, M; Cogswell, F; Constantinescu, S; Costanzo, D; Da Silva, P; Davidek, M; David, T; Dawson, J; De, K; Del Prete, T; Di Girolamo, B; Dita, S; Dolejsi, J; Dolezal, Z; Dotti, A; Downing, R; Drake, G; Efthymiopoulos, I; Errede, D; Errede, S; Farbin, A; Fassouliotis, D; Feng, E; Fenyuk, A; Ferdi, C; Ferreira, B C; Ferrer, A; Flaminio, V; Flix, J; Francavilla, P; Fullana, E; Garde, V; Gellerstedt, K; Giakoumopoulou, V; Giangiobbe, V; Gildemeister, O; Gilewsky, V; Giokaris, N; Gollub, N; Gomes, A; González, V; Gouveia, J; Grenier, P; Gris, P; Guarino, V; Guicheney, C; Sen-Gupta, A; Hakobyan, H; Haney, M; Hellman, S; Henriques, A; Higón, E; Hill, N; Holmgren, S; Hruska, I; Hurwitz, M; Huston, J; Jen-La Plante, I; Jon-And, K; Junk, T; Karyukhin, A; Khubua, J; Klereborn, J; Kopikov, S; Korolkov, I; Krivkova, P; Kulchitsky, Y; Kurochkin, Yu; Kuzhir, P; Lapin, V; Le Compte, T; Lefèvre, R; Leitner, R; Li, J; Liablin, M; Lokajícek, M; Lomakin, Y; Lourtie, P; Lovas, L; Lupi, A; Maidantchik, C; Maio, A; Maliukov, S; Manousakis, A; Marques, C; Marroquim, F; Martin, F; Mazzoni, E; Merritt, F S; Myagkov, A; Miller, R; Minashvili, I; Miralles, L; Montarou, G; Némécek, S; Nessi, M; Nikitine, I; Nodulman, L; Norniella, O; Onofre, A; Oreglia, M; Palan, B; Pallin, D; Pantea, D; Pereira, A; Pilcher, J E; Pina, J; Pinhão, J; Pod, E; Podlyski, F; Portell, X; Poveda, J; Pribyl, L; Price, L E; Proudfoot, J; Ramalho, M; Ramstedt, M; Raposeiro, L; Reis, J; Richards, R; Roda, C; Romanov, V; Rosnet, P; Roy, P; Ruiz, A; Rumiantsau, V; Russakovich, N; Sada Costa, J; Salto, O; Salvachúa, B; Sanchis, E; Sanders, H; Santoni, C; Santos, J; Saraiva, J G; Sarri, F; Says, L P; Schlager, G; Schlereth, J L; Seixas, J M; Selldén, B; Shalanda, N; Shevtsov, P; Shochet, M; Simaitis, V; Simonyan, M; Sisakian, A; Sjölin, J; Solans, C; Solodkov, A; Solovianov, J; Silva, O; Sosebee, M; Spanó, F; Speckmeyer, P; Stanek, R; Starchenko, E; Starovoitov, P; Suk, M; Sykora, I; Tang, F; Tas, P; Teuscher, R; Tokar, S; Topilin, N; Torres, J; Underwood, D; Usai, G; Valero, A; Valkár, S; Valls, J A; Vartapetian, A; Vazeille, F; Vellidis, C; Ventura, F; Vichou, I; Vivarelli, I; Volpi, M; White, A; Zaitsev, A; Zenin, A; Zenis, T; Zenonos, Z; Zenz, S; Zilka, B

2007-01-01

The scintillator tile hadronic calorimeter is a sampling calorimeter using steel as the absorber structure and scintillator as the active medium. The scintillator is located in "pockets" in the steel structure and the wavelength-shifting fibers are contained in channels running radially within the absorber to photomultiplier tubes which are located in the outer support girders of the calorimeter structure. In addition, to its role as a detector for high energy particles, the tile calorimeter provides the direct support of the liquid argon electromagnetic calorimeter in the barrel region, and the liquid argon electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters in the endcap region. Through these, it indirectly supports the inner tracking system and beam pipe. The steel absorber, and in particular the support girders, provide the flux return for the solenoidal field from the central solenoid. Finally, the end surfaces of the barrel calorimeter are used to mount services, power supplies and readout crates for the inner tr...

15. Evaluation of various planar gaseous detectors with Cs1 photocathodes for the detection of primary scintillation light from noble gases

Periale, L; Carlson, Per J; Iacobaeus, C; Francke, T; Pavlopoulos, N; Pietropaoplo, F; Sokolova, T; Picchi, P

2003-01-01

Noble gases and liquids are excellent scintillators and this opens a unique opportunity to directly detect the primary scintillation light produced in these media by photons or particles. This signal can be used for several purposes, for example as a start signal for TPCs or for particle's identification. Usually photomultipliers (PMs) are used for the detection of the scintillation light. In our previous work we have demonstrated that costly PMs could be replaced by gaseous detectors with CsI photocathodes. Such detectors have the same quantum efficiency as the best PMs but at the same time are cheap, simple and have high position and time resolutions. The aim of this work is to evaluate various planar type gaseous detectors with CsI photocathodes in order to choose the best one for the detection of the primary scintillation light from noble gases and liquids. (10 refs).

16. LHCb Upgrade: Scintillating Fibre Tracker

Tobin, Mark

2016-07-01

The LHCb detector will be upgraded during the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) of the LHC in order to cope with higher instantaneous luminosities and to read out the data at 40 MHz using a trigger-less read-out system. All front-end electronics will be replaced and several sub-detectors must be redesigned to cope with higher occupancy. The current tracking detectors downstream of the LHCb dipole magnet will be replaced by the Scintillating Fibre (SciFi) Tracker. The SciFi Tracker will use scintillating fibres read out by Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). State-of-the-art multi-channel SiPM arrays are being developed to read out the fibres and a custom ASIC will be used to digitise the signals from the SiPMs. The evolution of the design since the Technical Design Report in 2014 and the latest R & D results are presented.

17. A helical scintillating fiber hodoscope

Altmeier, M; Bisplinghoff, J; Bissel, T; Bollmann, R; Busch, M; Büsser, K; Colberg, T; Demiroers, L; Diehl, O; Dohrmann, F; Engelhardt, H P; Eversheim, P D; Felden, O; Gebel, R; Glende, M; Greiff, J; Gross, A; Gross-Hardt, R; Hinterberger, F; Jahn, R; Jeske, M; Jonas, E; Krause, H; Lahr, U; Langkau, R; Lindemann, T; Lindlein, J; Maier, R; Maschuw, R; Mayer-Kuckuck, T; Meinerzhagen, A; Naehle, O; Pfuff, M; Prasuhn, D; Rohdjess, H; Rosendaal, D; Von Rossen, P; Sanz, B; Schirm, N; Schulz-Rojahn, M; Schwarz, V; Scobel, W; Thomas, S; Trelle, H J; Weise, E; Wellinghausen, A; Wiedmann, W; Woller, K; Ziegler, R

1999-01-01

A novel scintillating fiber hodoscope in helically cylindric geometry has been developed for detection of low multiplicity events of fast protons and other light charged particles in the internal target experiment EDDA at the Cooler Synchrotron COSY. The hodoscope consists of 640 scintillating fibers (2.5 mm diameter), arranged in four layers surrounding the COSY beam pipe. The fibers are helically wound in opposing directions and read out individually using 16-channel photomultipliers connected to a modified commercial encoding system. The detector covers an angular range of 9 deg. <= THETA<=72 deg. and 0 deg. <=phi (cursive,open) Greek<=360 deg. in the lab frame. The detector length is 590 mm, the inner diameter 161 mm. Geometry and granularity of the hodoscope afford a position resolution of about 1.3 mm. The detector design took into consideration a maximum of reliability and a minimum of maintenance. An LED array may be used for monitoring purposes. (author)

18. LHCb Upgrade: Scintillating Fibre Tracker

Tobin, Mark, E-mail: Mark.Tobin@epfl.ch

2016-07-11

The LHCb detector will be upgraded during the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) of the LHC in order to cope with higher instantaneous luminosities and to read out the data at 40 MHz using a trigger-less read-out system. All front-end electronics will be replaced and several sub-detectors must be redesigned to cope with higher occupancy. The current tracking detectors downstream of the LHCb dipole magnet will be replaced by the Scintillating Fibre (SciFi) Tracker. The SciFi Tracker will use scintillating fibres read out by Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). State-of-the-art multi-channel SiPM arrays are being developed to read out the fibres and a custom ASIC will be used to digitise the signals from the SiPMs. The evolution of the design since the Technical Design Report in 2014 and the latest R & D results are presented.

19. Scintillation Monitoring Using Asymmetry Index

Shaikh, Muhammad Mubasshir; Mahrous, Ayman; Abdallah, Amr; Notarpietro, Riccardo

Variation in electron density can have significant effect on GNSS signals in terms of propagation delay. Ionospheric scintillation can be caused by rapid change of such delay, specifically, when they last for a longer period of time. Ionospheric irregularities that account for scintillation may vary significantly in spatial range and drift with the background plasma at speeds of 45 to 130 m/sec. These patchy irregularities may occur several times during night, e.g. in equatorial region, with the patches move through the ray paths of the GNSS satellite signals. These irregularities are often characterized as either ‘large scale’ (which can be as large as several hundred km in East-West direction and many times that in the North-South direction) or ‘small scale’ (which can be as small as 1m). These small scale irregularities are regarded as the main cause of scintillation [1,2]. In normal solar activity conditions, the mid-latitude ionosphere is not much disturbed. However, during severe magnetic storms, the aurora oval extends towards the equator and the equator anomaly region may stretched towards poles extending the scintillation phenomena more typically associated with those regions into mid-latitudes. In such stormy conditions, the predicted TEC may deviate largely from the true value of the TEC both at low and mid-latitudes due to which GNSS applications may be strongly degraded. This work is an attempt to analyze ionospheric scintillation (S4 index) using ionospheric asymmetry index [3]. The asymmetry index is based on trans-ionospheric propagation between GPS and LEO satellites in a radio occultation (RO) scenario, using background ionospheric data provided by MIDAS [4]. We attempted to simulate one of the recent geomagnetic storms (NOAA scale G4) occurred over low/mid-latitudes. The storm started on 26 September 2011 at UT 18:00 and lasted until early hours of 27 September 2011. The scintillation data for the storm was taken from an ionospheric

20. A helical scintillating fiber hodoscope

Altmeier, M.; Bauer, F.; Bisplinghoff, J.; Bissel, T.; Bollmann, R.; Busch, M.; Buesser, K.; Colberg, T.; Demiroers, L.; Diehl, O.; Dohrmann, F.; Engelhardt, H.P.; Eversheim, P.D.; Felden, O.; Gebel, R.; Glende, M.; Greiff, J.; Gross, A.; Gross-Hardt, R.; Hinterberger, F.; Jahn, R.; Jeske, M.; Jonas, E.; Krause, H.; Lahr, U.; Langkau, R.; Lindemann, T.; Lindlein, J.; Maier, R.; Maschuw, R.; Mayer-Kuckuck, T.; Meinerzhagen, A.; Naehle, O.; Pfuff, M.; Prasuhn, D.; Rohdjess, H.; Rosendaal, D.; Rossen, P. von; Sanz, B.; Schirm, N.; Schulz-Rojahn, M.; Schwarz, V.; Scobel, W.; Thomas, S.; Trelle, H.J.; Weise, E.; Wellinghausen, A.; Wiedmann, W.; Woller, K.; Ziegler, R

1999-07-21

A novel scintillating fiber hodoscope in helically cylindric geometry has been developed for detection of low multiplicity events of fast protons and other light charged particles in the internal target experiment EDDA at the Cooler Synchrotron COSY. The hodoscope consists of 640 scintillating fibers (2.5 mm diameter), arranged in four layers surrounding the COSY beam pipe. The fibers are helically wound in opposing directions and read out individually using 16-channel photomultipliers connected to a modified commercial encoding system. The detector covers an angular range of 9 deg. {<=}{theta}{<=}72 deg. and 0 deg. {<=}phi (cursive,open) Greek{<=}360 deg. in the lab frame. The detector length is 590 mm, the inner diameter 161 mm. Geometry and granularity of the hodoscope afford a position resolution of about 1.3 mm. The detector design took into consideration a maximum of reliability and a minimum of maintenance. An LED array may be used for monitoring purposes. (author)
{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.772628664970398, "perplexity": 9032.536257462107}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647758.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322014514-20180322034514-00612.warc.gz"}