#### Sample records for joule heating

1. Enhanced Joule Heating in Umbral Dots

E-print Network

Chandan Joshi; Lokesh Bharti; S. N. A. Jaaffrey

2007-05-10

We present a study of magnetic profiles of umbral dots (UDs) and its consequences on the Joule heating mechanisms. Hamedivafa (2003) studied Joule heating using vertical component of magnetic field. In this paper UDs magnetic profile has been investigated including the new azimuthal component of magnetic field which might explain the relatively larger enhancement of Joule heating causing more brightness near circumference of UD.

2. Joule-Thomson expander and heat exchanger

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Norman, R. H.

1976-01-01

The Joule-Thomson Expander and Heat Exchanger Program was initiated to develop an assembly (JTX) which consists of an inlet filter, counterflow heat exchanger, Joule-Thomson expansion device, and a low pressure jacket. The program objective was to develop a JTX which, when coupled to an open cycle supercritical helium refrigerating system (storage vessel), would supply superfluid helium (He II) at 2 K or less for cooling infrared detectors.

3. Optimal joule heating of the subsurface

DOEpatents

Berryman, J.G.; Daily, W.D.

1994-07-05

A method for simultaneously heating the subsurface and imaging the effects of the heating is disclosed. This method combines the use of tomographic imaging (electrical resistance tomography or ERT) to image electrical resistivity distribution underground, with joule heating by electrical currents injected in the ground. A potential distribution is established on a series of buried electrodes resulting in energy deposition underground which is a function of the resistivity and injection current density. Measurement of the voltages and currents also permits a tomographic reconstruction of the resistivity distribution. Using this tomographic information, the current injection pattern on the driving electrodes can be adjusted to change the current density distribution and thus optimize the heating. As the heating changes conditions, the applied current pattern can be repeatedly adjusted (based on updated resistivity tomographs) to affect real time control of the heating.

4. Optimal joule heating of the subsurface

DOEpatents

Berryman, James G. (Danville, CA); Daily, William D. (Livermore, CA)

1994-01-01

A method for simultaneously heating the subsurface and imaging the effects of the heating. This method combines the use of tomographic imaging (electrical resistance tomography or ERT) to image electrical resistivity distribution underground, with joule heating by electrical currents injected in the ground. A potential distribution is established on a series of buried electrodes resulting in energy deposition underground which is a function of the resistivity and injection current density. Measurement of the voltages and currents also permits a tomographic reconstruction of the resistivity distribution. Using this tomographic information, the current injection pattern on the driving electrodes can be adjusted to change the current density distribution and thus optimize the heating. As the heating changes conditions, the applied current pattern can be repeatedly adjusted (based on updated resistivity tomographs) to affect real time control of the heating.

5. Welding dissimilar metal microwires by Joule heating

Sunagawa, Takuya; Tohmyoh, Hironori

2015-06-01

In this paper we report on the Joule heat welding of dissimilar metal microwires. The current required for successful welding was investigated. Various combinations of 25 µm diameter Cu, Au and Al microwires were welded together using this technique. The welded dissimilar metal wire systems were then cut by supplying a higher current, and it was found that the position at which the wires cut was not at the midpoint, i.e., the position of the weld, of the wire system. This is because the temperature distributions formed in the dissimilar metal systems were asymmetrical. The positions at which the wires cut were in good agreement with those predicted by a heat conduction model. The lower limit for successful welding of the dissimilar metal microwire system was found to be determined by the lower of the two currents required to cut microwires of the individual materials.

6. Electroosmotic flow and Joule heating in preparative continuous annular electrochromatography.

PubMed

2015-09-01

An openFOAM "computational fluid dynamic" simulation model was developed for the description of local interaction of hydrodynamics and Joule heating in annular electrochromatography. A local decline of electrical conductivity of the background eluent is caused by an electrokinetic migration of ions resulting in higher Joule heat generation. The model equations consider the Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible fluids, the energy equation for stationary temperature fields, and the mass transfer equation for the electrokinetic flow. The simulations were embedded in commercial ANSYS Fluent software and in open-source environment openFOAM. The annular gap (1 mm width) contained an inorganic C8 reverse-phase monolith as stationary phase prepared by an in situ sol-gel process. The process temperature generated by Joule heating was determined by thermal camera system. The local hydrodynamics in the prototype was detected by a gravimetric contact-free measurement method and experimental and simulated values matched quite well. PMID:25997390

7. De-doping of graphene by Joule heating with water

Park, Joonkyu; Kim, Dong-Whan; Woo, Ju Yeon; Lee, Jun; Han, Chang-Soo

2015-11-01

We report the restoration of electrical properties found in graphene field-effect transistors (G-FETs) Joule heated with water. Since polymer contaminates the graphene surface during the transfer process and device fabrication, the graphene becomes p-doped so that we can hardly measure its charge neutrality point (CNP) with a gate voltage even up to 100?V. When the p-doped G-FET covered by water is Joule heated, on the other hand, the CNP is restored almost to the zero gate voltage. Based on the results derived from I d-V g characteristics and Raman spectroscopy, we argue that the polymers on graphene were removed whilst it was Joule heated, resulting in high de-doping of the graphene, leading to the easy process for the fabrication of high performance G-FET.

8. Joule heating and nitric oxide in the thermosphere

Barth, C. A.; Lu, G.; Roble, R. G.

2009-05-01

The effect of Joule heating on the density of nitric oxide in the thermosphere was studied using observations from the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) satellite and model calculations from the Thermospheric Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model for a Joule heating event that occurred on 25 September 1998. Model results and SNOE observations from fifteen orbits were compared in the latitude range 82°S to 82°N over the altitude range 100-150 km. Joule heating which occurred in the 55°- to 60°-latitude region produced a meridional wind blowing equatorward and a gravity wave propagating equatorward, which caused an increase in the temperature of the thermosphere in the 20°- to 75°-latitude region. When the heated thermosphere was illuminated by solar radiation, the density of nitric oxide increased over this entire latitude region because of a temperature-sensitive reaction between ground state nitrogen atoms and molecular oxygen. In the 24 hours following the Joule heating event, the increased nitric oxide diffused downward from the 150-km region to the 110-km level of the thermosphere.

9. Electrical and Joule heating relationship investigation using Finite Element Method

Thangaraju, S. K.; Munisamy, K. M.

2015-09-01

The finite element method is vastly used in material strength analysis. The nature of the finite element solver, which solves the Fourier equation of stress and strain analysis, made it possible to apply for conduction heat transfer Fourier Equation. Similarly the Current and voltage equation is also liner Fourier equation. The nature of the governing equation makes it possible to numerical investigate the electrical joule heating phenomena in electronic component. This paper highlights the Finite Element Method (FEM) application onto semiconductor interconnects to determine the specific contact resistance (SCR). Metal and semiconductor interconnects is used as model. The result confirms the possibility and validity of FEM utilization to investigate the Joule heating due electrical resistance.

10. Loop formation in graphitic nanoribbon edges using furnace heating or Joule heating

E-print Network

Jia, Xiaoting

Here the authors report the use of either furnace heating or Joule heating to pacify the exposed graphene edges by loop formation in a novel graphitic nanoribbonmaterial, grown by chemical vapor deposition. The edge energy ...

11. Local Modification of Cu Microwires by Joule Heating

Tohmyoh, Hironori; Ishihara, Mitsuharu

2013-07-01

A technique for modifying the crystalline structure of a metallic microwire is introduced. The technique involves passing current through the wire via two electrical probes causing local Joule heating. We used this technique to heat a 25-µm-diameter Cu wire for 1 h at 573 K. The yield stress of the wire after modification was evaluated by a mechanical bending test and it was confirmed that the wire had softened after the process. We also performed heat treatment of a wire in a furnace and the properties of the wires modified by the two different methods were compared.

12. Joule Heating and Anomalous Resistivity in the Solar Corona

E-print Network

Steven R. Spangler

2008-12-22

Recent radioastronomical observations of Faraday rotation in the solar corona can be interpreted as evidence for coronal currents, with values as large as $2.5 \\times 10^9$ Amperes (Spangler 2007). These estimates of currents are used to develop a model for Joule heating in the corona. It is assumed that the currents are concentrated in thin current sheets, as suggested by theories of two dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. The Spitzer result for the resistivity is adopted as a lower limit to the true resistivity. The calculated volumetric heating rate is compared with an independent theoretical estimate by Cranmer et al (2007). This latter estimate accounts for the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of the corona at a heliocentric distance of several solar radii. Our calculated Joule heating rate is less than the Cranmer et al estimate by at least a factor of $3 \\times 10^5$. The currents inferred from the observations of Spangler (2007) are not relevant to coronal heating unless the true resistivity is enormously increased relative to the Spitzer value. However, the same model for turbulent current sheets used to calculate the heating rate also gives an electron drift speed which can be comparable to the electron thermal speed, and larger than the ion acoustic speed. It is therefore possible that the coronal current sheets are unstable to current-driven instabilities which produce high levels of waves, enhance the resistivity and thus the heating rate.

13. Acceleration of runaway electrons and Joule heating in solar flares

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Holman, G. D.

1984-01-01

The electric field acceleration of electrons out of a thermal plasma and the simultaneous Joule heating of the plasma are studied. Acceleration and heating timescales are derived and compared, and upper limits are obtained on the acceleration volume and the rate at which electrons can be accelerated. These upper limits, determined by the maximum magnetic field strength observed in flaring regions, place stringent restrictions upon the acceleration process. The role of the plasma resistivity in these processes is examined, and possible sources of anomalous resistivity are summarized. The implications of these results for the microwave and hard X-ray emission from solar flares are examined.

14. Physical and numerical modeling of Joule-heated melters

SciTech Connect

Eyler, L.L.; Skarda, R.J.; Crowder, R.S. III; Trent, D.S.; Reid, C.R.; Lessor, D.L.

1985-10-01

The Joule-heated ceramic-lined melter is an integral part of the high level waste immobilization process under development by the US Department of Energy. Scaleup and design of this waste glass melting furnace requires an understanding of the relationships between melting cavity design parameters and the furnace performance characteristics such as mixing, heat transfer, and electrical requirements. Developing empirical models of these relationships through actual melter testing with numerous designs would be a very costly and time consuming task. Additionally, the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) has been developing numerical models that simulate a Joule-heated melter for analyzing melter performance. This report documents the method used and results of this modeling effort. Numerical modeling results are compared with the more conventional, physical modeling results to validate the approach. Also included are the results of numerically simulating an operating research melter at PNL. Physical Joule-heated melters modeling results used for qualiying the simulation capabilities of the melter code included: (1) a melter with a single pair of electrodes and (2) a melter with a dual pair (two pairs) of electrodes. The physical model of the melter having two electrode pairs utilized a configuration with primary and secondary electrodes. The principal melter parameters (the ratio of power applied to each electrode pair, modeling fluid depth, electrode spacing) were varied in nine tests of the physical model during FY85. Code predictions were made for five of these tests. Voltage drops, temperature field data, and electric field data varied in their agreement with the physical modeling results, but in general were judged acceptable. 14 refs., 79 figs., 17 tabs.

15. Flash Joule heating for ductilization of metallic glasses

PubMed Central

Okulov, I. V.; Soldatov, I. V.; Sarmanova, M. F.; Kaban, I.; Gemming, T.; Edström, K.; Eckert, J.

2015-01-01

Metallic glasses (MGs) inherit their amorphous structure from the liquid state, which predetermines their ability to withstand high loads approaching the theoretical limit. However, the absence of slip systems makes them very sensitive to the type of loading and extremely brittle in tension. The latter can be improved by precipitation of ductile crystals, which suppress a catastrophic propagation of shear bands in a glassy matrix. Here we report a novel approach to obtain MG-matrix composites with tensile ductility by flash Joule heating applied to Cu47.5Zr47.5Al5 (at.%) metallic glass. This homogeneous, volumetric and controllable rapid heat treatment allows achieving uniformly distributed metastable B2 CuZr crystals in the glassy matrix. It results in a significant tensile strain of 6.8±0.5%. Moreover, optimized adjustment of the heat-treatment conditions enables tuning of microstructure to achieve desired mechanical properties. PMID:26219864

16. Super-Joule heating in graphene and silver nanowire network

Maize, Kerry; Das, Suprem R.; Sadeque, Sajia; Mohammed, Amr M. S.; Shakouri, Ali; Janes, David B.; Alam, Muhammad A.

2015-04-01

Transistors, sensors, and transparent conductors based on randomly assembled nanowire networks rely on multi-component percolation for unique and distinctive applications in flexible electronics, biochemical sensing, and solar cells. While conduction models for 1-D and 1-D/2-D networks have been developed, typically assuming linear electronic transport and self-heating, the model has not been validated by direct high-resolution characterization of coupled electronic pathways and thermal response. In this letter, we show the occurrence of nonlinear "super-Joule" self-heating at the transport bottlenecks in networks of silver nanowires and silver nanowire/single layer graphene hybrid using high resolution thermoreflectance (TR) imaging. TR images at the microscopic self-heating hotspots within nanowire network and nanowire/graphene hybrid network devices with submicron spatial resolution are used to infer electrical current pathways. The results encourage a fundamental reevaluation of transport models for network-based percolating conductors.

17. Super-Joule heating in graphene and silver nanowire network

SciTech Connect

Maize, Kerry; Das, Suprem R.; Sadeque, Sajia; Mohammed, Amr M. S.; Shakouri, Ali E-mail: alam@purdue.edu; Janes, David B.; Alam, Muhammad A. E-mail: alam@purdue.edu

2015-04-06

Transistors, sensors, and transparent conductors based on randomly assembled nanowire networks rely on multi-component percolation for unique and distinctive applications in flexible electronics, biochemical sensing, and solar cells. While conduction models for 1-D and 1-D/2-D networks have been developed, typically assuming linear electronic transport and self-heating, the model has not been validated by direct high-resolution characterization of coupled electronic pathways and thermal response. In this letter, we show the occurrence of nonlinear “super-Joule” self-heating at the transport bottlenecks in networks of silver nanowires and silver nanowire/single layer graphene hybrid using high resolution thermoreflectance (TR) imaging. TR images at the microscopic self-heating hotspots within nanowire network and nanowire/graphene hybrid network devices with submicron spatial resolution are used to infer electrical current pathways. The results encourage a fundamental reevaluation of transport models for network-based percolating conductors.

18. Welding Thin Pt Wires with Dissimilar Diameters by Joule Heating

Fujimori, Masato; Tohmyoh, Hironori

2013-06-01

In this paper, the Joule heat welding of thin Pt wires with different diameters was performed and the current required for successful welding was investigated. The diameter of one wire was 800 nm and the others had various diameters of 1, 2, and 5 µm. Various combinations of wire lengths were used in the welding experiments. The minimum and maximum currents for successful welding were found to be highly dependent on the length of the 800 nm diameter wire. From these experimental results, it was inferred that the highest temperature in the system during welding occurred in some part of the 800 nm diameter wire and that the temperature in the larger diameter wire with sufficient heat capacity were almost unchanged. It was also found that the conditions for successfully welding wires of different diameter can be described by a parameter previously proposed for classifying the successful conditions for welding two 800 nm diameter wires.

19. Electro-osmotic infusion for joule heating soil remediation techniques

DOEpatents

Carrigan, Charles R. (Tracy, CA); Nitao, John J. (Castro Valley, CA)

1999-01-01

Electro-osmotic infusion of ground water or chemically tailored electrolyte is used to enhance, maintain, or recondition electrical conductivity for the joule heating remediation technique. Induced flows can be used to infuse electrolyte with enhanced ionic conductivity into the vicinity of the electrodes, maintain the local saturation of near-electrode regions and resaturate a partially dried out zone with groundwater. Electro-osmotic infusion can also tailor the conductivity throughout the target layer by infusing chemically modified and/or heated electrolyte to improve conductivity contrast of the interior. Periodic polarity reversals will prevent large pH changes at the electrodes. Electro-osmotic infusion can be used to condition the electrical conductivity of the soil, particularly low permeability soil, before and during the heating operation. Electro-osmotic infusion is carried out by locating one or more electrodes adjacent the heating electrodes and applying a dc potential between two or more electrodes. Depending on the polarities of the electrodes, the induced flow will be toward the heating electrodes or away from the heating electrodes. In addition, electrodes carrying a dc potential may be located throughout the target area to tailor the conductivity of the target area.

20. Refractory electrodes for joule heating and methods of using same

DOEpatents

Lamar, D.A.; Chapman, C.C.; Elliott, M.L.

1998-05-12

A certain group of electrically conductive refractory materials presently known for use in high temperature applications as throat constructions, melter sidewalls, forehearth, stacks, port sills, hot face lining for slagging coal gasifiers, slag runners, and linings for nuclear waste encapsulation furnaces may be used as electrodes permitting joule heating at temperatures in excess of 1,200 C in excess of about 4400 hours even in the presence of transition group element(s). More specifically, the invention is an electrode for melting earthen materials, wherein the electrode is made from an electrically conductive refractory material, specifically at least one metal oxide wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of chrome, ruthenium, rhodium, tin and combinations thereof. 2 figs.

1. Refractory electrodes for joule heating and methods of using same

DOEpatents

Lamar, David A. (West Richland, WA); Chapman, Chris C. (Richland, WA); Elliott, Michael L. (Kennewick, WA)

1998-01-01

A certain group of electrically conductive refractory materials presently known for use in high temperature applications as throat constructions, melter sidewalls, forehearth, stacks, port sills, hot face lining for slagging coal gasifiers, slag runners, and linings for nuclear waste encapsulation furnaces may be used as electrodes permitting joule heating at temperatures in excess of 1200 C. in excess of about 4400 hours even in the presence of transition group element(s). More specifically, the invention is an electrode for melting earthen materials, wherein the electrode is made from an electrically conductive refractory material, specifically at least one metal oxide wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of chrome, ruthenium, rhodium, tin and combinations thereof.

2. Joule heating and runaway electron acceleration in a solar flare

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Holman, Gordon D.; Kundu, Mukul R.; Kane, Sharad R.

1989-01-01

The hard and soft x ray and microwave emissions from a solar flare (May 14, 1980) were analyzed and interpreted in terms of Joule heating and runaway electron acceleration in one or more current sheets. It is found that all three emissions can be generated with sub-Dreicer electric fields. The soft x ray emitting plasma can only be heated by a single current sheet if the resistivity in the sheet is well above the classical, collisional resistivity of 10(exp 7) K, 10(exp 11)/cu cm plasma. If the hard x ray emission is from thermal electrons, anomalous resistivity or densities exceeding 3 x 10(exp 12)/cu cm are required. If the hard x ray emission is from nonthermal electrons, the emissions can be produced with classical resistivity in the current sheets if the heating rate is approximately 4 times greater than that deduced from the soft x ray data (with a density of 10(exp 10)/cu cm in the soft x ray emitting region), if there are at least 10(exp 4) current sheets, and if the plasma properties in the sheets are characteristic of the superhot plasma observed in some flares by Lin et al., and with Hinotori. Most of the released energy goes directly into bulk heating, rather than accelerated particles.

3. Joule heating induced by vortex motion in a type-II superconductor Z. L. Xiao and E. Y. Andrei

E-print Network

Andrei, Eva Y.

Joule heating induced by vortex motion in a type-II superconductor Z. L. Xiao and E. Y. Andrei-II superconductor due to Joule heating induced by vortex motion. The effect of Joule heating is detected to the power dissipated by the vortex motion. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.64.094511 PACS number s : 74.60.Ec, 65

4. Joule heating in ferromagnetic nanostripes with a notch

Ramos, Eduardo; López, Cristina; Akerman, Johanna; Muñoz, Manuel; Prieto, José L.

2015-06-01

The temperature in a ferromagnetic nanostripe with a notch subject to Joule heating has been studied in detail. We first performed an experimental real-time calibration of the temperature versus time as a 100 ns current pulse was injected into a Permalloy nanostripe. This calibration was repeated for different pulse amplitudes and stripe dimensions and the set of experimental curves were fitted with a computer simulation using the Fourier thermal conduction equation. The best fit of these experimental curves was obtained by including the temperature-dependent behavior of the electrical resistivity of the Permalloy and of the thermal conductivity of the substrate (Si O2 ). Notably, a nonzero interface thermal resistance between the metallic nanostripe and the substrate was also necessary to fit the experimental curves. We found this parameter pivotal to understand our results and the results from previous works. The higher current density in the notch, together with the interface thermal resistance, allows a considerable increase of the temperature in the notch, creating a large horizontal thermal gradient. This gradient, together with the high temperature in the notch and the larger current density close to the edges of the notch, can be very influential in experiments studying the current assisted domain wall motion.

5. Toward reversing Joule heating with a phonon-absorbing heterobarrier

Shin, Seungha; Kaviany, Massoud

2015-02-01

Using a graded heterobarrier placed along an electron channel, phonons emitted in Joule heating are recycled in situ by increasing the entropy of phonon-absorbing electrons. The asymmetric electric potential distribution created by alloy grading separates the phonon absorption and emission regions, and emission in the larger effective-mass region causes momentum relaxation with smaller electron kinetic energy loss. These lead to smaller overall phonon emission and simultaneous potential-gain and self-cooling effects. Larger potential is gained with lower current and higher optical-phonon temperature. The self-consistent Monte Carlo simulations complying with the lateral momentum conservation combined with the entropy analysis are applied to a GaAs:Al electron channel with a graded heterobarrier, and under ideal lateral thermal isolation from surroundings, the phonon recycling efficiency reaches 25% of the reversible limit at 350 K, and it increases with temperature. The lateral momentum contributes to the transmission across the barrier, so partially nonconserving lateral momentum electron scattering (rough interface) can improve efficiency.

6. Coherent radar estimates of average high-latitude ionospheric Joule heating

SciTech Connect

Kosch, M.J.; Nielsen, E.

1995-07-01

The Scandinavian Twin Auroral Radar Experiment (STARE) and Sweden and Britain Radar Experiment (SABRE) bistatic coherent radar systems have been employed to estimate the spatial and temporal variation of the ionospheric Joule heating in the combined geographic latitude range 63.8 deg - 72.6 deg (corrected geomagnetic latitude 61.5 deg - 69.3 deg) over Scandinavia. The 173 days of good observations with all four radars have been analyzed during the period 1982 to 1986 to estimate the average ionospheric electric field versus time and latitude. The AE dependent empirical model of ionospheric Pedersen conductivity of Spiro et al. (1982) has been used to calculate the Joule heating. The latitudinal and diurnal variation of Joule heating as well as the estimated mean hemispherical heating of 1.7 x 10(exp 11) W are in good agreement with earlier results. Average Joule heating was found to vary linearly with the AE, AU, and AL indices and as a second-order power law with Kp. The average Joule heating was also examined as a function of the direction and magnitude of the interplanetary magnetic field. It has been shown for the first time that the ionospheric electric field magnitude as well as the Joule heating increase with increasingly negative (southward) Bz.

7. Heat, work and subtle fluids: a commentary on Joule (1850) ‘On the mechanical equivalent of heat

PubMed Central

Young, John

2015-01-01

James Joule played the major role in establishing the conservation of energy, or the first law of thermodynamics, as a universal, all-pervasive principle of physics. He was an experimentalist par excellence and his place in the development of thermodynamics is unarguable. This article discusses Joule's life and scientific work culminating in the 1850 paper, where he presented his detailed measurements of the mechanical equivalent of heat using his famous paddle-wheel apparatus. Joule's long series of experiments in the 1840s leading to his realisation that the conservation of energy was probably of universal validity is discussed in context with the work of other pioneers, notably Sadi Carnot, who effectively formulated the principle of the second law of thermodynamics a quarter of a century before the first law was accepted. The story of Joule's work is a story of an uphill struggle against a critical scientific establishment unwilling to accept the mounting evidence until it was impossible to ignore. His difficulties in attracting funding and publishing in reputable journals despite the quality of his work will resonate with many young scientists and engineers of the present day. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. PMID:25750152

8. Passivation of organic light emitting diode anode grid lines by pulsed Joule heating

Janka, M.; Gierth, R.; Rubingh, J.-E.; Abendroth, M.; Eggert, M.; Moet, D. J. D.; Lupo, D.

2015-09-01

We report the self-aligned passivation of a current distribution grid for an organic light emitting diode (OLED) anode using a pulsed Joule heating method to align the passivation layer accurately on the metal grid. This method involves passing an electric current through the grid to cure a polymer dielectric. Uncured polymer is then rinsed away, leaving a patterned dielectric layer that conforms to the shape of the grid lines. To enhance the accuracy of the alignment, heat conduction into the substrate and the transparent electrode is limited by using short current pulses instead of a constant current. Excellent alignment accuracy of the dielectric layer on printed metal grid lines has been achieved, with a typical 4-?m dielectric overhang. In addition to good accuracy, pulsed Joule heating significantly cuts down process time and energy consumption compared to heating with a constant current. The feasibility of using a printed current distribution grid and Joule heating was demonstrated in an OLED device.

9. Joule heating induced by vortex motion in a type-II superconductor

SciTech Connect

Xiao, Z. L.; Andrei, E. Y.; Shuk, P.; Greenblatt, M.

2001-09-01

We present experiments that determine the temperature increase in a type-II superconductor due to Joule heating induced by vortex motion. The effect of Joule heating is detected by comparing the response of the vortex lattice to fixed amplitude current steps of short (10 {mu}s) and long (4 s) duration, where the Joule heating is negligible and saturates, respectively. The thermometry is based on the temperature dependence of the voltage response of the vortex lattice to a driving current. By monitoring the temperature increase in NbSe{sub 2} samples adhered on a sapphire substrate with GE varnish we obtain the effective heat transfer coefficient between the sample and the bath and show that the heating is primarily due to the power dissipated by the vortex motion.

10. Hybrid joule heating/electro-osmosis process for extracting contaminants from soil layers

DOEpatents

Carrigan, Charles R.; Nitao, John J.

2003-06-10

Joule (ohmic) heating and electro-osmosis are combined in a hybrid process for removal of both water-soluble contaminants and non-aqueous phase liquids from contaminated, low-permeability soil formations that are saturated. Central to this hybrid process is the partial desaturation of the formation or layer using electro-osmosis to remove a portion of the pore fluids by induction of a ground water flow to extraction wells. Joule heating is then performed on a partially desaturated formation. The joule heating and electro-osmosis operations can be carried out simultaneously or sequentially if the desaturation by electro-osmosis occurs initially. Joule heating of the desaturated formation results in a very effective transfer or partitioning of liquid state contaminants to the vapor phase. The heating also substantially increases the vapor phase pressure in the porous formation. As a result, the contaminant laden vapor phase is forced out into soil layers of a higher permeability where other conventional removal processes, such as steam stripping or ground water extraction can be used to capture the contaminants. This hybrid process is more energy efficient than joule heating or steam stripping for cleaning low permeability formations and can share electrodes to minimize facility costs.

11. On the failure of graphene devices by Joule heating under current stressing conditions

E-print Network

Durkan, Colm; Xiao, Zhuocong

2015-01-01

The behaviour of single layer graphene sections under current-stressing conditions is presented. Graphene devices are stressed to the point of failure and it is seen that they exhibit Joule heating. Using a simple 1-D model for heat generation, we...

12. Diffusion, Fluxes, Friction Forces, and Joule Heating in Two-Temperature Multicomponent Magnetohydrodynamics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chang, C. H.

1999-01-01

The relationship between Joule heating, diffusion fluxes, and friction forces has been studied for both total and electron thermal energy equations, using general expressions for multicomponent diffusion in two-temperature plasmas with the velocity dependent Lorentz force acting on charged species in a magnetic field. It is shown that the derivation of Joule heating terms requires both diffusion fluxes and friction between species which represents the resistance experienced by the species moving at different relative velocities. It is also shown that the familiar Joule heating term in the electron thermal energy equation includes artificial effects produced by switching the convective velocity from the species velocity to the mass-weighted velocity, and thus should not be ignored even when there is no net energy dissipation.

13. Measuring Joule heating and strain induced by electrical current with Moire interferometry

SciTech Connect

Chen Bicheng; Basaran, Cemal

2011-04-01

This study proposes a new method to locate and measure the temperature of the hot spots caused by Joule Heating by measuring the free thermal expansion in-plane strain. It is demonstrated that the hotspot caused by the Joule heating in a thin metal film/plate structure can be measured by Phase shifting Moire interferometry with continuous wavelet transform (PSMI/CWT) at the microscopic scale. A demonstration on a copper film is conducted to verify the theory under different current densities. A correlation between the current density and strain in two orthogonal directions (one in the direction of the current flow) is proposed. The method can also be used for the measurement of the Joule heating in the microscopic solid structures in the electronic packaging devices. It is shown that a linear relationship exists between current density squared and normal strains.

14. Effect of Joule heating on isoelectric focusing of proteins in a microchannel

PubMed Central

Yoo, Kisoo; Shim, Jaesool; Dutta, Prashanta

2014-01-01

Electric field-driven separation and purification techniques, such as isoelectric focusing (IEF) and isotachophoresis, generate heat in the system that can affect the performance of the separation process. In this study, a new mathematical model is presented for IEF that considers the temperature rise due to Joule heating. We used the model to study focusing phenomena and separation performance in a microchannel. A finite volume-based numerical technique is developed to study temperature-dependent IEF. Numerical simulation for narrow range IEF (6?Joule heating in the system for a nominal electric field of 100?V/cm. For the no Joule heating case, constant properties are used, while for the Joule heating case, temperature-dependent titration curves and thermo-physical properties are used. Our numerical results show that the temperature change due to Joule heating has a significant impact on the final focusing points of proteins, which can lower the separation performance considerably. In the absence of advection and any active cooling mechanism, the temperature increase is the highest at the mid-section of a microchannel. We also found that the maximum temperature in the system is a strong function of the ?pK? value of the carrier ampholytes. Simulation results are also obtained for different values of applied electric fields in order to find the optimum working range considering the simulation time and buffer temperature. Moreover, the model is extended to study IEF in a straight microchip where pH is formed by supplying H+ and OH?, and the thermal analysis shows that the heat generation is negligible in ion supplied IEF. PMID:25553199

15. Discretization of the Joule heating term for plasma discharge fluid models in unstructured meshes

Deconinck, T.; Mahadevan, S.; Raja, L. L.

2009-07-01

The fluid (continuum) approach is commonly used for simulation of plasma phenomena in electrical discharges at moderate to high pressures (>10's mTorr). The description comprises governing equations for charged and neutral species transport and energy equations for electrons and the heavy species, coupled to equations for the electromagnetic fields. The coupling of energy from the electrostatic field to the plasma species is modeled by the Joule heating term which appears in the electron and heavy species (ion) energy equations. Proper numerical discretization of this term is necessary for accurate description of discharge energetics; however, discretization of this term poses a special problem in the case of unstructured meshes owing to the arbitrary orientation of the faces enclosing each cell. We propose a method for the numerical discretization of the Joule heating term using a cell-centered finite volume approach on unstructured meshes with closed convex cells. The Joule heating term is computed by evaluating both the electric field and the species flux at the cell center. The dot product of these two vector quantities is computed to obtain the Joule heating source term. We compare two methods to evaluate the species flux at the cell center. One is based on reconstructing the fluxes at the cell centers from the fluxes at the face centers. The other recomputes the flux at the cell center using the common drift-diffusion approximation. The reconstructed flux scheme is the most stable method and yields reasonably accurate results on coarse meshes.

16. A JOULE-HEATED MELTER TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT AND IMMOBILIZATION OF LOW-ACTIVITY WASTE

SciTech Connect

KELLY SE

2011-04-07

This report is one of four reports written to provide background information regarding immobilization technologies remaining under consideration for supplemental immobilization of Hanford's low-activity waste. This paper provides the reader a general understanding of joule-heated ceramic lined melters and their application to Hanford's low-activity waste.

17. Joule heat generation in thermionic cathodes of high-pressure arc discharges

SciTech Connect

Benilov, M. S.; Cunha, M. D.

2013-02-14

The nonlinear surface heating model of plasma-cathode interaction in high-pressure arcs is extended to take into account the Joule effect inside the cathode body. Calculation results are given for different modes of current transfer to tungsten cathodes of different configurations in argon plasmas of atmospheric or higher pressures. Special attention is paid to analysis of energy balances of the cathode and the near-cathode plasma layer. In all the cases, the variation of potential inside the cathode is much smaller than the near-cathode voltage drop. However, this variation can be comparable to the volt equivalent of the energy flux from the plasma to the cathode and then the Joule effect is essential. Such is the case of the diffuse and mixed modes on rod cathodes at high currents, where the Joule heating causes a dramatic change of thermal and electrical regimes of the cathode. The Joule heating has virtually no effect over characteristics of spots on rod and infinite planar cathodes.

18. Implantable polymer/metal thin film structures for the localized treatment of cancer by Joule heating

Kan-Dapaah, Kwabena; Rahbar, Nima; Theriault, Christian; Soboyejo, Wole

2015-04-01

This paper presents an implantable polymer/metal alloy thin film structure for localized post-operative treatment of breast cancer. A combination of experiments and models is used to study the temperature changes due to Joule heating by patterned metallic thin films embedded in poly-dimethylsiloxane. The heat conduction within the device and the surrounding normal/cancerous breast tissue is modeled with three-dimensional finite element method (FEM). The FEM simulations are used to explore the potential effects of device geometry and Joule heating on the temperature distribution and lesion (thermal dose). The FEM model is validated using a gel model that mimics biological media. The predictions are also compared to prior results from in vitro studies and relevant in vivo studies in the literature. The implications of the results are discussed for the potential application of polymer/metal thin film structures in hyperthermic treatment of cancer.

19. Breakdown of Richardson's Law in Electron Emission from Individual Self-Joule-Heated Carbon Nanotubes

PubMed Central

Wei, Xianlong; Wang, Sheng; Chen, Qing; Peng, Lianmao

2014-01-01

Probing the validity of classical macroscopic physical laws at the nanoscale is important for nanoscience research. Herein, we report on experimental evidence that electron emission from individual hot carbon nanotubes (CNTs) heated by self-Joule-heating does not obey Richardson's law of thermionic emission. By using an in-situ multi-probe measurement technique, electron emission density (J) and temperature (T) of individual self-Joule-heated CNTs are simultaneously determined. Experimental ln(J/T2) ? 1/T plots are found to exhibit an upward bending feature deviating from the straight lines in Richardson plots, and the measured electron emission density is more than one order of magnitude higher than that predicted by Richardson's law. The breakdown of Richardson's law implies a much better electron emission performance of individual CNTs as compared to their macroscopic allotropes and clusters, and the need of new theoretical descriptions of electron emission from individual low-dimensional nanostructures. PMID:24869719

20. Modeling Joule Heating Effect on Lunar O2 Generation via Electrolytic Reduction.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dominquez, Jesus; Poizeau, Sophie; Sibille, Laurent

2009-01-01

Kennedy Space Center is leading research work on lunar O2 generation via electrolytic reduction of regolith; the metal oxide present in the regolith is dissociated in oxygen anions and metal cations leading to the generation of gaseous oxygen at the anode and liquid metal at the cathode. Electrical resistance of molten regolith is high, leading to heating of the melt when electrical current is applied between the electrodes (Joule heating). The authors have developed a 3D model using a rigorous approach for two coupled physics (thermal and electrical potential) to not only study the effect of Joule heating on temperature distribution throughout the molten regolith but also to evaluate and optimize the design of the electrolytic cells. This paper presents the results of the thermal analysis performed on the model and used to validate the design of the electrolytic cell.

1. Breakdown of Richardson's Law in Electron Emission from Individual Self-Joule-Heated Carbon Nanotubes

Wei, Xianlong; Wang, Sheng; Chen, Qing; Peng, Lianmao

2014-05-01

Probing the validity of classical macroscopic physical laws at the nanoscale is important for nanoscience research. Herein, we report on experimental evidence that electron emission from individual hot carbon nanotubes (CNTs) heated by self-Joule-heating does not obey Richardson's law of thermionic emission. By using an in-situ multi-probe measurement technique, electron emission density (J) and temperature (T) of individual self-Joule-heated CNTs are simultaneously determined. Experimental ln(J/T2) - 1/T plots are found to exhibit an upward bending feature deviating from the straight lines in Richardson plots, and the measured electron emission density is more than one order of magnitude higher than that predicted by Richardson's law. The breakdown of Richardson's law implies a much better electron emission performance of individual CNTs as compared to their macroscopic allotropes and clusters, and the need of new theoretical descriptions of electron emission from individual low-dimensional nanostructures.

2. Micro-scale heat-exchangers for Joule-Thomson cooling.

SciTech Connect

Gross, Andrew John

2014-01-01

This project focused on developing a micro-scale counter flow heat exchangers for Joule-Thomson cooling with the potential for both chip and wafer scale integration. This project is differentiated from previous work by focusing on planar, thin film micromachining instead of bulk materials. A process will be developed for fabricating all the devices mentioned above, allowing for highly integrated micro heat exchangers. The use of thin film dielectrics provides thermal isolation, increasing efficiency of the coolers compared to designs based on bulk materials, and it will allow for wafer-scale fabrication and integration. The process is intended to implement a CFHX as part of a Joule-Thomson cooling system for applications with heat loads less than 1mW. This report presents simulation results and investigation of a fabrication process for such devices.

3. Jupiter Thermospheric General Circulation Model (JTGCM): Global Structure and Dynamics Driven by Auroral and Joule Heating

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bougher, S. W.; J. Il. Waite, Jr.; Majeed, T.

2005-01-01

A growing multispectral database plus recent Galileo descent measurements are being used to construct a self-consistent picture of the Jupiter thermosphere/ionosphere system. The proper characterization of Jupiter s upper atmosphere, embedded ionosphere, and auroral features requires the examination of underlying processes, including the feedbacks of energetics, neutral-ion dynamics, composition, and magnetospheric coupling. A fully 3-D Jupiter Thermospheric General Circulation Model (JTGCM) has been developed and exercised to address global temperatures, three-component neutral winds, and neutral-ion species distributions. The domain of this JTGCM extends from 20-microbar (capturing hydrocarbon cooling) to 1.0 x 10(exp -4) nbar (including aurora/Joule heating processes). The resulting JTGCM has been fully spun-up and integrated for greater than or equal to40 Jupiter rotations. Results from three JTGCM cases incorporating moderate auroral heating, ion drag, and moderate to strong Joule heating processes are presented. The neutral horizontal winds at ionospheric heights vary from 0.5 km/s to 1.2 km/s, atomic hydrogen is transported equatorward, and auroral exospheric temperatures range from approx.1200-1300 K to above 3000 K, depending on the magnitude of Joule heating. The equatorial temperature profiles from the JTGCM are compared with the measured temperature structure from the Galileo AS1 data set. The best fit to the Galileo data implies that the major energy source for maintaining the equatorial temperatures is due to dynamical heating induced by the low-latitude convergence of the high-latitude-driven thermospheric circulation. Overall, the Jupiter thermosphere/ionosphere system is highly variable and is shown to be strongly dependent on magnetospheric coupling which regulates Joule heating.

4. Microstructural and electrical characterization of Joule heat welds in ultrathin Pt wires

Tohmyoh, Hironori; Fujimori, Masato

2012-09-01

This paper reports on the structural and electrical characteristics of Joule heat welds in ultrathin Pt wires with diameters of 600-800 nm. The wires have a bamboo structure where the crystal grains are aligned only in the axial direction. They were welded together in a self-completed manner in air by Joule heating. The electrical resistance of the welded wire system was measured using a potential drop technique. It was found by transmission electron microscope observations that the region affected by welding was very narrow and it appeared that a new grain boundary had been created in this region. Moreover, the welds were found to have good electrical characteristics and the electrical resistance at the weld depended on its cross-sectional area.

5. Incorporating Cold Cap Behavior in a Joule-heated Waste Glass Melter Model

SciTech Connect

Varija Agarwal; Donna Post Guillen

2013-08-01

In this paper, an overview of Joule-heated waste glass melters used in the vitrification of high level waste (HLW) is presented, with a focus on the cold cap region. This region, in which feed-to-glass conversion reactions occur, is critical in determining the melting properties of any given glass melter. An existing 1D computer model of the cold cap, implemented in MATLAB, is described in detail. This model is a standalone model that calculates cold cap properties based on boundary conditions at the top and bottom of the cold cap. Efforts to couple this cold cap model with a 3D STAR-CCM+ model of a Joule-heated melter are then described. The coupling is being implemented in ModelCenter, a software integration tool. The ultimate goal of this model is to guide the specification of melter parameters that optimize glass quality and production rate.

6. Ionospheric Poynting Flux and Joule Heating Modeling Challenge: Latest Results and New Models.

Shim, J. S.; Rastaetter, L.; Kuznetsova, M. M.; Knipp, D. J.; Zheng, Y.; Cosgrove, R. B.; Newell, P. T.; Weimer, D. R.; Fuller-Rowell, T. J.; Wang, W.

2014-12-01

Poynting Flux and Joule Heating in the ionosphere - latest results from the challenge and updates at the CCMC. With the addition of satellite tracking and display features in the online analysis tool and at the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC), we are now able to obtain Poynting flux and Joule heating values from a wide variety of ionospheric models. In addition to Poynting fluxes derived from electric and magnetic field measurements from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites for a recent modeling challenge, we can now use a Poynting Flux model derived from FAST satellite observations for comparison. Poynting Fluxes are also correlated using Ovation Prime maps of precipitation patterns during the same time periods to assess how "typical" the events in the challenge are.

7. Restrictions on linear heat capacities from Joule-Brayton maximum-work cycle efficiency

Angulo-Brown, F.; Gonzalez-Ayala, Julian; Arias-Hernandez, L. A.

2014-02-01

This paper discusses the possibility of using the Joule-Brayton cycle to determine the accessible value range for the coefficients a and b of the heat capacity at constant pressure Cp, expressed as Cp=a+bT (with T the absolute temperature) by using the Carnot theorem. This is made for several gases which operate as the working fluids. Moreover, the landmark role of the Curzon-Ahlborn efficiency for this type of cycle is established.

8. In situ transmission electron microscopy of individual carbon nanotetrahedron/nanoribbon structures in Joule heating

SciTech Connect

Masuda, Yusuke; Yoshida, Hideto; Takeda, Seiji; Kohno, Hideo

2014-08-25

Collapse of a carbon nanotube results in the formation of a nanoribbon, and a switching of the collapse direction yields a nanotetrahedron in the middle of a nanoribbon. Here, we report in-situ transmission electron microscopy observations of the behavior of carbon nanotetrahedron/nanoribbon structures during Joule heating to reveal their thermal stability. In addition, we propose that the observed process is related to the formation process of the structure.

9. Literature review of arc/plasma, combustion, and joule-heated melter vitrification systems

SciTech Connect

Freeman, C.J.; Abrigo, G.P.; Shafer, P.J.; Merrill, R.A.

1995-07-01

This report provides reviews of papers and reports for three basic categories of melters: arc/plasma-heated melters, combustion-heated melters, and joule-heated melters. The literature reviewed here represents those publications which may lend insight to phase I testing of low-level waste vitrification being performed at the Hanford Site in FY 1995. For each melter category, information from those papers and reports containing enough information to determine steady-state mass balance data is tabulated at the end of each section. The tables show the composition of the feed processed, the off-gas measured via decontamination factors, gross energy consumptions, and processing rates, among other data.

10. Joule heating effects on electroosmotic flow in insulator-based dielectrophoresis.

PubMed

Sridharan, Sriram; Zhu, Junjie; Hu, Guoqing; Xuan, Xiangchun

2011-09-01

Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) is an emerging technology that has been successfully used to manipulate a variety of particles in microfluidic devices. However, due to the locally amplified electric field around the in-channel insulator, Joule heating often becomes an unavoidable issue that may disturb the electroosmotic flow and affect the particle motion. This work presents the first experimental study of Joule heating effects on electroosmotic flow in a typical iDEP device, e.g., a constriction microchannel, under DC-biased AC voltages. A numerical model is also developed to simulate the observed flow pattern by solving the coupled electric, energy, and fluid equations in a simplified two-dimensional geometry. It is observed that depending on the magnitude of the DC voltage, a pair of counter-rotating fluid circulations can occur at either the downstream end alone or each end of the channel constriction. Moreover, the pair at the downstream end appears larger in size than that at the upstream end due to DC electroosmotic flow. These fluid circulations, which are reasonably simulated by the numerical model, form as a result of the action of the electric field on Joule heating-induced fluid inhomogeneities in the constriction region. PMID:21792988

11. Title of Document: DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A JOULE HEATED FIBER-REINFORCED CARBON AEROGEL FOR INSULATION

E-print Network

Rubloff, Gary W.

AEROGEL FOR INSULATION IN THERMALLY HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS Stephen Barbagallo, Ellen Cesewski, Naveed for Joule heated thermal insulation applications - particularly as a lightweight cold weather insulation, and effective product thickness. Our models indicate encouraging thermal insulation at a reasonable aerogel

12. Joule-Heated Molten Regolith Electrolysis Reactor Concepts for Oxygen and Metals Production on the Moon and Mars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sibille, Laurent; Dominques, Jesus A.

2012-01-01

The maturation of Molten Regolith Electrolysis (MRE) as a viable technology for oxygen and metals production on explored planets relies on the realization of the self-heating mode for the reactor. Joule heat generated during regolith electrolysis creates thermal energy that should be able to maintain the molten phase (similar to electrolytic Hall-Heroult process for aluminum production). Self-heating via Joule heating offers many advantages: (1) The regolith itself is the crucible material, it protects the vessel walls (2) Simplifies the engineering of the reactor (3) Reduces power consumption (no external heating) (4) Extends the longevity of the reactor. Predictive modeling is a tool chosen to perform dimensional analysis of a self-heating reactor: (1) Multiphysics modeling (COMSOL) was selected for Joule heat generation and heat transfer (2) Objective is to identify critical dimensions for first reactor prototype.

13. Magnetospheric structure and atmospheric Joule heating of habitable planets orbiting M-dwarf stars

SciTech Connect

Cohen, O.; Drake, J. J.; Garraffo, C.; Poppenhaeger, K.; Glocer, A.; Ridley, A. J.; Gombosi, T. I.

2014-07-20

We study the magnetospheric structure and the ionospheric Joule Heating of planets orbiting M-dwarf stars in the habitable zone using a set of magnetohydrodynamic models. The stellar wind solution is used to drive a model for the planetary magnetosphere, which is coupled with a model for the planetary ionosphere. Our simulations reveal that the space environment around close-in habitable planets is extreme, and the stellar wind plasma conditions change from sub- to super-Alfvénic along the planetary orbit. As a result, the magnetospheric structure changes dramatically with a bow shock forming in the super-Alfvénic sectors, while no bow shock forms in the sub-Alfvénic sectors. The planets reside most of the time in the sub-Alfvénic sectors with poor atmospheric protection. A significant amount of Joule Heating is provided at the top of the atmosphere as a result of the intense stellar wind. For the steady-state solution, the heating is about 0.1%-3% of the total incoming stellar irradiation, and it is enhanced by 50% for the time-dependent case. The significant Joule Heating obtained here should be considered in models for the atmospheres of habitable planets in terms of the thickness of the atmosphere, the top-side temperature and density, the boundary conditions for the atmospheric pressure, and particle radiation and transport. Here we assume constant ionospheric Pedersen conductance similar to that of the Earth. The conductance could be greater due to the intense EUV radiation leading to smaller heating rates. We plan to quantify the ionospheric conductance in future study.

14. Joule heating in the mesosphere and thermosphere during the July 13, 1982, solar proton event

SciTech Connect

Roble, R.G.; Emery, B.A.; Garcia, R.R. ); Killeen, T.L.; Hays, P.B.; Carignan, G.R. ); Reid, G.C.; Solomon, S.; Evans, D.S. ); Heelis, R.A.; Hanson, W.B. ); Winningham, D.J. ); Spencer, N.W.; Brace, L.H. )

1987-06-01

The solar proton event of July 13, 1982, produced considerable ionization in the polar cap mesosphere. Enbergetic solar proton fluxes were measured by the NOAA-6 satellite. The Dynamics Explorer 2 satellite measured the low-energy electrons, the ion drift velocity, and other atmospheric and ionospheric properties during the event. The measured solar proton flux is used in a proton degradation code to calculate the ionization rates below 100 km and the electron and ion number densities are calculated using an ionospheric D region code with the neutral atmosphere specified by a chemical/dynamic model of the middle atmosphere. Electron and ion densities above 100 km are claculated using a satellite track ionospheric code developed for the Dynamics Explorer satellite prroject. Electric fields at ionospheric heights map efficiently downward into the mesosphere where the Pedersen conductivity is enhanced. In the region of the measured maximum electric field (189 mV m{sup {minus}1} at 2215 UT near 60{degree}N), a Joule heating rate of 1-3K/day is calculated between 70 and 80 km, exceeding the heating due to ozone absorption at noon in the summer hemisphere in that altitude range. The Joule heating rate above 90 km greatly exceeded 20K/day. The calculated height integrated Joule heating rate above 100 km in the same region exceeded 400 ergs cm{sup {minus}2} s{sup {minus}1} and DE-2 near 350 km measured neutral winds of nearly 1,000 m{sup {minus}1} and neutral gas temperatures of over 2,000K. The overall ionospheric structure calculated below the DE-2 satellite is described.

15. Simple and strong: twisted silver painted nylon artificial muscle actuated by Joule heating

Mirvakili, Seyed M.; Rafie Ravandi, Ali; Hunter, Ian W.; Haines, Carter S.; Li, Na; Foroughi, Javad; Naficy, Sina; Spinks, Geoffrey M.; Baughman, Ray H.; Madden, John D. W.

2014-03-01

Highly oriented nylon and polyethylene fibres shrink in length when heated and expand in diameter. By twisting and then coiling monofilaments of these materials to form helical springs, the anisotropic thermal expansion has recently been shown to enable tensile actuation of up to 49% upon heating. Joule heating, by passing a current through a conductive coating on the surface of the filament, is a convenient method of controlling actuation. In previously reported work this has been done using highly flexible carbon nanotube sheets or commercially available silver coated fibres. In this work silver paint is used as the Joule heating element at the surface of the muscle. Up to 29% linear actuation is observed with energy and power densities reaching 840 kJ m-3 (528 J kg-1) and 1.1 kW kg-1 (operating at 0.1 Hz, 4% strain, 1.4 kg load). This simple coating method is readily accessible and can be applied to any polymer filament. Effective use of this technique relies on uniform coating to avoid temperature gradients.

16. Remote Joule heating by a carbon nanotube Kamal H. Baloch1, Norvik Voskanian1, Merijntje Bronsgeest2 and John Cumings1

E-print Network

is reminiscent of induction heating or microwave dielectric heating. Such an ability to dissipate waste energyRemote Joule heating by a carbon nanotube Kamal H. Baloch1, Norvik Voskanian1, Merijntje Bronsgeest2 and John Cumings1 * Minimizing Joule heating remains an important goal in the design of electronic

17. A Model of Solar Radiation and Joule Heating in Flow of Third Grade Nanofluid

Hussain, Tariq; Hayat, Tasawar; Shehzad, Sabir Ali; Alsaedi, Ahmed; Chen, Bin

2015-03-01

The flow problem resulting from the stretching of a surface with convective conditions in a magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid with solar radiation is examined. Both heat and nanoparticle mass transfer convective conditions are employed. An incompressible third grade fluid which exhibits shear thinning and shear thickening characteristics is used as a base fluid. Concept of convective nanoparticle mass condition is introduced. Effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis on magnetohydrodynamic flow of nanofluid are accounted in the presence of thermal radiation. Energy equation incorporates the features of Joule heating. The impact of physical parameters on the temperature and nanoparticle concentration has been pointed out. Numerical values of skin-friction coefficient are presented and analysed. It is hoped that this present investigation serves as a stimulus for the next generation of solar film collectors, heat exchangers technology, material processing, geothermal energy storage, and all those processes which are highly affected by the heat enhancement concept.

18. Solar wind effect on Joule heating in the high-latitude ionosphere

Cai, L.; Aikio, A. T.; Nygrén, T.

2014-12-01

The effect of solar wind on several electrodynamic parameters, measured simultaneously by the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) radars in Tromsø (TRO, 66.6° cgmLat) and on Svalbard (ESR, 75.4° cgmLat), has been evaluated statistically. The main emphasis is on Joule heating rate QJ, which has been estimated by taking into account the neutral wind. In addition, a generally used proxy QE, which is the Pedersen conductance times the electric field squared, has been calculated. The most important findings are as follows. (i) The decrease in Joule heating in the afternoon-evening sector due to winds reported by Aikio et al. (2012) requires southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions and a sufficiently high solar wind electric field. The increase in the morning sector takes place for all IMF directions within a region where the upper E neutral wind has a large equatorward component and the F region plasma flow is directed eastward. (ii) At ESR, an afternoon hot spot of Joule heating centered typically at 14-15 magnetic local time (MLT) is observed during all IMF conditions. Enhanced Pedersen conductances within the hot spot region are observed only for the IMF Bz + /By- conditions, and the corresponding convection electric field values within the hot spot are smaller than during the other IMF conditions. Hence, the hot spot represents a region of persistent magnetospheric electromagnetic energy input, and the median value is about 3 mW/m2. (iii) For the southward IMF conditions, the MLT-integrated QE for By- is twice the value for By+ at TRO. This can plausibly be explained by the higher average solar wind electric field values for By-.

19. Localized Edge Vibrations and Edge Reconstruction by Joule Heating in Graphene Nanostructures

Engelund, M.; Fürst, J. A.; Jauho, A. P.; Brandbyge, M.

2010-01-01

Control of the edge topology of graphene nanostructures is critical to graphene-based electronics. A means of producing atomically smooth zigzag edges using electronic current has recently been demonstrated in experiments [Jia , Science 323, 1701 (2009)SCIEAS0036-807510.1126/science.1166862]. We develop a microscopic theory for current-induced edge reconstruction using density functional theory. Our calculations provide evidence for localized vibrations at edge interfaces involving unpassivated armchair edges. We demonstrate that these vibrations couple to the current, estimate their excitation by Joule heating, and argue that they are the likely cause of the reconstructions observed in the experiments.

20. In situ monitoring of Joule heating effects in germanium nanowires by ?-Raman spectroscopy

Lugstein, Alois; Miji?, Mario; Burchhart, Thomas; Zeiner, Clemens; Langegger, Rupert; Schneider, Michael; Schmid, Ulrich; Bertagnolli, Emmerich

2013-02-01

We explored a noninvasive optical method to determine the Joule heating of individual germanium nanowires. Using confocal ?-Raman spectroscopy, variations in the optical phonon frequency, in detail the downshifting of the first-order Stokes Raman band, are correlated to the temperature increase of vapor-liquid-solid grown germanium nanowires under an applied electrical bias. The germanium nanowires were found to handle high threshold current densities of more than 106 A cm-2 before sustaining immediate deterioration. Failure of single crystalline germanium nanowires was directly observed when the applied electric field reached the breakdown point of 1.25 × 105 V cm-1.

1. Joule-Heating-Induced Damage in Cu-Al Wedge Bonds Under Current Stressing

Yang, Tsung-Han; Lin, Yu-Min; Ouyang, Fan-Yi

2014-01-01

Copper wires are increasingly used to replace gold wires in wire-bonding technology owing to their better electrical properties and lower cost. However, not many studies have been conducted on electromigration-induced failure of Cu wedge bonds on Al metallization. In this study, we investigated the failure mechanism of Cu-Al wedge bonds under high current stressing from 4 × 104 A/cm2 to 1 × 105 A/cm2 at ambient temperature of 175°C. The resistance evolution of samples during current stressing and the microstructure of the joint interface between the Cu wire and Al-Si bond pad were examined. The results showed that abnormal crack formation accompanying significant intermetallic compound growth was observed at the second joint of the samples, regardless of the direction of electric current for both current densities of 4 × 104 A/cm2 and 8 × 104 A/cm2. We propose that this abnormal crack formation at the second joint is mainly due to the higher temperature induced by the greater Joule heating at the second joint for the same current stressing, because of its smaller bonded area compared with the first joint. The corresponding fluxes induced by the electric current and chemical potential difference between Cu and Al were calculated and compared to explain the failure mechanism. For current density of 1 × 105 A/cm2, the Cu wire melted within 0.5 h owing to serious Joule heating.

2. Impact of Joule Heating and pH on Biosolids Electro-Dewatering.

PubMed

Navab-Daneshmand, Tala; Beton, Raphaël; Hill, Reghan J; Frigon, Dominic

2015-05-01

Electro-dewatering (ED) is a novel technology to reduce the overall costs of residual biosolids processing, transport, and disposal. In this study, we investigated Joule heating and pH as parameters controlling the dewaterability limit, dewatering rate, and energy efficiency. Temperature-controlled electrodes revealed that Joule heating enhances water removal by increasing evaporation and electro-osmotic flow. High temperatures increased the dewatering rate, but had little impact on the dewaterability limit and energy efficiency. Analysis of horizontal layers after 15-min ED suggests electro-osmotic flow reversal, as evidenced by a shifting of the point of minimum moisture content from the anode toward the cathode. This flow reversal was also confirmed by the pH at the anode being below the isoelectric point, as ascertained by pH titration. The important role of pH on ED was further studied by adding acid/base solutions to biosolids prior to ED. An acidic pH reduced the biosolids charge while simultaneously increasing the dewatering efficiency. Thus, process optimization depends on trade-offs between speed and efficiency, according to physicochemical properties of the biosolids microstructure. PMID:25494946

3. Nanoscale Joule heating and electromigration enhanced ripening of silver nanowire contacts.

PubMed

Song, Tze-Bin; Chen, Yu; Chung, Choong-Heui; Yang, Yang Michael; Bob, Brion; Duan, Hsin-Sheng; Li, Gang; Tu, King-Ning; Huang, Yu; Yang, Yang

2014-03-25

Solution-processed metallic nanowire thin film is a promising candidate to replace traditional indium tin oxide as the next-generation transparent and flexible electrode. To date however, the performance of these electrodes is limited by the high contact resistance between contacting nanowires; so improving the point contacts between these nanowires remains a major challenge. Existing methods for reducing the contact resistance require either a high processing power, long treatment time, or the addition of chemical reagents, which could lead to increased manufacturing cost and damage the underlying substrate or device. Here, a nanoscale point reaction process is introduced as a fast and low-power-consumption way to improve the electrical contact properties between metallic nanowires. This is achieved via current-assisted localized joule heating accompanied by electromigration. Localized joule heating effectively targets the high-resistance contact points between nanowires, leading to the automatic removal of surface ligands, welding of contacting nanowires, and the reshaping of the contact pathway between the nanowires to form a more desirable geometry of low resistance for interwire conduction. This result shows the interplay between thermal and electrical interactions at the highly reactive nanocontacts and highlights the control of the nanoscale reaction as a simple and effective way of turning individual metallic nanowires into a highly conductive interconnected nanowire network. The temperature of the adjacent device layers can be kept close to room temperature during the process, making this method especially suitable for use in devices containing thermally sensitive materials such as polymer solar cells. PMID:24517263

4. MHD mixed convective peristaltic motion of nanofluid with Joule heating and thermophoresis effects.

PubMed

2014-01-01

The primary objective of present investigation is to introduce the novel aspect of thermophoresis in the mixed convective peristaltic transport of viscous nanofluid. Viscous dissipation and Joule heating are also taken into account. Problem is modeled using the lubrication approach. Resulting system of equations is solved numerically. Effects of sundry parameters on the velocity, temperature, concentration of nanoparticles and heat and mass transfer rates at the wall are studied through graphs. It is noted that the concentration of nanoparticles near the boundaries is enhanced for larger thermophoresis parameter. However reverse situation is observed for an increase in the value of Brownian motion parameter. Further, the mass transfer rate at the wall significantly decreases when Brownian motion parameter is assigned higher values. PMID:25391147

5. MHD Mixed Convective Peristaltic Motion of Nanofluid with Joule Heating and Thermophoresis Effects

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

The primary objective of present investigation is to introduce the novel aspect of thermophoresis in the mixed convective peristaltic transport of viscous nanofluid. Viscous dissipation and Joule heating are also taken into account. Problem is modeled using the lubrication approach. Resulting system of equations is solved numerically. Effects of sundry parameters on the velocity, temperature, concentration of nanoparticles and heat and mass transfer rates at the wall are studied through graphs. It is noted that the concentration of nanoparticles near the boundaries is enhanced for larger thermophoresis parameter. However reverse situation is observed for an increase in the value of Brownian motion parameter. Further, the mass transfer rate at the wall significantly decreases when Brownian motion parameter is assigned higher values. PMID:25391147

6. Effect of Al-trace degradation on Joule heating during electromigration in flip-chip solder joints

Liang, S. W.; Chiu, S. H.; Chen, Chih

2007-02-01

This study investigates the mechanism for the abrupt increase in temperature at later stages of electromigration in flip-chip solder joints. It is found that electromigration also occurs in Al traces when stressed by 0.6A at 100°C. Three-dimensional thermoelectrical simulation by finite element analysis was carried out to simulate the temperature distribution in solder joints with and without degradation of the Al trace. It is found that the degradation of the Al trace has substantial effect on the Joule heating of solder joints. This model can explain the serious Joule heating effect in the later stages of electromigration.

7. Microchannel heat exchanger for two-phase Mixed Refrigerant Joule Thomson process

Baek, Seungwhan; Lee, Jisung; Lee, Cheonkyu; Jeong, Sangkwon

2014-01-01

Mixed Refrigerant Joule Thomson (MR-JT) refrigerators are widely used in various kinds of cryogenic systems these days. Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE) is one of the promising cryogenic compact recuperators for MR-JT refrigerators due to its compactness, high NTU and robustness. However, PCHE composed with microchannel bundles can cause flow mal-distribution, and it can cause the degradation of thermal performance of the system. To mitigate the flow mal-distribution problem, the cross link (or intra-layer bypass) can be adapted to parallel microchannels. Two heat exchangers are fabricated in this study; one has straight channels, and the other one has intra-layer bypass structure between channels to enhance the flow distribution. The MR-JT refrigerators are operated with these two heat exchanger and the no-load temperatures are compared. The lower no load temperature achieved with the intra-layer bypass structured heat exchanger. The results indicate that the flow mal-distribution in the microchannel heat exchanger can be mitigated with intra-layer bypass structure, and relaxation of flow mal-distribution in the heat exchanger guarantee the MR-JT refrigerator's performance.

8. Tailored Electrical Driving as a Means of Controlling Heat Distribution and Convection Patterns in Joule-Heated Waste Glass Melters

SciTech Connect

Fort, James A.; Lessor, Delbert L.

2004-01-01

The ability to control melter convection patterns may provide a means of mitigating gas layer buildup under the cold cap, enhancing the heat transfer to the batch, and possible accelerating batch reactions, thereby increasing melt rate and glass throughput. Other operational benefits could result from such control. Convective patterns in an electrically heated melter are dominated by the distribution of Joule heat and thermal boundary conditions for a given melter design and geometry. We believe that control of electrical driving, in particular control of the interaction of electrical fields connected to distinct electrode pairs, can be used to vary the distribution of Joule heat generation. The under-investigated aspect of electrical driving control is the effect of waveform “overlap” of the driving voltages, the “overlap” in the case of harmonic driving being determined by the relative phase. For electrical driving using waveforms chopped by Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs), the chopping influences the "overlap." This control can provide a means of controlling melt convection. The objective of the present investigation is to test that hypothesis, verifying that such control can be observed for a numerical model of a simple melter geometry.

9. Residual resistance of 2D and 3D structures and Joule heat release.

PubMed

Gurevich, V L; Kozub, V I

2011-06-22

We consider a residual resistance and Joule heat release in 2D nanostructures as well as in ordinary 3D conductors. We assume that elastic scattering of conduction electrons by lattice defects is predominant. Within a rather intricate situation in such systems we discuss in detail two cases. (1) The elastic scattering alone (i.e. without regard of inelastic mechanisms of scattering) leads to a transition of the mechanical energy (stored by the electrons under the action of an electric field) into heat in a traditional way. This process can be described by the Boltzmann equation where it is possible to do the configuration averaging over defect positions in the electron-impurity collision term. The corresponding conditions are usually met in metals. (2) The elastic scattering can be considered with the help of the standard electron-impurity collision integral only in combination with some additional averaging procedure (possibly including inelastic scattering or some mechanisms of electron wavefunction phase destruction). This situation is typical for degenerate semiconductors with a high concentration of dopants and conduction electrons. Quite often, heat release can be observed via transfer of heat to the lattice, i.e. via inelastic processes of electron-phonon collisions and can take place at distances much larger than the size of the device. However, a direct heating of the electron system can be registered too by, for instance, local measurements of the current noise or direct measurement of an electron distribution function. PMID:21628783

10. Thermomigration in Pb-Sn solder joints under joule heating during electric current stressing

Ye, Hua; Basaran, Cemal; Hopkins, Douglas

2003-02-01

Electromigration of solder joint under high dc current density is known as a reliability concern for the future high-density flip chip packaging and power packaging. Biased mass diffusion within solder joint from cathode to anode under high dc current density is observed in these experiments. In this letter, the experiments on flip chip solder joints under dc current stressing are conducted and thermomigration due to the thermal gradient in the solder joint caused by joule heating is reported. A three-dimensional coupled electric thermal finite-element (FE) simulation of a realistic flip chip module shows the existence of thermal gradient in the solder joint which is high enough to trigger thermomigration.

11. Hemispheric Asymmetry of Ionospheric Convection and Joule Heating and Its Impact on the Thermospher

Lu, G.

2014-12-01

The Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE) procedure has proved to be a very useful tool to estimate the large-scale simultaneous distributions of ionospheric conductance, electric potential, and other related quantities by combining simultaneous measurements from satellites, radars, and ground magnetometers. In this paper we apply the AMIE procedure to compare the high-latitude ionospheric convection and Joule heating patterns between the northern and southern hemispheres and to investigate how the hemispheric asymmetry varies with different solar wind and IMF conditions. We also investigate the impact of the asymmetric high-latitude magnetospheric forcing on themospheric dynamics based on the coupled AMIE-TIMEGCM simulations as well as through intercomparison with observations.

12. Current-Controlled Negative Differential Resistance Due to Joule Heating In Tio2

Bratkovsky, A. M.; Alexandrov, A. S.; Savel'Ev, S. E.; Strukov, D. B.; Williams, R. S.

2012-02-01

We show that Joule heating causes current-controlled negative differential resistance (CC-NDR) in TiO2 memristive systems by constructing an analytical model of the current-voltage characteristics based on polaronic transport for Ohm's law and Newton's law of cooling and fitting this model to experimental data. This threshold switching is he soft breakdown'' observed during electroforming in TiO2 and other transition-metal oxide based memristors, as well as a precursor to ON'' or SET'' switching of unipolar memristors from their high to their low resistance states. The shape of the V-I curves is a sensitive indicator of the nature of the polaronic conduction, which apparently follows an adiabatic regime [1]. [4pt] [1] A.S. Alexandrov, A.M.Bratkovsky, B.Bridle, S.E.Savel'ev, D. Strukov, and R.S.Williams, Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, xxx (2011).

13. Numerical analysis of the electrical failure of a metallic nanowire mesh due to Joule heating

Li, Yuan; Tsuchiya, Kaoru; Tohmyoh, Hironori; Saka, Masumi

2013-08-01

To precisely examine the electrical failure behavior of a metallic nanowire mesh induced by Joule heating (i.e., melting), a previously developed numerical method was modified with regard to the maximum temperature in the mesh and the electrical resistivity of the nanowire. A sample case of an Ag nanowire mesh under specific working conditions was analyzed with highly accurate numerical results. By monitoring the temperature in the mesh, the current required to trigger the melting of a mesh segment (i.e., the melting current) could be obtained. The melting process of a mesh equipped with a current source during actual operation was predicted on the basis of the obtained relationship between the melting current and the corresponding melting voltage in the numerical melting process. Local unstable and stable melting could be precisely identified for both the current-controlled and voltage-controlled current sources in the present example.

14. Simultaneous effects of slip and wall properties on MHD peristaltic motion of nanofluid with Joule heating

Hayat, T.; Nisar, Z.; Ahmad, B.; Yasmin, H.

2015-12-01

This paper is devoted to the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) peristaltic transport of nanofluid in a channel with wall properties. Flow analysis is addressed in the presence of viscous dissipation, partial slip and Joule heating effects. Mathematical modelling also includes the salient features of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Both analytic and numerical solutions are provided. Comparison between the solutions is shown in a very good agreement. Attention is focused to the Brownian motion parameter, thermophoresis parameter, Hartman number, Eckert number and Prandtl number. Influences of various parameters on skin friction coefficient, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are also investigated. It is found that both the temperature and nanoparticles concentration are increasing functions of Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters.

15. Ozone generation by negative corona discharge: the effect of Joule heating

Yanallah, K.; Pontiga, F.; Fernández-Rueda, A.; Castellanos, A.; Belasri, A.

2008-10-01

Ozone generation in pure oxygen using a wire-to-cylinder corona discharge reactor is experimentally and numerically investigated. Ozone concentration is determined by means of direct UV spectroscopy and the effects of Joule heating and ozone decomposition on the electrodes are analysed for different discharge gaps. The numerical model combines the physical processes in the corona discharge with the chemistry of ozone formation and destruction. The chemical kinetics model and the electrical model are coupled through Poisson's equation, and the current-voltage (CV) characteristic measured in experiments is used as input data to the numerical simulation. The numerical model is able to predict the radial distributions of electrons, ions, atoms and molecules for each applied voltage of the CV characteristic. In particular, the evolution of ozone density inside the discharge cell has been investigated as a function of current intensity and applied voltage.

16. Electron kinetics and non-Joule heating in near-collisionless inductively coupled plasmas V. I. Kolobov

E-print Network

Economou, Demetre J.

. Kolobov Plasma Processing Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston 95054 D. J. Economou Plasma Processing Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, UniversityElectron kinetics and non-Joule heating in near-collisionless inductively coupled plasmas V. I

17. Influence of Newtonian heating on three dimensional MHD flow of couple stress nanofluid with viscous dissipation and Joule heating.

PubMed

2015-01-01

The present exploration discusses the influence of Newtonian heating on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) three dimensional couple stress nanofluid past a stretching surface. Viscous dissipation and Joule heating effects are also considered. Moreover, the nanofluid model includes the combined effects of thermophoresis and Brownian motion. Using an appropriate transformation, the governing non linear partial differential equations are converted into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Series solutions using Homotopy Analysis method (HAM) are computed. Plots are presented to portrait the arising parameters in the problem. It is seen that an increase in conjugate heating parameter results in considerable increase in the temperature profile of the stretching wall. Skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt and local Sherwood numbers tabulated and analyzed. Higher values of conjugate parameter, Thermophoresis parameter and Brownian motion parameter result in enhancement of temperature distribution. PMID:25874800

18. Influence of Newtonian Heating on Three Dimensional MHD Flow of Couple Stress Nanofluid with Viscous Dissipation and Joule Heating

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

The present exploration discusses the influence of Newtonian heating on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) three dimensional couple stress nanofluid past a stretching surface. Viscous dissipation and Joule heating effects are also considered. Moreover, the nanofluid model includes the combined effects of thermophoresis and Brownian motion. Using an appropriate transformation, the governing non linear partial differential equations are converted into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Series solutions using Homotopy Analysis method (HAM) are computed. Plots are presented to portrait the arising parameters in the problem. It is seen that an increase in conjugate heating parameter results in considerable increase in the temperature profile of the stretching wall. Skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt and local Sherwood numbers tabulated and analyzed. Higher values of conjugate parameter, Thermophoresis parameter and Brownian motion parameter result in enhancement of temperature distribution. PMID:25874800

19. James Joule and meteors

Hughes, David W.

1989 was the hundredth anniversary of the death of James Prescott Joule, the Prescott being his mother's family name and the Joule, rhyming with cool, originating from the Derbyshire village of Youlgreave. Joule is rightly famous for his experimental efforts to establish the law of conservation of energy, and for the fact that J, the symbol known as the mechanical equivalent of heat, is named after him. Astronomically his "light has been hidden under a bushel". James Joule had a major influence on the physics of meteors.

20. Transmission electron microscopy assisted in-situ joule heat dissipation study of individual InAs nanowires

SciTech Connect

Xu, T. T.; Wei, X. L. E-mail: qingchen@pku.edu.cn; Shu, J. P.; Chen, Q. E-mail: qingchen@pku.edu.cn

2013-11-04

Managing heat transport at nanoscale is an important and challenging task for nanodevice applications and nanostructure engineering. Herein, through in-situ engineering nanowire (NW)-electrode contacts with electron beam induced carbon deposition in a transmission electron microscope, Joule heat dissipation along individual suspended Indium Arsenide NWs is well managed to obtain pre-designed temperature profiles along NWs. The temperature profiles are experimentally determined by the breakdown site of NWs under Joule heating and breakdown temperature measurement. A model with NW-electrode contacts being well considered is proposed to describe heat transport along a NW. By fitting temperature profiles with the model, thermal conductance at NW-electrode contacts is obtained. It is found that, the temperature profile along a specific NW is mainly governed by the relative thermal conductance at the two NW-electrode contacts, which is engineered in experiments.

1. MHD Stagnation-Point Flow and Heat Transfer with Effects of Viscous Dissipation, Joule Heating and Partial Velocity Slip.

PubMed

Mat Yasin, Mohd Hafizi; Ishak, Anuar; Pop, Ioan

2015-01-01

The steady two-dimensional stagnation-point flow and heat transfer past a permeable stretching/shrinking sheet with effects of viscous dissipation, Joule heating and partial velocity slip in the presence of a magnetic field is investigated. The partial differential equations are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using a similarity transformation, before being solved numerically by shooting technique. Results indicate that the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number increase as magnetic parameter increases. It is found that for the stretching sheet the solution is unique while for the shrinking sheet there exist nonunique solutions (dual solutions) in certain range of parameters. The stability analysis shows that the upper branch solution is stable while the lower branch solution is unstable. PMID:26647651

2. MHD Stagnation-Point Flow and Heat Transfer with Effects of Viscous Dissipation, Joule Heating and Partial Velocity Slip

PubMed Central

Mat Yasin, Mohd Hafizi; Ishak, Anuar; Pop, Ioan

2015-01-01

The steady two-dimensional stagnation-point flow and heat transfer past a permeable stretching/shrinking sheet with effects of viscous dissipation, Joule heating and partial velocity slip in the presence of a magnetic field is investigated. The partial differential equations are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using a similarity transformation, before being solved numerically by shooting technique. Results indicate that the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number increase as magnetic parameter increases. It is found that for the stretching sheet the solution is unique while for the shrinking sheet there exist nonunique solutions (dual solutions) in certain range of parameters. The stability analysis shows that the upper branch solution is stable while the lower branch solution is unstable. PMID:26647651

3. Polar thermospheric Joule heating, and redistribution of recombination energy in the upper mesosphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mayr, H. G.; Harris, I.; Dube, M.

1990-01-01

Kellogg (1961), suggested that transport of atomic oxygen from the summer into the winter hemisphere and subsequent release of energy by three body recombination, O+O+N2 yields O2+N2+E, may contribute significantly to the so-called mesopause temperature anomaly. Earlier model calculations have shown that Kellogg's mechanism produces about a 10-percent increase in the temperature from summer to winter at 90 km. This process, however, is partly compensated by differential heating from absorption of UV radiation associated with dissociation of O2. In the auroral region of the thermosphere, there is a steady energy dissipation by Joule heating causing a redistribution and depletion of atomic oxygen due to wind-induced diffusion. With the removal of O, latent chemical energy normally released by three body recombination is also removed, and the result is that the temperature decreases by almost 2 percent near 90 km. Through dynamic feedback, this process reduces the depletion of atomic oxygen by about 25 percent and the temperature perturbation in the exosphere from 10 to 7 percent at polar latitudes. Under the influence of the internal dynamo interaction, the prevailing zonal circulation in the upper thermosphere changes direction when the redistribution of recombination energy is considered.

4. Effect of concurrent joule heat and charge trapping on RESET for NbAlO fabricated by atomic layer deposition

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

The RESET process of NbAlO-based resistive switching memory devices fabricated by atomic layer deposition is investigated at low temperatures from 80 to 200 K. We observed that the conduction mechanism of high resistance state changed from hopping conduction to Frenkel-Poole conduction with elevated temperature. It is found that the conductive filament rupture in RRAM RESET process can be attributed not only to the Joule heat generated by internal current flow through a filament but also to the charge trap/detrapping effect. The RESET current decreases upon heating. Meanwhile, the energy consumption also decreases exponentially. This phenomenon indicates the temperature-related charge trap/detrapping process which contributes to the RESET besides direct Joule heat. PMID:23421401

5. Joule-Heated Molten Regolith Electrolysis Reactor Concepts for Oxygen and Metals Production on the Moon and Mars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sibille, Laurent; Dominguez, Jesus A.

2012-01-01

The technology of direct electrolysis of molten lunar regolith to produce oxygen and molten metal alloys has progressed greatly in the last few years. The development of long-lasting inert anodes and cathode designs as well as techniques for the removal of molten products from the reactor has been demonstrated. The containment of chemically aggressive oxide and metal melts is very difficult at the operating temperatures ca. 1600 C. Containing the molten oxides in a regolith shell can solve this technical issue and can be achieved by designing a Joule-heated (sometimes called 'self-heating') reactor in which the electrolytic currents generate enough Joule heat to create a molten bath. Solutions obtained by multiphysics modeling allow the identification of the critical dimensions of concept reactors.

6. A parameter governing the melting induced at the micrometer level in a dissimilar metal wire system by Joule heating

Tohmyoh, Hironori; Sunagawa, Takuya

2015-06-01

In this paper, we deal with the phenomenon of melting at the point of contact between dissimilar metals by Joule heating. A heat conduction model for this dissimilar metal wire system is considered and the current required to sever the wire system by Joule heating is determined. The position at which the wire system severs depends on the ratio of the lengths of the two wires. Whereas this dependency is discontinuous, the current required to sever the wire is found to be continuous with respect to the ratio of the wire lengths, and the behaviors of the position and the current for severing the wire system are found to be classified into three regions. Based on these findings, a parameter that governs the melting phenomenon at the micrometer level for different ratios of wire lengths is proposed. Attempts were made to weld 25 ?m thick Cu and Al wires of various lengths together by Joule heating. Moreover, the conditions for stably welding dissimilar metal wires together can be found quantitatively using the parameter proposed in this paper. It is noted that the welding condition described by the proposed parameter is independent with respect to the ratio of the lengths of the two wires in the respective regions.

7. A comparison of the effect of joule heating vs thermal annealing on the morphology of typical hole transport layers in organic light emitting devices

Davidson-Hall, Tyler; Aziz, Hany

2015-09-01

It is well-known that hole transport layers (HTLs) in organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) are more sensitive to morphological changes than other organic layers due to the lower glass transition temperatures. A high operational temperature can alter the HTL morphology, severely impacting OLED performance and stability. Although joule heating is a known factor affecting OLED stability during operation, its effect in experimental studies is typically simulated through thermal annealing of the devices rather than applying current. In this work, a comparison of the effects of joule heating vs thermal annealing on the morphological stability of N,N'-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (NPB) and N,N'-Dicarbazolyl-4,4'-biphenyl (CBP) HTLs and the impact this has on OLED performance is investigated. While thermal annealing of an OLED can be used as an approximation of joule heating, the temperature distribution profile of the OLED is different under the two stress conditions and thus can impact the morphology of the HTL differently. However, joule heating introduces a confounding factor whereby the OLEDs experience intrinsic degradation by the flow of current, aside from thermal stress. Therefore, in this work, joule heating is studied in unipolar devices that comprise solely of the HTL. Device JVL and morphology as a function of temperature for both joule heating and thermal annealing are presented as a means to evaluate stability and performance.

8. Thermodynamic analysis of the reverse Joule–Brayton cycle heat pump for domestic heating

E-print Network

White, Alexander

2009-03-20

the temperature ratios across the compressor (?c = T2/T1) and expander (?e = T3/T4) are the same and equal to ? . Eq.(1) then simplifies to: COPi = ( 1? 1? )?1 . (2) This, as expected, is simply the reciprocal of the efficiency for an ideal gas turbine cycle... atmospheric pressure. The hot compressed air then enters a heat exchanger where it is cooled to state 3, thereby delivering heat to the radiator circulating water (and / or the hot water system). Finally, the air is expanded through the reciprocating expander...

9. Correlation between thermal annealing temperature and Joule-heating based insulator-metal transition in VO2 nanobeams

Rathi, Servin; Park, Jin-Hyung; Lee, In-yeal; Jin Kim, Min; Min Baik, Jeong; Kim, Gil-Ho

2013-11-01

Rapid thermal annealing of VO2 nanobeams in an ambient argon environment has been carried out at various temperatures after device fabrication. Our analysis revealed that increasing the annealing temperature from 200 °C to 400 °C results in the reduction of both ohmic and nanobeam resistances with an appreciable decrease in joule-heating based transition voltage and transition temperature, while samples annealed at 500 °C exhibited a conducting rutile-phase like characteristics at room temperature. In addition, these variation trends were explored using a physical model and the results were found to be in agreement with the observed results, thus verifying the model.

10. Numerical analysis of the two-phase heat transfer in the heat exchanger of a mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson cryocooler

Damle, R. M.; Ardhapurkar, P. M.; Atrey, M. D.

2015-12-01

The recuperative heat exchanger is the most critical component of a mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson cryocooler. The heat transfer process in such a heat exchanger takes place under two-phase conditions due to simultaneous boiling of the cold stream and condensation of the hot stream. This results in higher heat transfer coefficients as compared to single phase heat exchange. Moreover, depending on the composition of non-azeotropic mixtures, the boiling and condensation take place over a range of temperatures. In this work, the two-phase heat transfer in the recuperative heat exchanger of a mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson cryocooler is studied. A numerical model is developed to simulate the heat transfer in a helically coiled tube-in-tube heat exchanger with nitrogen-hydrocarbons mixtures. The heat transfer coefficients for the two-phase flow under boiling and condensation are evaluated with the correlations available in the literature. The physical properties of the mixtures are evaluated at local conditions of temperature and pressure. The numerical results obtained with the developed model are compared with the experimental data reported in the literature. Additionally, the model predictions are also compared with new experimental data reported in the present work.

11. Three-dimensional noninvasive ultrasound Joule heat tomography based on the acousto-electric effect using unipolar pulses: a simulation study.

PubMed

Yang, Renhuan; Li, Xu; Song, Aiguo; He, Bin; Yan, Ruqiang

2012-11-21

Electrical properties of biological tissues are highly sensitive to their physiological and pathological status. Thus it is of importance to image electrical properties of biological tissues. However, spatial resolution of conventional electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is generally poor. Recently, hybrid imaging modalities combining electric conductivity contrast and ultrasonic resolution based on the acousto-electric effect has attracted considerable attention. In this study, we propose a novel three-dimensional (3D) noninvasive ultrasound Joule heat tomography (UJHT) approach based on the acousto-electric effect using unipolar ultrasound pulses. As the Joule heat density distribution is highly dependent on the conductivity distribution, an accurate and high-resolution mapping of the Joule heat density distribution is expected to give important information that is closely related to the conductivity contrast. The advantages of the proposed ultrasound Joule heat tomography using unipolar pulses include its simple inverse solution, better performance than UJHT using common bipolar pulses and its independence of a priori knowledge of the conductivity distribution of the imaging object. Computer simulation results show that using the proposed method, it is feasible to perform a high spatial resolution Joule heat imaging in an inhomogeneous conductive media. Application of this technique on tumor scanning is also investigated by a series of computer simulations. PMID:23123757

12. Short Time-Scale Enhancements to the Global Thermosphere Temperature and Nitric Oxide Content Resulting From Ionospheric Joule Heating

Weimer, D. R.; Mlynczak, M. G.; Hunt, L. A.; Sutton, E. K.

2014-12-01

The total Joule heating in the polar ionosphere can be derived from an empirical model of the electric fields and currents, using input measurements of the solar wind velocity and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). In the thermosphere, measurements of the neutral density from accelerometers on the CHAMP and GRACE satellites are used to derive exospheric temperatures, showing that enhanced ionospheric energy dissipation produces elevated temperatures with little delay.Using the total ionospheric heating, changes in the global mean exosphere temperature as a function of time can be calculated with a simple differential equation. The results compare very well with the CHAMP and GRACE measurement. A critical part of the calculation is the rate at which the thermosphere cools after the ionospheric heating is reduced. It had been noted previously that events with significant levels of heating subsequently cool at a faster rate, and this cooling was attributed to enhanced nitric oxide emissions. This correlation with nitric oxide has been confirmed with very high correlations with measurements of nitric oxide emissions in the thermosphere, from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. These measurements were used in a recent improvement in the equations that calculate the thermosphere temperature. The global nitric oxide cooling rates are included in this calculation, and the predicted levels of nitric oxide, derived from the ionosphere heating model, match the SABER measurements very well, having correlation coefficients on the order of 0.9.These calculations are used to govern the sorting of measurements CHAMP and GRACE measurements, on the basis of the global temperature enhancements due to Joule heating, as well as various solar indices, and season. Global maps of the exospheric temperature are produced from these sorted data.

13. Synergistic effect of electromigration and Joule heating on system level weak-link failure in 2.5D integrated circuits

Liu, Yingxia; Li, Menglu; Kim, Dong Wook; Gu, Sam; Tu, K. N.

2015-10-01

In system level electromigration test of 2.5D integrated circuits, a failure mode due to synergistic effect of Joule heating and electromigration has been found. In the test circuit, there are three levels of solder joints, two Si chips (one of them has through-Si-via), and one polymer substrate. In addition, there are two redistribution layers; one between every two levels of solder joints. We found that the redistribution layer between the flip chip solder joints and micro-bumps is the weak-link and failed easily by burn-out in electromigration test. The failure is time-dependent with sudden resistance increase. Preliminary simulation results show that Joule heating has a positive feedback to electromigration in the redistribution layer and caused the thermal run-away failure. Joule heating becomes an important reliability issue in the future scaling of semiconductor devices.

14. Measurement and simulation of Joule heating during treatment of B-16 melanoma tumors in mice with nanosecond pulsed electric fields.

PubMed

Pliquett, Uwe; Nuccitelli, Richard

2014-12-01

Experimental evidence shows that nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) trigger apoptosis in skin tumors. We have postulated that the energy delivered by nsPEF is insufficient to impart significant heating to the treated tissue. Here we use both direct measurements and theoretical modeling of the Joule heating in order to validate this assumption. For the temperature measurement, thermo-sensitive liquid crystals (TLC) were used to determine the surface temperature while a micro-thermocouple (made from 30 ?m wires) was used for measuring the temperature inside the tissue. The calculation of the temperature distribution used an asymptotic approach with the repeated calculation of the electric field, Joule heating and heat transfer, and the subsequent readjustment of the electrical tissue conductivity. This yields a temperature distribution both in space and time. It can be shown that for the measured increase in temperature an unexpectedly high electrical conductivity of the tissue would be required, which was indeed found by using voltage and current monitoring during the experiment. Using impedance measurements within t(after)=50 ?s after the pulse revealed a fast decline of the high conductivity state when the electric field ceases. The experimentally measured high conductance of a skin fold (mouse) between plate electrodes was about 5 times higher than those of the maximally expected conductance due to fully electroporated membrane structures (G(max)/G(electroporated))?5. Fully electroporated membrane structure assumes that 100% of the membranes are conductive which is estimated from an impedance measurement at 10 MHz where membranes are capacitively shorted. Since the temperature rise in B-16 mouse melanoma tumors due to equally spaced (?t=2 s) 300 ns-pulses with E=40 kV/cm usually does not exceed ??=3 K at all parts of the skin fold between the electrodes, a hyperthermic effect on the tissue can be excluded. PMID:24680133

15. Evaluation of a Novel Temperature Sensing Probe for Monitoring and Controlling Glass Temperature in a Joule-Heated Glass Melter

SciTech Connect

A. D. Watkins; C. A. Musick; C. Cannon; N. M. Carlson; P. D. Mullenix; R. D. Tillotson

1999-04-29

A self-verifying temperature sensor that employs advanced contact thermocouple probe technology was tested in a laboratory-scale, joule-heated, refractory-lined glass melter used for radioactive waste vitrification. The novel temperature probe monitors melt temperature at any given level of the melt chamber. The data acquisition system provides the real-time temperature for molten glass. Test results indicate that the self-verifying sensor is more accurate and reliable than classic platinum/rhodium thermocouple and sheath assemblies. The results of this test are reported as well as enhancements being made to the temperature probe. To obtain more reliable temperature measurements of the molten glass for improving production efficiency and ensuring consistent glass properties, optical sensing was reviewed for application in a high temperature environment.

16. Cycling Joule Thomson refrigerator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tward, E. (inventor)

1983-01-01

A symmetrical adsorption pump/compressor system having a pair of mirror image legs and a Joule Thomson expander, or valve, interposed between the legs thereof for providing a, efficient refrigeration cycle is described. The system further includes a plurality of gas operational heat switches adapted selectively to transfer heat from a thermal load and to transfer or discharge heat through a heat projector, such as a radiator or the like. The heat switches comprise heat pressurizable chambers adapted for alternate pressurization in response to adsorption and desorption of a pressurizing gas confined therein.

17. Experimental evaluation of an adaptive Joule–Thomson cooling system including silicon-microfabricated heat exchanger and microvalve components

PubMed Central

Zhu, Weibin; Park, Jong M.; White, Michael J.; Nellis, Gregory F.; Gianchandani, Yogesh B.

2011-01-01

This article reports the evaluation of a Joule–Thomson (JT) cooling system that combines two custom micromachined components—a Si/glass-stack recuperative heat exchanger and a piezoelectrically actuated expansion microvalve. With the microvalve controlling the flow rate, this system can modulate cooling to accommodate varying refrigeration loads. The perforated plate Si/glass heat exchanger is fabricated with a stack of alternating silicon plates and Pyrex glass spacers. The microvalve utilizes a lead zirconate titanate actuator to push a Si micromachined valve seat against a glass plate, thus modulating the flow passing through the gap between the valve seat and the glass plate. The fabricated heat exchanger has a footprint of 1×1?cm2 and a length of 35 mm. The size of the micromachined piezoelectrically actuated valve is about 1×1×1?cm3. In JT cooling tests, the temperature of the system was successfully controlled by adjusting the input voltage of the microvalve. When the valve was fully opened (at an input voltage of ?30 V), the system cooled down to a temperature as low as 254.5 K at 430 kPa pressure difference between inlet and outlet at steady state and 234 K at 710 kPa in a transient state. The system provided cooling powers of 75 mW at 255 K and 150 mW at 258 K. Parasitic heat loads at 255 K are estimated at approximately 700 mW. PMID:21552354

18. Joule heating-induced coexisted spin Seebeck effect and spin Hall magnetoresistance in the platinum/Y{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} structure

SciTech Connect

Wang, W. X.; Wang, S. H.; Zou, L. K.; Cai, J. W.; Sun, J. R. E-mail: sun-zg@whut.edu.cn; Sun, Z. G.

2014-11-03

Spin Seebeck effect (SSE) and spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) are observed simultaneously in the Pt/Y{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} hybrid structure when thermal gradient is produced by Joule heating. According to their dependences on applied current, these two effects can be separated. Their dependence on heating power and magnetic field is systematically studied. With the increase of heating power, the SSE enhances linearly, whereas the SMR decreases slowly. The origin of the spin currents is further analyzed. The heating power dependences of the spin currents associated with the SSE and the SMR are found to be different.

19. Calorimetry at high-pressure using high-frequency Joule-heating

Geballe, Zachary; Struzhkin, Viktor

2015-03-01

Calorimetric measurements of materials at 1 to 100 GPa of pressure would provide intriguing tests of condensed matter theories, sensitive probes of chemical reactions during high-pressure synthesis, and useful inputs for models of the Earth's interior. We present the design and first results of quantitative heat capacity measurements at >10 GPa of pressure. High-frequency AC voltage heats a small metal strip pressed between diamond anvils, creating temperature oscillations whose amplitudes are determined from the higher harmonics of voltage. Thermal models show that frequencies >100 kHz are required to contain heat in the ng-mass samples, while electrical models show that frequencies >100 MHz are not practical. Our experimental results show that the heat capacity of iron and nickel can indeed be measured at high frequencies in diamond anvil cells, paving the way for studies of the energetics of a wide-variety of entropy-driven phase changes at high pressure.

20. Simple and strong: twisted silver painted nylon artificial muscle actuated by Joule heating

E-print Network

Mirvakili, Seyed M.

Highly oriented nylon and polyethylene fibres shrink in length when heated and expand in diameter. By twisting and then coiling monofilaments of these materials to form helical springs, the anisotropic thermal expansion ...

1. Joule-Thomson effect and internal convection heat transfer in turbulent He II flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Walstrom, P. L.

1988-01-01

The temperature rise in highly turbulent He II flowing in tubing was measured in the temperature range 1.6-2.1 K. The effect of internal convection heat transport on the predicted temperature profiles is calculated from the two-fluid model with mutual friction. The model predictions are in good agreement with the measurements, provided that the pressure gradient term is retained in the expression for internal convection heat flow.

2. Performances of the mixed-gases Joule-Thomson refrigeration cycles for cooling fixed-temperature heat loads

Gong, M. Q.; Wu, J. F.; Luo, E. G.

2004-12-01

Numerous mixed-gases refrigeration cycle configurations based on Joule-Thomson effects were developed in the past several decades. In this paper, comprehensive thermodynamic analyses were made on two typical cycle configurations to learn their performance for cooling fixed-temperature heat loads. One is the single-stage cycle without phase separators; the other is the auto-cascade refrigeration cycle which has at least one phase separator. An exergy model was developed to analyze the thermodynamic performance of those refrigeration cycles. Comprehensive comparisons were made on the performance of the recuperative throttling cycles using multicomponent mixture as refrigerant, including extensive simulations and optimizations of mixtures and cycle configurations. The results show that the auto-cascade cycle can improve thermodynamic performance in the case of using mixtures with increased fraction of high-boiling components, however, degrade the performance when using mixtures with increased fraction of low-boiling components. The results also show that the mixed refrigerant is the most important designing parameter in the design of such mixed-gases refrigeration system. Different cycle configuration has different optimal mixture composition. When using optimal mixtures, both cycles (separation and non-separation) can provide approximately equal performance.

3. Joule heating effects on quartz particle melting in high-temperature silicate melt

Vlasov, V.; Volokitin, G.; Skripnikova, N.; Volokitin, O.; Shekhovtsov, V.

2015-10-01

This work is mostly focused on the melting process model simulation of quartz particles having the radius within the range of 10-6-10-3 m. The melting process is simulated accounting for the heat generation at an electric current passage through a quartz particle.

4. Effect of current crowding and Joule heating on electromigration-induced failure in flip chip composite solder joints tested at room temperature

SciTech Connect

Nah, J.W.; Suh, J.O.; Tu, K.N.

2005-07-01

The electromigration of flip chip solder joints consisting of 97Pb-3Sn and 37Pb-63Sn composite solders was studied under high current densities at room temperature. The mean time to failure and failure modes were found to be strongly dependent on the change in current density. The composite solder joints did not fail after 1 month stressed at 4.07x10{sup 4} A/cm{sup 2}, but failed after just 10 h of current stressing at 4.58x10{sup 4} A/cm{sup 2}. At a slightly higher current stressing of 5.00x10{sup 4} A/cm{sup 2}, the composite solder joints failed after only 0.6 h due to melting. Precipitation and growth of Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} at the cathode caused the Cu under bump metallurgy to be quickly consumed and resulted in void formation at the contact area. The void reduced the contact area and displaced the electrical path, affecting the current crowding and Joule heating inside the solder bump. Significant Joule heating inside solder bumps can cause melting of the solder and quick failure. The effect of void propagation on current crowding and Joule heating was confirmed by simulation.

5. Iron Phosphate Glass for Vitrifying Hanford AZ102 LAW in Joule Heated and Cold Crucible Induction Melters

SciTech Connect

Day, Delbert E.; Brow, R. K.; Ray, C. S.; Kim, Cheol-Woon; Reis, Signo T.; Vienna, John D.; Peeler, David K.; Johnson, Fabienne; Hansen, E. K.; Sevigny, Gary J.; Soelberg, Nicolas R.; Pegg, Ian L.; Gan, Hao

2012-01-05

An iron phosphate composition for vitrifying a high sulfate (~17 wt%) and high alkali (~80 wt%) low activity Hanford waste, known as AZ102 LAW, has been developed for processing in a Joule Heated Melter (JHM) or a Cold Crucible Induction Melter (CCIM). This composition produced a glass waste form, designated as MS26AZ102F-2, with a waste loading of 26 wt% of the AZ102 which corresponded to a total alkali and sulfate (SO3) content of 21 and 4.2 wt%, respectively. A slurry (7M Na) of MS26AZ102F-2 simulant was melted continuously at temperatures between 1030 and 1090°C for 10 days in a small JHM at PNNL and for 7 days in a CCIM at INL. The as-cast glasses produced in both melters and in trial laboratory experiments along with their CCC-treated counterparts met the DOE LAW requirements for the Product Consistency Test (PCT) and the Vapor Hydration Test (VHT). These glass waste forms retained up to 77 % of the SO3 (3.3 wt%), 100% of the Cesium, and 33 to 44% of the rhenium, surrogate for Tc-99, all of which either exceeded or were comparable to the retention limit for these species in borosilicate glass nuclear waste form. Analyses of commercial K-3 refractory lining and the Inconel 693 metal electrodes used in JHM indicated only minimum corrosion of these components by the iron phosphate glass. This is the first time that an iron phosphate composition (slurry feed) was melted continuously in the JHM and CCIM, thereby, demonstrating that iron phosphate glasses can be used as alternative hosts for vitrifying nuclear waste.

6. Analysis of a combined law power-optimized open Joule-Brayton heat-engine cycle with a finite interactive heat source

Blank, David A.

1999-04-01

Through concurrent employment of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, a set of optimum power expressions for the open irreversible Brayton and open Joule-Brayton heat-engine cycles has been obtained. These expressions are applicable to configurations with a finite thermal reservoir in which the values of the source outlet temperatures are forced to interact with the overall cycle during the power optimization of the cycle's working substance temperatures. Use of the concurrent law procedure simultaneously allows both the minimization of internal cycle entropy generation and the maximization of specific cycle work in order to provide the internal cycle operating temperatures necessary for power optimization. The study is carried out for open versions of these cycles in which the energy input is provided from an external source through a heat exchanger, the conductance of which is optimally allocated with respect to the cycle flow rate. The work includes a novel comparative study of the optimized power output of these cycles both with non-interactive and with interactive sources. The results of this study conclusively indicate the importance of considering variable (interactive) sink outlet temperatures in obtaining the power optimum for these cycles.

7. The Mayer-Joule Principle: The Foundation of the First Law of Thermodynamics

Newburgh, Ronald; Leff, Harvey S.

2011-11-01

To most students today the mechanical equivalent of heat, called the Mayer-Joule principle, is simply a way to convert from calories to joules and vice versa. However, in linking work and heat—once thought to be disjointed concepts—it goes far beyond unit conversion. Heat had eluded understanding for two centuries after Galileo Galilei constructed an early thermometer. Independently, Julius Robert Mayer and James Prescott Joule found the connection between heat and work, the Mayer-Joule principle.

8. Gifford-McMahon/Joule-Thomson cryocooler with high-flow-conductance counterflow heat exchanger for use in resistance thermometer calibration

Shimazaki, Takeshi; Toyoda, Keishi; Tamura, Osamu

2006-03-01

A cryocooler that consists of a two-stage Gifford-McMahon (GM) mechanical refrigerator and a Joule-Thomson (JT) expansion circuit is developed for use in resistance thermometer calibration. The cryocooler is designed to attain a lower temperature rather than to produce a higher cooling power. A simple but high-performance counterflow heat exchanger is developed for the cryocooler. The heat exchanger has a high flow conductance while maintaining a high heat exchange efficiency. It is an improved type of counterflow heat exchanger composed of a spiral capillary and a thin-wall straight outer tube. The developed cryocooler uses a single counterflow heat exchanger not like a conventional GM/JT cryocooler, which usually has two or three counterflow heat exchangers. He4 is used as the working fluid for the JT expansion circuit. The pot where the condensed He4 collects after the JT expansion can reach 1.3K in the continuous operation mode and 1.0K in the single-cycle operation mode. The cooling power of the cryocooler is 580?W at 1.34K with a molar flow rate of 300?mol/s. Temperature control of the pot was demonstrated from 1.4to12K using two control methods. One method involves controlling the evacuation speed in the JT circuit and the other involves controlling the heat input from a heater to the pot. The temperature of the pot is controlled within the order of magnitude of 2mK from peak to peak with either method.

9. Ionospheric Joule heating, fast flow channels, and magnetic field line topology for IMF By-dominant conditions - Observations and comparisons with predicted reconnection jet speeds

Wilder, F. D.; Crowley, G.; Eriksson, S.; Newell, P. T.; Hairston, M. R.

2012-12-01

When the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is dawnward or duskward, magnetic merging between the IMF and the geomagnetic field occurs near the cusp on the dayside flanks of the magnetosphere. While these periods are usually considered "quiet," they can lead to intense localized energy deposition into the dayside ionosphere. We analyze two intervals during the geomagnetic storm on August 24, 2005: one with steady duskward IMF and one with steady dawnward IMF. Using outputs from the Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE) and data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, we show that intense Joule heating exists on fast ionospheric flow channels which lie on open field lines. In addition, the flow channels on open field lines have large components in the sunward direction, and therefore resist the bulk solar wind and magnetosheath flow. We compare observed velocities with predicted reconnection jet speeds using magnetosheath and cusp parameters from an MHD simulation. Results suggest that the fast ionospheric flow corresponds to portions of the reconnection jet populated by low density plasma. The importance of ionospheric conductance in determining the ionospheric flow is also discussed.

10. Ionospheric Joule heating, fast flow channels, and magnetic field line topology for IMF By-dominant conditions: Observations and comparisons with predicted reconnection jet speeds

Wilder, F. D.; Crowley, G.; Eriksson, S.; Newell, P. T.; Hairston, M. R.

2012-11-01

When the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is dawnward or duskward, magnetic merging between the IMF and the geomagnetic field occurs near the cusp on the dayside flanks of the magnetosphere. While these periods are usually considered “quiet,” they can lead to intense localized energy deposition into the dayside ionosphere. We analyze two intervals during the geomagnetic storm on 24 August 2005: one with steady duskward IMF and one with steady dawnward IMF. Using outputs from the Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE) and data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, we show that intense Joule heating exists on fast ionospheric flow channels which lie on open field lines. In addition, the flow channels on open field lines have large components in the sunward direction and therefore resist the bulk solar wind and magnetosheath flow. We compare observed velocities with predicted reconnection jet speeds using magnetosheath and cusp parameters from an MHD simulation. Results suggest that the fast ionospheric flow corresponds to portions of the reconnection jet populated by low-density plasma. The importance of ionospheric conductance in determining the ionospheric flow is also discussed.

11. The Mayer-Joule Principle: The Foundation of the First Law of Thermodynamics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Newburgh, Ronald; Leff, Harvey S.

2011-01-01

To most students today the mechanical equivalent of heat, called the Mayer-Joule principle, is simply a way to convert from calories to joules and vice versa. However, in linking work and heat--once thought to be disjointed concepts--it goes far beyond unit conversion. Heat had eluded understanding for two centuries after Galileo Galilei…

12. Joule-Thomson Expander Without Check Valves

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chan, C. K.; Gatewood, J. R.

1989-01-01

Cooling effected by bidirectional, reciprocating flow of gas. Type of Joule-Thomson (J-T) expander for cryogenic cooling requires no check valves to prevent reverse flow of coolant. More reliable than conventional J-T expander, containing network of check valves, each potential source of failure. Gas flows alternately from left to right and right to left. Heat load cooled by evaporation of liquid from left or right compartment, whichever at lower pressure.

13. Memoir of James Prescott Joule

Reynolds, Osborne

2011-06-01

1. Introduction; 2. Parentage and early life; 3. Joule's first research; 4. Second research; 5. Third research; 6. Efforts to convince the scientific world; 7. The year 1847; 8. Joule's views accepted by Thomson, Rankine, and Clausius; 9. Middle life; 10. Later life; Appendix to page 18; Note A to page 88; Index.

14. Watt and joule balances

Robinson, Ian A.

2014-04-01

The time is fast approaching when the SI unit of mass will cease to be based on a single material artefact and will instead be based upon the defined value of a fundamental constant—the Planck constant—h . This change requires that techniques exist both to determine the appropriate value to be assigned to the constant, and to measure mass in terms of the redefined unit. It is important to ensure that these techniques are accurate and reliable to allow full advantage to be taken of the stability and universality provided by the new definition and to guarantee the continuity of the world's mass measurements, which can affect the measurement of many other quantities such as energy and force. Up to now, efforts to provide the basis for such a redefinition of the kilogram were mainly concerned with resolving the discrepancies between individual implementations of the two principal techniques: the x-ray crystal density (XRCD) method [1] and the watt and joule balance methods which are the subject of this special issue. The first three papers report results from the NRC and NIST watt balance groups and the NIM joule balance group. The result from the NRC (formerly the NPL Mk II) watt balance is the first to be reported with a relative standard uncertainty below 2 × 10-8 and the NIST result has a relative standard uncertainty below 5 × 10-8. Both results are shown in figure 1 along with some previous results; the result from the NIM group is not shown on the plot but has a relative uncertainty of 8.9 × 10-6 and is consistent with all the results shown. The Consultative Committee for Mass and Related Quantities (CCM) in its meeting in 2013 produced a resolution [2] which set out the requirements for the number, type and quality of results intended to support the redefinition of the kilogram and required that there should be agreement between them. These results from NRC, NIST and the IAC may be considered to meet these requirements and are likely to be widely debated prior to a decision on redefinition. The CCM had already recognized that agreement was close and has set in place a process whereby redefinition can take place by 2018. The final decision will be in the hands of the Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) but the results reported here should aid a positive decision. Figure 1. Figure 1. Results from recent measurements of the Planck constant. The reference for the results h 90 is derived from the conventional values of the Josephson constant K J-90 and the von Klitzing constant R K-90. The factor of ten improvement in uncertainty of the NRC watt balance result, over that achieved by the same apparatus at NPL a few years earlier, can be understood as a factor of five improvement arising from the elimination of an effect discovered at NPL that could not be eliminated before shipment to Canada and a factor of two arising from the considerable improvements made by NRC. Once the kilogram has been redefined, the watt and joule balances will complete their transitions from instruments that are primarily of interest to the electrical community for determining the SI electrical units from the mechanical units, to the principal methods by which an individual National Measurement Institute (NMI) can make an independent determination of the SI unit of mass and thereby contribute to the maintenance of national and international mass scales. This special issue gives an introduction to the diversity of techniques which are required for the operation of watt and joule balances. However it does not contain a review of existing balances; this was a deliberate decision, as a number of such review papers have been published in the past five years [3-7] and it was felt that it was not yet time for another. The first technique considered is that of gravimetry; the watt balance measures the weight Mg of a mass M , and to convert the measured weight into a mass, the value of the acceleration due to gravity g must be known, at the time of the weighing and at the centre of gravity of the mass. The paper by Liard and his co-au

15. Multicomponent gas sorption Joule-Thomson refrigeration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Jack A. (inventor); Petrick, S. Walter (inventor); Bard, Steven (inventor)

1991-01-01

The present invention relates to a cryogenic Joule-Thomson refrigeration capable of pumping multicomponent gases with a single stage sorption compressor system. Alternative methods of pumping a multicomponent gas with a single stage compressor are disclosed. In a first embodiment, the sorbent geometry is such that a void is defined near the output of the sorption compressor. When the sorbent is cooled, the sorbent primarily adsorbs the higher boiling point gas such that the lower boiling point gas passes through the sorbent to occupy the void. When the sorbent is heated, the higher boiling point gas is desorbed at high temperature and pressure and thereafter propels the lower boiling point gas out of the sorption compressor. A mixing chamber is provided to remix the constituent gases prior to expansion of the gas through a Joule-Thomson valve. Other methods of pumping a multicomponent gas are disclosed. For example, where the sorbent is porous and the low boiling point gas does not adsorb very well, the pores of the sorbent will act as a void space for the lower boiling point gas. Alternatively, a mixed sorbent may be used where a first sorbent component physically adsorbs the high boiling point gas and where the second sorbent component chemically absorbs the low boiling point gas.

16. From Joule to Caratheodory and Born: A Conceptual Evolution of the First Law of Thermodynamics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rosenberg, Robert M.

2010-01-01

In the years after Joule's experiment on the equivalence of heat and work, it was taken for granted that heat and work could be independently defined and that the change in energy for a change of state is the sum of the heat and the work. Only with the work of Caratheodory and Born did it become clear that heat cannot be measured independently,…

17. Energy deposition by precipitating particles and Joule dissipation in the auroral ionosphere

SciTech Connect

Vickrey, J.F.; Vondrak, R.R.; Matthews, S.J.

1982-07-01

Eight days of synoptic data from the Chatanika incoherent scatter radar have been analyzed in an attempt to determine the characteristic morphology of auroral zone energy deposition by Joule heating and precipitating particles. The observations cover invariant latitudes between approx.62/sup 0/ and 68/sup 0/. The composite spatial morphology derived from these eight days of data shows that morning sector particle precipitation deposits energy into the thermosphere at a faster rate and at lower altitudes than evening sector precipitation. The Joule heating rate has the opposite asymmetry about midnight, i.e., more Joule heating results for a given premidnight eastward electrojet current than for the same morning sector westward electrojet current intensity. This complementary asymmetry about midnight between the Joule and particle precipitation heating rates is consistent with the changes in ionospheric conductivity implied by the local time variation of precipitating particle hardness. The Joule heating rate generally dominates particle energy deposition in the premidnight sector. However, the daily averages of the two energy sources are roughly equal.

18. Shock-Wave Compression and Joule-Thomson Expansion

Hoover, Wm. G.; Hoover, Carol G.; Travis, Karl P.

2014-04-01

Structurally stable atomistic one-dimensional shock waves have long been simulated by injecting fresh cool particles and extracting old hot particles at opposite ends of a simulation box. The resulting shock profiles demonstrate tensor temperature, Txx?Tyy and Maxwell's delayed response, with stress lagging strain rate and heat flux lagging temperature gradient. Here this same geometry, supplemented by a short-ranged external "plug" field, is used to simulate steady Joule-Kelvin throttling flow of hot dense fluid through a porous plug, producing a dilute and cooler product fluid.

19. Shock-wave compression and Joule-Thomson expansion.

PubMed

Hoover, Wm G; Hoover, Carol G; Travis, Karl P

2014-04-11

Structurally stable atomistic one-dimensional shock waves have long been simulated by injecting fresh cool particles and extracting old hot particles at opposite ends of a simulation box. The resulting shock profiles demonstrate tensor temperature, Txx?Tyy and Maxwell's delayed response, with stress lagging strain rate and heat flux lagging temperature gradient. Here this same geometry, supplemented by a short-ranged external "plug" field, is used to simulate steady Joule-Kelvin throttling flow of hot dense fluid through a porous plug, producing a dilute and cooler product fluid. PMID:24765974

20. Performance analysis of small capacity liquid nitrogen generator based on Joule-Thomson refrigerator coupled with air separation membrane

Piotrowska-Hajnus, Agnieszka; Chorowski, Maciej

2012-06-01

Joule - Thomson small capacity refrigerators supplied with gas mixture are studied theoretically and experimentally for a variety of applications. They can be especially promising when coupled with membrane air separators. We present liquid nitrogen generation system based on Joule - Thomson cooler joined with air separation membrane. Hollow fiber membrane is used for nitrogen separation from compressed and purified atmospheric air. Joule-Thomson refrigerator operates with a dedicated nitrogen - hydrocarbons mixture and provides a cooling power used for the separated nitrogen liquefaction. Special attention has been paid to a heat exchanger coupling the Joule- Thomson refrigerator with the membrane air separator. This paper describes the system design, the procedure of its working parameters optimization and tests results.

1. Chapter 17. Work, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics

E-print Network

Dhamala, Mukesh

. Calorie #12;What was the original unit for measuring heat? A. BTU B. Watt C. Joule Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. C. Joule D. Pascal E. Calorie #12;What

2. Joule Expansion Imaging Techniques on Microlectronic Devices

E-print Network

S. Grauby; L. -D. Patino Lopez; A. Salhi; E. Puyoo; J. -M. Rampnoux; W. Claeys; S. Dilhaire

2008-01-07

We have studied the electrically induced off-plane surface displacement on two microelectronic devices using Scanning Joule Expansion Microscopy (SJEM). We present the experimental method and surface displacement results. We show that they can be successfully compared with surface displacement images obtained using an optical interferometry method. We also present thermal images using Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM) technique to underline that SJEM is more adapted to higher frequency measurements, which should improve the spatial resolution.

3. Joule Expansion Imaging Techniques on Microlectronic Devices

E-print Network

Grauby, S; Salhi, A; Puyoo, E; Rampnoux, J -M; Claeys, W; Dilhaire, S

2008-01-01

We have studied the electrically induced off-plane surface displacement on two microelectronic devices using Scanning Joule Expansion Microscopy (SJEM). We present the experimental method and surface displacement results. We show that they can be successfully compared with surface displacement images obtained using an optical interferometry method. We also present thermal images using Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM) technique to underline that SJEM is more adapted to higher frequency measurements, which should improve the spatial resolution.

4. Elevated-pressure mixed-coolants Joule Thomson cryocooling

Maytal, B.-Z.; Nellis, G. F.; Klein, S. A.; Pfotenhauer, J. M.

2006-01-01

This paper explores the potential of mixed coolants at elevated pressures for Joule-Thomson cryocooling. A numerical model of a Joule-Thomson cryocooler is developed that is capable of simulating operation with mixtures of up to 9 components consisting of hydrocarbons, non-flammable halogenated refrigerants, and inert gases. The numerical model is integrated with a genetic optimization algorithm, which has a high capability for convergence in an environment of discontinuities, constraints and local optima. The genetic optimization algorithm is used to select the optimal mixture compositions that separately maximizes following two objective functions at each elevated pressure for 80, 90 and 95 K cryocooling: the molar specific cooling capacity (the highest attainable is 3200 J/mol) and the produced cooling capacity per thermal conductance which is a measure of the compactness of the recuperator. The optimized cooling capacity for a non-flammable halogenated refrigerant mixture is smaller than for a hydrocarbon mixture; however, the cooling capacity of the two types of mixtures approach one another as pressure becomes higher. The coefficient of performance, the required heat transfer area and the effect of the number of components in the mixture is investigated as a function of the pressure. It is shown that mixtures with more components provide a higher cooling capacity but require larger recuperative heat exchangers. Optimized mixtures for 90 K cryocooling have similar cooling capacity as those for 80 K. Optimized compactness for 80 K is about 50% higher than can be achieved by pure nitrogen. For 90 K, no mixture provides a more compact recuperator than can be achieved using pure argon. The results are discussed in the context of potential applications for closed and open cycle cryocoolers.

5. The JOULE Experiment: Observations of Small-Scale Structure in the Auroral Oval During a Substorm Event

Larsen, M. F.; Bishop, R.; Zhan, T.; Pfaff, R.; Stegies, C.; Knudsen, D.; Clemmons, J.; Hecht, J.; Hysell, D.; Bahcivan, H.; Bristow, W.

2003-12-01

The JOULE experiment was carried out at the Poker Flat Research Range in Alaska on March 27, 2003, during a substorm event in the postmidnight sector. The objective of the experiment was to measure the electric fields and the Joule heating over a range of scale sizes from approximately 1000 km to a few tens of meters with the specific goal of obtaining estimates of the contributions of the small-scale fluctuations in the forcing to the overall Joule heating rates. The instrumentation included the SuperDARN radars covering the Alaska sector which represented the largest scales, an imaging coherent scatter radar covering the intermediate scales, and two instrumented rockets covering the smallest scales. In addition, chemical tracer releases provided information about the E-region wind profiles and the horizontal gradients in the winds across the auroral oval. An overview of the experiment, the substorm event, and the measurements will be presented.

6. Improving Control in a Joule-Thomson Refrigerator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Borders, James; Pearson, David; Prina, Mauro

2005-01-01

A report discusses a modified design of a Joule-Thomson (JT) refrigerator under development to be incorporated into scientific instrumentation aboard a spacecraft. In most other JT refrigerators (including common household refrigerators), the temperature of the evaporator (the cold stage) is kept within a desired narrow range by turning a compressor on and off as needed. This mode of control is inadequate for the present refrigerator because a JT-refrigerator compressor performs poorly when the flow from its evaporator varies substantially, and this refrigerator is required to maintain adequate cooling power. The proposed design modifications include changes in the arrangement of heat exchangers, addition of a clamp that would afford a controlled heat leak from a warmer to a cooler stage to smooth out temperature fluctuations in the cooler stage, and incorporation of a proportional + integral + derivative (PID) control system that would regulate the heat leak to maintain the temperature of the evaporator within a desired narrow range while keeping the amount of liquid in the evaporator within a very narrow range in order to optimize the performance of the compressor. Novelty lies in combining the temperature- and cooling-power-regulating controls into a single control system.

7. Ultra-high temperature stability Joule-Thomson cooler with capability to accomodate pressure variations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bard, Steven (inventor); Wu, Jiunn-Jeng (inventor); Trimble, Curtis A. (inventor)

1992-01-01

8. Current and projected state of Joule-Thomson cooling technology

Hansen, Robert G.

1996-06-01

The cooling of infrared sensors and electro-optical devices by Joule-Thomson cryostats has been a viable systems option for electro optical systems since the 1960's. Currently, other options such as thermal electric coolers, closed cycle coolers and non-cooled detector technology are available and present alternatives for the system designer. In specific applications, Joule-Thomson cryostats still prove to be the option of choice. This paper will discuss the current and projected applications for Joule-Thomson cryostats as well as define and discuss the advantages of Joule-Thomson cooling technology. The importance of contamination control, reliability, and Total Quality Management' in the manufacturing of Joule-Thomson cryostats will be emphasized.

9. Nanometer-scale temperature imaging for independent observation of Joule and Peltier effects in phase change memory devices

Grosse, Kyle L.; Pop, Eric; King, William P.

2014-09-01

This paper reports a technique for independent observation of nanometer-scale Joule heating and thermoelectric effects, using atomic force microscopy (AFM) based measurements of nanometer-scale temperature fields. When electrical current flows through nanoscale devices and contacts the temperature distribution is governed by both Joule and thermoelectric effects. When the device is driven by an electrical current that is both periodic and bipolar, the temperature rise due to the Joule effect is at a different harmonic than the temperature rise due to the Peltier effect. An AFM tip scanning over the device can simultaneously measure all of the relevant harmonic responses, such that the Joule effect and the Peltier effect can be independently measured. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of the technique by measuring Joule and Peltier effects in phase change memory devices. By comparing the observed temperature responses of these working devices, we measure the device thermopower, which is in the range of 30 ± 3 to 250 ± 10 ?V K-1. This technique could facilitate improved measurements of thermoelectric phenomena and properties at the nanometer-scale.

10. Nanometer-scale temperature imaging for independent observation of Joule and Peltier effects in phase change memory devices

SciTech Connect

Grosse, Kyle L.; Pop, Eric; King, William P.

2014-09-15

This paper reports a technique for independent observation of nanometer-scale Joule heating and thermoelectric effects, using atomic force microscopy (AFM) based measurements of nanometer-scale temperature fields. When electrical current flows through nanoscale devices and contacts the temperature distribution is governed by both Joule and thermoelectric effects. When the device is driven by an electrical current that is both periodic and bipolar, the temperature rise due to the Joule effect is at a different harmonic than the temperature rise due to the Peltier effect. An AFM tip scanning over the device can simultaneously measure all of the relevant harmonic responses, such that the Joule effect and the Peltier effect can be independently measured. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of the technique by measuring Joule and Peltier effects in phase change memory devices. By comparing the observed temperature responses of these working devices, we measure the device thermopower, which is in the range of 30 ± 3 to 250 ± 10 ?V K{sup ?1}. This technique could facilitate improved measurements of thermoelectric phenomena and properties at the nanometer-scale.

11. Mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson sorption cryocoolers

Tzabar, Nir; Grossman, Gershon

2014-01-01

Joule-Thomson (JT) sorption cryocooling is the most mature technology for cooling from a normal Room-Temperature (RT) down to temperatures below 100 K in the absence of moving parts. Therefore, high reliability and no vibrations are attainable, in comparison with other cryocoolers. Cooling to 80 - 100 K with JT cryocoolers is often implemented with pure nitrogen. Alternatively, mixed refrigerants have been suggested for reducing the operating pressures to enable closed cycle cryocooling. There is a variety of publications describing nitrogen sorption cryocoolers with different configurations of sorption compressors. In the present research we suggest a novel sorption JT cryocooler that operates with a mixed refrigerant. Merging of sorption cryocooling and a mixed refrigerant enables the use of a simple, single stage compressor for cooling to 80 - 100 K, lower operating temperatures of the sorption cycle, and thus - reduced power consumption. In previous studies we have analyzed sorption compressors for mixed gases and mixed refrigerants for JT cryocoolers, separately. In this paper the option of mixed refrigerant sorption JT cryocoolers is explored. The considerations for developing mixed refrigerants to be driven by sorption compressors and to be utilized with JT cryocoolers are provided. It appears that, unlike with pure nitrogen, mixed refrigerants can be suitable for JT cryocooling with a single stage sorption compressor.

12. Nanothermites Design and Fabrication of a Joule Heated Fiber-

E-print Network

Rubloff, Gary W.

the wearer in addition to providing thermal insulation. A battery-powered product like this could greatly perform as well as industry standard for thermal insulation. 3. Our current design geometry is ineffective for Insulation Stephen Barbagallo, Ellen Cesewski, Naveed Chowdhury, Joseph Langreo, Colin Qualters, Nathaniel

13. An analysis of electrothermodynamic heating and cooling

E-print Network

Honea, Mark Stephen

1998-01-01

, albeit at the expense of the Joule heating within the conductor. This investigation explores the dynamic nature of thermoelectrically cooled/heated regions in effort to gain a greater understanding of the transient application of thermoelectricity...

14. Compact laser through improved heat conductance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yang, L. C.

1975-01-01

A 16-joule-pulse laser has been developed in which a boron nitride heat-conductor enclosure is used to remove heat from the elements. Enclosure is smaller and lighter than systems in which cooling fluids are used.

15. James Prescott Joule and the idea of energy

Cardwell, Donald

1989-05-01

To commemorate the centenary of Joule's death, this article offers a brief account of the origins and development of his ideas and their incorporation into mainstream physics. The scientific, technological and social importance of his work is explained and he is shown to be a quintessential physicist.

16. Nanofocus of tenth of joules and a portable plasma focus of few joules for field applications

SciTech Connect

Soto, Leopoldo; Pavez, Cristian; Moreno, Jose; Tarifeno, Ariel; Pedreros, Jose; Altamirano, Luis

2009-01-21

A repetitive pinch plasma focus that works with stored energy less than 1 J per shot has be developed at the Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission. The main features of this device, repetitive Nanofocus, are 5 nF of capacity, 5 nH of inductance, 5-10 kV charging voltage, 60-250 mJ stored energy, 5-10 kA current peak, per shot. The device has been operated at 20 Hz in hydrogen and deuterium. X-ray radiographs of materials of different thickness were obtained. Neutrons were detected using a system based upon {sup 3}He proportional counter in chare integrated mode. However, the reproducibility of this miniaturized device is low and several technological subjects have to be previously solved in order to produce neutrons for periods greater than minutes. Further studies in the Nanofocus are being carried out. In addition, a device with a stored energy of a few joules is being explored. A preliminary compact, low weight (3 kg), portable PF device (25 cmx5 cmx5 cm) for field applications has been designed. This device was designed to operate with few kilovolts (10 kV or less) with a stored energy of 2 J and a repetition rate of 10 Hz without cooling. A neutron flux of the order of 10{sup 4}-10{sup 5} n/s is expected.

17. Gifford-McMahon/Joule-Thomson Refrigerator Cools to 2.5 K

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Britcliffe, Michael; Fernandez, Jose; Hanson, Theodore

2005-01-01

A compact refrigerator designed specifically for cooling a microwave maser low-noise amplifier is capable of removing heat at a continuous rate of 180 mW at a temperature of 2.5 K. This refrigerator is a combination of (1) a commercial Gifford-McMahon (GM) refrigerator nominally rated for cooling to 4 K and (2) a Joule-Thomson (J-T) circuit. The GM refrigerator pre-cools the J-T circuit, which provides the final stage of cooling. The refrigerator is compact and capable of operating in any orientation. Moreover, in comparison with a typical refrigerator heretofore used to cool a maser to 4.5 K, this refrigerator is simpler and can be built at less than half the cost.

18. Neutron emission from a fast plasma focus of 400 Joules

Silva, Patricio; Moreno, José; Soto, Leopoldo; Birstein, Lipo; Mayer, Roberto E.; Kies, Walter

2003-10-01

The neutron emission from a small and fast plasma focus operating in deuterium is presented. The system operates at low energy in the hundred of joules range (880 nF capacitor bank, 38 nH, 20-35 kV, 176-539 J, ˜300 ns current rise time). The neutrons were measured by means of a silver activation counter, and the total neutron yield versus deuterium gas filling pressure was obtained. For discharges operating at 30 kV charging voltage, the maximum neutron yield was (1.06±0.13)×106 neutrons per shot at 9 mbar.

19. New class of microminiature Joule — Thomson refrigerator and vacuum package

Paugh, Robert L.

1990-12-01

Progress is reported on the development of a two-stage, fast cooldown Joule — Thomson refrigerator using nitrogen gas and a nitrogen — hydrocarbon gas mixture as the refrigerants. The refrigerator incorporates a microminiature Venturi pump to reduce the pressure of the exhaust of the main boiler to bring the operating temperature of the cold stage to < 70 K in as little as 10 s. The vacuum package for the refrigerator contains no organic materials and is designed to provide a ten year shelf life. Special glass strengthening techniques are being used to achieve cooler survival of acceleration tests of up to 100 000g.

20. Sensitivity of Micromachined Joule-Thomson Cooler to Clogging Due to Moisture

Cao, H. S.; Vanapalli, S.; Holland, H. J.; Vermeer, C. H.; ter Brake, H. J. M.

A major issue in long-term operation of micromachined Joule-Thomson coolers is the clogging of the microchannels and/or the restriction due to the deposition of water molecules present in the working fluid. In this study, we present the performance of a microcooler operated with nitrogen gas with different moisture levels. Relatively low-purity nitrogen gas (5.0) is supplied from a gas bottle and led through a filter to control the moisture level. The filter consists of a tube-in-tube counter flow heat exchanger (CFHX) and a heat exchanger that is stabilized at a certain temperature by using a Stirling cooler. The set-point temperature determines the moisture level at the exit of the heat exchanger. It is found that the moisture level has influence on the mass-flow rate during the cool down. Once the microcooler reaches the set cold-end temperature, the main deposition area shifts into the CFHX and the moisture level at the restriction is almost independent on the inlet moisture level of the microcooler. The moisture level at the restriction increases with the increasing cold-end temperature when the cold-end temperature is lower than the saturation temperature of the water in the nitrogen gas. Higher cold-end temperature results in higher clogging rate.

1. On the possible cycles via the unified perspective of cryocoolers. Part A: The Joule-Thomson cryocooler

SciTech Connect

Maytal, Ben-Zion; Pfotenhauer, John M.

2014-01-29

Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocoolers possess a self adjusting effect, which preserves the state of the returning stream from the evaporator as a saturated vapor. The heat load can be entirely absorbed at constant temperature by evaporation even for different sized heat exchangers. It is not possible for the steady state flow resulting from a gradual cool down to penetrate 'deeper' into the two-phase dome, and produce a two phase return flow even with a heat exchanger of unlimited size. Such behavior was implicitly taken for granted in the literature but never clearly stated nor questioned and therefore never systematically proven. The discussion provided below provides such a proof via the unified model of cryocoolers. This model portrays all cryocoolers as magnifiers of their respective elementary temperature reducing mechanism through the process of 'interchanging'.

2. JouleLabs Cooperative Research and Development Agreement: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-08-00301

SciTech Connect

Bilello, D.

2010-08-01

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Joule Labs Inc. (Joule Labs) will collaborate on creating a software platform for the development and distribution of renewable energy and energy efficiency analysis tools.

3. Joule-Thomson cryogenic cooler with extremely high thermal stability

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bard, Steven; Wu, J. J.; Trimble, Curt

1991-01-01

An 80-K Joule-Thomson (J-T) cooling system designed for the Probe Infrared Laser Spectrometer (PIRLS) proposed for the Huygens Titan Probe of the Cassini Saturn orbiter mission is presented. The cryogenic cooling requirements of the PIRLS instrument are listed, and the cooler system design including details of a J-T cryostat, cold head, and dewar design is described along with the results of a thermal modeling effort and lab cooler performance testing. It is shown that by using active feedback temperature control of the cold head in combination with the self-regulating action of the J-T cryostat, a temperature stability of less than 0.1 mK/min is achieved by the cooler weighting 1.8 kg.

4. Ohm's Law, Fick's Law, Joule's Law, and Ground Water Flow

SciTech Connect

Narasimhan, T.N.

1999-02-01

Starting from the contributions of Ohm, Fick and Joule during the nineteenth century, an integral expression is derived for a steady-state groundwater flow system. In general, this integral statement gives expression to the fact that the steady-state groundwater system is characterized by two dependent variables, namely, flow geometry and fluid potential. As a consequence, solving the steady-state flow problem implies the finding of optimal conditions under which flow geometry and the distribution of potentials are compatible with each other, subject to the constraint of least action. With the availability of the digital computer and powerful graphics software, this perspective opens up possibilities of understanding the groundwater flow process without resorting to the traditional differential equation. Conceptual difficulties arise in extending the integral expression to a transient groundwater flow system. These difficulties suggest that the foundations of groundwater hydraulics deserve to be reexamined.

5. Joule-Thomson Cooling Due to CO2 Injection into Natural GasReservoirs

SciTech Connect

Oldenburg, Curtis M.

2006-04-21

Depleted natural gas reservoirs are a promising target for Carbon Sequestration with Enhanced Gas Recovery (CSEGR). The focus of this study is on evaluating the importance of Joule-Thomson cooling during CO2 injection into depleted natural gas reservoirs. Joule-Thomson cooling is the adiabatic cooling that accompanies the expansion of a real gas. If Joule-Thomson cooling were extreme, injectivity and formation permeability could be altered by the freezing of residual water,formation of hydrates, and fracturing due to thermal stresses. The TOUGH2/EOS7C module for CO2-CH4-H2O mixtures is used as the simulation analysis tool. For verification of EOS7C, the classic Joule-Thomson expansion experiment is modeled for pure CO2 resulting in Joule-Thomson coefficients in agreement with standard references to within 5-7 percent. For demonstration purposes, CO2 injection at constant pressure and with a large pressure drop ({approx}50 bars) is presented in order to show that cooling by more than 20 C can occur by this effect. Two more-realistic constant-rate injection cases show that for typical systems in the Sacramento Valley, California, the Joule-Thomson cooling effect is minimal. This simulation study shows that for constant-rate injections into high-permeability reservoirs, the Joule-Thomson cooling effect is not expected to create significant problems for CSEGR.

6. Mixed-refrigerant Joule-Thomson (MR JT) mini-cryocoolers

Tzabar, Nir

2014-01-01

This paper presents the progress in our ongoing research on Mixed-Refrigerant (MR) Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocoolers. The research begun by exploring different MRs and testing various compressors: oil-lubricated and oil-free, reciprocating and linear, custom-made and commercial. Closed-cycle JT cryocoolers benefit from the fact that the compressor might be located far from the cold-end and thus there are no moving parts, no vibrations, and no heat emission near the cold-end. As a consequence, the compressor may be located where there are no severe size limitations, its heat can be conveniently removed, and it can be easily maintained. However, in some applications there is still a demand for a small compressor to drive a JT cryocooler although it is located far from the cooled device. Recently, we have developed a miniature oil-free compressor for MR JT cryocoolers that weighs about 700 g and its volume equals about 300 cc. The cryocooler operates with a MR that contains Ne, N2, and Hydrocarbons. This MR has been widely investigated with different compressors and varying operating conditions and proved to be stable. The current research investigates the performances of MR JT mini-cryocooler operating with the MR mentioned above, driven with our miniature compressor, and a cold-finger prototype. A Dewar with heat load of about 230 mW is cooled to about 80 K at ambient temperatures between 0°C and 40°C. The experimental results obtained are stable and demonstrate the ability to control the cooling temperature by changing the rotation speed of the compressor.

7. Final Report on the Joule-Scale Experimental Demonstration

SciTech Connect

Shverdin, M

2008-10-01

We describe the final results of the High Power Laser Pulse Recirculation project. We have developed and implementing a novel technique for picosecond, Joule-class laser pulse recirculation inside a passive cavity. The aim of this project was to develop technology compatible with increasing the efficiency of Compton based light sources by more than an order of magnitude. In year 1 of the project, we achieved a greater than 40 times average power enhancement of the mJ-scale laser pulses inside a passive cavity with internal focus. In year 2, we demonstrated recirculation of lasers pulses with energies up to 191 mJ at 532 nm, at a repetition rate of 10 Hz, and a pulse duration of 20 ps. In this high energy regime, we achieved up to 14 times average power enhancement inside the cavity. This enhancement factor is compatible with the new X-band based mono-energetic gamma-ray machine, Velociraptor, being constructed at LLNL. The demonstrated cavity enhancement is primarily limited by the poor spatial beam quality of the high power laser beam. We expect a nearly diffraction limited laser beam to achieve 40 times or better cavity enhancement, as demonstrated in low energy experiments in FY-07. The two primary obstacles to higher average brightness and conversion efficiency of laser pulse energy to gamma-rays are the relatively small Compton scattering cross-section and the typically low repetition rates of Joule-class interaction lasers (10 Hz). Only a small fraction (10{sup -10}) of the available laser photons is converted to gamma-rays, while the rest is discarded. To significantly reduce the average power requirements of the laser and increase the overall system efficiency, we can recirculate laser light for repeated interactions with electron bunches. Our pulse recirculation scheme is based on nonlinear frequency conversion, termed recirculation injection by nonlinear gating (RING), inside a passive cavity. The main objectives of the two year project were: (1) Validate the concept of RING pulse trapping and recirculation technique. Completed Sep. 07 (2) Develop cavity designs compatible with a laser-electron Compton light source. Completed January 08. (3) Demonstrate trapping and recirculation of laser pulses suitable for high brightness gamma-ray generation. Completed Aug. 08 Our project has established RING as a viable technology for enhancing Compton scattering based gamma-ray generation. With sufficient funding we can implement pulse recirculation on the next generation Mono-energetic Gamma-Ray machine under construction at LLNL.

8. Joule-Thomson cryocooler with neon and nitrogen mixture using commercial air-conditioning compressors

Lee, Jisung; Oh, Haejin; Baek, Seungwhan; Lee, Cheonkyu; Jeong, Sangkwon

2014-01-01

A 2-stage mixed refrigerant (MR) Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocooler was designed for cooling high temperature superconducting cable below 70 K. The low temperature cycle was to operate with neon-nitrogen mixture, and the required compression ratio was approximately 24 when the suction pressure was 100 kPa. The high compression ratio of 24, the low pressure of 100 kPa at compressor suction, and the working fluid with high heat of compression were challenging issues to existing typical compression systems. We developed an innovative compression system with commercial oil-lubricated air-conditioning compressors. They were 2-stage rotary compressors originally designed for R410Aand connected in series. The compressors were modified to accommodate effective intercooling at every stage to alleviate compressor overheating problem. Additionally, fine-grade three-stage oil filters, an adsorber, and driers were installed at the discharge line to avoid a potential clogging problem from oil mist and moisture at low temperature sections. The present compression system was specifically demonstrated with a neon-nitrogen MR JT cryocooler. The operating pressure ratio was able to meet the designed specifications, and the recorded no-load mini mum temperature was 63.5 K . Commercial air-conditioning compressors were successfully applied to the high-c ompression ratio MR JT cryocooler with adequate modification using off-the-shelf components.

9. Miniature Piezoelectric Compressor for Joule-Thomson Cryocoolers

Sobol, Sergey; Tzabar, Nir; Grossman, Gershon

Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocoolers operate with a continuous flow of the working fluid that enters the cooler at a high pressure and leaves it at a lower pressure. Ideally, the temperature of the outgoing fluid equals the temperature of the entering fluid. JT cryocoolers that operate with pure refrigerants require high pressure of a few tens of MPa where the low pressure is usually around 0.1 MPa. Circulation of the working fluid in such cases requires high pressure ratio compressors that evidently have large dimensions. JT cryocoolers can operate with much lower pressure ratios by using mixed-refrigerants. Cooling from 300 K to about 80 K in a single stage cryocooler normally requires a pressure ratio of about 1:25. In the present research a miniature compressor driven by piezoelectric elements is developed in collaboration between Rafael and the Technion. This type of compressor has the advantage of improved long life compared to other mechanical compressors, very low vibrations, and silent operation. In the current case, the design goal of the intake and discharge pressures has been 0.1 and 2.5 MPa, respectively, with a flow rate of 0.06 g/s. The compressor has two compression stages; 1:5 and 5:25. Several configurations have been considered, fabricated, and tested. The performance of the last configuration approaches the desired specification and is presented in the current paper together with the design concept.

10. Characteristics of Subcooled Liquid Methane During Passage Through a Spray-Bar Joule-Thompson Thermodynamic Vent System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hastings, L. J.; Bolshinskiy, L. G.; Hedayat, A.; Schnell, A.

2011-01-01

NASA s Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) conducted liquid methane (LCH4) testing in November 2006 using the multipurpose hydrogen test bed (MHTB) outfitted with a spray-bar thermodynamic vent system (TVS). The basic objective was to identify any unusual or unique thermodynamic characteristics associated with subcooled LCH4 that should be considered in the design of space-based TVSs. Thirteen days of testing were performed with total tank heat loads ranging from 720 W to 420 W at a fill level of approximately 90%. During an updated evaluation of the data, it was noted that as the fluid passed through the Joule Thompson expansion, thermodynamic conditions consistent with the pervasive presence of metastability were indicated. This paper describes the observed thermodynamic conditions that correspond with metastability and effects on TVS performance.

11. Clogging of Joule-Thomson Devices in Liquid Hydrogen Handling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jurns, John M.; Lekki, John D.

2009-01-01

Experiments conducted at the NASA Glenn Research Center indicate that Joule-Thomson devices become clogged when transferring liquid hydrogen (LH2), operating at a temperature range from 20.5 to 24.4 K. Blockage does not exist under all test conditions but is found to be sensitive to the inlet temperature of the LH2. At a subcooled inlet temperature of 20.5 K blockage consistently appears but is dissipated when the fluid temperature is raised above 24.5 K. Clogging steadily reduced flow rate through the orifices, eventually resulting in complete blockage. This tendency poses a threat to spacecraft cryogenic propulsion systems that would utilize passive thermal control systems. We propose that this clogging is due to trace amounts of neon in the regular LH2 supply. Neon freezes at 24.5 K at one atmosphere pressure. It is postulated that between 20.5 and 24.5 K, neon remains in a meta-stable, supercooled liquid state. When impacting the face of an orifice, liquid neon droplets solidify and accumulate, blocking flow over time. The purpose of this test program was to definitively quantify the phenomena experimentally by obtaining direct visual evidence of orifice clogging by accretion from neon contaminates in the LH2 flow stream, utilizing state of the art imaging technology. Tests were conducted with LH2 flowing in the temperature range of 20.5 to 24.4 K. Additional imaging was also done at LH2 temperatures with no flow to verify clear view through the orifice.

12. The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule 2 Volume Set

Prescott Joule, James

2011-03-01

Volume 1: Description of an electro-magnetic engine; Description of an electro-magnetic engine, with experiments; On the use of electro-magnets made of iron wire for the electro-magnetic engine; Investigations in magnetism and electro-magnetism; Investigations in magnetism and electro-magnetism; Description of an electro-magnetic engine; On electro-magnetic forces; On electro-magnetic forces; On electro-magnetic forces; Description of a new electro-magnet; On a new class of magnetic forces; On voltaic apparatus; On the production of heat by voltaic electricity; On the heat evolved by metallic conductors of electricity, and in the cells of a battery during electrolysis; On the electric origin of the heat of combustion; On the electrical origin of chemical heat; On Sir G. C. Haughton's experiments; On the heat evolved during the electrolysis of water; On the calorific effects of magneto-electricity, and on the mechanical value of heat; On the intermittent character of the voltaic current in certain cases of electrolysis; and on the intensities of various voltaic arrangements; On the changes of temperature produced by the rarefaction and condensation of air; On specific heat; On a new method for ascertaining the specific heat of bodies; Note on the employment of electrical currents for ascertaining the specific heat of bodies; On the mechanical equivalent of heat; On the existence of an equivalent relation between heat and the ordinary forms of mechanical power; On the heat disengaged in chemical combinations; On the effects of magnetism upon the dimensions of iron and steel bars; On matter, living force, and heat; On the mechanical equivalent of heat, as determined from the heat evolved by the function of fluids; On the theoretical velocity of sound; Expériences sur l'identité entre le calorique et la force méchanique. Détermination de l'équivalent par la chaleur dégagée pendant la friction du mercure; On shooting-stars; On the mechanical equivalent of heat, and on the constitution of elastic fluids; Some remarks on heat and the constitution of elastic fluids; On the mechanical equivalent of heat; On a remarkable appearance of lightning; On some amalgams; On the air-engine; Account of experiments with a powerful electro-magnet; On the economical production of mechanical effect from chemical forces; An account of some experiments with a large electro-magnet; Introductory research on the induction of magnetism by electric currents; On the fusion of metals by voltaic electricity; Note on Dalton's determination of the expansion of air by heat; On the utilization of the sewage of London and other large towns; Notice of experiments on the heat developed by friction in air; On the intensity of light during the recent solar eclipse; On an improved galvanometer; On the thermo-electricity of ferruginous metals, and on the thermal effects of stretching solid bodies; On the thermal effects of longitudinal compression of solids, with an investigation on the alterations of temperature accompanying changes of pressure in fluids; On some thermo-dynamic properties of solids; On the thermal effects of compressing fluids; On a method of testing the strength of steam-boilers; Experiments on the total heat of steam; Experiments on the passage of air through pipes and apertures in thin plates; On some amalgams; On the probable cause of electric storms; On the surface-condensation of steam; Notice of a compressing air-pump; Note on a mirage at Douglas; On a sensitive barometer; On a sensitive thermometer; Note on the meteor of February 6th, 1818; On a method of hardening steel wires for magnetic needles; On an instrument for showing rapid changes in magnetic declination; Determination of the dynamical equivalent of heat from the thermal effects of electric currents; Observations on the alteration of the freezing-point in thermometers; On a new

13. Integrated Heat Switch/Oxide Sorption Compressor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bard, Steven

1989-01-01

Thermally-driven, nonmechanical compressor uses container filled with compressed praseodymium cerium oxide powder (PrCeOx) to provide high-pressure flow of oxygen gas for driving closed-cycle Joule-Thomson-expansion refrigeration unit. Integrated heat switch/oxide sorption compressor has no moving parts except check valves, which control flow of oxygen gas between compressor and closed-cycle Joule-Thomson refrigeration system. Oxygen expelled from sorbent at high pressure by evacuating heat-switch gap and turning on heater.

14. Effects of environmental temperature on performance of the Joule-Thomson refrigerator

Hong, Yong-Ju; Kim, Hyobong; Park, Seong-Je

2012-06-01

Miniature Joule-Thomson refrigerators have been widely used for rapid cooling of infrared detectors, probes of cryosurgery, thermal cameras, missile homing head and guidance system, due to their special features of simple configuration, compact structure and rapid cool-down characteristics. Typical performance factors of the Joule-Thomson refrigerator are cool-down time, temperature of the cold end, running time and gas consumption. Those depend on operating conditions such as the pressure of the gas, thermal environment and etc.. In this study, experimental study of a miniature Joule- Thomson refrigerator with the gas pressure up to 12 MPa were performed to investigate the effects of the thermal environment (-40 ~ 50 °C). In experiments, to obtain the information of cool-down time, gas consumption and etc., the temperature of the cold end, mass flow rate and pressure of the argon gas are simultaneously measured. The Joule-Thomson refrigerator in cold thermal environment has rapid cool-down characteristics and small gas consumption. In the cold environmental condition, the Joule-Thomson refrigerator has high mass flow rate during cool-down process and in steady state.

15. Experimental Investigation for 100-Joule-class TEA CO2 Laser and Gas Interaction

Dou, Zhiguo; Yao, Honglin; Wang, Jun; Wen, Ming; Wang, Peng; Yang, Jan; Li, Chong

2006-05-01

Impulse coupling coefficient Cm is one of the most important performance parameters in laser propulsion. Cm is the impulse increment of lightcraft that per joule laser beam energy acts on. The TEA CO2 laser, whose single pulse energy is 100-Joule-class and wavelength is 10.6?m, is adopted by experimental research. In experimental environment cabin, the parabolic lightcraft is fixed on impact pendulum. Using Air, N2, He, CO2, N2-He and N2-CO2, different Cm is obtained. Experimental results indicate that Cm of the mixed gas is improved through changing gas component ratio.

16. How Much Information Per Joule? Measuring the Energy Efficiency of Inferential

E-print Network

How Much Information Per Joule? Measuring the Energy Efficiency of Inferential Wireless Sensing parameters. The inferential energy efficiency, based on the RDD, is a measure of the "fuel economy of datasets and censoring of transmissions. However, the most energy efficient algorithms often degrade data

17. Fluid Phase Equilibria 202 (2002) 253262 Accurate CO2 JouleThomson inversion curve

E-print Network

Siperstein, Flor R.

2002-01-01

Fluid Phase Equilibria 202 (2002) 253­262 Accurate CO2 Joule­Thomson inversion curve by molecular.V. All rights reserved. PII: S0378-3812(02)00126-7 #12;254 C.M. Colina et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria

18. Cashing in the Joules: The Economics of Energy Inputs in Dryland Wheat Farming

E-print Network

Maxwell, Bruce D.

Cashing in the Joules: The Economics of Energy Inputs in Dryland Wheat Farming Erik Anderson- According to the 2012 Agricultural Census, wheat is the most economically significant crop in Montana, using industry. Though the types of wheat planted in a given year vary due to market pressures and weather

19. Relations between the Birkeland currents, the auroral electrojet indices and high latitude Joule heating

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nisbet, J. S.

1982-01-01

Field-aligned currents were postulated by Birkeland (1908) to explain the magnetic perturbations in the auroral zone. Theoretical models have been developed to examine the effect of these currents on the ionosphere. These models, in general, involve very extensive computer programs, and it is difficult to see how their very complicated boundary conditions and assumptions affect the relationships between the Birkeland currents and magnetic activity. In the present investigation, a simplified analysis is used to study the average behavior of the large-scale ionospheric current paths and to examine the interrelationships of various parameters. The relationship of the parameters of the current deposition regions to the magnetic indices is investigated along with the polar cap potential. Attention is given to the experimental values of coefficients, and relations between the Birkeland current densities, current intensities, currents, and the AL, AU, AE indices are discussed.

20. Multiphase, multi-electrode Joule heat computations for glass melter and in situ vitrification simulations

SciTech Connect

Lowery, P.S.; Lessor, D.L.

1991-02-01

Waste glass melter and in situ vitrification (ISV) processes represent the combination of electrical thermal, and fluid flow phenomena to produce a stable waste-from product. Computational modeling of the thermal and fluid flow aspects of these processes provides a useful tool for assessing the potential performance of proposed system designs. These computations can be performed at a fraction of the cost of experiment. Consequently, computational modeling of vitrification systems can also provide and economical means for assessing the suitability of a proposed process application. The computational model described in this paper employs finite difference representations of the basic continuum conservation laws governing the thermal, fluid flow, and electrical aspects of the vitrification process -- i.e., conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and electrical charge. The resulting code is a member of the TEMPEST family of codes developed at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (operated by Battelle for the US Department of Energy). This paper provides an overview of the numerical approach employed in TEMPEST. In addition, results from several TEMPEST simulations of sample waste glass melter and ISV processes are provided to illustrate the insights to be gained from computational modeling of these processes. 3 refs., 13 figs.

1. Acquisition and correlation of cryogenic nitrogen mass flow data through a multiple orifice Joule-Thomson device

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Papell, S. Stephen; Saiyed, Naseem H.; Nyland, Ted W.

1990-01-01

Liquid nitrogen mass flow rate, pressure drop, and temperature drop data were obtained for a series of multiple orifice Joule-Thomson devices, known as Visco Jets, over a wide range of flow resistance. The test rig used to acquire the data was designed to minimize heat transfer so that fluid expansion through the Visco Jets would be isenthalpic. The data include a range of fluid inlet pressures from 30 to 60 psia, fluid inlet temperatures from 118 to 164 R, outlet pressures from 2.8 to 55.8 psia, outlet temperatures from 117 to 162 R and flow rate from 0.04 to 4.0 lbm/hr of nitrogen. A flow rate equation supplied by the manufacturer was found to accurately predict single-phase (noncavitating) liquid nitrogen flow through the Visco Jets. For cavitating flow, the manufacturer's equation was found to be inaccurate. Greatly improved results were achieved with a modified version of the single-phase equation. The modification consists of a multiplication factor to the manufacturer's equation equal to one minus the downstream quality on an isenthalpic expansion of the fluid across the Visco Jet. For a range of flow resistances represented by Visco Jet Lohm ratings between 17,600 and 80,000, 100 percent of the single-phase data and 85 percent of the two-phase data fall within + or - 10 percent of predicted values.

2. Joule-Thomson inversion curves and related coefficients for several simple fluids

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hendricks, R. C.; Peller, I. C.; Baron, A. K.

1972-01-01

The equations of state (PVT relations) for methane, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, neon, hydrogen, and helium were used to establish Joule-Thomson inversion curves for each fluid. The principle of corresponding states was applied to the inversion curves, and a generalized inversion curve for fluids with small acentric factors was developed. The quantum fluids (neon, hydrogen, and helium) were excluded from the generalization, but available data for the fluids xenon and krypton were included. The critical isenthalpic Joule-Thomson coefficient mu sub c was determined; and a simplified approximation mu sub c approximates T sub c divided by 6P sub c was found adequate, where T sub c and P sub c are the temperature and pressure at the thermodynamic critical point. The maximum inversion temperatures were obtained from the second virial coefficient (maximum (B/T)).

3. The development of a proff of principle superfluid Joule-Thomson refrigerator for cooling below 1 Kelvin

E-print Network

Miller, Franklin K., 1970-

2005-01-01

A new type of sub-Kelvin refrigerator, the superfluid Joule-Thomson refrigerator, has been developed and its performance has been experimentally verified. This refrigerator uses a liquid superfluid mixture of He and 4He ...

4. Ultra-high temperature stability Joule-Thomson cooler with capability to accommodate pressure variations

SciTech Connect

Bard, S.; Wu, J.J.; Trimble, C.A.

1992-06-09

This patent describes an improved Joule-Thomson cryogenic refrigeration system having a cold head and a cryostat assembly connected to a source of compressed gas. It comprises an adjustable expansion valve means; a temperature sensing and adjusting means; and an absolute pressure valve means, connected to exhaust side of the valve expansion means, for maintaining a constant exhaust pressure of the system independent of changes in ambient atmospheric pressure.

5. Hampson’s type cryocoolers with distributed Joule-Thomson effect for mixed refrigerants closed cycle

Maytal, Ben-Zion

2014-05-01

Most previous studies on Joule-Thomson cryocoolers of mixed refrigerants in a closed cycle focus on the Linde kind recuperator. The present study focuses on four constructions of Hampson’s kind miniature Joule-Thomson cryocoolers based on finned capillary tubes. The frictional pressure drop along the tubes plays the role of distributed Joule-Thomson expansion so that an additional orifice or any throttle at the cold end is eliminated. The high pressure tube is a throttle and a channel of recuperation at the same time. These coolers are tested within two closed cycle systems of different compressors and different compositions of mixed coolants. All tests were driven by the same level of discharge pressure (2.9 MPa) while the associated suction pressures and the associated reached temperatures are dependent on each particular cryocooler and on the closed cycle system. The mixture of higher specific cooling capacity cannot reach temperatures below 80 K when driven by the smaller compressor. The other mixture of lower specific cooling capacity driven by the larger compressor reaches lower temperatures. The examined parameters are the cooldown period and the reachable temperatures by each cryocooler.

6. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TWO-PHASE FLOW OF CRYOGENIC FLUIDS THROUGH MICRO-CHANNEL HEAT

E-print Network

Yuen, Walter W.

with the existing manufacturing technology. The heat exchanger was tested to be mechanically robust and durable-CHANNEL HEAT EXCHANGER W. W. Yuen and I. C. Hsu Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California and analysis of a microchannel heat exchanger, a key component for a microminiature Joule-Thomson Cryogenic

7. Fast and uniform heating of Cu microwires using electrical current

Tohmyoh, Hironori; Matsudo, Yohei

2015-04-01

A fast and uniform heat treatment of 25-µm-thick Cu microwires was realized with Joule heating. To control the thermal boundary conditions around a wire, a constant direct current was supplied to the wire under vacuum conditions using current probes with sufficient heat capacity, and a uniform temperature distribution was realized in the wire. The grain size of the wire increased with the time for which current was supplied, and reached saturation within 10 s.

8. One-Joule-per-Pulse Q-Switched 2-micron Solid State Laser

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yu, Jirong; Trieu, Bo C.; Modlin, Ed A.; Singh, Upendra N.; Kavaya, Michael J.; Chen, Songsheng; Bai, Yingxin; Petzar, Pual J.; Petros, Mulugeta

2005-01-01

Q-switched output of 1.1 J per pulse at 2-micron wavelength has been achieved in a diode pumped Ho:Tm:LuLF laser using a side-pumped rod configuration in a Master-Oscillator-Power-Amplifier (MOPA) architecture. This is the first time that a 2-micron laser has broken the Joule per pulse barrier for Q-switched operation. The total system efficiency reaches 5% and 6.2% for single and double pulse operation, respectively. The system produces excellent 1.4 times of transform limited beam quality.

9. Heterogeneous nanometer-scale Joule and Peltier effects in sub-25 nm thin phase change memory devices

Grosse, Kyle L.; Pop, Eric; King, William P.

2014-09-01

We measure heterogeneous power dissipation in phase change memory (PCM) films of 11 and 22 nm thin Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) by scanning Joule expansion microscopy (SJEM), with sub-50 nm spatial and ˜0.2 K temperature resolution. The heterogeneous Joule and Peltier effects are explained using a finite element analysis (FEA) model with a mixture of hexagonal close-packed and face-centered cubic GST phases. Transfer length method measurements and effective media theory calculations yield the GST resistivity, GST-TiW contact resistivity, and crystal fraction of the GST films at different annealing temperatures. Further comparison of SJEM measurements and FEA modeling also predicts the thermopower of thin GST films. These measurements of nanometer-scale Joule, thermoelectric, and interface effects in PCM films could lead to energy-efficient designs of highly scaled PCM technology.

10. GEM-CEDAR Study of Ionospheric Energy Input and Joule Dissipation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rastaetter, Lutz; Kuznetsova, Maria M.; Shim, Jasoon

2012-01-01

We are studying ionospheric model performance for six events selected for the GEM-CEDAR modeling challenge. DMSP measurements of electric and magnetic fields are converted into Poynting Flux values that estimate the energy input into the ionosphere. Models generate rates of ionospheric Joule dissipation that are compared to the energy influx. Models include the ionosphere models CTIPe and Weimer and the ionospheric electrodynamic outputs of global magnetosphere models SWMF, LFM, and OpenGGCM. This study evaluates the model performance in terms of overall balance between energy influx and dissipation and tests the assumption that Joule dissipation occurs locally where electromagnetic energy flux enters the ionosphere. We present results in terms of skill scores now commonly used in metrics and validation studies and we can measure the agreement in terms of temporal and spatial distribution of dissipation (i.e, location of auroral activity) along passes of the DMSP satellite with the passes' proximity to the magnetic pole and solar wind activity level.

11. Two-Phase Cryogenic Heat Exchanger for the Thermodynamic Vent System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Christie, Robert J.

2011-01-01

A two-phase cryogenic heat exchanger for a thermodynamic vent system was designed and analyzed, and the predicted performance was compared with test results. A method for determining the required size of the Joule-Thomson device was also developed. Numerous sensitivity studies were performed to show that the design was robust and possessed a comfortable capacity margin. The comparison with the test results showed very similar heat extraction performance for similar inlet conditions. It was also shown that estimates for Joule- Thomson device flow rates and exit quality can vary significantly and these need to be accommodated for with a robust system design.

12. Large cooling power hybrid Gifford mac Mahon / Joule Thomson refrigerator andliquefier

Poncet, Jean-Marc; Claudet, Gérard; Lagnier, Robert; Ravex, Alain

In this paper, we present two refrigerators using Joule Thomson cycle providing cooling powers of 4.5 W at 4.4 K and using Gifford Mac Mahon cryocoolers for the precooling. Several smaller machines have been developped in our laboratory with refrigeration capacity ranging from 100 mW up to 1.5 W in the temperature range 3 K to 4.4 K. In the present case, to increase the cooling power, we introduced a three stage precooling scheme using a liquid nitrogen vessel plus the two stages of a Gifford Mac Mahon cryocooler. Cooldown and operation of the system are fully automatic. The first refrigerator is used to cool two Nb 3Sn superconducting coils having a maximum field of 11.8 T. The second system is an helium liquefier, designed to produce more than 1 liter per hour.

13. Overview of the ARGOS X-ray framing camera for Laser MegaJoule

SciTech Connect

Trosseille, C. Aubert, D.; Auger, L.; Bazzoli, S.; Brunel, P.; Burillo, M.; Chollet, C.; Jasmin, S.; Maruenda, P.; Moreau, I.; Oudot, G.; Raimbourg, J.; Soullié, G.; Stemmler, P.; Zuber, C.; Beck, T.; Gazave, J.

2014-11-15

Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives has developed the ARGOS X-ray framing camera to perform two-dimensional, high-timing resolution imaging of an imploding target on the French high-power laser facility Laser MegaJoule. The main features of this camera are: a microchannel plate gated X-ray detector, a spring-loaded CCD camera that maintains proximity focus in any orientation, and electronics packages that provide remotely-selectable high-voltages to modify the exposure-time of the camera. These components are integrated into an “air-box” that protects them from the harsh environmental conditions. A miniaturized X-ray generator is also part of the device for in situ self-testing purposes.

14. A high- Tc SQUID-based sensor head cooled by a Joule-Thomson cryocooler

Rijpma, A. P.; ter Brake, H. J. M.; de Vries, E.; Nijhof, N.; Holland, H. J.; Rogalla, H.

2002-08-01

The goal of the so-called FHARMON project is to develop a high- Tc SQUID-based magnetometer system for the measurement of fetal heart activity in standard clinical environments. To lower the threshold for the application of this fetal heart monitor, it should be simple to operate. It is, therefore, advantageous to replace the liquid cryogen bath by a closed-cycle refrigerator. For this purpose, we selected a mixed-gas Joule-Thomson cooler; the APD Cryotiger ©. Because of its magnetic interference, the compressor of this closed-cycle cooler will be placed at a distance of ?2 m from the actual sensor, which is an axial second order gradiometer. The gradiometer is formed by three magnetometers placed on an alumina cylinder, which is connected to the cold head of the cooler. This paper describes the sensor head in detail and reports on test experiments.

15. Soft X-Ray Emission and Charged Particles Beams from a Plasma Focus of Hundreds Joules

SciTech Connect

Silva, Patricio; Moreno, Jose; Soto, Leopoldo; Pavez, Cristian; Arancibia, Jaime

2006-12-04

In a new stage of characterization of our plasma focus devices of hundred and tens of joules (PF-400J and PF-50J), preliminary series of measurements on soft X-ray and ion beams have been performed in the device PF-400J (176-539 J, 880 nF, T/4 {approx}300 ns). The device was operated in hydrogen to 7 mbar of pressure . The temporal and spatial X-ray characteristics are investigated by means filtered PIN diodes and a multipinhole camera. Graphite collectors, operating in the bias ion collector mode, are used to estimate the characteristic ion energy using the time flight across the probe array. The time of the ion beam emission to be correlated with plasma emission events associated with the soft X-ray pulses detected by the probes. Temporal correlations between soft X-ray signals and ion beams are performed.

16. Direct-drive shock-ignition for the Laser MégaJoule

Canaud, B.; Brandon, V.; Laffite, S.; Temporal, M.; Ramis, R.

2013-11-01

We present a review of direct-drive shock ignition studies done as an alternative for the Laser MégaJoule (LMJ). One and two dimensional systematic analyses of HiPER-like shock-ignited target designs are performed for the fuel assembly irradiation uniformity using the whole LMJ configuration or a part of the facility, and for the uniformity of the ignitor spike. High-gain shock-ignition is shown to be possible with intensity of each quad less than 1015 W/cm2 but low modes asymmetries displace the power required in the ignitor spike towards higher powers. Shock-ignition of Direct-Drive Double-Shell non-cryogenic targets is also addressed.

17. Heat dissipation from suspended self-heated nanowires: gas sensor prospective

Zhang, Jie; Strelcov, Evgheni; Kolmakov, Andrei

2013-11-01

The strong temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity in semiconductors was employed for gas and pressure sensing with a self-heated Si nanowire resistor. The electrical conductivity in such a device depends on heat dissipation and partitioning inside the device and was studied comparatively for suspended and supported device architectures. The appearance of the exhaustion region in the temperature-dependent resistivity of a Joule-heated nanowire was used as a temperature marker for implementation of the quasi-constant temperature operation mode. At low pressures, the sensor is idle due to dominant heat dissipation from the nanowire to the substrate and/or electrodes. Above ca. 10 Torr the sensitivity to gases has a strong dependence on pressure as well as on the type of gas and is determined by conductive heat transfer between the nanowire surface and ambient. This implies that, in contrast to macroscopic devices, the heat dissipation via the convection mechanism does not contribute significantly to the heat transfer from the self-heated nanowire. The thermal sensitivity of the sensor to reactive gases depends on the effectiveness of the particular endothermic/exothermic reaction at the surface of the nanowire and was explored for the case of acetone-air mixture. The strong coupling of the electrical and thermal properties in the individual Joule-heated semiconducting nanowire allows fabrication of power-efficient multi-parametric nanoscopic gas/pressure sensors that are analogs of Pirani and pellistor type detectors.

18. Turbulent resistive heating of solar coronal arches

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Benford, G.

1983-01-01

The possibility that coronal heating occurs by means of anomalous Joule heating by electrostatic ion cyclotron waves is examined, with consideration given to currents running from foot of a loop to the other. It is assumed that self-fields generated by the currents are absent and currents follow the direction of the magnetic field, allowing the plasma cylinder to expand radially. Ion and electron heating rates are defined within the cylinder, together with longitudinal conduction and convection, radiation and cross-field transport, all in terms of Coulomb and turbulent effects. The dominant force is identified as electrostatic ion cyclotron instability, while ion acoustic modes remain stable. Rapid heating from an initial temperature of 10 eV to 100-1000 eV levels is calculated, with plasma reaching and maintaining a temperature in the 100 eV range. Strong heating is also possible according to the turbulent Ohm's law and by resistive heating.

19. An experimental, theoretical and numerical investigation of corona wind heat transfer enhancement

E-print Network

Owsenek, Brian Leonard

1993-01-01

as 70 W/m2K are reported. Joule heating of the air is measured, and found to generate a temperature increases of up to 3'C. The optimum needle and wire heights are found, and the trends in wire-plate performance are examined. A numerical procedure...

20. Statistical spatio-temporal properties of the Laser MegaJoule speckle

SciTech Connect

Le Cain, A.; Sajer, J. M.; Riazuelo, G.

2012-10-15

This paper investigates a statistical model to describe the spatial and temporal properties of hot spots generated by the superimposition of multiple laser beams. In the context of the Laser MegaJoule design, we introduce the formula for contrasts, trajectories and velocities of the speckle pattern. Single bundle of four beams, two-cones and three-cones configurations are considered. Statistical properties of the speckle in the zone where all the beams overlap are studied with different configurations of polarizations. These properties are shown to be very different from the case of one single bundle of four beams. The configuration of polarization has only a slight effect in the two-cones or three cones configuration. Indeed, the impact of the double polarization smoothing is reduced in the area in which all the beams overlap, while it is much more significant when they split. Moreover, the size of the hot-spots decreases as the number of laser beams increases, but we show that their velocity decreases. As a matter of fact, the maximal velocity of hot spots is found to be only about 10{sup -5} of the velocity of light and the integrated contrast is about 15% when the beams overlap.

1. Investigation of pressure drop in capillary tube for mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson cryocooler

SciTech Connect

Ardhapurkar, P. M.; Sridharan, Arunkumar; Atrey, M. D.

2014-01-29

A capillary tube is commonly used in small capacity refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. It is also a preferred expansion device in mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson (MR J-T) cryocoolers, since it is inexpensive and simple in configuration. However, the flow inside a capillary tube is complex, since flashing process that occurs in case of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems is metastable. A mixture of refrigerants such as nitrogen, methane, ethane, propane and iso-butane expands below its inversion temperature in the capillary tube of MR J-T cryocooler and reaches cryogenic temperature. The mass flow rate of refrigerant mixture circulating through capillary tube depends on the pressure difference across it. There are many empirical correlations which predict pressure drop across the capillary tube. However, they have not been tested for refrigerant mixtures and for operating conditions of the cryocooler. The present paper assesses the existing empirical correlations for predicting overall pressure drop across the capillary tube for the MR J-T cryocooler. The empirical correlations refer to homogeneous as well as separated flow models. Experiments are carried out to measure the overall pressure drop across the capillary tube for the cooler. Three different compositions of refrigerant mixture are used to study the pressure drop variations. The predicted overall pressure drop across the capillary tube is compared with the experimentally obtained value. The predictions obtained using homogeneous model show better match with the experimental results compared to separated flow models.

2. Idealized Closed Form Performance Modeling of a Closed Cycle Joule-Thomson Cryocooler

Maytal, B.-Z.

2004-06-01

The characteristic parameters of a closed cycle Joule-Thomson cryocooler would be: the charging pressure, discharge and suction volumes of the loop, volumetric displacement of the compressor and the extent of throttling restriction. A series of idealizing assumption are applied. The volumetric behavior of the coolant is assumed to obey the ideal gas equation. The recuperator and compressor's volumetric delivery are completely efficient. There are no pressure losses along the circulating path. On this basis is developed a closed form model of the system, interrelating the relevant parameters. Performance at steady state is expressed in terms of the circulating flow rate, discharge and suction pressures and cooling power. The model predicts the optimal size of equivalent orifice and the maximized cooling power. Also derived is the hydrodynamic time constant of building up the discharge pressure. This analysis is relevant for mixed coolants as well as for pure coolants closed cycles. The former typically employ lower pressure and therefore the idealized assumptions are even more applicable.

3. Numerical analysis of the direct drive illumination uniformity for the Laser MegaJoule facility

SciTech Connect

Temporal, M.; Canaud, B.; Garbett, W. J.; Ramis, R.

2014-01-15

The illumination uniformity provided during the initial imprinting phase of the laser foot pulse in a direct drive scenario at the Laser MegaJoule facility has been analyzed. This study analyzes the quality of the illumination of a spherical capsule and concerns the uniformity of the first shock generate in the absorber of an Inertial Confinement Fusion capsule. Four configurations making use of all or some of the 80 laser beams organized in the 20 quads of the cones at 49° and 131° with respect to the polar axis have been considered in order to assemble the foot pulse. Elliptical and circular super-gaussian laser intensity profiles taking into account beam-to-beam power imbalance (10%), pointing error (50??m), and target positioning (20??m) have been considered. It has been found that the use of the Polar Direct Drive technique can in some cases reduce the irradiation non-uniformity by a factor as high as 50%. In all cases, elliptical profile provides better results in comparison with the circular one and it is shown that the minimum of the non-uniformity is also a function of the capsule radius.

4. Study of organic contamination induced by outgassing materials. Application to the Laser MégaJoule optics

Favrat, O.; Mangote, B.; Tovena-Pécault, I.; Néauport, J.

2014-02-01

Organic contamination may decrease the targeted performances of coated surfaces. To study the contamination induced by surrounding materials, a method using a thermal extractor is presented in the first part of this work. Besides its normal operation (analyses of outgassing compounds from a material), this device is used in an original way to contaminate and decontaminate samples. Efficiency of contamination and decontamination protocols are assessed by automated thermal desorption and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and by secondary ion mass spectrometry coupled with a time of flight mass analyzer. This enables to study the contamination induced by a bulk material outgassing and to take in consideration the possible competition between outgassed species. This method is then applied to investigate contamination of Laser MégaJoule sol-gel coated optics by a retractable sheath. The impact of the temperature on the outgassing of the sheath has been highlighted. Increasing temperature from 30 to 50 °C enables the outgassing of organophosphorous compounds and increases the outgassing of oxygenated compounds and phthalates. Chemical analyses of contaminated optics have highlighted affinities between the sol-gel coating and phthalates and organophosphorous, and low affinities with aromatics and terpens. Finally, samples with increasing levels of contamination have been realized. However a saturation phenomenon is observed at 90 ng cm-2.

5. Numerical analysis of the direct drive illumination uniformity for the Laser MegaJoule facility

Temporal, M.; Canaud, B.; Garbett, W. J.; Ramis, R.

2014-01-01

The illumination uniformity provided during the initial imprinting phase of the laser foot pulse in a direct drive scenario at the Laser MegaJoule facility has been analyzed. This study analyzes the quality of the illumination of a spherical capsule and concerns the uniformity of the first shock generate in the absorber of an Inertial Confinement Fusion capsule. Four configurations making use of all or some of the 80 laser beams organized in the 20 quads of the cones at 49° and 131° with respect to the polar axis have been considered in order to assemble the foot pulse. Elliptical and circular super-gaussian laser intensity profiles taking into account beam-to-beam power imbalance (10%), pointing error (50 ?m), and target positioning (20 ?m) have been considered. It has been found that the use of the Polar Direct Drive technique can in some cases reduce the irradiation non-uniformity by a factor as high as 50%. In all cases, elliptical profile provides better results in comparison with the circular one and it is shown that the minimum of the non-uniformity is also a function of the capsule radius.

6. Investigation of pressure drop in capillary tube for mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson cryocooler

Ardhapurkar, P. M.; Sridharan, Arunkumar; Atrey, M. D.

2014-01-01

A capillary tube is commonly used in small capacity refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. It is also a preferred expansion device in mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson (MR J-T) cryocoolers, since it is inexpensive and simple in configuration. However, the flow inside a capillary tube is complex, since flashing process that occurs in case of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems is metastable. A mixture of refrigerants such as nitrogen, methane, ethane, propane and iso-butane expands below its inversion temperature in the capillary tube of MR J-T cryocooler and reaches cryogenic temperature. The mass flow rate of refrigerant mixture circulating through capillary tube depends on the pressure difference across it. There are many empirical correlations which predict pressure drop across the capillary tube. However, they have not been tested for refrigerant mixtures and for operating conditions of the cryocooler. The present paper assesses the existing empirical correlations for predicting overall pressure drop across the capillary tube for the MR J-T cryocooler. The empirical correlations refer to homogeneous as well as separated flow models. Experiments are carried out to measure the overall pressure drop across the capillary tube for the cooler. Three different compositions of refrigerant mixture are used to study the pressure drop variations. The predicted overall pressure drop across the capillary tube is compared with the experimentally obtained value. The predictions obtained using homogeneous model show better match with the experimental results compared to separated flow models.

7. Preliminary Studies of Ions Emission in a Small Plasma Focus Device of Hundreds of Joules

SciTech Connect

Moreno, Jose; Pavez, Cristian; Soto, Leopoldo; Tarifeno, Ariel; Reymond, Piotr; Verschueren, Nicolas; Ariza, Pablo

2009-01-21

Ion beam emission in plasma focus (PF) discharges was originally investigated to explain the strong forward anisotropy observed in the neutron. Several properties of PF emitted deuteron beams have been measured, including their angular distributions and energy spectra in devices operating with energies from 1 kJ to 1 MJ. At present there is a growing interest in the development of very small PF devices operating under 1 kJ. As part of the characterization program of the very low energy PF devices (<1 kJ) developed at the Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission, the charges particle emission in hydrogen (H{sub 2}) and mixture (H{sub 2}+%Ar) are being studied. In order to obtain an estimation of the ions energy spectrum and ionization grade, by using time of flight method, a graphite collector system operating in the bias ion collector mode was constructed and it is being used. Preliminary results of the ion beams measurements in different experimental conditions, at a plasma focus device of 400 joules (PF-400 J) are presented.

8. FY 2009 Annual Report of Joule Software Metric SC GG 3.1/2.5.2, Improve Computational Science Capabilities

SciTech Connect

Kothe, Douglas B; Roche, Kenneth J; Kendall, Ricky A

2010-01-01

The Joule Software Metric for Computational Effectiveness is established by Public Authorizations PL 95-91, Department of Energy Organization Act, and PL 103-62, Government Performance and Results Act. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) oversees the preparation and administration of the President s budget; evaluates the effectiveness of agency programs, policies, and procedures; assesses competing funding demands across agencies; and sets the funding priorities for the federal government. The OMB has the power of audit and exercises this right annually for each federal agency. According to the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA), federal agencies are required to develop three planning and performance documents: 1.Strategic Plan: a broad, 3 year outlook; 2.Annual Performance Plan: a focused, 1 year outlook of annual goals and objectives that is reflected in the annual budget request (What results can the agency deliver as part of its public funding?); and 3.Performance and Accountability Report: an annual report that details the previous fiscal year performance (What results did the agency produce in return for its public funding?). OMB uses its Performance Assessment Rating Tool (PART) to perform evaluations. PART has seven worksheets for seven types of agency functions. The function of Research and Development (R&D) programs is included. R&D programs are assessed on the following criteria: Does the R&D program perform a clear role? Has the program set valid long term and annual goals? Is the program well managed? Is the program achieving the results set forth in its GPRA documents? In Fiscal Year (FY) 2003, the Department of Energy Office of Science (DOE SC-1) worked directly with OMB to come to a consensus on an appropriate set of performance measures consistent with PART requirements. The scientific performance expectations of these requirements reach the scope of work conducted at the DOE national laboratories. The Joule system emerged from this interaction. Joule enables the chief financial officer and senior DOE management to track annual performance on a quarterly basis. Joule scores are reported as success, goal met (green light in PART), mixed results, goal partially met (yellow light in PART), and unsatisfactory, goal not met (red light in PART). Joule links the DOE strategic plan to the underlying base program targets.

9. Published in Physical Review B, 84 054437 (2011). Additional Material and postprint (pdf) Joule heating in nanowires

E-print Network

Sóbester, András

2011-01-01

to a temporary breakdown of ferromagnetism if the Curie temperature is exceeded. The depinning of a domain wall through ferromagnetic nanowires on the temperature of the nanowires and on the temperature in temperature as a function of time is computed. For effectively three-dimensional substrates (where

10. Observation of Joule Heating-Assisted Electromigration Failure Mechanisms for Dual Damascene Cu/SiO? Interconnects

E-print Network

Chang, Choon Wai

Failure mechanisms observed in electromigration (EM) stressed dual damascene Cu/SiO? interconnects trees were studied and simulated. Failure sites with â??melt patch’ or â??crater’ are common for test structures in the top ...

11. Bulk SmCo5/a-Fe nanocomposite permanent magnets fabricated by mould-free Joule-heating compaction

E-print Network

Liu, J. Ping

and expensive compaction techniques, including spark plasma sintering (SPS),10,11 dynamic com- paction,12, there are major obstacles to producing bulk nanocomposite magnets. Conventional sintering and hot-pressing methods

12. Controlling the crystallization and magnetic properties of melt-spun Pr2Fe14B -Fe nanocomposites by Joule heating

E-print Network

Liu, J. Ping

Controlling the crystallization and magnetic properties of melt-spun Pr2Fe14BÕ -Fe nanocomposites nanocomposites have been prepared through crystallization of melt-spun amorphous Pr7Tb1Fe85Nb0.5Zr0.5B6 ribbons,Nd) nanocomposites offer great promise as high perfor- mance magnets due to their high remanences.1­7 It is noted

13. Dimensional Analysis of Thermoelectric Modules Under Constant Heat Flux

Suzuki, Ryosuke O.; Fujisaka, Takeyuki; Ito, Keita O.; Meng, Xiangning; Sui, Hong-Tao

2015-01-01

Thermoelectric power generation is examined in the case of radiative heating. A constant heat flux is assumed in addition to consideration of the Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and Joule heating with temperature-dependent material properties. Numerical evaluations are conducted using a combination of the finite-volume method and an original simultaneous solver for the heat transfer, thermoelectric, and electric transportation phenomena. Comparison with experimental results shows that the new solver could work well in the numerical calculations. The calculations predict that the Seebeck effect becomes larger for longer thermoelectric elements because of the larger temperature difference. The heat transfer to the cold surface is critical to determine the junction temperatures under a constant heat flux from the hot surface. The negative contribution from Peltier cooling and heating can be minimized when the current is smaller for longer elements. Therefore, a thicker TE module can generate more electric power even under a constant heat flux.

14. Systematic analysis of direct-drive baseline designs for shock ignition with the Laser MégaJoule

Brandon, V.; Canaud, B.; Laffite, S.; Temporal, M.; Ramis, R.

2013-11-01

We present direct-drive target design studies for the laser mégajoule using two distinct initial aspect ratios (A = 34 and A = 5). Laser pulse shapes are optimized by a random walk method and drive power variations are used to cover a wide variety of implosion velocities between 260 km/s and 365 km/s. For selected implosion velocities and for each initial aspect ratio, scaled-target families are built in order to find self-ignition threshold. High-gain shock ignition is also investigated in the context of Laser MégaJoule for marginally igniting targets below their own self-ignition threshold.

15. Precision square waves synthesized by programmable Josephson voltage standards for induced voltage compensation in a Joule balance

Wang, Gang; Zhang, Zhonghua; Lu, Yunfeng; Xu, Jinxin; Zhou, Kunli

2016-01-01

A programmable Josephson voltage standard (PJVS) can be used to generate a precision square wave for induced voltage compensation to measure the mutual inductance between the coils in a joule balance. In this paper, the influence of the transitions between quantized voltages in the synthesized square waves is analyzed in detail. The ratio of the time-integrated value of the transitions to the total waveform is reduced to several parts in 104 to improve the measurement accuracy. The influence of different configurations of the integrating digitizer is discussed. The result shows that when the voltages are in a quantum state, the time-integrated agreement between the measured and theoretical differences for two PJVS systems is within 4??×??10?9 V s V?1 s?1. For the total time integration of a voltage waveform larger than 2?V s, the combined relative uncertainty is less than 5.9??×??10?8 V s V?1 s?1. The result confirms the capability of the PJVS to generate a precision square wave for the joule balance.

16. Empirically corrected HEAT method for calculating atomization energies

SciTech Connect

Brand, Holmann V

2008-01-01

We describe how to increase the accuracy ofthe most recent variants ofthe HEAT method for calculating atomization energies of molecules by means ofextremely simple empirical corrections that depend on stoichiometry and the number ofunpaired electrons in the molecule. Our corrections reduce the deviation from experiment for all the HEAT variants. In particular, our corrections reduce the average absolute deviation and the root-mean-square deviation ofthe 456-QP variant to 0.18 and 0.23 kJoule/mol (i.e., 0.04 and 0.05 kcallmol), respectively.

17. Analytical solution for Joule-Thomson cooling during CO2 geo-sequestration in depleted oil and gas reservoirs

SciTech Connect

Mathias, S.A.; Gluyas, J.G.; Oldenburg, C.M.; Tsang, C.-F.

2010-05-21

Mathematical tools are needed to screen out sites where Joule-Thomson cooling is a prohibitive factor for CO{sub 2} geo-sequestration and to design approaches to mitigate the effect. In this paper, a simple analytical solution is developed by invoking steady-state flow and constant thermophysical properties. The analytical solution allows fast evaluation of spatiotemporal temperature fields, resulting from constant-rate CO{sub 2} injection. The applicability of the analytical solution is demonstrated by comparison with non-isothermal simulation results from the reservoir simulator TOUGH2. Analysis confirms that for an injection rate of 3 kg s{sup -1} (0.1 MT yr{sup -1}) into moderately warm (>40 C) and permeable formations (>10{sup -14} m{sup 2} (10 mD)), JTC is unlikely to be a problem for initial reservoir pressures as low as 2 MPa (290 psi).

18. Two-constant equation of state for accurate prediction of the Joule - Thomson inversion curve for air in cryogenic applications

Najjar, Y. S. H.; Al-Beirutty, M. H.; Ismail, M. S.

One of the most important applications of cryogenics is the separation and purification of air into its various components. Furthermore, of the many basic processes by which low temperatures are attained, the most commonly used in practical refrigerators is the Joule - Thomson expansion process. In this work the J - T inversion curve is predicted and compared with experimental data for air. Many equations of state such as VDW, RK, SRK and PR fail to obtain accurate prediction. Therefore, using numerical analysis, a simple two-constant equation of state is developed, which gives very favourable comparison with experiment, namely 2% maximum error in predicting thermodynamic properties, and 0.18 as average standard deviation for the J - T curve.

19. Scaling, stability, and fusion mechanisms. Studies using plasma focus devices from tens of kilojoules to tenth of joules

SciTech Connect

Soto, Leopoldo; Pavez, Cristian; Moreno, Jose; Cardenas, Miguel; Tarifeno, Ariel

2009-01-21

Fusion studies using plasma focus devices from tens of kilojoules to less than one joule performed at the Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission are presented. The similarity of the physical behavior and the scaling observed in these machines are emphasized. Experiments on actual devices show that scaling holds at least through six order of magnitude. In particular all of these devices, from the largest to the smallest, keep the same quantity of energy per particle. Therefore, fusion reactions are possible to be obtained in ultraminiature devices (driven by generators of 0.1 J), as they are in the bigger devices (driven by generators of 1 MJ). However, the stability of the plasma depends on the size and energy of the device.

20. Improvement of heat dissipation for polydimethylsiloxane microchip electrophoresis.

PubMed

Zhang, Yuan; Bao, Ning; Yu, Xiao-Dong; Xu, Jing-Juan; Chen, Hong-Yuan

2004-11-19

Effective removing of Joule heat in polymer-based microchip system is an important factor for high efficient separation because of lower heat conductivity of polymers than silica or glass. In this paper, a new kind of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchip electrophoresis system integrated with a laser-induced fluorescence detector has been successfully constructed on the basis of a commercial heat sink for computer CPU (central processor unit). Experimental results on separation current using high concentration running buffers demonstrated that heat dissipation of PDMS/PDMS microchip system was significantly improved. Furthermore, with this integrated system, theoretical plate number of fluorescein using 100 mM phosphate-buffered saline + 1 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate as running buffer was determined to be 2750 (for 2.5-cm separation channel, corresponding to 110,000/m). This high separation efficiency demonstrated that such heat sink-based polymer microchip system could be effectively applied for high-concentration buffers. PMID:15584247

1. Heat pipe array heat exchanger

DOEpatents

Reimann, Robert C. (Lafayette, NY)

1987-08-25

A heat pipe arrangement for exchanging heat between two different temperature fluids. The heat pipe arrangement is in a ounterflow relationship to increase the efficiency of the coupling of the heat from a heat source to a heat sink.

2. Time-resolved study of the extreme-ultraviolet emission and plasma dynamics of a sub-Joule, fast capillary discharge

Valenzuela, J. C.; Wyndham, E. S.; Favre, M.

2015-08-01

In this work, we discuss experimental observations on the dynamics of a fast, low energy capillary discharge when operated in argon and its properties as an intense source of extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) radiation. The discharge pre-ionization and self-triggering were accomplished by the use of the hollow cathode effect. This allowed a compact size and low inductance discharge with multi-kA current level and a quarter-period of ˜10 ns at sub-Joule energy level. We used the novel moiré and schlieren diagnostics with a 12 ps laser to obtain the time evolution of the line electron density and to study the plasma dynamics. EUV spectroscopy and filtered diodes were also implemented to estimate the plasma temperature and density throughout the evolution of the discharge. EUV source size was measured by using a filtered slit-wire camera. We observed that EUV emission starts from a compressed plasma on axis during the second quarter-period of the current and continues until the fifth quarter-period. Ionization levels from Ar VII to X were observed. By comparing the EUV emission spectra with synthetic spectra, we found that at the onset of emission (˜7 ns), the plasma is well fitted by a single Maxwellian electron distribution function with Te ˜ 12 eV and ne ˜ 1017 cm-3. Close to peak emission (˜13 ns), plasma temperature and density increase to ˜20 eV and ne ˜ 1018 cm-3, respectively. However, in order to successfully match the experimental data, a two component electron distribution function was necessary. Later in time, a smaller fraction in the high energy component and higher temperature suggests homogenization of the plasma. The moiré and schlieren diagnostics showed multiple radial compression-waves merging on axis throughout the discharge; they are an important heating mechanism that leads to a period of severe turbulence at peak EUV emission. It was also observed that emission ceases when the axial maximum of the electron density collapses.

3. Thin film heat flux sensors for accurate transient and unidirectional heat transfer analysis

Azerou, B.; Garnier, B.; Lahmar, J.

2012-11-01

Heat flux measurement is needed in many heat transfer studies. For the best unbiased heat flux sensors (HFS), the heat flux is obtained using temperature measurements at different locations and also an inverse heat conduction method (function specification...) in order to calculate the heat flux. Systematic errors can come from the uncertainty in the wire thermocouples locations and from errors in the knowledge of distances between two consecutive wire thermocouples. The main idea in this work is to use thin film thermoresistances deposited on a flexible thin polymer substrate instead of wire thermocouples welded on metallic sample. The interest of using thin film thermoresistances instead of wire thermocouples is a lower disturbance due to the smaller thickness of the thin film sensors (typically less than 1?m) and a much better knowledge of the distances between the different thin film thermoresistances which are precisely defined in the mask used for the metallic thin film pattern fabrication. In this paper, we present the fabrication of the new heat flux sensor with thin film thermoresistances, the study of the effect of the self heating (due to Joule effect in thermoresistances) and the performances of this new HFS with the comparison with classical HFS using wire thermocouples. For this study, a symmetric experimental setup is used with metallic samples equipped with an etched foil heater and both classical and new HFS. For several heating conditions, it appears that a better accuracy is always obtained with the new HFS using thin film thermoresistances.

4. New flow boiling heat transfer model for hydrocarbons evaporating inside horizontal tubes

SciTech Connect

Chen, G. F.; Gong, M. Q.; Wu, J. F.; Zou, X.; Wang, S.

2014-01-29

Hydrocarbons have high thermodynamic performances, belong to the group of natural refrigerants, and they are the main components in mixture Joule-Thomson low temperature refrigerators (MJTR). New evaluations of nucleate boiling contribution and nucleate boiling suppression factor in flow boiling heat transfer have been proposed for hydrocarbons. A forced convection heat transfer enhancement factor correlation incorporating liquid velocity has also been proposed. In addition, the comparisons of the new model and other classic models were made to evaluate its accuracy in heat transfer prediction.

5. Simulation of Heat Exchange in the Liquid Core of the Earth

Solov?ev, S. V.

2015-07-01

A combined system of equations defining the movement of an electrically conducting liquid and the convective heat transfer in a spherical layer modeling the liquid core of the Earth is considered. In this system, unlike the kinematic models of hydromagnetic dynamo, the action of the internal heat sources and the Joule dissipation on the indicated processes is taken into account. The dependence of the results of calculations of the structure of the liquid flow, the heat exchange, and the magnetic field in the Earth core on the dimensionless similarity criteria used in the calculations was investigated.

6. Numerical Studies of Fluid Leakage from a Geologic DisposalReservoir for CO2 Show Self-Limiting Feedback between Fluid Flow and HeatTransfer

SciTech Connect

Pruess, Karsten

2005-03-22

Leakage of CO2 from a hypothetical geologic storage reservoir along an idealized fault zone has been simulated, including transitions between supercritical, liquid, and gaseous CO2. We find strong non-isothermal effects due to boiling and Joule-Thomson cooling of expanding CO2. Leakage fluxes are limited by limitations in conductive heat transfer to the fault zone. The interplay between multiphase flow and heat transfer effects produces non-monotonic leakage behavior.

7. Demonstration of neutron production in a table-top pinch plasma focus device operating at only tens of joules

Soto, Leopoldo; Silva, Patricio; Moreno, José; Zambra, Marcelo; Kies, Walter; Mayer, Roberto E.; Clausse, Alejandro; Altamirano, Luis; Pavez, Cristian; Huerta, Luis

2008-10-01

Neutron emission from a deuterium plasma pinch generated in a very small plasma focus (6 mm anode diameter) operating at only tens of joules is presented. A maximum current of 50 kA is achieved 140 ns after the beginning of the discharge, when the device is charged at 50 J (160 nF capacitor bank, 38 nH, 20-30 kV, 32-72 J). Although the stored energy is very low, the estimated energy density in the plasma and the energy per particle in the plasma are of the same order as in higher energy devices. The dependence of the neutron yield on the filling pressure of deuterium was obtained for discharges with 50 and 67 J stored in the capacitor bank. Neutrons were measured by means of a system based on a 3He proportional counter in current mode. The average neutron yield for 50 J discharges at 6 mbar was (1.2 ± 0.5) × 104 neutrons per shot, and (3.6 ± 1.6) × 104 for 67 J discharges at 9 mbar. The maximum energy of the neutrons was (2.7 ± 1.8) MeV. Possible applications related to substance detection and others are discussed.

8. Understanding of double-curvature shaped magnetoimpedance profiles in Joule-annealed and tensioned microwires at 8-12 GHz

Popov, V. V.; Berzhansky, V. N.; Gomonay, H. V.; Qin, F. X.

2015-05-01

We have investigated for the first time the combined effect of current and stress on the giant magnetoimpedance characteristics of vanishing-magnetostrictive Co-rich microwires at microwave frequency. As the current-annealed wire is subject to certain tensile stress, one can observe a drastic transformation of field dependence of magnetoimpedance (MI) profiles from smooth shape of a broad peak to deformed shape of a sharp peak with the emergence of a kink on each side. It follows that three different regions—core, inner, and outer shell—have been formed by the combined effect of Joule-annealing, current generated magnetic field, and the tensile stress. A critical field sees a drop of field sensitivity from outer to inner shell and shifts to lower value with increasing annealing current. We successfully adapted our core-shell model to a core-shell-shell model by designating different anisotropy fields for each region to satisfactorily resolve the unique double-curvature shaped peaks in the field derivative MI profiles.

9. Micro-joule pico-second range Yb3+-doped fibre laser for medical applications in acupuncture

Alvarez-Chavez, J. A.; Rivera-Manrique, S. I.; Jacques, S. L.

2011-08-01

The work described here is based on the optical design, simulation and on-going implementation of a pulsed (Q-switch) Yb3+-doped, 1-um diffraction-limited fibre laser with pico-second, 10 micro-Joule-range energy pulses for producing the right energy pulses which could be of benefit for patients who suffer chronic headache, photophobia, and even nausea which could is sometimes triggered by a series of factors. The specific therapeutic effect known as acupunctural analgesia is the main objective of this medium-term project. It is a simple design on which commercially available software was employed for laser cavity design. Monte Carlo technique for skin light-transport, thermal diffusion and the possible thermal de-naturalization optical study and prediction will also be included in the presentation. Full optical characterization will be included and a complete set of recent results on the laser-skin interaction and the so called moxi-bustion from the laser design will be extensively described.

10. X-ray characterization of a hundred joules plasma focus to study its effects on cancer cells

Jain, Jalaj; Moreno, Jose; Avaria, Gonzalo; Pavez, Cristian; Bora, Biswajit; Inestrosa-Izurieta, Maria Jose; Soto, Leopoldo; Diez, Daniela; Alvarez, Oscar; Tapia, Julio; Marcelain, Katherine; Armisen, Ricardo

2014-10-01

With the aim to study the effects of pulsed x-rays radiation on biological cells, in particular cancer cells, the total doses of x-ray pulses and the temporal duration of the pulse has been characterized in a hundred joules plasma focus device (PF-400 J, 130 kA achieved in 300 ns). TLD dosimeters were located outside of the discharge chamber, at 96 mm from the anode top. In addition, two photomultipliers with plastic scintillator were located in axial and radial directions. Several sequences of accumulative shots were obtained (260, 380, 980 shots). From the statistical analysis of the TLD and photomultiplier signals was possible to estimate that a single shot have a total dose in the order of 30 +/- 15 micro Sv with a duration of the order of 12 +/- 3.6 ns at FWHM. Preliminary experiments using MCF7, a breast cancer cell line, were performed. Cells were irradiated at 96 mm from the anode top with 260, 380 and 980 cumulative x-ray shots and cell survival was evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 hours later. The effects are compared with cells irradiated by a continuous x-ray source. Supported by CONICYT Grant ACT-1115.

11. Numerical Examination of the Performance of a Thermoelectric Cooler with Peltier Heating and Cooling

Kim, Chang Nyung; Kim, Jeongho

2015-10-01

There has recently been much progress in the development of materials with higher thermoelectric performance, leading to the design of thermoelectric devices for generation of electricity and for heating or cooling. Local heating can be achieved by current flow through an electric resistance, and local heating and cooling can be performed by Peltier heating and cooling. In this study, we developed computer software that can be used to predict the Seebeck and Peltier effects for thermoelectric devices. The temperature, electric potential, heat flow, electric current, and coefficient of performance were determined, with the objective of investigating the Peltier effect in a thermoelectric device. In addition to Peltier heating and cooling, Joule and Thomson heating were quantitatively evaluated for the thermoelectric device.

12. Plate Fin Heat Exchanger Model with Axial Conduction and Variable Properties

E-print Network

Hansen, B J; Klebaner, A; 10.1063/1.4706971

2012-01-01

Future superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities, as part of Project X at Fermilab, will be cooled to superfluid helium temperatures by a cryogenic distribution system supplying cold supercritical helium. To reduce vapor fraction during the final Joule-Thomson (J-T) expansion into the superfluid helium cooling bath, counter-flow, plate-fin heat exchangers will be utilized. Due to their compact size and ease of fabrication, plate-fin heat exchangers are an effective option. However, the design of compact and high-effectiveness cryogenic heat exchangers operating at liquid helium temperatures requires consideration of axial heat conduction along the direction of flow, in addition to variable fluid properties. Here we present a numerical model that includes the effects of axial conduction and variable properties for a plate fin heat exchanger. The model is used to guide design decisions on heat exchanger material choice and geometry. In addition, the J-T expansion process is modeled with the heat exchanger ...

13. Instability in Super-Conducting Magnets — A Review of Heat Input from Mechanical Disturbances

Evans, D.

2004-06-01

At low temperatures, specific heats are low and therefore small amounts of heat can result in significant temperature rises. Heat inputs in the micro-Joule range, if sufficiently localised, may be sufficient to cause some magnets to quench. Any source of heat could be a potential source of a training' step or of a spontaneous quench from steady state operating conditions. This paper examines the major mechanical effects that have the potential to release sufficient heat to cause a quench' in a super-conducting magnet. Each of the potential heat sources is examined and the evidence' that the heat source causes premature quenching in a superconducting magnet is considered. Electromagnetic disturbances, such as super-currents' and flux jumping' are not considered.

14. Self-heating in normal metals and superconductors

SciTech Connect

Gurevich, A.V.; Mints, R.G.

1987-10-01

This review is devoted to the physics of current-carrying superconductors and normal metals having two or more stable states sustained by Joule self-heating. The creation, propagation, and localization of electrothermal domains and switching waves leading to the transition from one stable state to another in uniform and nonuniform samples are treated in detail. The connection between thermal bistability and hysteresis, dropping and stepped current-voltage characteristics, self-induced oscillations of current and voltage, self-replication of electrothermal domains, and the formation of periodic and stochastic resistive structures are considered.

15. Heat dissipation property of cover glasses with heat sink films for transparent organic light-emitting diodes

Park, J. W.; Lee, J. H.

2014-09-01

We investigate the thermal property of cover glasses with heat sink films and provide useful design guidelines of heat sinks for transparent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). To this end, we inquire into the thermal effect of the thickness of cover glasses, Cu sheet or Cu strip lines attached to cover glasses, transparent metal meshes and polymer composite films fabricated on cover glasses, and their position (i.e., inner or outer surface of the cover glass). It is found that the heat sink property varies depending sensitively on the heat sink position and cover glass thickness. To enhance the heat transfer (sink) property, it is preferred to attach the heat sink to the inner surface of the cover glass without any air involved. If no heat sink is used, then thicker cover glasses are required to dissipate the Joule heat effectively. With high-transparency (>80%) metal meshes, we have achieved about 7% heat dissipation. The polymer composite films (poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) binder mixed with cubic-boron nitride (c-BN) filler) show poor heat sink property due to difficulty in establishing an enough heat transfer pathway using a small amount of fillers.

16. Natural convection in an enclosure under time periodic heating: An experimental study

SciTech Connect

Antohe, B.V.; Lage, J.L.

1996-12-31

The effect of the heating period on the heat transfer across a water filled rectangular enclosure is examined experimentally. The enclosure is designed such that periodic heat by Joule effect is delivered at one wall while the opposite wall is maintained at an approximately constant temperature. All other surfaces are insulated. Several heating power levels are chosen with equivalent time averaged heat-flux based Rayleigh number varying from 2.5 {times} 10{sup 8} to 1.0 {times} 10{sup 9}. The heating period varies from 32 seconds to 1600 seconds. For the highest Rayleigh number, Ra = 1.0 {times} 10{sup 9}, the oscillatory heating process leads to a cycle averaged heat transfer coefficient 20 percent higher than obtained with steady averaged-heat flux heating. Results, presented in terms of temperature time series, phase-plane portrait, and time evolution of cooling and heating wall temperatures, indicate that for low heating frequencies the heat transfer across the enclosure is hindered, with the time averaged heat transfer coefficient decreasing by as much as 13 percent of the equivalent steady heating value. A plausible explanation for the phenomenon is offered and discussed. The instantaneous and cycle averaged heat transfer coefficients, and the corresponding Nusselt numbers, are also presented for various heating frequencies.

17. Heat emergencies

MedlinePLUS

Heatstroke; Heat illness ... who is in good shape can suffer heat illness if warning signs are ignored) The following make ... Heat cramps are the first stage of heat illness. If these symptoms are not treated, it can ...

18. Highly lead-loaded red plastic scintillators as an X-ray imaging system for the Laser Mega Joule

SciTech Connect

Hamel, M.; Normand, S.; Turk, G.; Darbon, S.

2011-07-01

The scope of this project intends to record spatially resolved images of core shape and size of a DT micro-balloon during Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) experiments at Laser Mega Joule facility (LMJ). We need to develop an X-ray imaging system which can operate in the radiative background generated by an ignition shot of ICF. The scintillator is a part of the imaging system and has to gather a compromise of scintillating properties (scintillating efficiency, decay time, emission wavelength) so as to both operate in the hard radiative environment and to allow the acquisition of spatially resolved images. Inorganic scintillators cannot be used because no compromise can be found regarding the expected scintillating properties, most of them are not fast enough and emit blue light. Organic scintillators are generally fast, but present low X-ray absorption in the 10 to 40 keV range, that does not permit the acquisition of spatially resolved images. To this aim, we have developed highly lead-loaded and red-fluorescent fast plastic scintillators. Such a combination is not currently available via scintillator suppliers, since they propose only blue-fluorescent plastic scintillators doped with up to 12%w Pb. Thus, incorporation ratio up to 27%w Pb has been reached in our laboratory, which can afford a plastic scintillator with an outstanding Z{sub eff} close to 50. X-rays in the 10 to 40 keV range can thus be detected with a higher probability of photoelectric effect than for classic organic scintillators, such as NE102. The strong orange-red fluorescence can be filtered, so that we can eliminate residual Cerenkov light, generated by {gamma}-ray absorption in glass parts of the imaging system. Decay times of our scintillators evaluated under UV excitation were estimated to be in the range 10 to 13 ns. (authors)

19. Imaging Local Heating and Thermal Diffusion of Nanomaterials with Plasmonic Thermal Microscopy.

PubMed

Chen, Zixuan; Shan, Xiaonan; Guan, Yan; Wang, Shaopeng; Zhu, Jun-Jie; Tao, Nongjian

2015-12-22

Measuring local heat generation and dissipation in nanomaterials is critical for understanding the basic properties and developing applications of nanomaterials, including photothermal therapy and joule heating of nanoelectronics. Several technologies have been developed to probe local temperature distributions in nanomaterials, but a sensitive thermal imaging technology with high temporal and spatial resolution is still lacking. Here, we describe plasmonic thermal microscopy (PTM) to image local heat generation and diffusion from nanostructures in biologically relevant aqueous solutions. We demonstrate that PTM can detect local temperature change as small as 6 mK with temporal resolution of 10 ?s and spatial resolution of submicrons (diffraction limit). With PTM, we have successfully imaged photothermal generation from single nanoparticles and graphene pieces, studied spatiotemporal distribution of temperature surrounding a heated nanoparticle, and observed heating at defect sites in graphene. We further show that the PTM images are in quantitative agreement with theoretical simulations based on heat transport theories. PMID:26435320

20. Heat Without Heat

Lubkin, Elihu

1997-04-01

Logic of the Second Law of Thermodynamics demands acquisition of naked entropy. Accordingly, the leanest liaison between systems is not a diathermic membrane, it is a purely informational tickler, leaking no appreciable energy. The subsystem here is a thermodynamic universe, which gets heated' entropically, yet without gaining calories. Quantum Mechanics graciously supports that(Lubkin, E. and Lubkin, T., International Journal of Theoretical Physics,32), 933-943 (1993) (at a cost of about 1 bit) through entanglement---across this least permeable of membranes---with what is beyond that universe. Heat without heat(Also v. forthcoming Proceedings of the 4th Drexel University Conference of September 1994) is the aspirin for Boltzmann's headache, conserving entropy in mechanical isolation, even while increasing entropy in thermodynamic isolation.

1. Heat Pipes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lewis, J.

1975-01-01

Describes the construction, function, and applications of heat pipes. Suggests using the heat pipe to teach principles related to heat transfer and gives sources for obtaining instructional kits for this purpose. (GS)

2. Heat Illness

MedlinePLUS

... dangerous levels and you can develop a heat illness. Most heat illnesses occur from staying out in ... Heat-related illnesses include Heatstroke - a life-threatening illness in which body temperature may rise above 106° ...

3. REVIEWS OF TOPICAL PROBLEMS: Metals during rapid heating by dense currents

Lebedev, S. V.; Savvatimski?, A. I.

1984-10-01

Research on metals, particularly refractory metals, during pulsed heating by high density currents (up to ~ 107 A/cm2) is reported. In particular, studies have been made of the specific heat and thermal expansion of metals in the liquid state, the resistivity in the liquid state as a function of the amount of energy supplied during free and confined expansion generating pressures up to 4·104 atm, the visible emission, the heat effusion, the changes in certain properties upon melting, the dispersal of a metal during an electrical explosion, and the anomalies of the specific heat and electron emission of a metal in the solid state which stem from the high rate of Joule heating. The experimental data reported on liquid metals (Al, Cu, Mo, W) at high temperatures and high pressures (tens of kilobars) are of considerable interest for the theory of liquid metals.

4. Electrical heating of soils using high efficiency electrode patterns and power phases

DOEpatents

Buettner, Harley M. (Livermore, CA)

1999-01-01

Powerline-frequency electrical (joule) heating of soils using a high efficiency electrode configuration and power phase arrangement. The electrode configuration consists of several heating or current injection electrodes around the periphery of a volume of soil to be heated, all electrodes being connected to one phase of a multi-phase or a single-phase power system, and a return or extraction electrode or electrodes located inside the volume to be heated being connected to the remaining phases of the multi-phase power system or to the neutral side of the single-phase power source. This electrode configuration and power phase arrangement can be utilized anywhere where powerline frequency soil heating is applicable and thus has many potential uses including removal of volatile organic compounds such as gasoline and tricholorethylene (TCE) from contaminated areas.

5. A note on convective heat transfer of an MHD Jeffrey fluid over a stretching sheet

2015-11-01

This article focuses on the exact solution regarding convective heat transfer of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Jeffrey fluid over a stretching sheet. The effects of joule and viscous dissipation, internal heat source/sink and thermal radiation on the heat transfer characteristics are taken in account in the presence of a transverse magnetic field for two types of boundary heating process namely prescribed power law surface temperature (PST) and prescribed heat flux (PHF). Similarity transformations are used to reduce the governing non-linear momentum and thermal boundary layer equations into a set of ordinary differential equations. The exact solutions of the reduced ordinary differential equations are developed in the form of confluent hypergeometric function. The influence of the pertinent parameters on the temperature profile is examined. In addition the results for the wall temperature gradient are also discussed in detail.

6. Electroosmotic flow with Joule heating effects Xiangchun Xuan,a Bo Xu,a David Sintonb and Dongqing Li*a

E-print Network

Xuan, Xiangchun "Schwann"

Li*a a Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College or recirculating flow ap- pears.29­33 In addition, the applied electrical fields in the inter- sections of many

7. Use of Optical and Imaging Techniques for Inspection of Off-Line Joule-Heated Melter at the West Valley Demonstration Project

SciTech Connect

Plodinec, M. J.; Jang, P-R; Long, Z.; Monts, D. L.; Philip, T.; Su, Y.

2003-02-25

The West Valley melter has been taken out of service. Its design is the direct ancestor of the current melter design for the Hanford Waste Treatment Plant. Over its eight years of service, the West Valley melter has endured many of the same challenges that the Hanford melter will encounter with feeds that are similar to many of the Hanford double shell tank wastes. Thus, inspection of the West Valley melter prior to its disposal could provide valuable--even crucial--information to the designers of the melters to be used at the Hanford Site, particularly if quantitative information can be obtained. The objective of Mississippi State University's Diagnostic Instrumentation and Analysis Laboratory's (DIAL) efforts is to develop, fabricate, and deploy inspection tools for the West Valley melter that will (i) be remotely operable in the West Valley process cell; (ii) provide quantitative information on melter refractory wear and deposits on the refractory; and (iii) indicate areas of heterogeneity (e.g., deposits) requiring more detailed characterization. A collaborative arrangement has been established with the West Valley Demonstration Project (WVDP) to inspect their melter.

8. Joule-level double-pulsed Ho:Tm:LuLF Master-Oscillator-Power-Amplifier (MOPA) for potential spaceborne lidar applications

Chen, Songsheng; Yu, Jirong; Petros, Mulugeta; Bai, Yingxin; Singh, Upendra N.; Kavaya, Michael J.

2005-01-01

Spaceborne coherent Doppler wind lidars and CO2 Differential Absorption Lidars (DIALs) at eye-safe 2-?m spectral range have been proposed for several years for accurate global wind and carbon-oxide concentration profiling measurement. These lidar systems require Joule level laser pulse energy from laser transmitter and high efficiency. In this paper, we report a diode-pumped Ho:Tm:LuLF Master-Oscillator-Power-Amplifier (MOPA) developed to demonstrate Joule level output pulse energy. The MOPA consists of one master oscillator and two power amplifiers. The master oscillator was Q-switched and can be operated at single pulse mode or double pulse mode respectively. The single pulse operation is used for a coherent Doppler wind lidar and the double pulse operation for a CO2 Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL). The output pulse energy of the master oscillator is 115 mJ for the single pulse operation and 186 mJ for the double pulse operation. To extract more energy from the pumping pulses and increase the efficiency of the MOPA, the first amplifier was set at a double pass configuration. The second amplifier was set at a single pass configuration to avoid the damage problem of the Ho:Tm:LuLF laser rod. Total output pulse energy of 0.63 J with an optical efficiency of 4.1% for single pulse operation and 1.05 J with an optical efficiency of 6.9% for double pulse operation were demonstrated.

9. Heating Safety

MedlinePLUS

Heating Safety Heating equipment is a leading cause of home fire deaths. Almost half of home heating equipment fires are reported during the months of ... and February. Some simple steps can prevent most heating-related fires from happening. Safety Tips • Keep anything ...

10. Empirical analysis of contributing factors to heating in lithium-ion cells: Anode entropy versus internal resistance

Srinivasan, Rengaswamy; Carkhuff, Bliss G.

2013-11-01

Charging a battery beyond its maximum capacity can lead both to cell overheating and to the venting of gasses. A fundamental understanding of cell heating could lead to the development of real-time sensors that anticipate and avert catastrophic battery failure. Joule heating (also called ohmic or resistive heating) from cell internal resistance (Rint) dominates the overall thermal energy (?Q) generated during charging. Contrary to prior hypotheses, though, Joule heating does not appear to contribute to venting observed during overcharging. In this manuscript, we examine an alternate hypothesis, that heat released by the entropy change in the anode (?Sanode) and the concomitant increase in the anode temperature (Tanode) triggers the venting. Using our recently developed non-invasive battery internal temperature (BIT) sensor to monitor Tanode, we separated the contributions of ?Sanode, Rint and the anode resistance (Ranode) to ?Q. These quantities were tracked during constant current charging of a 18650 Lithium-ion cell, from zero state of charge (SoC) to overcharge. The resulting analysis suggests that anode entropy change is more important than resistive heating resulting from Ranode to the overall thermal energy. Anode entropy measurements, enabled by the BIT sensor, might serve as an alternative or adjunct method for anticipating and avoiding cell venting events.

11. Nanometer-scale heat-conductivity measurements on biological samples.

PubMed

Haeberle, W; Pantea, M; Hoerber, J K H

2006-01-01

With semiconductor structures reaching the nanometer scale, heat conductivity measurements on the mesoscopic range of some tens of nanometers become an increasingly important aspect for the further improvement in digital processing and storage. Also the attempt to use atomic-force microscopy (AFM) technology for high-density data storage by writing information bits as nanometer-sized indentations into a polymer substrate with a heated cantilever tip asks for a careful investigation of the nano-scale heat-conductivity properties of polymers. Furthermore, in many AFM imaging applications, heat conductivity can provide additional information about the material the imaged structures consist of. In this respect, heat conductivity can also become very interesting in studies of usually quite heterogeneous biological samples, if the resolution can attain the nanometer range. In standard scanning thermal microscopy application, the tip forms a thermocouple, which precludes high-resolution imaging, as thermocouples cannot be made sufficiently small. In this paper, which focuses on biological applications, we demonstrate that by using an ultra sharp AFM cantilever with a Joule heating element above the tip structure different molecular components can be distinguished thanks to their different heat-conductivity properties. In this case, the resolution is determined by the actual tip size, and it can reach 10nm. PMID:16730408

12. Nanowire heating by optical electromagnetic irradiation.

PubMed

Roder, Paden B; Pauzauskie, Peter J; Davis, E James

2012-11-20

The dissipative absorption of electromagnetic energy by 1D nanoscale structures at optical frequencies is applicable to several important phenomena, including biomedical photothermal theranostics, nanoscale photovoltaic materials, atmospheric aerosols, and integrated photonic devices. Closed-form analytical calculations are presented for the temperature rise within infinite circular cylinders with nanometer-scale diameters (nanowires) that are irradiated at right angles by a continuous-wave laser source polarized along the nanowire's axis. Solutions for the heat source are compared to both numerical finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulations and well-known Mie scattering cross sections for infinite cylinders. The analysis predicts that the maximum temperature increase is affected not only by the cylinder's composition and porosity but also by morphology-dependent resonances (MDRs) that lead to significant spikes in the local temperature at particular diameters. Furthermore, silicon nanowires with high thermal conductivities are observed to exhibit extremely uniform internal temperatures during electromagnetic heating to 1 part in 10(6), including cases where there are substantial fluctuations of the internal electric-field source term that generates the Joule heating. For a highly absorbing material such as carbon, much higher temperatures are predicted, the internal temperature distribution is nonuniform, and MDRs are not encountered. PMID:23061375

13. Analysis of self-heating and trapping in organic semiconductor devices

Knapp, Evelyne; Ruhstaller, Beat

2015-09-01

So far self-heating has only been of concern in large-area devices where the resistive transparent anode leads to a potential drop over the device resulting in inhomogeneous current, brightness and temperature distributions. In this work, we show that even small lab devices suffer from self-heating effects originating from the organic semiconductor layer. In admittance spectroscopy of organic semiconductor devices, negative capacitance values often arise at low frequency and high voltages. In this study we demonstrate the influence of self-heating on organic semiconductor devices with the aid of a numerical 1D drift-diffusion model that is extended by Joule heating and heat conduction. Furthermore the impact of trap states on the capacitance in combination with self-heating is demonstrated. The typical signature of self-heating might be overshadowed depending on the trapping dynamics. In a next step, we compare the negative capacitance vs. frequency for uni- and bipolar devices to quantify the different processes. We emphasize the impact of self-heating and trapping on OLEDs and organic solar cells. To ease the interpretation of the results we investigate simulations in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain. We have provided clear evidence of self-heating of organic semiconductor devices and conclude that a comprehensive model requires the inclusion of heat conduction and heat generation in the drift-diffusion model.

14. Heat Pipes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

Phoenix Refrigeration Systems, Inc.'s heat pipe addition to the Phoenix 2000, a supermarket rooftop refrigeration/air conditioning system, resulted from the company's participation in a field test of heat pipes. Originally developed by NASA to control temperatures in space electronic systems, the heat pipe is a simple, effective, heat transfer system. It has been used successfully in candy storage facilities where it has provided significant energy savings. Additional data is expected to fully quantify the impact of the heat pipes on supermarket air conditioning systems.

15. Effect of Anode Change on Heat Transfer and Magneto-hydrodynamic Flow in Aluminum Reduction Cell

Wang, Qiang; Li, Baokuan; Fafard, Mario

2015-10-01

In order to explore the impact of anode replacement on heat transfer and magneto-hydrodynamic flow in aluminum smelting cells, a transient three-dimensional coupled mathematical model has been developed. With a steady state magnetic field, an electrical potential approach was used to obtain electromagnetic fields. Joule heating and Lorentz force, which were the source terms in the energy and momentum equations, were updated at each iteration. The phase change of molten electrolyte (bath) was modeled by an enthalpy-based technique in which the mushy zone was treated as a porous medium with porosity equal to the liquid fraction. A reasonable agreement between the test data and simulated results was achieved. Under normal conditions, the bath at the middle of the cell is hotter, while becoming colder at the four corners. Due to the heat extracted from the bath, the temperature of the new cold anode increases over time. The temperature of the bath under the new cold anode therefore quickly drops, resulting in a decrease of the electrical conductivity. More Joule effect is created. In addition, the bath under the new cold anode gradually freezes and flows more slowly. The temperature of the new anode located at the middle of the cell rises faster because of the warmer bath. It is easier to eliminate the effect of anode change when it occurs in the middle of the cell.

16. Application of Flame-Sprayed Coatings as Heating Elements for Polymer-Based Composite Structures

2015-09-01

Flame-sprayed nickel-chromium-aluminum-yttrium (NiCrAlY) and nickel-chromium (NiCr) coatings were deposited on fiber-reinforced polymer composites for use as heating elements of structures that were exposed to cold environments. Electrical current was applied to the coatings to increase the surface temperature by way of Joule heating. The surface temperature profiles of the coatings were measured under free and forced convection conditions at different ambient temperatures, ranging from -25 to 23 °C. It was found that at ambient air temperatures below 0 °C, the surface temperature of the coating remained above 0 °C for both the forced and free convection conditions, and there was a nearly homogeneous temperature distribution over the coating surface. This suggests that flame-sprayed coatings could be used as heating elements to mitigate ice accretion on structures, without the presence of areas of localized high temperature.

17. Application of Flame-Sprayed Coatings as Heating Elements for Polymer-Based Composite Structures

2015-10-01

Flame-sprayed nickel-chromium-aluminum-yttrium (NiCrAlY) and nickel-chromium (NiCr) coatings were deposited on fiber-reinforced polymer composites for use as heating elements of structures that were exposed to cold environments. Electrical current was applied to the coatings to increase the surface temperature by way of Joule heating. The surface temperature profiles of the coatings were measured under free and forced convection conditions at different ambient temperatures, ranging from -25 to 23 °C. It was found that at ambient air temperatures below 0 °C, the surface temperature of the coating remained above 0 °C for both the forced and free convection conditions, and there was a nearly homogeneous temperature distribution over the coating surface. This suggests that flame-sprayed coatings could be used as heating elements to mitigate ice accretion on structures, without the presence of areas of localized high temperature.

18. OLEDs: light-emitting thin film thermistors revealing advanced self-heating effects

Fischer, Axel; Koprucki, Thomas; Glitzky, Annegret; Liero, Matthias; Gärtner, Klaus; Hauptmann, Jacqueline; Reineke, Sebastian; Kasemann, Daniel; Lüssem, Björn; Leo, Karl; Scholz, Reinhard

2015-09-01

Large area OLEDs show pronounced Joule self-heating at high brightness. This heating induces brightness inhomogeneities, drastically increasing beyond a certain current level. We discuss this behavior considering 'S'-shaped negative differential resistance upon self-heating, even allowing for 'switched-back' regions where the luminance finally decreases (Fischer et al., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 3367). By using a multi-physics simulation the device characteristics can be modeled, resulting in a comprehensive understanding of the problem. Here, we present results for an OLED lighting panel considered for commercial application. It turns out that the strong electrothermal feedback in OLEDs prevents high luminance combined with a high degree of homogeneity unless new optimization strategies are considered.

19. Multiphysics Modeling for Dimensional Analysis of a Self-Heated Molten Regolith Electrolysis Reactor for Oxygen and Metals Production on the Moon and Mars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dominguez, Jesus; Sibille, Laurent

2010-01-01

The technology of direct electrolysis of molten lunar regolith to produce oxygen and molten metal alloys has progressed greatly in the last few years. The development of long-lasting inert anodes and cathode designs as well as techniques for the removal of molten products from the reactor has been demonstrated. The containment of chemically aggressive oxide and metal melts is very difficult at the operating temperatures ca. 1600 C. Containing the molten oxides in a regolith shell can solve this technical issue and can be achieved by designing a self-heating reactor in which the electrolytic currents generate enough Joule heat to create a molten bath.

20. A Si/Glass Bulk-Micromachined Cryogenic Heat Exchanger for High Heat Loads: Fabrication, Test, and Application Results

PubMed Central

Zhu, Weibin; White, Michael J.; Nellis, Gregory F.; Klein, Sanford A.; Gianchandani, Yogesh B.

2010-01-01

This paper reports on a micromachined Si/glass stack recuperative heat exchanger with in situ temperature sensors. Numerous high-conductivity silicon plates with integrated platinum resistance temperature detectors (Pt RTDs) are stacked, alternating with low-conductivity Pyrex spacers. The device has a 1 × 1-cm2 footprint and a length of up to 3.5 cm. It is intended for use in Joule–Thomson (J–T) coolers and can sustain pressure exceeding 1 MPa. Tests at cold-end inlet temperatures of 237 K–252 K show that the heat exchanger effectiveness is 0.9 with 0.039-g/s helium mass flow rate. The integrated Pt RTDs present a linear response of 0.26%–0.30%/K over an operational range of 205 K–296 K but remain usable at lower temperatures. In self-cooling tests with ethane as the working fluid, a J–T system with the heat exchanger drops 76.1 K below the inlet temperature, achieving 218.7 K for a pressure of 835.8 kPa. The system reaches 200 K in transient state; further cooling is limited by impurities that freeze within the flow stream. In J–T self-cooling tests with an external heat load, the system reaches 239 K while providing 1 W of cooling. In all cases, there is an additional parasitic heat load estimated at 300–500 mW. PMID:20490284

1. Heat stroke.

PubMed

Leon, Lisa R; Bouchama, Abderrezak

2015-04-01

Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition clinically diagnosed as a severe elevation in body temperature with central nervous system dysfunction that often includes combativeness, delirium, seizures, and coma. Classic heat stroke primarily occurs in immunocompromised individuals during annual heat waves. Exertional heat stroke is observed in young fit individuals performing strenuous physical activity in hot or temperature environments. Long-term consequences of heat stroke are thought to be due to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in the identification of risk factors that predispose to heat stroke, the role of endotoxin and cytokines in mediation of multi-organ damage, the incidence of hypothermia and fever during heat stroke recovery, clinical biomarkers of organ damage severity, and protective cooling strategies. Risk factors include environmental factors, medications, drug use, compromised health status, and genetic conditions. The role of endotoxin and cytokines is discussed in the framework of research conducted over 30 years ago that requires reassessment to more clearly identify the role of these factors in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. We challenge the notion that hypothalamic damage is responsible for thermoregulatory disturbances during heat stroke recovery and highlight recent advances in our understanding of the regulated nature of these responses. The need for more sensitive clinical biomarkers of organ damage is examined. Conventional and emerging cooling methods are discussed with reference to protection against peripheral organ damage and selective brain cooling. PMID:25880507

2. Heat Problems.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Connors, G. Patrick

Heat problems and heat cramps related to jogging can be caused by fluid imbalances, medications, dietary insufficiency, vomiting or diarrhea, among other factors. If the condition keeps reoccurring, the advice of a physician should be sought. Some preventive measures that can be taken include: (1) running during the cooler hours of the day; (2)…

3. Studies of heat source driven natural convection. Ph.D. Thesis. Technical Report, Jul. 1974 - Aug. 1975

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kulacki, F. A.; Emara, A. A.

1975-01-01

Natural convection energy transport in a horizontal layer of internally heated fluid was measured for Rayleigh numbers from 1890 to 2.17 x 10 to the 12th power. The fluid layer is bounded below by a rigid zero-heat-flux surface and above by a rigid constant-temperature surface. Joule heating by an alternating current passing horizontally through the layer provides the uniform volumetric energy source. The overall steady-state heat transfer coefficient at the upper surface was determined by measuring the temperature difference across the layer and power input to the fluid. The correlation between the Nusselt and Rayleigh numbers for the data of the present study and the data of the Kulacki study is given.

4. Proliferation of metallic domains caused by inhomogeneous heating near the electrically driven transition in VO2 nanobeams

Singh, Sujay; Horrocks, Gregory; Marley, Peter M.; Shi, Zhenzhong; Banerjee, Sarbajit; Sambandamurthy, G.

2015-10-01

We discuss the mechanisms behind the electrically driven insulator-metal transition in single-crystalline VO2 nanobeams. Our dc and ac transport measurements and the versatile harmonic analysis method employed show that nonuniform Joule heating causes electronic inhomogeneities to develop within the nanobeam and is responsible for driving the transition in VO2. A Poole-Frenkel-like purely electric-field-induced transition is found to be absent, and the role of percolation near and away from the electrically driven transition in VO2 is also identified. The results and the harmonic analysis can be generalized to many strongly correlated materials that exhibit electrically driven transitions.

5. Heat collector

DOEpatents

Merrigan, M.A.

1981-06-29

A heat collector and method suitable for efficiently and cheaply collecting solar and other thermal energy are provided. The collector employs a heat pipe in a gravity-assist mode and is not evacuated. The collector has many advantages, some of which include ease of assembly, reduced structural stresses on the heat pipe enclosure, and a low total materials cost requirement. Natural convective forces drive the collector, which after startup operates entirely passively due in part to differences in molecular weights of gaseous components within the collector.

6. Heat collector

DOEpatents

Merrigan, Michael A. (Santa Cruz, NM)

1984-01-01

A heat collector and method suitable for efficiently and cheaply collecting solar and other thermal energy are provided. The collector employs a heat pipe in a gravity-assist mode and is not evacuated. The collector has many advantages, some of which include ease of assembly, reduced structural stresses on the heat pipe enclosure, and a low total materials cost requirement. Natural convective forces drive the collector, which after startup operates entirely passively due in part to differences in molecular weights of gaseous components within the collector.

7. Particle Acceleration and Plasma Heating in the Chromosphere

Zaitsev, V. V.; Stepanov, A. V.

2015-07-01

We propose a new mechanism of electron acceleration and plasma heating in the solar chromosphere, based on the magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The instability develops at the chromospheric footpoints of a flare loop and deforms the local magnetic field. As a result, the electric current in the loop varies, and a resulting inductive electric field appears. A pulse of the induced electric field, together with the pulse of the electric current, propagates along the loop with the Alfvén velocity and begins to accelerate electrons up to an energy of about 1 MeV. Accelerated particles are thermalized in the dense layers of the chromosphere with the plasma density n ?10^{14} - 10^{15} cm^{-3}, heating them to a temperature of about several million degrees. Joule dissipation of the electric current pulse heats the chromosphere at heights that correspond to densities n ?10^{11} - 10^{13} cm^{-3}. Observations with the New Solar Telescope at Big Bear Solar Observatory indicate that chromospheric footpoints of coronal loops might be heated to coronal temperatures and that hot plasma might be injected upwards, which brightens ultra-fine loops from the photosphere to the base of the corona. Thereby, recent observations of the Sun and the model we propose stimulate a déjà vu - they are reminiscent of the concept of the chromospheric flare.

8. Applicability of the Joule-Thomson Cryocooler Coupled with Membrane-Based Purification System for Liquefaction of Natural Gas in Small Quantities

Piotrowska, A.; Chorowski, M.

2008-03-01

Joule-Thomson (J-T) cryocoolers using gas mixture have been studied theoretically and experimentally for a variety of applications. Gas separation technology using polymer membrane is emerging. In this paper the concept of coupling the J-T cooler with a hollow fiber membranes is presented. The apparatus can be used in many applications, like compressed natural gas (CNG) purification and condensation into LNG or separation and liquefaction of nitrogen from air. The paper describes the system and experimental dependence of the separated nitrogen purity on the membrane inlet air pressure. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is used to optimize the composition of the mixture for natural gas cooling and liquefaction. Possible applications of the system depend on membrane material. Membranes used in separation of N2/air or CO2/CH4 are now commercially available [2,6]. The combination of the J-T cooler with N2/air membrane enables the construction of the liquid nitrogen production system aimed at cryosurgical applications. Similarly, J-T cooler coupled with CO2/CH4 membrane can be used for purification and liquefaction of natural gas in small quantities e.g. satisfying future car refueling system needs.

9. Corrosive resistant heat exchanger

DOEpatents

Richlen, Scott L. (Annandale, VA)

1989-01-01

A corrosive and errosive resistant heat exchanger which recovers heat from a contaminated heat stream. The heat exchanger utilizes a boundary layer of innocuous gas, which is continuously replenished, to protect the heat exchanger surface from the hot contaminated gas. The innocuous gas is conveyed through ducts or perforations in the heat exchanger wall. Heat from the heat stream is transferred by radiation to the heat exchanger wall. Heat is removed from the outer heat exchanger wall by a heat recovery medium.

10. Modular Heat Exchanger With Integral Heat Pipe

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schreiber, Jeffrey G.

1992-01-01

Modular heat exchanger with integral heat pipe transports heat from source to Stirling engine. Alternative to heat exchangers depending on integrities of thousands of brazed joints, contains only 40 brazed tubes.

11. Heat exchangers and solar heating

SciTech Connect

Fuller, D.L.

1980-01-22

A heat exchanger and a solar heating unit incorporating the heat exchanger and described. The heat exchanger is constructed with an outer tubular member closed at its ends and provided with a fluid inlet at one end and a fluid outlet at the other end, and an inner tubular member of different cross-sectional shape to the cross-sectional shape of the outer tubular member but positioned and dimensioned so as to provide a plurality of longitudinal points of contact between the outer member inner surface and the inner member outer surface and a plurality of fluid ducts defined by the longitudinal wall portions of the outer and inner tubular members between said points of contact.

12. Heating System Specification Specification of Heating System

E-print Network

Day, Nancy

Appendix A Heating System Specification /* Specification of Heating System (loosely based */ requestHeat : Room ­? bool; 306 #12; APPENDIX A. HEATING SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 307 /* user inputs */ livingPattern : Room ­? behaviour; setTemp : Room ­? num; heatSwitchOn, heatSwitchOff, userReset : simple

13. Heat Pipes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1990-01-01

Bobs Candies, Inc. produces some 24 million pounds of candy a year, much of it 'Christmas candy.' To meet Christmas demand, it must produce year-round. Thousands of cases of candy must be stored a good part of the year in two huge warehouses. The candy is very sensitive to temperature. The warehouses must be maintained at temperatures of 78-80 degrees Fahrenheit with relative humidities of 38- 42 percent. Such precise climate control of enormous buildings can be very expensive. In 1985, energy costs for the single warehouse ran to more than $57,000 for the year. NASA and the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) were adapting heat pipe technology to control humidity in building environments. The heat pipes handle the jobs of precooling and reheating without using energy. The company contacted a FSEC systems engineer and from that contact eventually emerged a cooperative test project to install a heat pipe system at Bobs' warehouses, operate it for a period of time to determine accurately the cost benefits, and gather data applicable to development of future heat pipe systems. Installation was completed in mid-1987 and data collection is still in progress. In 1989, total energy cost for two warehouses, with the heat pipes complementing the air conditioning system was$28,706, and that figures out to a cost reduction.

14. Localized Heating on Silicon Field Effect Transistors: Device Fabrication and Temperature Measurements in Fluid

PubMed Central

Elibol, Oguz H.; Reddy, Bobby; Nair, Pradeep R.; Dorvel, Brian; Butler, Felice; Ahsan, Zahab; Bergstrom, Donald E.; Alam, Muhammad A.; Bashir, Rashid

2010-01-01

We demonstrate electrically addressable localized heating in fluid at the dielectric surface of silicon-on-insulator field-effect transistors via radio-frequency Joule heating of mobile ions in the Debye layer. Measurement of fluid temperatures in close vicinity to surfaces poses a challenge due to the localized nature of the temperature profile. To address this, we developed a localized thermometry technique based on the fluorescence decay rate of covalently attached fluorophores to extract the temperature within 2 nm of any oxide surface. We demonstrate precise spatial control of voltage dependent temperature profiles on the transistor surfaces. Our results introduce a new dimension to present sensing systems by enabling dual purpose silicon transistor-heaters that serve both as field effect sensors as well as temperature controllers that could perform localized bio-chemical reactions in Lab on Chip applications. PMID:19967115

15. Evidence for ultra-fast heating in intense-laser irradiated reduced-mass targets

SciTech Connect

Neumayer, P.; Gumberidze, A.; Hochhaus, D. C.; Aurand, B.; Stoehlker, T.; Costa Fraga, R. A.; Kalinin, A.; Ecker, B.; Grisenti, R. E.; Kaluza, M. C.; Kuehl, T.; Polz, J.; Reuschl, R.; Winters, D.; Winters, N.; Yin, Z.

2012-12-15

We report on an experiment irradiating individual argon droplets of 20 {mu}m diameter with laser pulses of several Joule energy at intensities of 10{sup 19} W/cm{sup 2}. K-shell emission spectroscopy was employed to determine the hot electron energy fraction and the time-integrated charge-state distribution. Spectral fitting indicates that bulk temperatures up to 160 eV are reached. Modelling of the hot-electron relaxation and generation of K-shell emission with collisional hot-electron stopping only is incompatible with the experimental results, and the data suggest an additional ultra-fast (sub-ps) heating contribution. For example, including resistive heating in the modelling yields a much better agreement with the observed final bulk temperature and qualitatively reproduces the observed charge state distribution.

16. Heat exchanger

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Holmes, R. F.; Keller, E. E. (inventors)

1976-01-01

An improved lightweight heat exchanger particularly suited for use in systems having low volume flow, high longitudinal gradient and high effectiveness requirements is described. The heat exchanger is characterized by a shell of an annular configuration, an endless plate of minimal thickness and of a substantially uniformly convoluted configuration disposed within the annular shell for defining a plurality of endless, juxtaposed passages, each having a low Reynold's number and being of an annular configuration. A pair of manifolds disposed 180 deg apart is mounted on the shell in communication with the passages through which counterflowing fluids are simultaneously introduced and extracted from the passageways for achieving a continuous transfer of heat through the convoluted plate.

17. Heat exchanger

SciTech Connect

Drury, C.R.

1988-02-02

A heat exchanger having primary and secondary conduits in heat-exchanging relationship is described comprising: at least one serpentine tube having parallel sections connected by reverse bends, the serpentine tube constituting one of the conduits; a group of open-ended tubes disposed adjacent to the parallel sections, the open-ended tubes constituting the other of the conduits, and forming a continuous mass of contacting tubes extending between and surrounding the serpentine tube sections; and means securing the mass of tubes together to form a predetermined cross-section of the entirety of the mass of open-ended tubes and tube sections.

18. Dynamics of quantal heating in electron systems with discrete spectra

Dietrich, Scott; Mayer, William; Vitkalov, Sergey; Bykov, A. A.

2015-05-01

The temporal evolution of quantal Joule heating of two-dimensional (2D) electrons in a GaAs quantum well placed in quantizing magnetic fields is studied using a difference-frequency method. The method is based on measurements of the electron conductivity oscillating at the beat frequency f =f1-f2 between two microwaves applied to the 2D system at frequencies f1 and f2. The method provides direct access to the dynamical characteristics of the heating and yields the inelastic-scattering time ?i n of 2D electrons. The obtained ?i n is strongly temperature dependent, varying from 0.13 ns at 5.5 K to 1 ns at 2.4 K in magnetic field B =0.333 T . When the temperature T exceeds the Landau-level separation, the relaxation rate 1 /?i n is proportional to T2, indicating electron-electron interaction as the dominant mechanism limiting the quantal heating. At lower temperatures, the rate tends to be proportional to T3, indicating considerable contribution from electron-phonon scattering.

19. Infrared Heating

Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN)

IR heating was first industrially used in the 1930s for automotive curing applications and rapidly became a widely applied technology in the manufacturing industry. Contrarily, a slower pace in the development of IR technologies for processing foods and agricultural products was observed, due to lim...

20. Bayonet heat exchangers in heat-assisted Stirling heat pump

SciTech Connect

Yagyu, S.; Fukuyama, Y.; Morikawa, T.; Isshiki, N.; Satoh, I.; Corey, J.; Fellows, C.

1998-07-01

The Multi-Temperature Heat Supply System is a research project creating a city energy system with lower environmental load. This system consists of a gas-fueled internal combustion engine and a heat-assisted Stirling heat pump utilizing shaft power and thermal power in a combination of several cylinders. The heat pump is mainly driven by engine shaft power and is partially assisted by thermal power from engine exhaust heat source. Since this heat pump is operated by proportioning the two energy sources to match the characteristics of the driving engine, the system is expected to produce cooling and heating water at high COP. This paper describes heat exchanger development in the project to develop a heat-assisted Stirling heat pump. The heat pump employs the Bayonet type heat exchangers (BHX Type I) for supplying cold and hot water and (BHX Type II) for absorbing exhaust heat from the driving engine. The heat exchanger design concepts are presented and their heat transfer and flow loss characteristics in oscillating gas flow are investigated. The main concern in the BHX Type I is an improvement of gas side heat transfer and the spirally finned tubes were applied to gas side of the heat exchanger. For the BHX Type II, internal heat transfer characteristics are the main concern. Shell-and-tube type heat exchangers are widely used in Stirling machines. However, since brazing is applied to the many tubes for their manufacturing processes, it is very difficult to change flow passages to optimize heat transfer and loss characteristics once they have been made. The challenge was to enhance heat transfer on the gas side to make a highly efficient heat exchanger with fewer parts. It is shown that the Bayonet type heat exchanger can have good performance comparable to conventional heat exchangers.

1. A General Coupled Mathematical Model of Electromagnetic Phenomena, Two-Phase Flow, and Heat Transfer in Electroslag Remelting Process Including Conducting in the Mold

Wang, Qiang; He, Zhu; Li, Baokuan; Tsukihashi, Fumitaka

2014-12-01

A transient three-dimensional finite-volume mathematical model has been developed to investigate the coupled physical fields in the electroslag remelting (ESR) process. Through equations solved by the electrical potential method, the electric current, electromagnetic force (EMF), and Joule heating fields are demonstrated. The mold is assumed to be conductive rather than insulated. The volume of fluid approach is implemented for the two-phase flow. Moreover, the EMF and Joule heating, which are the source terms of the momentum and energy sources, are recalculated at each iteration as a function of the phase distribution. The solidification is modeled by an enthalpy-porosity formulation, in which the mushy zone is treated as a porous medium with porosity equal to the liquid fraction. An innovative marking method of the metal pool profile is proposed in the experiment. The effect of the applied current on the ESR process is understood by the model. Good agreement is obtained between the experiment and calculation. The electric current flows to the mold lateral wall especially in the slag layer. A large amount of Joule heating around the metal droplet varies as it falls. The hottest region appears under the outer radius of the electrode tip, close to the slag/metal interface instead of the electrode tip. The metal pool becomes deeper with more power. The maximal temperature increases from 1951 K to 2015 K (1678 °C to 1742 °C), and the maximum metal pool depth increases from 34.0 to 59.5 mm with the applied current ranging from 1000 to 2000 A.

2. Solar heat plant

SciTech Connect

Tani, T.; Morita, M.; Nakamoto, Y.; Sakuta, K.; Sawata, S.; Sekiya, H.; Tanaka, T.; Yamagata, N.

1984-05-22

A solar heat plant comprises a first system including a high temperature heat collector for changing solar energy to high temperature heat energy under usual sunshine and to low temperature heat energy under poor sunshine to supply the heat energy to a high temperature heat medium, a high temperature heat load which works under usual sunshine using the heat energy supplied to the high temperature heat medium, a second system including a low temperature heat collector for changing solar energy to low temperature heat energy under usual or poor sunshine to supply the heat energy to a low temperature heat medium, and a low temperature heat load which works under usual sunshine using the heat energy supplied to the low temperature heat medium and also works under poor sunshine using the heat energies supplied to the high and low temperature heat media.

3. Geothermal district heating systems

SciTech Connect

Budney, G.S.; Childs, F.

1982-01-01

Ten district heating demonstration projects and their present status are described. The projects are Klamath County YMCA, Susanville District Heating, Klamath Falls District Heating, Reno Salem Plaza Condominium, El Centro Community Center Heating/Cooling, Haakon School and Business District Heating, St. Mary's Hospital, Diamond Ring Ranch, Pagosa Springs District Heating, and Boise District Heating.

4. Geothermal district heating systems

Budney, G. S.; Childs, F.

1982-06-01

Ten district heating demonstration projects and their present status are described. The projects are Klamath County YMCA, Susanville District Heating, Klamath Falls District Heating, Reno Salem Plaza Condominium, El Centro Community Center Heating/Cooling, Haakon School and Business District Heating, St. Mary's Hospital, Diamond Ring Ranch, Pagosa Springs District Heating, and Boise District Heating.

5. Heating asymmetry induced by tunneling current flow in magnetic tunnel junctions

Gapihan, E.; Hérault, J.; Sousa, R. C.; Dahmane, Y.; Dieny, B.; Vila, L.; Prejbeanu, I. L.; Ducruet, C.; Portemont, C.; Mackay, K.; Nozières, J. P.

2012-05-01

In this work, exchange bias was used as a probe to characterise the temperature profile induced by the inelastic relaxation of electrons tunnelling across a MgO barrier. Thermally assisted magnetic random access memory (TA-MRAM) cells comprising a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) with a reference pinned layer and a FeMn exchange biased storage layer were used. The pinning direction of the ferromagnetic storage layer is reversed when heated above the blocking temperature of the antiferromagnetic layer (FeMn). The power density required to reach this blocking temperature in the FeMn layer depends on the current polarity, indicating that the heat source term associated with the current flowing through the barrier depends itself on the current direction in contrast to simple Joule heating. This effect is due to the mechanism of energy dissipation in tunnelling. The tunnelling itself is ballistic i.e., without dissipation. However, after tunnelling, the hot electrons very quickly relax to the Fermi energy thereby loosing their excess energy in the receiving electrode. Therefore, the heat is essentially generated on one side of the barrier so that the whole profile of temperature throughout the pillar depends on the current direction. Full 3D thermal simulations also confirmed the temperature profile asymmetry. The proper choice of heating current direction (i.e., voltage polarity applied to the MTJ) can yield a reduction of about 10% in the heating power density required to enable writing in thermally assisted MRAM cells.

6. Analysis on heat loss characteristics of a 10 kV HTS power substation

Teng, Yuping; Dai, Shaotao; Song, Naihao; Zhang, Jingye; Gao, Zhiyuan; Zhu, Zhiqin; Zhou, Weiwei; Wei, Zhourong; Lin, Liangzhen; Xiao, Liye

2014-09-01

A 10 kV High Temperature Superconducting power substation (10 kV HTS substation), supported by Chinese State 863 projects, was developed and has been running to supply power for several factories for more than two years at an industrial park of Baiyin, Gansu province in Northwest China. The system of the 10 kV HTS substation compositions, including a HTS cable, a HTS transformer, a SFCL, and a SMES, are introduced. The SMES works at liquid helium temperature and the other three apparatus operates under liquid nitrogen condition. There are mainly four types of heat losses existing in each HTS apparatus of the 10 kV HTS substation, including AC loss, Joule heat loss, conductive heat, and leak-in heat from cryostat. A small quantity of AC loss still exists due to the harmonic component of the current when it carries DC for HTS apparatus. The principle and basis for analysis of the heat losses are introduced and the total heat loss of each apparatus are calculated or estimated, which agree well with the test result. The analysis and result presented are of importance for the design of the refrigeration system.

7. Analytical and Numerical Studies of Heat Transfer in Nanocomposite Thermoelectric Coolers

Rabari, Ronil; Mahmud, Shohel; Dutta, Animesh; Biglarbegian, Mohammad

2015-08-01

Thermoelectric coolers (TEC) can produce a cooling effect (in refrigerator mode) or a heating effect (in heat pump mode) using electrical energy input. Performance characteristics of typical TECs are poor when compared to the traditional cooling system (e.g., a vapor compression system). However, nanostructuring of thermoelectric (TE) materials can generate high-performance TE materials (e.g., high Seebeck coefficient, low thermal conductivity, and high electrical conductivity), and such materials show the promise to improve the performance of TEC. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of nanocomposite TE materials and surface to surrounding convection heat transfer on the thermal performance of TEC. The mathematical model developed in this paper includes Fourier heat conduction, Joule heat, Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and Thomson effect. This model also includes temperature-dependent transport properties. Governing transport equations are solved numerically using the finite element method to identify temperature and electrical potential distributions and to calculate heat absorbed and the coefficient of performance (COP). Heat absorbed and COP are also calculated using a simplified 1D analytical solution and compared with numerically obtained results. An optimum electric current is also calculated for maximum heat absorption rate and maximum COP for fixed geometric dimensions and variable convection heat transfer coefficients. An Increase in the convection heat transfer coefficient increases the optimum electric current required for maximum heat absorption rate and maximum COP. For the materials considered, the results show that COP of TEC can be increased by approximately 13 ± 1% if nanostructured TE materials are used instead of the conventional TE materials.

8. Waste Heat Recovery from High Temperature Off-Gases from Electric Arc Furnace

SciTech Connect

Nimbalkar, Sachin U; Thekdi, Arvind; Keiser, James R; Storey, John Morse

2014-01-01

This article presents a study and review of available waste heat in high temperature Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) off gases and heat recovery techniques/methods from these gases. It gives details of the quality and quantity of the sensible and chemical waste heat in typical EAF off gases, energy savings potential by recovering part of this heat, a comprehensive review of currently used waste heat recovery methods and potential for use of advanced designs to achieve a much higher level of heat recovery including scrap preheating, steam production and electric power generation. Based on our preliminary analysis, currently, for all electric arc furnaces used in the US steel industry, the energy savings potential is equivalent to approximately 31 trillion Btu per year or 32.7 peta Joules per year (approximately \$182 million US dollars/year). This article describes the EAF off-gas enthalpy model developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to calculate available and recoverable heat energy for a given stream of exhaust gases coming out of one or multiple EAF furnaces. This Excel based model calculates sensible and chemical enthalpy of the EAF off-gases during tap to tap time accounting for variation in quantity and quality of off gases. The model can be used to estimate energy saved through scrap preheating and other possible uses such as steam generation and electric power generation using off gas waste heat. This article includes a review of the historical development of existing waste heat recovery methods, their operations, and advantages/limitations of these methods. This paper also describes a program to develop and test advanced concepts for scrap preheating, steam production and electricity generation through use of waste heat recovery from the chemical and sensible heat contained in the EAF off gases with addition of minimum amount of dilution or cooling air upstream of pollution control equipment such as bag houses.

9. On Variations of Space-heating Energy Use in Office Buildings

SciTech Connect

Lin, Hung-Wen; Hong, Tianzhen

2013-05-01

Space heating is the largest energy end use, consuming more than 7 quintillion joules of site energy annually in the U.S. building sector. A few recent studies showed discrepancies in simulated space-heating energy use among different building energy modeling programs, and the simulated results are suspected to be underpredicting reality. While various uncertainties are associated with building simulations, especially when simulations are performed by different modelers using different simulation programs for buildings with different configurations, it is crucial to identify and evaluate key driving factors to space-heating energy use in order to support the design and operation of low-energy buildings. In this study, 10 design and operation parameters for space-heating systems of two prototypical office buildings in each of three U.S. heating climates are identified and evaluated, using building simulations with EnergyPlus, to determine the most influential parameters and their impacts on variations of space-heating energy use. The influence of annual weather change on space-heating energy is also investigated using 30-year actual weather data. The simulated space-heating energy use is further benchmarked against those from similar actual office buildings in two U.S. commercial-building databases to better understand the discrepancies between simulated and actual energy use. In summary, variations of both the simulated and actual space-heating energy use of office buildings in all three heating climates can be very large. However these variations are mostly driven by a few influential parameters related to building design and operation. The findings provide insights for building designers, owners, operators, and energy policy makers to make better decisions on energy-efficiency technologies to reduce space-heating energy use for both new and existing buildings.

10. Heat pump system

DOEpatents

Swenson, Paul F. (Cleveland, OH); Moore, Paul B. (Fedhaurn, FL)

1982-01-01

An air heating and cooling system for a building includes an expansion-type refrigeration circuit and a heat engine. The refrigeration circuit includes two heat exchangers, one of which is communicated with a source of indoor air from the building and the other of which is communicated with a source of air from outside the building. The heat engine includes a heat rejection circuit having a source of rejected heat and a primary heat exchanger connected to the source of rejected heat. The heat rejection circuit also includes an evaporator in heat exchange relation with the primary heat exchanger, a heat engine indoor heat exchanger, and a heat engine outdoor heat exchanger. The indoor heat exchangers are disposed in series air flow relationship, with the heat engine indoor heat exchanger being disposed downstream from the refrigeration circuit indoor heat exchanger. The outdoor heat exchangers are also disposed in series air flow relationship, with the heat engine outdoor heat exchanger disposed downstream from the refrigeration circuit outdoor heat exchanger. A common fluid is used in both of the indoor heat exchanges and in both of the outdoor heat exchangers. In a first embodiment, the heat engine is a Rankine cycle engine. In a second embodiment, the heat engine is a non-Rankine cycle engine.

11. Industrial Waste Heat Recovery Using Heat Pipes

E-print Network

Ruch, M. A.

1981-01-01

For almost a decade now, heat pipes with secondary finned surfaces have been utilized in counter flow heat exchangers to recover sensible energy from industrial exhaust gases. Over 3,000 such heat exchangers are now in service, recovering...

12. Water and Space Heating Heat Pumps

E-print Network

Kessler, A. F.

1985-01-01

fossil fired heating units or electric resistance water heaters. When electric resistance water heaters are utilized there are three alternative electric heating concepts available to reduce home energy consumption. They are desuperheaters, dedicated heat...

13. Apprehending Joule Thieves with Cinder

E-print Network

Rumble, Stephen M.

Energy is the critical limiting resource to mobile computing devices. Correspondingly, an operating system must track, provision, and ration how applications consume energy. The emergence of third-party application stores ...

14. Apprehending Joule Thieves With Cinder

E-print Network

Levis, Philip

(composing versus polling) #12;7 Capacitors Firstclass abstraction Can be named and manipulated Protected usage ­ Flash writes ­ Network transmissions #12;8 Capacitors maps #12;9 Capacitors Input rate Throttles consumption maps 1 W #12;10 Capacitors Input rate Throttles consumption Energy storage Allows

15. Heat-Exchanger/Heat-Pipe Interface

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Snyder, H. J.; Van Hagan, T. H.

1987-01-01

Monolithic assembly reliable and light in weight. Heat exchanger and evaporator ends of heat pipes integrated in monolithic halves welded together. Interface assembly connects heat exchanger of furnace, reactor, or other power source with heat pipes carrying heat to radiator or power-consuming system. One of several concepts proposed for nuclear power supplies aboard spacecraft, interface useful on Earth in solar thermal power systems, heat engines, and lightweight cooling systems.

16. Citrate-capped gold nanoparticle electrophoretic heat production in response to a time-varying radiofrequency electric-field

PubMed Central

Corr, Stuart J.; Raoof, Mustafa; Mackeyev, Yuri; Phounsavath, Sophia; Cheney, Matthew A.; Cisneros, Brandon T.; Shur, Michael; Gozin, Michael; McNally, Patrick J.; Wilson, Lon J.; Curley, Steven A.

2013-01-01

The evaluation of heat production from gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) irradiated with radiofrequency (RF) energy has been problematic due to Joule heating of their background ionic buffer suspensions. Insights into the physical heating mechanism of nanomaterials under RF excitations must be obtained if they are to have applications in fields such as nanoparticle-targeted hyperthermia for cancer therapy. By developing a purification protocol which allows for highly-stable and concentrated solutions of citrate-capped AuNPs to be suspended in high-resistivity water, we show herein, for the first time, that heat production is only evident for AuNPs of diameters ? 10 nm, indicating a unique size-dependent heating behavior not previously observed. Heat production has also shown to be linearly dependent on both AuNP concentration and total surface area, and severely attenuated upon AuNP aggregation. These relationships have been further validated using permittivity analysis across a frequency range of 10 MHz to 3 GHz, as well as static conductivity measurements. Theoretical evaluations suggest that the heating mechanism can be modeled by the electrophoretic oscillation of charged AuNPs across finite length scales in response to a time-varying electric field. It is anticipated these results will assist future development of nanoparticle-assisted heat production by RF fields for applications such as targeted cancer hyperthermia. PMID:23795228

17. Heating systems for heating subsurface formations

DOEpatents

Nguyen, Scott Vinh (Houston, TX); Vinegar, Harold J. (Bellaire, TX)

2011-04-26

Methods and systems for heating a subsurface formation are described herein. A heating system for a subsurface formation includes a sealed conduit positioned in an opening in the formation and a heat source. The sealed conduit includes a heat transfer fluid. The heat source provides heat to a portion of the sealed conduit to change phase of the heat transfer fluid from a liquid to a vapor. The vapor in the sealed conduit rises in the sealed conduit, condenses to transfer heat to the formation and returns to the conduit portion as a liquid.

18. Heat pipe waste heat recovery boilers

Littwin, D. A.; McCurley, J.

The use of heat pipes as transport devices in waste heat recovery boilers is examined. Test results show that heat pipes can efficiently extract heat from the hot gas stream and transfer it inside the pressure vessel for the steam generation process. The benefits of incorporating heat pipes into the design of waste heat recovery boilers include a highly compact package, a significant reduction in thermally induced stresses, double isolation of the steam from the heat source, an extended surface for improved efficiency in heat extraction, improved circulation and stability in the boiling regime, easy cleaning, individually replaceable tubes, and low flue gas pressure drop.

19. Separation of hot-electron and self-heating effects in two-dimensional AlGaN/GaN-based conducting channels

Vitusevich, S. A.; Danylyuk, S. V.; Klein, N.; Petrychuk, M. V.; Avksentyev, A. Yu.; Sokolov, V. N.; Kochelap, V. A.; Belyaev, A. E.; Tilak, V.; Smart, J.; Vertiatchikh, A.; Eastman, L. F.

2003-02-01

We address experimental and theoretical study of a two-dimensional electron gas transport at low and moderate electric fields. The devices under study are group-III nitride-based (AlGaN/GaN) gateless heterostructures grown on sapphire. The transmission line model patterns of different channel lengths, L, and of the same channel width are used. A strong dependence of the device I-V characteristics on the channel length has been found. We have developed a simple theoretical model to adequately describe the observed peculiarities in the I-V characteristics measured in steady-state and pulsed (10-6 s) regimes. The effect of the Joule heating of a heterostructure is clearly distinguished. The thermal impedance and the channel temperature rise caused by the Joule self-heating have been extracted for the devices of different L at different values of dissipated power. The current reduction due to both self-heating and hot-electron effects is determined quantitatively as a function of the electric field.

20. High power heat pipe heat exchanger development

SciTech Connect

Fale, J.E.; Zuo, Z.J.; Gernert, N.J.; Goryca, M.L.

1998-07-01

This paper presents the results of a recently completed SBIR Phase 2 program by Thermacore, Inc. to develop a 350kW heat pipe radiator for the M109 A6 Howitzer engine cooling. After a brief discussion of operating principles and unique advantages of heat pipe heat exchangers, the paper focuses on the development of high power heat pipe heat exchangers. Design and manufacturing issues associated with high power heat pipe heat exchangers, such as non-uniform heat load distribution, redundancy/damage resistance, and seals between the two fluid streams, are addressed. Test results of segment and full scale heat pipe radiators are presented. Heat pipe heat exchanger applications, including the potential applications in the turbine industry and the food and pharmaceutical industry, are discussed.

1. Heat exchanger

DOEpatents

Brackenbury, Phillip J. (Richland, WA)

1986-01-01

A heat exchanger comparising a shell attached at its open end to one side of a tube sheet and a detachable head connected to the other side of said tube sheet. The head is divided into a first and second chamber in fluid communication with a nozzle inlet and nozzle outlet, respectively, formed in said tube sheet. A tube bundle is mounted within said shell and is provided with inlets and outlets formed in said tube sheet in communication with said first and second chambers, respectively.

2. Heat exchanger

SciTech Connect

Saperstein, Z.P.; Awe, R.C.; Costello, N.F.; Larrabee, S.R.

1986-10-07

A heat exchanger is described which consists of: spaced generally parallel header and tank constructions; each of the header and tank constructions having elongated, spaced, tube receiving holes in a header surface thereof; the holes in one header surface being aligned with and facing corresponding holes in the other header surface; and elongated open ended, flattened tubes extending between and into the header and tank constructions through aligned ones of the holes; the portions of each header surface between the holes including exteriorly convex domes defined by compound curves to thereby provide increased resistance to deformation as a result of force exerted by a pressurized fluid within the header and tank construction.

3. Heat exchanger

DOEpatents

Brackenbury, P.J.

1983-12-08

A heat exchanger comparising a shell attached at its open end to one side of a tube sheet and a detachable head connected to the other side of said tube sheet. The head is divided into a first and second chamber in fluid communication with a nozzle inlet and nozzle outlet, respectively, formed in said tube sheet. A tube bundle is mounted within said shell and is provided with inlets and outlets formed in said tube sheet in communication with said first and second chambers, respectively.

4. Heat Rash or Prickly Heat (Miliaria Rubra)

MedlinePLUS

newsletter | contact Share | Heat Rash or Prickly Heat (Miliaria Rubra) A parent's guide to condition and treatment information A A A This child with miliaria ... itchy bumps in area of redness. Overview Heat rash (miliaria rubra), also known as prickly heat, is ...

5. Latent Heat in Soil Heat Flux Measurements

Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN)

The surface energy balance includes a term for soil heat flux. Soil heat flux is difficult to measure because it includes conduction and convection heat transfer processes. Accurate representation of soil heat flux is an important consideration in many modeling and measurement applications. Yet, the...

6. Segmented heat exchanger

DOEpatents

Baldwin, Darryl Dean (Lafayette, IN); Willi, Martin Leo (Dunlap, IL); Fiveland, Scott Byron (Metamara, IL); Timmons, Kristine Ann (Chillicothe, IL)

2010-12-14

A segmented heat exchanger system for transferring heat energy from an exhaust fluid to a working fluid. The heat exchanger system may include a first heat exchanger for receiving incoming working fluid and the exhaust fluid. The working fluid and exhaust fluid may travel through at least a portion of the first heat exchanger in a parallel flow configuration. In addition, the heat exchanger system may include a second heat exchanger for receiving working fluid from the first heat exchanger and exhaust fluid from a third heat exchanger. The working fluid and exhaust fluid may travel through at least a portion of the second heat exchanger in a counter flow configuration. Furthermore, the heat exchanger system may include a third heat exchanger for receiving working fluid from the second heat exchanger and exhaust fluid from the first heat exchanger. The working fluid and exhaust fluid may travel through at least a portion of the third heat exchanger in a parallel flow configuration.

7. Heat recovery method

SciTech Connect

Richarts, F.

1985-04-16

Heat is recovered by combining a heat transfer system including heat exchangers interconnected in a circulatory system, with a heat pump system. The heat pump system is preferably operated in accordance with the Lorenz-Principle. It is not necessary to divide the heat carrier circuit of the heat pump into two or three separate circulatory circuits. The heat carrier circuit of the heat pump can thus continue to operate unchanged even if the heat pump is switched off. For this purpose the warm heat carrier coming from a discharge fluid cooler, is heated further in a condenser of the heat pump and the cold heat carrier coming from a preheater or cooler group, is cooled further in an evaporator of the heat pump.

8. Heat production in the windings of the stators of electric machines under stationary condition

Alebouyeh Samami, Behzad; Pieper, Martin; Breitbach, Gerd; Hodapp, Josef

2014-12-01

In electric machines due to high currents and resistive losses (joule heating) heat is produced. To avoid damages by overheating the design of effective cooling systems is required. Therefore the knowledge of heat sources and heat transfer processes is necessary. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a good and effective calculation method for the temperature analysis based on homogenization techniques. These methods have been applied for the stator windings in a slot of an electric machine consisting of copper wires and resin. The key quantity here is an effective thermal conductivity, which characterizes the heterogeneous wire resin-arrangement inside the stator slot. To illustrate the applicability of the method, the analysis of a simplified, homogenized model is compared with the detailed analysis of temperature behavior inside a slot of an electric machine according to the heat generation. We considered here only the stationary situation. The achieved numerical results are accurate and show that the applied homogenization technique works in practice. Finally the results of simulations for the two cases, the original model of the slot and the homogenized model chosen for the slot (unit cell), are compared to experimental results.

9. Temperature control at DBS electrodes using a heat sink: experimentally validated FEM model of DBS lead architecture

Elwassif, Maged M.; Datta, Abhishek; Rahman, Asif; Bikson, Marom

2012-08-01

There is a growing interest in the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of medically refractory movement disorders and other neurological and psychiatric conditions. The extent of temperature increases around DBS electrodes during normal operation (joule heating and increased metabolic activity) or coupling with an external source (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging) remains poorly understood and methods to mitigate temperature increases are being actively investigated. We developed a heat transfer finite element method (FEM) simulation of DBS incorporating the realistic architecture of Medtronic 3389 leads. The temperature changes were analyzed considering different electrode configurations, stimulation protocols and tissue properties. The heat-transfer model results were then validated using micro-thermocouple measurements during DBS lead stimulation in a saline bath. FEM results indicate that lead design (materials and geometry) may have a central role in controlling temperature rise by conducting heat. We show how modifying lead design can effectively control temperature increases. The robustness of this heat-sink approach over complimentary heat-mitigation technologies follows from several features: (1) it is insensitive to the mechanisms of heating (e.g. nature of magnetic coupling); (2) it does not interfere with device efficacy; and (3) can be practically implemented in a broad range of implanted devices without modifying the normal device operations or the implant procedure.

10. Nonlinear radiation heat transfer effects in the natural convective boundary layer flow of nanofluid past a vertical plate: a numerical study.

PubMed

Mustafa, Meraj; Mushtaq, Ammar; Hayat, Tasawar; Ahmad, Bashir

2014-01-01

The problem of natural convective boundary layer flow of nanofluid past a vertical plate is discussed in the presence of nonlinear radiative heat flux. The effects of magnetic field, Joule heating and viscous dissipation are also taken into consideration. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations and then solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta fourth-fifth order method with shooting technique. The results reveal an existence of point of inflection for the temperature distribution for sufficiently large wall to ambient temperature ratio. Temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness increase as Brownian motion and thermophoretic effects intensify. Moreover temperature increases and heat transfer from the plate decreases with an increase in the radiation parameter. PMID:25251242

11. Nonlinear Radiation Heat Transfer Effects in the Natural Convective Boundary Layer Flow of Nanofluid Past a Vertical Plate: A Numerical Study

PubMed Central

Mustafa, Meraj; Mushtaq, Ammar; Hayat, Tasawar; Ahmad, Bashir

2014-01-01

The problem of natural convective boundary layer flow of nanofluid past a vertical plate is discussed in the presence of nonlinear radiative heat flux. The effects of magnetic field, Joule heating and viscous dissipation are also taken into consideration. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations and then solved numerically using the Runge–Kutta fourth-fifth order method with shooting technique. The results reveal an existence of point of inflection for the temperature distribution for sufficiently large wall to ambient temperature ratio. Temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness increase as Brownian motion and thermophoretic effects intensify. Moreover temperature increases and heat transfer from the plate decreases with an increase in the radiation parameter. PMID:25251242

12. Direct electric field heating and acceleration of electrons in solar flares

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Holman, Gordon D.; Benka, Stephen G.

1992-01-01

We show that the observed properties of solar flare X-ray and microwave emission can be explained through the Joule heating and electric field acceleration of runaway electrons in current channels. The global properties of the flaring region required for this are presented. We have fit a hybrid thermal/nonthermal electron distribution, consisting of hot, isothermal electrons with a nonthermal tail of runaway electrons, to high-resolution hard X-ray and microwave spectra and have obtained excellent fits to both. The hybrid model relaxes the electron number and energy flux requirements for the hard X-ray emission over those of a purely nonthermal model. The model also provides explanations for several previously unexplained aspects of the high-resolution microwave spectra. The fit parameters can be related to physical properties (such as the electric field strength in the current channels) of the acceleration region.

13. Thulium-170 heat source

SciTech Connect

Walter, C.E.; Van Konynenburg, R.; Van Sant, J.H.

1992-01-21

This patent describes an isotopic heat source. It comprises; at least one isotopic fuel stack, comprising alternating layers of: thulium oxide; and a low atomic weight diluent for thulium oxide; a heat block defining holes into which the fuel stacks can be placed; at least one heat pipe for heat removal, with the heat pipe being positioned in the heat block in thermal connection with the fuel stack; and a structural container surrounding the heat block.

14. High heat flux single phase heat exchanger

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Valenzuela, Javier A.; Izenson, Michael G.

1990-01-01

This paper presents the results obtained to date in a program to develop a high heat flux, single-phase heat exchanger for spacecraft thermal management. The intended application is a net generation interface heat exchanger to couple the crew module water thermal bus to the two-phase ammonia main thermal bus in the Space Station Freedom. The large size of the interface heat exchanger is dictated by the relatively poor water-side heat transfer characteristics. The objective of this program is to develop a single-phase heat transfer approach which can achieve heat fluxes and heat transfer coefficients comparable to those of the evaporation ammonia side. A new heat exchanger concept has been developed to meet these objecties. The main feature of this heat exchanger is that it can achieve very high heat fluxes with a pressure drop one to two orders of magnitude lower than those of previous microchannel or jet impingement high heat flux heat exchangers. This paper describes proof-of-concept experiments performed in air and water and presents analytical model of the heat exchanger.

15. Study on a Miniature Mixed-gases Joule-Thomson Cooler Driven by an Oil-lubricated Mini-compressor for 120 K Temperature Ranges

Gong, M. Q.; Wu, J. F.; Yan, B.; Zou, X.; Zhuang, X. R.; Hu, Q. G.

In this paper, a miniature J-T cooler using multicomponent mixtures was developed and tested, in which an oil-lubricated mini-compressor was used. Experimental tests on the performance of the miniature J-T cooler were carried out with two kinds of recuperative heat exchangers. One is a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and the other is a plate-fin type recuperative heat exchanger with whereas a micro-channel configuration fabricated by the wire-electrode cutting method. The former one gave a no-load minimum temperature of 140 K, while the later one showsbetter performance. No-load minimum temperature of 110 K and about 4 W cooling capacity at 118 K were achieved with the plate-fin micro J-T cooler. Such miniature J-T coolers driven by oil-lubricated mini-compressors show good prospects in many applications.

16. Multiple source heat pump

DOEpatents

Ecker, Amir L. (Duncanville, TX)

1983-01-01

A heat pump apparatus for conditioning a fluid characterized by a fluid handler and path for circulating a fluid in heat exchange relationship with a refrigerant fluid, at least three refrigerant heat exchangers, one for effecting heat exchange with the fluid, a second for effecting heat exchange with a heat exchange fluid, and a third for effecting heat exchange with ambient air; a compressor for compressing the refrigerant; at least one throttling valve connected at the inlet side of a heat exchanger in which liquid refrigerant is vaporized; a refrigerant circuit; refrigerant; a source of heat exchange fluid; heat exchange fluid circuit and pump for circulating the heat exchange fluid in heat exchange relationship with the refrigerant; and valves or switches for selecting the heat exchangers and directional flow of refrigerant therethrough for selecting a particular mode of operation. Also disclosed are a variety of embodiments, modes of operation, and schematics therefor.

17. Heat exchanger

SciTech Connect

Niggemann, R.E.

1987-01-20

A heat exchanger is described comprising: a liquid impingement plate having a liquid carrying channel therein; means for spraying a liquid carrying channel; a liquid containment plate disposed in spaced relation to the liquid carrying channel, the liquid containment plate and the liquid impingement plate defining a liquid flow chamber therebetween; liquid inlet means in communication with the liquid spraying means to permit the liquid to flow through the liquid spraying means into the liquid carrying channel; liquid outlet means in communication with the liquid flow chamber to permit liquid to be removed from the liquid flow chamber; and means for cooling the liquid impingement plate on the side thereof opposite the liquid flow chamber to a temperature at or below the freezing point of the liquid; the liquid carrying channel including means for retaining a portion of the liquid in a frozen state there-within, the retaining means comprising a narrowed channel opening facing the liquid spraying means in spaced relation to cooling means.

18. Heat Pump for High School Heat Recovery

E-print Network

Huang, K.; Wang, H.; Zhou, X.

2006-01-01

The heat pump system used for recycling and reusing waste heat in s high school bathroom was minutely analyzed in its coefficient of performance, onetime utilization ratio of energy, economic property and so on. The results showed that this system...

19. Development of Rapid Pipe Moulding Process for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics by Direct Resistance Heating

Tanaka, Kazuto; Harada, Ryuki; Uemura, Toshiki; Katayama, Tsutao; Kuwahara, Hideyuki

To deal with environmental issues, the gasoline mileage of passenger cars can be improved by reduction of the car weight. The use of car components made of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) is increasing because of its superior mechanical properties and relatively low density. Many vehicle structural parts are pipe-shaped, such as suspension arms, torsion beams, door guard bars and impact beams. A reduction of the car weight is expected by using CFRP for these parts. Especially, when considering the recyclability and ease of production, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics are a prime candidate. On the other hand, the moulding process of CFRTP pipes for mass production has not been well established yet. For this pipe moulding process an induction heating method has been investigated already, however, this method requires a complicated coil system. To reduce the production cost, another system without such complicated equipment is to be developed. In this study, the pipe moulding process of CFRTP using direct resistance heating was developed. This heating method heats up the mould by Joule heating using skin effect of high-frequency current. The direct resistance heating method is desirable from a cost perspective, because this method can heat the mould directly without using any coils. Formerly developed Non-woven Stitched Multi-axial Cloth (NSMC) was used as semi-product material. NSMC is very suitable for the lamination process due to the fact that non-crimp stitched carbon fiber of [0°/+45°/90°/-45°] and polyamide 6 non-woven fabric are stitched to one sheet, resulting in a short production cycle time. The use of the pipe moulding process with the direct resistance heating method in combination with the NSMC, has resulted in the successful moulding of a CFRTP pipe of 300 mm in length, 40 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness.

20. Operation of an ADR Using Helium Exchange Gas as a Substitute for a Failed Heat Switch

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shirron, P.; DiPirro, M.; Kimball, M.; Sneiderman, G.; Porter, F. S.; Kilbourne, C.; Kelley, R.; Fujimoto, R.; Yoshida, S.; Takei, Y.; Mitsuda, K.

2014-01-01

The Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) is one of four instruments on the Japanese Astro-H mission, which is currently planned for launch in late 2015. The SXS will perform imaging spectroscopy in the soft X-ray band (0.3-12 keV) using a 6 6 pixel array of microcalorimeters cooled to 50 mK. The detectors are cooled by a 3-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) that rejects heat to either a superfluid helium tank (at 1.2 K) or to a 4.5 K Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocooler. Four gas-gap heat switches are used in the assembly to manage heat flow between the ADR stages and the heat sinks. The engineering model (EM) ADR was assembled and performance tested at NASA/GSFC in November 2011, and subsequently installed in the EM dewar at Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Japan. During the first cooldown in July 2012, a failure of the heat switch that linked the two colder stages of the ADR to the helium tank was observed. Operation of the ADR requires some mechanism for thermally linking the salt pills to the heat sink, and then thermally isolating them. With the failed heat switch unable to perform this function, an alternate plan was devised which used carefully controlled amounts of exchange gas in the dewar's guard vacuum to facilitate heat exchange. The process was successfully demonstrated in November 2012, allowing the ADR to cool the detectors to 50 mK for hold times in excess of 10 h. This paper describes the exchange-gas-assisted recycling process, and the strategies used to avoid helium contamination of the detectors at low temperature.

1. Natural convection heat transfer on surfaces of copper micro-wires

Guan, Ning; Liu, Zhigang; Zhang, Chengwu; Jiang, Guilin

2014-02-01

The natural convection heat transfer characteristics and mechanism for copper micro-wires in water and air were investigated experimentally and numerically. The wires with diameters of 39.9, 65.8 and 119.1 ?m were placed horizontally in water inside of a sealed tube and in air of a large room, respectively. Using Joule heating, the heat transfer coefficients and Nusselt numbers of natural convection for micro-wires in ultra pure water and air were obtained. A three dimensional incompressible numerical model was used to investigate the natural convection, and the prediction with this model was in reasonable accordance with the experimental results. With the decrease of micro-wire diameter, the heat transfer coefficient of natural convection on the surface of micro-wire becomes larger, while the Nu number of natural convection decreases in water and air. Besides, the change rate of Nu number in water decreases apparently with the increase of heat flux and the decrease of wire diameter, which is larger than that in air. The thickness of boundary layer on the wall of micro-wire becomes thinner with the decrease of diameter in both water and air, but the ratio of boundary layer thickness in water to the diameter increases. However, there is almost no change of this ratio for natural convection in air. As a result, the proportion of conduction in total heat transfer of natural convection in water increases, while the convective heat transfer decreases. The velocity distribution, temperature field and the boundary layer in the natural convection were compared with those of tube with conventional dimension. It was found that the boundary layer around the micro-wire is an oval-shaped film on the surface, which was different from that around the conventional tube. This apparently reduces the convection strength in the natural convection, thus the heat transfer presents a conduction characteristic.

2. Comparison and analysis of the efficiency of heat exchange of copper rod and copper wires current lead

Fang, J.; Yu, T.; Li, Z. M.; Wei, B.; Qiu, M.; Zhang, H. J.

2013-11-01

Current leads are the key components that connect the low-temperature and high temperature parts of the cryogenic system. Owing to the wide range of temperatures, current leads are the main sources of heat leakage. Since the HTS tapes have no resistance and the generated Joule heat is almost zero, HTS binary current leads can reduce heat leakage compared to the conventional leads. However, heat will still be generated and conducted to the cryogenic system through the copper parts of the HTS current leads. In order to reduce heat leakage by the copper parts of the HTS current leads, this paper presents an optimized design of the copper parts of HTS binary current leads. Inside the leads, the copper wires were applied as an alternative to the copper rod without changing the overall dimensions. Firstly, the differential function of heat transfer was derived. By solving the function, the optimum number of the copper wires and the temperature distribution of two different current leads were gotten. Then the experiment of the temperature distribution was done, and the experimental results were basically the same with the calculative results. The simulation and related experiments proved that the copper wire can increase security margins and reduce maximum temperatures under the same shunt current.

3. Transient heat transfer analysis of superconducting magnetic levitating flywheel rotor operating in vacuum

SciTech Connect

Mochida, A.; Kudo, K.; Higasa, H.

1999-07-01

In the present study, transient temperature rise is analyzed in a flywheel type power storage system operated in vacuum environment. The flywheel rotor is levitated by high-temperature-superconducting magnetic bearing to reduce the bearing loss. Though the superconductor is cooled by liquid nitrogen, the temperature of the whole system rises due to Joule heating in the coils of the bearings and the motor during the operation. If the temperature should reach the critical temperature of the permanent magnet used for the magnetic bearings after long time operation, the magnetic bearings lose their effect. The heat generated in the levitated rotor diffuses within it by heat conduction and finally emitted to its surrounding solid materials by thermal radiation from the rotor surfaces across vacuum layer. Numerical simulation is carried out calculating the transient radiative-conductive heat transfer and time-dependent profiles of temperature within the rotor are obtained. The results are compared with the experimentally obtained temperatures by measured a test model of 1kWh power storage and the measured profiles of the temperature rise of the rotor fit very well with the calculated ones. Using this simulation tool, the effects of the surface emissivity of the materials of the rotor and the stator, the temperature of the surrounding casings and the thermal conductivity of the materials on the temperature profiles in the system are estimated.

4. Absorption heat pump system

DOEpatents

Grossman, Gershon (Oak Ridge, TN)

1984-01-01

The efficiency of an absorption heat pump system is improved by conducting liquid from a second stage evaporator thereof to an auxiliary heat exchanger positioned downstream of a primary heat exchanger in the desorber of the system.

5. Absorption heat pump system

DOEpatents

Grossman, G.

1982-06-16

The efficiency of an absorption heat pump system is improved by conducting liquid from a second stage evaporator thereof to an auxiliary heat exchanger positioned downstream of a primary heat exchanger in the desorber of the system.

6. Babies and heat rashes

MedlinePLUS

Heat rashes and babies; Prickly heat rash; Red miliaria ... To avoid heat rash , keep your baby cool and dry during warm weather. Some helpful suggestions: During the hot season, dress your baby in lightweight, soft, cotton clothing. Cotton ...

7. Heat Wave Safety Checklist

MedlinePLUS

... heat has caused more deaths than all other weather events, including floods. A heat wave is a ... care for heat- related emergencies … ? Listen to local weather forecasts and stay aware of upcoming temperature changes. ? ...

8. Woven heat exchanger

DOEpatents

Piscitella, R.R.

1984-07-16

This invention relates to a heat exchanger for waste heat recovery from high temperature industrial exhaust streams. In a woven ceramic heat exchanger using the basic tube-in-shell design, each heat exchanger consisting of tube sheets and tube, is woven separately. Individual heat exchangers are assembled in cross-flow configuration. Each heat exchanger is woven from high temperature ceramic fiber, the warp is continuous from tube to tube sheet providing a smooth transition and unitized construction.

9. High Temperature Heat Recovery Systems Using Ceramic Recuperators

E-print Network

Young, S. B.; Bjerklie, J. W.; York, W. A.

1980-01-01

industry practice, require on average at least 3.000 Btu per lb. (6.98 x 10 6 joules per kg.) to bring car~on steel to forging tem perature. Most furnaces actually use at least 4.000 Btu/lb. (9.3 x 10 6 joules per kg.). Hague's high performance... furnaces, in commercial operation since the summer of 1979, have demonstrated their ability to bring steel to forging temperature at rates of 1000 Btu/lb (2.33 x 10 6 joules per kg.) and less. 5.0 INSTALLATION HISTORY 5.1 Retrofi t Packages The first...

10. A STUDY OF ALFVÉN WAVE PROPAGATION AND HEATING THE CHROMOSPHERE

SciTech Connect

Tu, Jiannan; Song, Paul

2013-11-01

Alfvén wave propagation, reflection, and heating of the chromosphere are studied for a one-dimensional solar atmosphere by self-consistently solving plasma, neutral fluid, and Maxwell's equations with incorporation of the Hall effect and strong electron-neutral, electron-ion, and ion-neutral collisions. We have developed a numerical model based on an implicit backward difference formula of second-order accuracy both in time and space to solve stiff governing equations resulting from strong inter-species collisions. A non-reflecting boundary condition is applied to the top boundary so that the wave reflection within the simulation domain can be unambiguously determined. It is shown that due to the density gradient the Alfvén waves are partially reflected throughout the chromosphere and more strongly at higher altitudes with the strongest reflection at the transition region. The waves are damped in the lower chromosphere dominantly through Joule dissipation, producing heating strong enough to balance the radiative loss for the quiet chromosphere without invoking anomalous processes or turbulences. The heating rates are larger for weaker background magnetic fields below ?500 km with higher-frequency waves subject to heavier damping. There is an upper cutoff frequency, depending on the background magnetic field, above which the waves are completely damped. At the frequencies below which the waves are not strongly damped, the interaction of reflected waves with the upward propagating waves produces power at their double frequencies, which leads to more damping. The wave energy flux transmitted to the corona is one order of magnitude smaller than that of the driving source.

11. Plate Fin Heat Exchanger Model with Axial Conduction and Variable Properties

SciTech Connect

Hansen, B.J.; White, M.J.; Klebaner, A.; /Fermilab

2011-06-10

Future superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities, as part of Project X at Fermilab, will be cooled to superfluid helium temperatures by a cryogenic distribution system supplying cold supercritical helium. To reduce vapor fraction during the final Joule-Thomson (J-T) expansion into the superfluid helium cooling bath, counter-flow, plate-fin heat exchangers will be utilized. Due to their compact size and ease of fabrication, plate-fin heat exchangers are an effective option. However, the design of compact and high-effectiveness cryogenic heat exchangers operating at liquid helium temperatures requires consideration of axial heat conduction along the direction of flow, in addition to variable fluid properties. Here we present a numerical model that includes the effects of axial conduction and variable properties for a plate fin heat exchanger. The model is used to guide design decisions on heat exchanger material choice and geometry. In addition, the J-T expansion process is modeled with the heat exchanger to analyze the effect of heat load and cryogenic supply parameters. A numerical model that includes the effects of axial conduction and variable properties for a plate fin heat exchanger was developed and the effect of various design parameters on overall heat exchanger size was investigated. It was found that highly conductive metals should be avoided in the design of compact JT heat exchangers. For the geometry considered, the optimal conductivity is around 3.5 W/m-K and can range from 0.3-10 W/m-K without a large loss in performance. The model was implemented with an isenthalpic expansion process. Increasing the cold side inlet temperature from 2K to 2.2 K decreased the liquid fraction from 0.856 to 0.839 which corresponds to a 0.12 g/s increase in supercritical helium supply needed to maintain liquid level in the cooling bath. Lastly, it was found that the effectiveness increased when the heat load was below the design value. Therefore, the heat exchanger should be sized on the high end of the required heat load.

12. Direct fired heat exchanger

DOEpatents

Reimann, Robert C. (Lafayette, NY); Root, Richard A. (Spokane, WA)

1986-01-01

A gas-to-liquid heat exchanger system which transfers heat from a gas, generally the combustion gas of a direct-fired generator of an absorption machine, to a liquid, generally an absorbent solution. The heat exchanger system is in a counterflow fluid arrangement which creates a more efficient heat transfer.

13. Woven heat exchanger

DOEpatents

Piscitella, Roger R. (Idaho Falls, ID)

1987-01-01

In a woven ceramic heat exchanger using the basic tube-in-shell design, each heat exchanger consisting of tube sheets and tube, is woven separately. Individual heat exchangers are assembled in cross-flow configuration. Each heat exchanger is woven from high temperature ceramic fiber, the warp is continuous from tube to tube sheet providing a smooth transition and unitized construction.

14. Rotary magnetic heat pump

DOEpatents

Kirol, Lance D. (Shelly, ID)

1988-01-01

A rotary magnetic heat pump constructed without flow seals or segmented rotor accomplishes recuperation and regeneration by using split flow paths. Heat exchange fluid pumped through heat exchangers and returned to the heat pump splits into two flow components: one flowing counter to the rotor rotation and one flowing with the rotation.

15. Mass and Heat Recovery

E-print Network

Hindawai, S. M.

2010-01-01

In the last few years heat recovery was under spot and in air conditioning fields usually we use heat recovery by different types of heat exchangers. The heat exchanging between the exhaust air from the building with the fresh air to the building...

16. Rotary magnetic heat pump

DOEpatents

Kirol, L.D.

1987-02-11

A rotary magnetic heat pump constructed without flow seals or segmented rotor accomplishes recuperation and regeneration by using split flow paths. Heat exchange fluid pumped through heat exchangers and returned to the heat pump splits into two flow components: one flowing counter to the rotor rotation and one flowing with the rotation. 5 figs.

17. Nature's Heat Exchangers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barnes, George

1991-01-01

Discusses the heat-transfer systems of different animals. Systems include heat conduction into the ground, heat transferred by convection, heat exchange in lizards, fish and polar animals, the carotid rete system, electromagnetic radiation from animals and people, and plant and animal fiber optics. (MDH)

18. Solar Heating Equipment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1981-01-01

Solar Unlimited, Inc.'s suncatcher line includes a variety of solar arrays, derived from NASA's satellite program: water heating only, partial home heating, or water and whole house central heating. Solar Unlimited developed a set of vigorous requirements to avoid problems common to solar heating technologies.

19. Heat Pipe Planets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moore, William B.; Simon, Justin I.; Webb, A. Alexander G.

2014-01-01

When volcanism dominates heat transport, a terrestrial body enters a heat-pipe mode, in which hot magma moves through the lithosphere in narrow channels. Even at high heat flow, a heat-pipe planet develops a thick, cold, downwards-advecting lithosphere dominated by (ultra-)mafic flows and contractional deformation at the surface. Heat-pipes are an important feature of terrestrial planets at high heat flow, as illustrated by Io. Evidence for their operation early in Earth's history suggests that all terrestrial bodies should experience an episode of heat-pipe cooling early in their histories.

20. Thulium-170 heat source

DOEpatents

Walter, Carl E. (Pleasanton, CA); Van Konynenburg, Richard (Livermore, CA); VanSant, James H. (Tracy, CA)

1992-01-01

An isotopic heat source is formed using stacks of thin individual layers of a refractory isotopic fuel, preferably thulium oxide, alternating with layers of a low atomic weight diluent, preferably graphite. The graphite serves several functions: to act as a moderator during neutron irradiation, to minimize bremsstrahlung radiation, and to facilitate heat transfer. The fuel stacks are inserted into a heat block, which is encased in a sealed, insulated and shielded structural container. Heat pipes are inserted in the heat block and contain a working fluid. The heat pipe working fluid transfers heat from the heat block to a heat exchanger for power conversion. Single phase gas pressure controls the flow of the working fluid for maximum heat exchange and to provide passive cooling.

1. Thulium-170 heat source

SciTech Connect

Walter, C.E.; Van Konynenburg, R.; VanSant, J.H.

1990-09-06

An isotopic heat source is formed using stacks of thin individual layers of a refractory isotopic fuel, preferably thulium oxide, alternating with layers of a low atomic weight diluent, preferably graphite. The graphite serves several functions: to act as a moderator during neutron irradiation, to minimize bremsstrahlung radiation, and to facilitate heat transfer. The fuel stacks are inserted into a heat block, which is encased in a sealed, insulated and shielded structural container. Heat pipes are inserted in the heat block and contain a working fluid. The heat pipe working fluid transfers heat from the heat block to a heat exchanger for power conversion. Single phase gas pressure controls the flow of the working fluid for maximum heat exchange and to provide passive cooling.

2. Heat Treating Apparatus

DOEpatents

De Saro, Robert (Annandale, NJ); Bateman, Willis (Sutton Colfield, GB)

2002-09-10

Apparatus for heat treating a heat treatable material including a housing having an upper opening for receiving a heat treatable material at a first temperature, a lower opening, and a chamber therebetween for heating the heat treatable material to a second temperature higher than the first temperature as the heat treatable material moves through the chamber from the upper to the lower opening. A gas supply assembly is operatively engaged to the housing at the lower opening, and includes a source of gas, a gas delivery assembly for delivering the gas through a plurality of pathways into the housing in countercurrent flow to movement of the heat treatable material, whereby the heat treatable material passes through the lower opening at the second temperature, and a control assembly for controlling conditions within the chamber to enable the heat treatable material to reach the second temperature and pass through the lower opening at the second temperature as a heated material.

3. Fundamentals of heat measurement. [heat flux transducers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gerashchenko, O. A.

1979-01-01

Various methods and devices for obtaining experimental data on heat flux density over wide ranges of temperature and pressure are examined. Laboratory tests and device fabrication details are supplemented by theoretical analyses of heat-conduction and thermoelectric effects, providing design guidelines and information relevant to further research and development. A theory defining the measure of correspondence between transducer signal and the measured heat flux is established for individual (isolated) heat flux transducers subject to space and time-dependent loading. An analysis of the properties of stacked (series-connected) transducers of various types (sandwich-type, plane, and spiral) is used to derive a similarity theory providing general governing relationships. The transducers examined are used in 36 types of derivative devices involving direct heat loss measurements, heat conduction studies, radiation pyrometry, calorimetry in medicine and industry and nuclear reactor dosimetry.

4. Heat cascading regenerative sorption heat pump

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Jack A. (Inventor)

1995-01-01

A simple heat cascading regenerative sorption heat pump process with rejected or waste heat from a higher temperature chemisorption circuit (HTCC) powering a lower temperature physisorption circuit (LTPC) which provides a 30% total improvement over simple regenerative physisorption compression heat pumps when ammonia is both the chemisorbate and physisorbate, and a total improvement of 50% or more for LTPC having two pressure stages. The HTCC contains ammonia and a chemisorbent therefor contained in a plurality of canisters, a condenser-evaporator-radiator system, and a heater, operatively connected together. The LTPC contains ammonia and a physisorbent therefor contained in a plurality of compressors, a condenser-evaporator-radiator system, operatively connected together. A closed heat transfer circuit (CHTC) is provided which contains a flowing heat transfer liquid (FHTL) in thermal communication with each canister and each compressor for cascading heat from the HTCC to the LTPC. Heat is regenerated within the LTPC by transferring heat from one compressor to another. In one embodiment the regeneration is performed by another CHTC containing another FHTL in thermal communication with each compressor. In another embodiment the HTCC powers a lower temperature ammonia water absorption circuit (LTAWAC) which contains a generator-absorber system containing the absorbent, and a condenser-evaporator-radiator system, operatively connected together. The absorbent is water or an absorbent aqueous solution. A CHTC is provided which contains a FHTL in thermal communication with the generator for cascading heat from the HTCC to the LTAWAC. Heat is regenerated within the LTAWAC by transferring heat from the generator to the absorber. The chemical composition of the chemisorbent is different than the chemical composition of the physisorbent, and the absorbent. The chemical composition of the FHTL is different than the chemisorbent, the physisorbent, the absorbent, and ammonia.

5. Thermodynamics and Mechanical Equivalent of Heat

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kipnis, Nahum

2014-01-01

This paper is the first part of a three-part project "How the principle of energy conservation evolved between 1842 and 1870: the view of a participant". This paper aims at showing how the new ideas of Mayer and Joule were received, what constituted the new theory in the period under study, and how it was supported experimentally. A…

6. STELLAR MAGNETIC FIELDS AS A HEATING SOURCE FOR EXTRASOLAR GIANT PLANETS

SciTech Connect

Buzasi, D.

2013-03-10

It has been observed that hot Jupiters located within 0.08 AU of their host stars commonly display radii in excess of those expected based on models. A number of theoretical explanations for this phenomenon have been suggested, but the ability of any one mechanism to account for the full range of observations remains to be rigorously proven. I identify an additional heating mechanism, arising from the interaction of the interplanetary magnetic field and the planetary magnetosphere, and show that this is capable of providing enough energy to explain the observed planetary radii. Such a model predicts that the degree of heating should be dependent on the stellar magnetic field, for which stellar activity serves as a proxy. Accordingly, I examine populations of hot Jupiters from the Kepler database and confirm that stellar activity (determined using Kepler CDPP levels) is correlated with the presence of planetary radii inflated beyond the basal level of R = 0.87 R{sub J} identified by previous researchers. I propose that the primary mechanism for transferring energy from the magnetosphere to the planetary interior is Joule heating arising from global electric circuits analogous to those seen in solar system objects.

7. Conditions for Aeronomic Applicability of the Classical Electron Heat Conduction Formula

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cole, K. D.; Hoegy, W. R.

1998-01-01

Conditions for the applicability of the classical formula for heat conduction in the electrons in ionized gas are investigated. In a fully ionised gas ( V(sub en) much greater than V(sub ei)), when the mean free path for electron-electron (or electron-ion) collisions is much larger than the characteristic thermal scale length of the observed system, the conditions for applicability break down. In the case of the Venus ionosphere this breakdown is indicated for a large fraction of the electron temperature data from altitudes greater than 180 km, for electron densities less than 10(exp 4)/cc cm. In a partially ionised gas such that V(sub en) much greater than V(sub ei) there is breakdown of the formula not only when the mean free path of electrons greatly exceeds the thermal scale length, but also when the gradient of neutral particle density exceeds the electron thermal gradient. It is shown that electron heat conduction may be neglected in estimating the temperature of joule heated electrons by observed strong 100 Hz electric fields when the conduction flux is limited by the saturation flux. The results of this paper support our earlier aeronomical arguments against the hypothesis of planetary scale whistlers for the 100 Hz electric field signal. In turn this means that data from the 100 Hz signal may not be used to support the case for lightning on Venus.

8. Mode-selected heat flow through a one-dimensional waveguide network

SciTech Connect

Riha, Christian Miechowski, Philipp; Buchholz, Sven S.; Chiatti, Olivio; Fischer, Saskia F.; Wieck, Andreas D.; Reuter, Dirk

2015-02-23

Cross-correlated measurements of thermal noise are performed to determine the electron temperature in nanopatterned channels of a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure at 4.2?K. Two-dimensional (2D) electron reservoirs are connected via an extended one-dimensional (1D) electron waveguide network. Hot electrons are produced using a current I{sub h} in a source 2D reservoir, are transmitted through the ballistic 1D waveguide, and relax in a drain 2D reservoir. We find that the electron temperature increase, ?T{sub e}, in the drain is proportional to the square of the heating current I{sub h}, as expected from Joule's law. No temperature increase is observed in the drain when the 1D waveguide does not transmit electrons. Therefore, we conclude that electron-phonon interaction is negligible for heat transport between 2D reservoirs at temperatures below 4.2?K. Furthermore, mode control of the 1D electron waveguide by application of a top-gate voltage reveals that ?T{sub e} is not proportional to the number of populated subbands N, as previously observed in single 1D conductors. This can be explained with the splitting of the heat flow in the 1D waveguide network.

9. Enhancement of heat transfer

Nakayama, W.

Recent publications on enhancement of heat transfer are reviewed, emphasizing the effects of roughness elements, fins, and porous surfaces. Enhancement of forced convective heat transfer on roughened surfaces, performance evaluation of enhanced surfaces, viscous flows in cooled tubes and tubes with swirlers, and active methods of enhancement are addressed. Aspects of pool boiling heat transfer are considered, including nucleate boiling heat transfer on rough surfaces and porous surfaces, and maximum and minimum heat fluxes. Evaporative heat transfer is discussed for thin-film evaporation on structured surfaces and liquid spray cooling of a heated surface. Condensation heat transfer on external surfaces is covered, including filmwise condensation on vertical finned and fluted surfaces and on horizontal tubes. In-tube boiling and condensation are treated, discussing their enhancement by fins and inserts, as well as critical heat flux in coiled, rifled, and corrugated tubes.

10. Effect of electrode heating on weld metal chemistry control in shielded metal arc welding

SciTech Connect

Bracarense, A.Q.; Liu, S.

1994-12-31

During welding with the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process, the electrode experiences an increase in temperature because of Joule heating and the heat from the arc conducted though the molten droplet to the solid wire. Heating of the electrode and temperature distribution along the electrode length will depend on the welding parameters as well as the ingredients of the flux coating. Thermal properties such as heat capacity and dissociation temperature of these ingredients can affect the heat transport through the electrode. A mathematical model taking into consideration the heat transport conditions in the electrode nd carbonate decomposition in the flux coating was developed to better understand and predict the increase in temperature in the core rod and coating of the electrode. Knowing the welding parameters and the physical properties of the flux ingredients, it was possible to estimate the temperature distribution along the length of the electrode, the location along the electrode length, above the arc where ingredients such as CaCO{sub 3} will start to dissociate and the oxygen potential of the shielding gas generated. To validate the model, the temperature of the core rod and the coating were monitored during actual welding. Experimental E7018 type electrodes with varying carbonate content were used. The remarkable conclusion of this research is that the stability of the flux ingredients and the welding parameters can be used to predict the thermal history along the electrode length and the oxygen potential in the arc environment during welding. The proposed mathematical model and thermodynamic data of the flux ingredients make it possible to control the chemical composition along the weld length.

11. Wound tube heat exchanger

DOEpatents

Ecker, Amir L. (Duncanville, TX)

1983-01-01

What is disclosed is a wound tube heat exchanger in which a plurality of tubes having flattened areas are held contiguous adjacent flattened areas of tubes by a plurality of windings to give a double walled heat exchanger. The plurality of windings serve as a plurality of effective force vectors holding the conduits contiguous heat conducting walls of another conduit and result in highly efficient heat transfer. The resulting heat exchange bundle is economical and can be coiled into the desired shape. Also disclosed are specific embodiments such as the one in which the tubes are expanded against their windings after being coiled to insure highly efficient heat transfer.

12. Microscale Regenerative Heat Exchanger

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moran, Matthew E.; Stelter, Stephan; Stelter, Manfred

2006-01-01

The device described herein is designed primarily for use as a regenerative heat exchanger in a miniature Stirling engine or Stirling-cycle heat pump. A regenerative heat exchanger (sometimes called, simply, a "regenerator" in the Stirling-engine art) is basically a thermal capacitor: Its role in the Stirling cycle is to alternately accept heat from, then deliver heat to, an oscillating flow of a working fluid between compression and expansion volumes, without introducing an excessive pressure drop. These volumes are at different temperatures, and conduction of heat between these volumes is undesirable because it reduces the energy-conversion efficiency of the Stirling cycle.

13. Heat transfer system

DOEpatents

Not Available

1980-03-07

A heat transfer system for a nuclear reactor is described. Heat transfer is accomplished within a sealed vapor chamber which is substantially evacuated prior to use. A heat transfer medium, which is liquid at the design operating temperatures, transfers heat from tubes interposed in the reactor primary loop to spaced tubes connected to a steam line for power generation purposes. Heat transfer is accomplished by a two-phase liquid-vapor-liquid process as used in heat pipes. Condensible gases are removed from the vapor chamber through a vertical extension in open communication with the chamber interior.

14. Heat transfer system

DOEpatents

McGuire, Joseph C. (Richland, WA)

1982-01-01

A heat transfer system for a nuclear reactor. Heat transfer is accomplished within a sealed vapor chamber which is substantially evacuated prior to use. A heat transfer medium, which is liquid at the design operating temperatures, transfers heat from tubes interposed in the reactor primary loop to spaced tubes connected to a steam line for power generation purposes. Heat transfer is accomplished by a two-phase liquid-vapor-liquid process as used in heat pipes. Condensible gases are removed from the vapor chamber through a vertical extension in open communication with the chamber interior.

15. Laundry heat recovery system

SciTech Connect

Alio, P.

1985-04-09

A laundry heat recovery system includes a heat exchanger associated with each dryer in the system, the heat exchanger being positioned within the exhaust system of the dryer. A controller responsive to the water temperature of the heat exchangers and the water storage for the washer selectively circulates the water through a closed loop system whereby the water within the exchangers is preheated by the associated dryers. By venting the exhaust air through the heat exchanger, the air is dehumidified to permit recirculation of the heated air into the dryer.

16. Heat-Of-Reaction Chemical Heat Pumps--Possible Configurations

E-print Network

Kirol, L. D.

1986-01-01

amplifier (HA). A bottoming cycle heat engine driving a heat pump is called a temperature amplifier (TA), and is driven by waste heat from the process or facility. Heat amplifiers are useful in reducing total energy con sumption of a process. Exergy... heat pumps utilize working fluids which undergo reversible chemical changes. Mechanically driven reactive heat pump cycles or, alternatively, hl~a: driven heat pumps in which either heat engine or heat pump working fluid is reactive, are consid...

17. Metal-insulator transition upon heating and negative-differential-resistive-switching induced by self-heating in BaCo{sub 0.9}Ni{sub 0.1}S{sub 1.8}

SciTech Connect

Fisher, B.; Genossar, J.; Chashka, K. B.; Patlagan, L.; Reisner, G. M.

2014-04-14

The layered compound BaCo{sub 1?x}Ni{sub x}S{sub 2?y} (0.05?heating in polycrystalline BaCo{sub 1?x}Ni{sub x}S{sub 2?y} (nominal x?=?0.1 and y?=?0.2). These were due to the steep metal to insulator transition upon heating followed by the activated behavior of the resistivity above the transition. The major role of Joule heating in switching is supported by the absence of nonlinearity in the current as function of voltage, I(V), obtained in pulsed measurements, in the range of electric fields relevant to d.c. measurements. The voltage-controlled negative differential resistance around the threshold for switching was explained by a simple model of self-heating. The main difficulty in modeling I(V) from the samples resistance as function of temperature R(T) was the progressive increase of R(T), and to a lesser extend the decrease of the resistance jumps at the transitions, caused by the damage induced by cycling through the transitions by heating or self-heating. This was dealt with by following systematically R(T) over many cycles and by using the data of R(T) in the heating cycle closest to that of the self-heating one.

18. HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS

E-print Network

Lenert, Andrej

2012-01-01

The choice of heat transfer fluids has significant effects on the performance, cost, and reliability of solar thermal systems. In this chapter, we evaluate existing heat transfer fluids such as oils and molten salts based ...

19. Geothermal District Heating Economics

Energy Science and Technology Software Center (ESTSC)

1995-07-12

GEOCITY is a large-scale simulation model which combines both engineering and economic submodels to systematically calculate the cost of geothermal district heating systems for space heating, hot-water heating, and process heating based upon hydrothermal geothermal resources. The GEOCITY program simulates the entire production, distribution, and waste disposal process for geothermal district heating systems, but does not include the cost of radiators, convectors, or other in-house heating systems. GEOCITY calculates the cost of district heating basedmore »on the climate, population, and heat demand of the district; characteristics of the geothermal resource and distance from the distribution center; well-drilling costs; design of the distribution system; tax rates; and financial conditions.« less

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Basiulis, A.; Buzzard, R. J.

1971-01-01

Unit moves heat radially from small diameter shell to larger diameter shell, or vice versa, with negligible temperature drop, making device useful wherever heating or cooling of concentrically arranged materials, substances, and structures is desired.

1. Monogroove liquid heat exchanger

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brown, Richard F. (Inventor); Edelstein, Fred (Inventor)

1990-01-01

A liquid supply control is disclosed for a heat transfer system which transports heat by liquid-vapor phase change of a working fluid. An assembly (10) of monogroove heat pipe legs (15) can be operated automatically as either heat acquisition devices or heat discharge sources. The liquid channels (27) of the heat pipe legs (15) are connected to a reservoir (35) which is filled and drained by respective filling and draining valves (30, 32). Information from liquid level sensors (50, 51) on the reservoir (35) is combined (60) with temperature information (55) from the liquid heat exchanger (12) and temperature information (56) from the assembly vapor conduit (42) to regulate filling and draining of the reservoir (35), so that the reservoir (35) in turn serves the liquid supply/drain needs of the heat pipe legs (15), on demand, by passive capillary action (20, 28).

DOEpatents

Hunt, Arlon J. (Oakland, CA); Hansen, Leif J. (Berkeley, CA); Evans, David B. (Orinda, CA)

1985-01-01

A receiver for converting solar energy to heat a gas to temperatures from 700.degree.-900.degree. C. The receiver is formed to minimize impingement of radiation on the walls and to provide maximum heating at and near the entry of the gas exit. Also, the receiver is formed to provide controlled movement of the gas to be heated to minimize wall temperatures. The receiver is designed for use with gas containing fine heat absorbing particles, such as carbon particles.

DOEpatents

Hunt, A.J.; Hansen, L.J.; Evans, D.B.

1982-09-29

A receiver is described for converting solar energy to heat a gas to temperatures from 700 to 900/sup 0/C. The receiver is formed to minimize impingement of radiation on the walls and to provide maximum heating at and near the entry of the gas exit. Also, the receiver is formed to provide controlled movement of the gas to be heated to minimize wall temperatures. The receiver is designed for use with gas containing fine heat absorbing particles, such as carbon particles.

4. Solar heating and cooling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bartera, R. E.

1978-01-01

To emphasize energy conservation and low cost energy, the systems of solar heating and cooling are analyzed and compared with fossil fuel systems. The application of solar heating and cooling systems for industrial and domestic use are discussed. Topics of discussion include: solar collectors; space heating; pools and spas; domestic hot water; industrial heat less than 200 F; space cooling; industrial steam; and initial systems cost. A question and answer period is generated which closes out the discussion.

5. Abrasion resistant heat pipe

DOEpatents

Ernst, Donald M. (Leola, PA)

1984-10-23

A specially constructed heat pipe for use in fluidized bed combustors. Two distinct coatings are spray coated onto a heat pipe casing constructed of low thermal expansion metal, each coating serving a different purpose. The first coating forms aluminum oxide to prevent hydrogen permeation into the heat pipe casing, and the second coating contains stabilized zirconium oxide to provide abrasion resistance while not substantially affecting the heat transfer characteristics of the system.

6. Abrasion resistant heat pipe

DOEpatents

Ernst, D.M.

1984-10-23

A specially constructed heat pipe is described for use in fluidized bed combustors. Two distinct coatings are spray coated onto a heat pipe casing constructed of low thermal expansion metal, each coating serving a different purpose. The first coating forms aluminum oxide to prevent hydrogen permeation into the heat pipe casing, and the second coating contains stabilized zirconium oxide to provide abrasion resistance while not substantially affecting the heat transfer characteristics of the system.

7. Heat Transfer Guest Editorial

E-print Network

Kandlikar, Satish

Journal of Heat Transfer Guest Editorial We are indeed delighted in bringing out this special issue was showcased in diverse areas such as traditional heat and mass transfer, lab-on-chip, sensors, biomedical applica- tions, micromixers, fuel cells, and microdevices. Selected papers in the field of heat transfer

8. Heat pipes. [technology utilization

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

The development and use of heat pipes are described, including space requirements and contributions. Controllable heat pipes, and designs for automatically maintaining a selected constant temperature, are discussed which would add to the versatility and usefulness of heat pipes in industrial processing, manufacture of integrated circuits, and in temperature stabilization of electronics.

9. Champagne Heat Pump

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Jack A.

2004-01-01

The term champagne heat pump denotes a developmental heat pump that exploits a cycle of absorption and desorption of carbon dioxide in an alcohol or other organic liquid. Whereas most heat pumps in common use in the United States are energized by mechanical compression, the champagne heat pump is energized by heating. The concept of heat pumps based on other absorption cycles energized by heat has been understood for years, but some of these heat pumps are outlawed in many areas because of the potential hazards posed by leakage of working fluids. For example, in the case of the water/ammonia cycle, there are potential hazards of toxicity and flammability. The organic-liquid/carbon dioxide absorption/desorption cycle of the champagne heat pump is similar to the water/ammonia cycle, but carbon dioxide is nontoxic and environmentally benign, and one can choose an alcohol or other organic liquid that is also relatively nontoxic and environmentally benign. Two candidate nonalcohol organic liquids are isobutyl acetate and amyl acetate. Although alcohols and many other organic liquids are flammable, they present little or no flammability hazard in the champagne heat pump because only the nonflammable carbon dioxide component of the refrigerant mixture is circulated to the evaporator and condenser heat exchangers, which are the only components of the heat pump in direct contact with air in habitable spaces.

10. Introduction to Heat Exchangers

E-print Network

Heller, Barbara

for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another (hot and cold fluid). #12;Common Example The classic to hot and cold fluid heat capacitance rates, respectively. qmax comparing the heat capacitance rate of the hot and cold medium. #12;Parallel Flow Effectiveness

11. Liquid heat capacity lasers

DOEpatents

Comaskey, Brian J. (Walnut Creek, CA); Scheibner, Karl F. (Tracy, CA); Ault, Earl R. (Livermore, CA)

2007-05-01

The heat capacity laser concept is extended to systems in which the heat capacity lasing media is a liquid. The laser active liquid is circulated from a reservoir (where the bulk of the media and hence waste heat resides) through a channel so configured for both optical pumping of the media for gain and for light amplification from the resulting gain.

12. Acoustic Heating Peter Ulmschneider

E-print Network

Ulmschneider, Peter

Acoustic Heating Peter Ulmschneider lnstitut fiir Theoretische Astrophysik der Universitat waves are a viable and prevalent heating mechanism both in early- and in late-type stars. Acoustic heating appears to be a dominant mechanism for situations where magnetic fields are weak or absent

13. A corrosive resistant heat exchanger

DOEpatents

Richlen, S.L.

1987-08-10

A corrosive and erosive resistant heat exchanger which recovers heat from a contaminated heat stream. The heat exchanger utilizes a boundary layer of innocuous gas, which is continuously replenished, to protect the heat exchanger surface from the hot contaminated gas. The innocuous gas is pumped through ducts or perforations in the heat exchanger wall. Heat from the heat stream is transferred by radiation to the heat exchanger wall. Heat is removed from the outer heat exchanger wall by a heat recovery medium. 3 figs., 3 tabs.

14. Heat exchangers for low grade waste heat

SciTech Connect

Hay, E.; Al-Witry, A.; Aroussi, A.; Hay, N.

1996-12-31

The paper describes a user friendly computer program written for the design and optimization of roll bond aluminum heat exchangers and its validation against experimental test data. Test results for two different designs of heat exchanger panel, one serpentine and one dimple, are also given. The dimple design is shown to be superior to the serpentine one giving a 75% increase in heat transfer for a modest increase in pressure drop. Finally, a comparison of the economics of equivalent aluminum, stainless steel and titanium units for sea-water applications is presented.

15. Chemical heat pump

DOEpatents

Greiner, Leonard (2750-C Segerstrom Ave., Santa Ana, CA 92704)

1980-01-01

A chemical heat pump system is disclosed for use in heating and cooling structures such as residences or commercial buildings. The system is particularly adapted to utilizing solar energy, but also increases the efficiency of other forms of thermal energy when solar energy is not available. When solar energy is not available for relatively short periods of time, the heat storage capacity of the chemical heat pump is utilized to heat the structure as during nighttime hours. The design also permits home heating from solar energy when the sun is shining. The entire system may be conveniently rooftop located. In order to facilitate installation on existing structures, the absorber and vaporizer portions of the system may each be designed as flat, thin wall, thin pan vessels which materially increase the surface area available for heat transfer. In addition, this thin, flat configuration of the absorber and its thin walled (and therefore relatively flexible) construction permits substantial expansion and contraction of the absorber material during vaporization and absorption without generating voids which would interfere with heat transfer. The heat pump part of the system heats or cools a house or other structure through a combination of evaporation and absorption or, conversely, condensation and desorption, in a pair of containers. A set of automatic controls change the system for operation during winter and summer months and for daytime and nighttime operation to satisfactorily heat and cool a house during an entire year. The absorber chamber is subjected to solar heating during regeneration cycles and is covered by one or more layers of glass or other transparent material. Daytime home air used for heating the home is passed at appropriate flow rates between the absorber container and the first transparent cover layer in heat transfer relationship in a manner that greatly reduce eddies and resultant heat loss from the absorbant surface to ambient atmosphere.

16. Urban heat island

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kim, Hongsuk H.

1991-01-01

The phenomenon of urban heat island was investigated by the use of LANDSAT Thematic Mapper data sets collected over the metropolitan area of Washington DC (U.S.). By combining the retrieved spectral albedos and temperatures, urban modification on radiation budgets of five surface categories were analyzed. The surface radiation budget imagery of the area show that urban heating is attributable to a large heat flux from the rapidly heating surfaces of asphalt, bare soil and short grass. In summer, symptoms of diurnal heating begin to appear by mid morning and can be about 10 degrees warmer than nearby woodlands in summer.

17. Absorption heat pump system

DOEpatents

Grossman, Gershon (Oak Ridge, TN); Perez-Blanco, Horacio (Knoxville, TN)

1984-01-01

An improvement in an absorption heat pump cycle is obtained by adding adiabatic absorption and desorption steps to the absorber and desorber of the system. The adiabatic processes make it possible to obtain the highest temperature in the absorber before any heat is removed from it and the lowest temperature in the desorber before heat is added to it, allowing for efficient utilization of the thermodynamic availability of the heat supply stream. The improved system can operate with a larger difference between high and low working fluid concentrations, less circulation losses, and more efficient heat exchange than a conventional system.

18. Heat Integrate Heat Engines in Process Plants

E-print Network

Hindmarsh, E.; Boland, D.; Townsend, D. W.

1986-01-01

This paper presents a novel method for the integration of heat engines into total processes to effect large energy savings. Paybacks are often short. The method is applicable to new designs and retrofits and is ...

19. Flexible heating head for induction heating

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fox, Robert L. (inventor); Johnson, Samuel D. (inventor); Coultrip, Robert H. (inventor); Phillips, W. Morris (inventor)

1993-01-01

An induction heating head includes a length of wire having first and second opposite ends and being wound in a flat spiral shape to form an induction coil, a capacitor connected to the first and second ends of the wire, the induction coil and capacitor defining a tank circuit, and a flexible, elastomeric body molded to encase the induction coil. When a susceptor is placed in juxtaposition to the body, and the tank circuit is powered, the susceptor is inductively heated.

20. Heat pump apparatus

DOEpatents

Nelson, Paul A. (Wheaton, IL); Horowitz, Jeffrey S. (Woodridge, IL)

1983-01-01

A heat pump apparatus including a compact arrangement of individual tubular reactors containing hydride-dehydride beds in opposite end sections, each pair of beds in each reactor being operable by sequential and coordinated treatment with a plurality of heat transfer fluids in a plurality of processing stages, and first and second valves located adjacent the reactor end sections with rotatable members having multiple ports and associated portions for separating the hydride beds at each of the end sections into groups and for simultaneously directing a plurality of heat transfer fluids to the different groups. As heat is being generated by a group of beds, others are being regenerated so that heat is continuously available for space heating. As each of the processing stages is completed for a hydride bed or group of beds, each valve member is rotated causing the heat transfer fluid for the heat processing stage to be directed to that bed or group of beds. Each of the end sections are arranged to form a closed perimeter and the valve member may be rotated repeatedly about the perimeter to provide a continuous operation. Both valves are driven by a common motor to provide a coordinated treatment of beds in the same reactors. The heat pump apparatus is particularly suitable for the utilization of thermal energy supplied by solar collectors and concentrators but may be used with any source of heat, including a source of low-grade heat.

1. Active microchannel heat exchanger

DOEpatents

Tonkovich, Anna Lee Y. (Pasco, WA) [Pasco, WA; Roberts, Gary L. (West Richland, WA) [West Richland, WA; Call, Charles J. (Pasco, WA) [Pasco, WA; Wegeng, Robert S. (Richland, WA) [Richland, WA; Wang, Yong (Richland, WA) [Richland, WA

2001-01-01

The present invention is an active microchannel heat exchanger with an active heat source and with microchannel architecture. The microchannel heat exchanger has (a) an exothermic reaction chamber; (b) an exhaust chamber; and (c) a heat exchanger chamber in thermal contact with the exhaust chamber, wherein (d) heat from the exothermic reaction chamber is convected by an exothermic reaction exhaust through the exhaust chamber and by conduction through a containment wall to the working fluid in the heat exchanger chamber thereby raising a temperature of the working fluid. The invention is particularly useful as a liquid fuel vaporizer and/or a steam generator for fuel cell power systems, and as a heat source for sustaining endothermic chemical reactions and initiating exothermic reactions.

2. Nanofluid heat capacities

Starace, Anne K.; Gomez, Judith C.; Wang, Jun; Pradhan, Sulolit; Glatzmaier, Greg C.

2011-12-01

Significant increases in the heat capacity of heat transfer fluids are needed not only to reduce the costs of liquid heating and cooling processes, but also to bring clean energy producing technologies like concentrating solar power (CSP) to price parity with conventional energy generation. It has been postulated that nanofluids could have higher heat capacities than conventional fluids. In this work, nano- and micron-sized particles were added to five base fluids (poly-? olefin, mineral oil, ethylene glycol, a mixture of water and ethylene glycol, and calcium nitrate tetrahydrate), and the resulting heat capacities were measured and compared with those of the neat base fluids and the weighted average of the heat capacities of the components. The particles used were inert metals and metal oxides that did not undergo any phase transitions over the temperature range studied. In the nanofluids studied here, we found no increase in heat capacity upon the addition of the particles larger than the experimental error.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Edelstein, F.

1975-01-01

4. Cytotoxicity of heated chrysotile.

PubMed

Hayashi, H

1974-12-01

Cytotoxicity and hemolysis were studied in chrysotile and quartz. The biological activity of the surface seemed to be different between chrysotile and quartz. Quartz lost its cytotoxicity on heating over about 500 degrees C. However chrysotile showed remarkable toxicity and induced hemolysis on heating between 650 and 800 degrees C, compared with the original unheated specimens. The mice injected intraperitoneally with minerals heated in this temperature range generally died within 48 hr after injection, while those injected with untreated chrysotile or chrysotile heated in the other heat ranges did not. The products in this range were highly disorded materials. It was assumed that the change of biological effects resulting from heat treatment may be related to the disordered state of chrysotile in the process of transformation into forsterite. The relationship between chemical character and cytotoxicity of the heated chrysotile specimens was also studied. PMID:4470944

5. Cytotoxicity of heated chrysotile

PubMed Central

Hayashi, Hisato

1974-01-01

Cytotoxicity and hemolysis were studied in chrysotile and quartz. The biological activity of the surface seemed to be different between chrysotile and quartz. Quartz lost its cytotoxicity on heating over about 500°C. However chrysotile showed remarkable toxicity and induced hemolysis on heating between 650 and 800°C, compared with the original unheated specimens. The mice injected intraperitoneally with minerals heated in this temperature range generally died within 48 hr after injection, while those injected with untreated chrysotile or chrysotile heated in the other heat ranges did not. The products in this range were highly disorded materials. It was assumed that the change of biological effects resulting from heat treatment may be related to the disordered state of chrysotile in the process of transformation into forsterite. The relationship between chemical character and cytotoxicity of the heated chrysotile specimens was also studied. PMID:4470944

6. Roles of Clathrate Hydrates in Crustal Heating and Volatile Storage/Release on Earth, Mars, and Beyond

Kargel, J. S.; Beget, J.; Furfaro, R.; Prieto-Ballesteros, O.; Palmero-Rodriguez, J. A.

2007-12-01

Clathrate hydrates are stable through much of the Solar System. These materials and hydrate-like amorphous associations of water with N2, CO, CH4, CO2, O2 and other molecules could, in fact, constitute the bulk of the non-rock components of some icy satellites, comets, and Kuiper Belt Objects. CO2 clathrate is thermodynamically stable at the Martian South Pole surface and could form a significant fraction of both Martian polar caps and icy permafrost distributed across one-third of the Martian surface. CH4 clathrate is the largest clathrate material in Earth's permafrost and cold seafloor regions, and it may be a major volatile reservoir on Mars, too. CO2 clathrate is less abundant on Earth but it might store most of Mars' CO2 inventory and thus may be one of the critical components in the climate system of that planet, just as CH4 clathrate is for Earth. These ice-like phases not only store biologically, geologically, and climatologically important gases, but they also are natural thermal insulators. Thus, they retard the conductive flow of geothermal heat, and thick accumulations of them can modify geotherms, cause brines to exist where otherwise they would not, and induce low-grade metamorphism of upper crustal rocks underlying the insulating bodies. This mechanism of crustal heating may be especially important in assisting hydrogeologic activity on Mars, gas-rich carbonaceous asteroids, icy satellites, and Kuiper Belt Objects. These worlds, compared to Earth, are comparatively energy starved and frozen but may partly make up for their deficit of joules by having large accumulations of joule-conserving hydrates. Thick, continuous layers of clathrate may seal in gases and produce high gas fugacities in aquifers underlying the clathrates, thus producing gas-rich reservoirs capable of erupting violently. This may have happened repeatedly in Earth history, with global climatic consequences for abrupt climate change. We have hypothesized that such eruptions may have occurred during interglacial epochs and formed super-size maar craters in Bering Land Bridge National Preserve (Alaska). On Mars, clathrates and gas-saturated aquifers apparently played some role in the largest flood- and debris-flow-forming events in that planet's history, with vast consequences for landform development and resurfacing. This heating phenomenon also has possible implications for carbon sequestration as a means of climate change mediation on Earth; besides other concerns about their long-term stability, artificial hydrates produced by carbon dioxide pumping onto the seafloor might heat up and become unstable over time due to normal background radiogenic heat flux.

7. On the Concept of Energy: Eclecticism and Rationality

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Coelho, Ricardo Lopes

2014-01-01

In the theory of heat of the first half of the nineteenth century, heat was a substance. Mayer and Joule contradicted this thesis but developed different concepts of heat. Heat was a force for Mayer and a motion for Joule. Both Mayer and Joule determined the mechanical equivalent of heat. This result was, however, justified in accordance with…

8. Heat pump system

DOEpatents

Swenson, Paul F.; Moore, Paul B.

1983-06-21

An air heating and cooling system for a building includes an expansion type refrigeration circuit and a vapor power circuit. The refrigeration circuit includes two heat exchangers, one of which is communicated with a source of indoor air from the building and the other of which is communicated with a source of air from outside the building. The vapor power circuit includes two heat exchangers, one of which is disposed in series air flow relationship with the indoor refrigeration circuit heat exchanger and the other of which is disposed in series air flow relationship with the outdoor refrigeration circuit heat exchanger. Fans powered by electricity generated by a vapor power circuit alternator circulate indoor air through the two indoor heat exchangers and circulate outside air through the two outdoor heat exchangers. The system is assembled as a single roof top unit, with a vapor power generator and turbine and compressor thermally insulated from the heat exchangers, and with the indoor heat exchangers thermally insulated from the outdoor heat exchangers.

9. Optimization of Heat Exchangers

SciTech Connect

Ivan Catton

2010-10-01

The objective of this research is to develop tools to design and optimize heat exchangers (HE) and compact heat exchangers (CHE) for intermediate loop heat transport systems found in the very high temperature reator (VHTR) and other Generation IV designs by addressing heat transfer surface augmentation and conjugate modeling. To optimize heat exchanger, a fast running model must be created that will allow for multiple designs to be compared quickly. To model a heat exchanger, volume averaging theory, VAT, is used. VAT allows for the conservation of mass, momentum and energy to be solved for point by point in a 3 dimensional computer model of a heat exchanger. The end product of this project is a computer code that can predict an optimal configuration for a heat exchanger given only a few constraints (input fluids, size, cost, etc.). As VAT computer code can be used to model characteristics )pumping power, temperatures, and cost) of heat exchangers more quickly than traditional CFD or experiment, optimization of every geometric parameter simultaneously can be made. Using design of experiment, DOE and genetric algorithms, GE, to optimize the results of the computer code will improve heat exchanger disign.

10. Heat pump system

DOEpatents

Swenson, Paul F. (Shaker Heights, OH); Moore, Paul B. (Fedhaven, FL)

1983-01-01

An air heating and cooling system for a building includes an expansion type refrigeration circuit and a vapor power circuit. The refrigeration circuit includes two heat exchangers, one of which is communicated with a source of indoor air from the building and the other of which is communicated with a source of air from outside the building. The vapor power circuit includes two heat exchangers, one of which is disposed in series air flow relationship with the indoor refrigeration circuit heat exchanger and the other of which is disposed in series air flow relationship with the outdoor refrigeration circuit heat exchanger. Fans powered by electricity generated by a vapor power circuit alternator circulate indoor air through the two indoor heat exchangers and circulate outside air through the two outdoor heat exchangers. The system is assembled as a single roof top unit, with a vapor power generator and turbine and compressor thermally insulated from the heat exchangers, and with the indoor heat exchangers thermally insulated from the outdoor heat exchangers.

11. Lunar base heat pump

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goldman, Jeffrey H.; Tetreault, R.; Fischbach, D.; Walker, D.

1994-01-01

A heat pump is a device which elevates the temperature of a heat flow by a means of an energy input. By doing this, the heat pump can cause heat to transfer faster from a warm region to a cool region, or it can cause heat to flow from a cool region to a warmer region. The second case is the one which finds vast commercial applications such as air conditioning, heating, and refrigeration. Aerospace applications of heat pumps include both cases. The NASA Johnson Space Center is currently developing a Life Support Systems Integration Facility (LSSIF, previously SIRF) to provide system-level integration, operational test experience, and performance data that will enable NASA to develop flight-certified hardware for future planetary missions. A high lift heat pump is a significant part of the TCS hardware development associated with the LSSIF. The high lift heat pump program discussed here is being performed in three phases. In Phase 1, the objective is to develop heat pump concepts for a lunar base, a lunar lander, and for a ground development unit for the SIRF. In Phase 2, the design of the SIRF ground test unit is being performed, including identification and evaluation of safety and reliability issues. In Phase 3, the SIRF unit will be manufactured, tested, and delivered to the NASA Johnson Space Center.

12. Silicon Heat Pipe Array

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yee, Karl Y.; Ganapathi, Gani B.; Sunada, Eric T.; Bae, Youngsam; Miller, Jennifer R.; Beinsford, Daniel F.

2013-01-01

Improved methods of heat dissipation are required for modern, high-power density electronic systems. As increased functionality is progressively compacted into decreasing volumes, this need will be exacerbated. High-performance chip power is predicted to increase monotonically and rapidly with time. Systems utilizing these chips are currently reliant upon decades of old cooling technology. Heat pipes offer a solution to this problem. Heat pipes are passive, self-contained, two-phase heat dissipation devices. Heat conducted into the device through a wick structure converts the working fluid into a vapor, which then releases the heat via condensation after being transported away from the heat source. Heat pipes have high thermal conductivities, are inexpensive, and have been utilized in previous space missions. However, the cylindrical geometry of commercial heat pipes is a poor fit to the planar geometries of microelectronic assemblies, the copper that commercial heat pipes are typically constructed of is a poor CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion) match to the semiconductor die utilized in these assemblies, and the functionality and reliability of heat pipes in general is strongly dependent on the orientation of the assembly with respect to the gravity vector. What is needed is a planar, semiconductor-based heat pipe array that can be used for cooling of generic MCM (multichip module) assemblies that can also function in all orientations. Such a structure would not only have applications in the cooling of space electronics, but would have commercial applications as well (e.g. cooling of microprocessors and high-power laser diodes). This technology is an improvement over existing heat pipe designs due to the finer porosity of the wick, which enhances capillary pumping pressure, resulting in greater effective thermal conductivity and performance in any orientation with respect to the gravity vector. In addition, it is constructed of silicon, and thus is better suited for the cooling of semiconductor devices.

13. Extreme Heat DID YOU KNOW?

E-print Network

Extreme Heat DID YOU KNOW? Heat related deaths are preventable Extreme heat or heat waves occur when the temperature reaches extremely high levels or when the combination of heat and humidity causes the air to become oppressive. HOW to AVOID: WHAT: During extreme heat the temperature in your car could

14. Fluidized bed heat treating system

DOEpatents

Ripley, Edward B; Pfennigwerth, Glenn L

2014-05-06

Systems for heat treating materials are presented. The systems typically involve a fluidized bed that contains granulated heat treating material. In some embodiments a fluid, such as an inert gas, is flowed through the granulated heat treating medium, which homogenizes the temperature of the heat treating medium. In some embodiments the fluid may be heated in a heating vessel and flowed into the process chamber where the fluid is then flowed through the granulated heat treating medium. In some embodiments the heat treating material may be liquid or granulated heat treating material and the heat treating material may be circulated through a heating vessel into a process chamber where the heat treating material contacts the material to be heat treated. Microwave energy may be used to provide the source of heat for heat treating systems.

15. Heat transfer from oriented heat exchange areas

Vantuch, Martin; Huzvar, Jozef; Kapjor, Andrej

2014-03-01

This paper deals with the transfer of heat-driven heat transfer surface area in relation to the construction of the criterion equation for "n" horizontal pipe one about another. On the bases of theoretical models have been developed for calculating the thermal performance of natural convection by Churilla and Morgan, for various pipe diameters and temperatures. These models were compared with models created in CFD-Fluent Ansys the same boundary conditions. The aim of the analyse of heat and fluxional pipe fields "n" pipes one about another at natural convection is the creation of criterion equation on the basis of which the heat output of heat transfer from pipe oriented areas one above another with given spacing could be quantified. At presence a sum of criterion equations exists for simple geometrical shapes of individual oriented geometrical areas but the criterion equation which would consider interaction of fluxional field generated by free convection from multiple oriented areas is not mentioned in standardly accessible technical literature and other magazine publications.

16. Heat-pipe Earth.

PubMed

Moore, William B; Webb, A Alexander G

2013-09-26

The heat transport and lithospheric dynamics of early Earth are currently explained by plate tectonic and vertical tectonic models, but these do not offer a global synthesis consistent with the geologic record. Here we use numerical simulations and comparison with the geologic record to explore a heat-pipe model in which volcanism dominates surface heat transport. These simulations indicate that a cold and thick lithosphere developed as a result of frequent volcanic eruptions that advected surface materials downwards. Declining heat sources over time led to an abrupt transition to plate tectonics. Consistent with model predictions, the geologic record shows rapid volcanic resurfacing, contractional deformation, a low geothermal gradient across the bulk of the lithosphere and a rapid decrease in heat-pipe volcanism after initiation of plate tectonics. The heat-pipe Earth model therefore offers a coherent geodynamic framework in which to explore the evolution of our planet before the onset of plate tectonics. PMID:24067709

17. Energy saving heating vessel

SciTech Connect

Conant, L.A.; Bolton, W.M.; Wilson, J.E.

1984-02-21

Energy saving heating vessel adapted for heating by contact with bottom surface heating means, such as a hotplate, is disclosed. The described vessels typically have a heating rate 2 to 5 times faster than a conventional glass vessel while consuming about half the energy or less. The vessel includes sidewalls of a nonmetal material such as a plastic, and a composite bottom. The composite bottom has a high heating surface contact area and includes a liquid-impervious innermost film of a non-metal material of a minimal thickness to minimize its resistance to heat transfer through it, bonded to and supported by an outermost layer of a rigid good thermal conductivity material preferably a graphitic material having a conductivity at least ten times higher than the sidewalls and the inner film, such outermost layer being the hot plate contacting element. The vessel can be made in a variety of shapes adapted for use in laboratory, domestic, service and industrial applications.

18. Water-heating dehumidifier

DOEpatents

Tomlinson, John J. (Knoxville, TN)

2006-04-18

A water-heating dehumidifier includes a refrigerant loop including a compressor, at least one condenser, an expansion device and an evaporator including an evaporator fan. The condenser includes a water inlet and a water outlet for flowing water therethrough or proximate thereto, or is affixed to the tank or immersed into the tank to effect water heating without flowing water. The immersed condenser design includes a self-insulated capillary tube expansion device for simplicity and high efficiency. In a water heating mode air is drawn by the evaporator fan across the evaporator to produce cooled and dehumidified air and heat taken from the air is absorbed by the refrigerant at the evaporator and is pumped to the condenser, where water is heated. When the tank of water heater is full of hot water or a humidistat set point is reached, the water-heating dehumidifier can switch to run as a dehumidifier.

19. Water heating apparatus

SciTech Connect

Mori, K.

1984-11-20

A water heating apparatus comprising a refrigerant loop for natural circulation which includes a hot water storage tank for holding water to be heated, a heat collecting plate for collecting solar heat, and refrigerant tubes having a refrigerant sealed therein and extending to unite the hot water storage tank with the heat collecting plate and another refrigerant loop for refrigeration cycle which includes a compressor and an expansion valve which are connected in the refrigerant tube uniting the hot water storage tank with the heat collecting plate. The water in the hot water storage tank is elevated in temperature selectively by the natural circulation action where there is a sufficient amount of sunshine or by the refrigeration cycle where the amount of sunshine is insufficient.

20. Counterflow Regolith Heat Exchanger

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zubrin, Robert; Jonscher, Peter

2013-01-01

A problem exists in reducing the total heating power required to extract oxygen from lunar regolith. All such processes require heating a great deal of soil, and the heat energy is wasted if it cannot be recycled from processed material back into new material. The counterflow regolith heat exchanger (CoRHE) is a device that transfers heat from hot regolith to cold regolith. The CoRHE is essentially a tube-in-tube heat exchanger with internal and external augers attached to the inner rotating tube to move the regolith. Hot regolith in the outer tube is moved in one direction by a right-hand - ed auger, and the cool regolith in the inner tube is moved in the opposite direction by a left-handed auger attached to the inside of the rotating tube. In this counterflow arrangement, a large fraction of the heat from the expended regolith is transferred to the new regolith. The spent regolith leaves the heat exchanger close to the temperature of the cold new regolith, and the new regolith is pre-heated close to the initial temperature of the spent regolith. Using the CoRHE can reduce the heating requirement of a lunar ISRU system by 80%, reducing the total power consumption by a factor of two. The unique feature of this system is that it allows for counterflow heat exchange to occur between solids, instead of liquids or gases, as is commonly done. In addition, in variants of this concept, the hydrogen reduction can be made to occur within the counterflow heat exchanger itself, enabling a simplified lunar ISRU (in situ resource utilization) system with excellent energy economy and continuous nonbatch mode operation.

1. Heat Loss Imagery

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1981-01-01

Infrared scanning devices are being used to produce images that show, by color or black-and-white shading differences, which buildings and homes are losing heat to the outdoors, and how much. Heat loss surveys done by Texas Instruments, Daedalus Enterprises, Inc. and other companies have growing acceptance of their services among industrial firms, utilities, local governments, and state and federal agencies interested in promoting heat loss awareness and inspiring corrective actions.

2. Saturn base heating handbook

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mullen, C. R.; Bender, R. L.; Bevill, R. L.; Reardon, J.; Hartley, L.

1972-01-01

A handbook containing a summary of model and flight test base heating data from the S-1, S-1B, S-4, S-1C, and S-2 stages is presented. A review of the available prediction methods is included. Experimental data are provided to make the handbook a single source of Saturn base heating data which can be used for preliminary base heating design predictions of launch vehicles.

3. NCSX Plasma Heating Methods

SciTech Connect

H.W. Kugel; D. Spong; R. Majeski; M. Zarnstorff

2003-02-28

4. Heat and mass exchanger

DOEpatents

Lowenstein, Andrew (Princeton, NJ); Sibilia, Marc J. (Princeton, NJ); Miller, Jeffrey A. (Hopewell, NJ); Tonon, Thomas (Princeton, NJ)

2011-06-28

A mass and heat exchanger includes at least one first substrate with a surface for supporting a continuous flow of a liquid thereon that either absorbs, desorbs, evaporates or condenses one or more gaseous species from or to a surrounding gas; and at least one second substrate operatively associated with the first substrate. The second substrate includes a surface for supporting the continuous flow of the liquid thereon and is adapted to carry a heat exchange fluid therethrough, wherein heat transfer occurs between the liquid and the heat exchange fluid.

5. Heat and mass exchanger

DOEpatents

Lowenstein, Andrew (Princeton, NJ); Sibilia, Marc J. (Princeton, NJ); Miller, Jeffrey A. (Hopewell, NJ); Tonon, Thomas (Princeton, NJ)

2007-09-18

A mass and heat exchanger includes at least one first substrate with a surface for supporting a continuous flow of a liquid thereon that either absorbs, desorbs, evaporates or condenses one or more gaseous species from or to a surrounding gas; and at least one second substrate operatively associated with the first substrate. The second substrate includes a surface for supporting the continuous flow of the liquid thereon and is adapted to carry a heat exchange fluid therethrough, wherein heat transfer occurs between the liquid and the heat exchange fluid.

6. Heat Capacity Analysis Report

SciTech Connect

A. Findikakis

2004-11-01

The purpose of this report is to provide heat capacity values for the host and surrounding rock layers for the waste repository at Yucca Mountain. The heat capacity representations provided by this analysis are used in unsaturated zone (UZ) flow, transport, and coupled processes numerical modeling activities, and in thermal analyses as part of the design of the repository to support the license application. Among the reports that use the heat capacity values estimated in this report are the ''Multiscale Thermohydrologic Model'' report, the ''Drift Degradation Analysis'' report, the ''Ventilation Model and Analysis Report, the Igneous Intrusion Impacts on Waste Packages and Waste Forms'' report, the ''Dike/Drift Interactions report, the Drift-Scale Coupled Processes (DST and TH Seepage) Models'' report, and the ''In-Drift Natural Convection and Condensation'' report. The specific objective of this study is to determine the rock-grain and rock-mass heat capacities for the geologic stratigraphy identified in the ''Mineralogic Model (MM3.0) Report'' (BSC 2004 [DIRS 170031], Table 1-1). This report provides estimates of the heat capacity for all stratigraphic layers except the Paleozoic, for which the mineralogic abundance data required to estimate the heat capacity are not available. The temperature range of interest in this analysis is 25 C to 325 C. This interval is broken into three separate temperature sub-intervals: 25 C to 95 C, 95 C to 114 C, and 114 C to 325 C, which correspond to the preboiling, trans-boiling, and postboiling regimes. Heat capacity is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of material by one degree (Nimick and Connolly 1991 [DIRS 100690], p. 5). The rock-grain heat capacity is defined as the heat capacity of the rock solids (minerals), and does not include the effect of water that exists in the rock pores. By comparison, the rock-mass heat capacity considers the heat capacity of both solids and pore water. For temperatures in the trans-boiling regime (95 C to 114 C), the additional energy required to vaporize the pore water is accounted for in the rock-mass heat capacity. The rock-grain heat capacities are intended to be used in models and analyses that explicitly account for the thermodynamic effects of the water within the rock porosity. The rock-mass heat capacities are intended to be used in models and analyses that do not explicitly account for these thermodynamic effects, particularly boiling. The term specific heat is often used synonymously with heat capacity; however, the latter term is used throughout this document.

7. External artery heat pipe

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gernert, Nelson J. (Inventor); Ernst, Donald M. (Inventor); Shaubach, Robert M. (Inventor)

1989-01-01

An improved heat pipe with an external artery. The longitudinal slot in the heat pipe wall which interconnects the heat pipe vapor space with the external artery is completely filled with sintered wick material and the wall of the external artery is also covered with sintered wick material. This added wick structure assures that the external artery will continue to feed liquid to the heat pipe evaporator even if a vapor bubble forms within and would otherwise block the liquid transport function of the external artery.

8. Heat Pipe Materials Compatibility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Eninger, J. E.; Fleischman, G. L.; Luedke, E. E.

1976-01-01

An experimental program to evaluate noncondensable gas generation in ammonia heat pipes was completed. A total of 37 heat pipes made of aluminum, stainless steel and combinations of these materials were processed by various techniques, operated at different temperatures and tested at low temperature to quantitatively determine gas generation rates. In order of increasing stability are aluminum/stainless combination, all aluminum and all stainless heat pipes. One interesting result is the identification of intentionally introduced water in the ammonia during a reflux step as a means of surface passivation to reduce gas generation in stainless-steel/aluminum heat pipes.

9. HEATS: Thermal Energy Storage

SciTech Connect

2012-01-01

HEATS Project: The 15 projects that make up ARPA-E’s HEATS program, short for “High Energy Advanced Thermal Storage,” seek to develop revolutionary, cost-effective ways to store thermal energy. HEATS focuses on 3 specific areas: 1) developing high-temperature solar thermal energy storage capable of cost-effectively delivering electricity around the clock and thermal energy storage for nuclear power plants capable of cost-effectively meeting peak demand, 2) creating synthetic fuel efficiently from sunlight by converting sunlight into heat, and 3) using thermal energy storage to improve the driving range of electric vehicles (EVs) and also enable thermal management of internal combustion engine vehicles.

10. Reclaiming Waste Heat

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

'Air-O-Space' heater, based on spacecraft heat, requires no fuel other than electricity to run fan. Installed in chimney flue, heat pipes transfer heat from waste hot gases (but not the gases themselves) to fresh air blown across the other end of the pipes. It can transport roughly 500 times the heat flux of the best solid conductors with a temperature drop of less than 3 degrees per foot. This instrument has also been used by Kin-Tek Laboratories Inc. to produce an instrument to calibrate gas analyzers for air-pollution monitoring.

11. An electrohydrodynamic heat pipe.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, T. B.

1972-01-01

A heat pipe of new design, using an electrode structure to orient and guide the dielectric liquid phase flow, is proposed. Analysis indicates that the operation of the electrohydrodynamic heat pipe is in direct analogy to capillary devices, with the polarization force acting in place of capillarity. Advantages of these new heat pipes include greatly reduced liquid friction, electrohydrodynamically enhanced evaporation and condensation heat transfer, and a possible voltage-controlled on/off feature. Preliminary calculations indicate that relatively high performance devices are possible.

12. Introduction to Heat Pipes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ku, Jentung

2015-01-01

This is the presentation file for the short course Introduction to Heat Pipes, to be conducted at the 2015 Thermal Fluids and Analysis Workshop, August 3-7, 2015, Silver Spring, Maryland. NCTS 21070-15. Course Description: This course will present operating principles of the heat pipe with emphases on the underlying physical processes and requirements of pressure and energy balance. Performance characterizations and design considerations of the heat pipe will be highlighted. Guidelines for thermal engineers in the selection of heat pipes as part of the spacecraft thermal control system, testing methodology, and analytical modeling will also be discussed.

13. Thermodynamic properties of supercritical n-m Lennard-Jones fluids and isochoric and isobaric heat capacity maxima and minima.

PubMed

2013-10-21

Molecular dynamics simulations are reported for the thermodynamic properties of n-m Lennard-Jones fluids, where n = 10 and 12, and m = 5 and 6. Results are reported for the thermal expansion coefficient, isothermal and adiabatic compressibilities, isobaric and isochoric heat capacities, Joule-Thomson coefficient, and speed of sound at supercritical conditions covering a wide range of fluid densities. The thermodynamic criteria for maxima?minima in the isochoric and isobaric heat capacities are identified and the simulation results are also compared with calculations from Lennard-Jones equations of state. The Johnson et al. [Mol. Phys. 78, 591 (1993)] equation of state can be used to reproduce all heat capacity phenomena reported [T. M. Yigzawe and R. J. Sadus, J. Chem. Phys. 138, 194502 (2013)] from molecular dynamics simulations for the 12-6 Lennard-Jones potential. Significantly, these calculations and molecular dynamics results for other n-m Lennard-Jones potentials support the existence of Cp minima at supercritical conditions. The values of n and m also have a significant influence on many other thermodynamic properties. PMID:24160523

14. Thermal effects of heat-resistant rubber composites. II. Effect of BaTiO sub 3 -ceramic on thermal effects of carbon black-loaded butyl rubber

SciTech Connect

Hassan, H.H. ); Abdel-Bary, E.M. ); El-Mansy, M.K.; Shash, N.M. )

1989-12-01

In a trial to obtain rubber vulcanizates with improved thermal properties, butyl rubber (IIR) loaded with 20 phr BaTiO{sub 3} was mixed with 100 phr of carbon black. In this case different types of carbon blacks, namely HAF, GPF, SRF and LAMP black were used. Electrical conductivity measurements of vulcanized samples were carried out at different applied electric power. The temperature (T) produced as a result of Joule heating effects as a function of time (t) was recorded. It was found that (T-t) characteristics markedly depend on the presence of barium titanate as well as the type of carbon black. Theoretical treatment of the obtained results was carried out.

15. Temperature evolution and heat dissipation during crack propagation

Lengliné, Olivier; Santucci, Stéphane; Jørgen Måløy, Knut; Vincent-Dospital, Tom; Toussaint, Renaud

2013-04-01

During a crack propagation, energy is dissipated in mainly three ways: creation of new fracture surface (possibly at microscopic scale in a process zone), emission of elastic waves that get dissipated in the far field, and local Joule heating during friction in a process zone. There is in addition some reversible elastic energy change associated to the crack advance.Since the temperature variations can have an important impact on the physics of the crack propagation, establishing properly this balance in different crack propagation scenarios is of great importance. Notably, the physics of fracture propagation has been shown to be strongly affected by thermally activated rupture, even when the heterogeneity of material properties determines strongly the microscopic fracture geometry and the intermittency in the fracture propagation. A natural question, in such kinetic crack propagation, is the temperature field during the cracks propagation. This question is also central in earth science, where a lot of attention has been set recently on thermal effects, with the possibility of thermo-pressurization of faults due to thermal expansion of fluids present in faults. Independently of thermo pressurization, the rise of temperature locally, at the zone enduring damage, could significantly affect the creep in this zone, as understood by statistical physics and Arrhenius law, and thus the crack propagation. We are interested in quantifying directly these different effects in an experimental situation. We present results based on infrared and optical imaging of the propagation of a crack in a sheet of paper. The temperature field shows local increases of the temperature of several degrees during the crack propagation. Optical images acquired with a fast video camera are correlated in order to extract the deformation field at each time step. We show how the temperature in our paper sample varies with the deformation rate at the tip of the crack. We also present some numerical simulations that relate the increase of temperature with the propagation speed of the crack.

16. Planetary heat flow measurements.

PubMed

Hagermann, Axel

2005-12-15

The year 2005 marks the 35th anniversary of the Apollo 13 mission, probably the most successful failure in the history of manned spaceflight. Naturally, Apollo 13's scientific payload is far less known than the spectacular accident and subsequent rescue of its crew. Among other instruments, it carried the first instrument designed to measure the flux of heat on a planetary body other than Earth. The year 2005 also should have marked the launch of the Japanese LUNAR-A mission, and ESA's Rosetta mission is slowly approaching comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Both missions carry penetrators to study the heat flow from their target bodies. What is so interesting about planetary heat flow? What can we learn from it and how do we measure it?Not only the Sun, but all planets in the Solar System are essentially heat engines. Various heat sources or heat reservoirs drive intrinsic and surface processes, causing 'dead balls of rock, ice or gas' to evolve dynamically over time, driving convection that powers tectonic processes and spawns magnetic fields. The heat flow constrains models of the thermal evolution of a planet and also its composition because it provides an upper limit for the bulk abundance of radioactive elements. On Earth, the global variation of heat flow also reflects the tectonic activity: heat flow increases towards the young ocean ridges, whereas it is rather low on the old continental shields. It is not surprising that surface heat flow measurements, or even estimates, where performed, contributed greatly to our understanding of what happens inside the planets. In this article, I will review the results and the methods used in past heat flow measurements and speculate on the targets and design of future experiments. PMID:16286290

17. Lunar Base Heat Pump

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Walker, D.; Fischbach, D.; Tetreault, R.

1996-01-01

The objective of this project was to investigate the feasibility of constructing a heat pump suitable for use as a heat rejection device in applications such as a lunar base. In this situation, direct heat rejection through the use of radiators is not possible at a temperature suitable for lde support systems. Initial analysis of a heat pump of this type called for a temperature lift of approximately 378 deg. K, which is considerably higher than is commonly called for in HVAC and refrigeration applications where heat pumps are most often employed. Also because of the variation of the rejection temperature (from 100 to 381 deg. K), extreme flexibility in the configuration and operation of the heat pump is required. A three-stage compression cycle using a refrigerant such as CFC-11 or HCFC-123 was formulated with operation possible with one, two or three stages of compression. Also, to meet the redundancy requirements, compression was divided up over multiple compressors in each stage. A control scheme was devised that allowed these multiple compressors to be operated as required so that the heat pump could perform with variable heat loads and rejection conditions. A prototype heat pump was designed and constructed to investigate the key elements of the high-lift heat pump concept. Control software was written and implemented in the prototype to allow fully automatic operation. The heat pump was capable of operation over a wide range of rejection temperatures and cooling loads, while maintaining cooling water temperature well within the required specification of 40 deg. C +/- 1.7 deg. C. This performance was verified through testing.

18. Heat transfer characteristics of a radical heat pipe

Kaminaga, Fumito; Okamoto, Yoshizo; Yotsukura, Terumitsu; Ito, Haruhiko; Saito, Takasi; Amezawa, Hiroo

1990-03-01

Heat transfer characteristics of a newly designed heat pipe which transports thermal energy in a radial direction of the heat pipe are examined experimentally, using Freon R-113 working fluid. The heat pipe produces a much higher overall heat transmission than the current heat pipe due to a direct contact condensation instead of a filmwise condensation. An unheated vapor space above a heated section and a higher charge rate over 70 percent are required to use it in a wide range of heat flux. A normal screen wick presents an insufficient capillary force to pump up the working fluid to the heated section against the gravity force.

19. HEAT TRANSFER FOULING PART I -HEAT TRANSFER FOULING

E-print Network

Gudmundsson, Jon Steinar

PART I HEAT TRANSFER FOULING #12;PART I - HEAT TRANSFER FOULING 1. INTRODUCTION In industry, fouling of heat transfer surfaces has always been a recognised phenomena, although poorly understood(1 difficult. Fouling has been described as the major unresolved problem in heat transfer(6'7'8). Heat transfer

20. 4.A. HEAT FLOW 119 4.A. Heat flow

E-print Network

Hunter, John K.

viii #12;4.A. HEAT FLOW 119 Appendix 4.A. Heat flow As a simple physical application that leads, such as the heat equation. 4.A.1. Steady heat flow. Suppose that the body occupies an open set in Rn . Let u : R denote the temperature, g : R the rate per unit volume at which heat sources create energy inside

1. Heat pipes and use of heat pipes in furnace exhaust

DOEpatents

2010-12-28

An array of a plurality of heat pipe are mounted in spaced relationship to one another with the hot end of the heat pipes in a heated environment, e.g. the exhaust flue of a furnace, and the cold end outside the furnace. Heat conversion equipment is connected to the cold end of the heat pipes.

2. Experimental investigation of a manifold heat-pipe heat exchanger

SciTech Connect

Konev, S.V.; Wang Tszin Lyan; Dyakov, I.I.

1995-12-01

Results of experimental investigations of a heat exchanger on a manifold water heat pipe are given. An analysis is made of the temperature distribution along the heat-transfer agent path as a function of the transferred heat power. The influence of the degree of filling with the heat transfer agent on the operating characteristics of the construction is considered.

3. Heat Transfer Discussion: "Heat Transfer and Wall

E-print Network

Kandlikar, Satish

flow boiling curve extending from the single-phase region at point C to the fully developed boiling During Subcooled Flow Nucleate Boiling­A Review" (Warrier, G.R., and Dhir, V.K., 2006, Journal of Heat in the partial boiling region, along with Eqs. 13 - 14 . The authors of 1 further state that Kandlikar 3 in 1998

4. Scraped surface heat exchangers.

PubMed

Rao, Chetan S; Hartel, Richard W

2006-01-01

Scraped surface heat exchangers (SSHEs) are commonly used in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries for heat transfer, crystallization, and other continuous processes. They are ideally suited for products that are viscous, sticky, that contain particulate matter, or that need some degree of crystallization. Since these characteristics describe a vast majority of processed foods, SSHEs are especially suited for pumpable food products. During operation, the product is brought in contact with a heat transfer surface that is rapidly and continuously scraped, thereby exposing the surface to the passage of untreated product. In addition to maintaining high and uniform heat exchange, the scraper blades also provide simultaneous mixing and agitation. Heat exchange for sticky and viscous foods such as heavy salad dressings, margarine, chocolate, peanut butter, fondant, ice cream, and shortenings is possible only by using SSHEs. High heat transfer coefficients are achieved because the boundary layer is continuously replaced by fresh material. Moreover, the product is in contact with the heating surface for only a few seconds and high temperature gradients can be used without the danger of causing undesirable reactions. SSHEs are versatile in the use of heat transfer medium and the various unit operations that can be carried out simultaneously. This article critically reviews the current understanding of the operations and applications of SSHEs. PMID:16527753

5. Heat and Motion.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pearlman, Norman

Unlike many elementary presentations on heat, this monograph is not restricted to explaining thermal behavior in only macroscopic terms, but also developes the relationships between thermal properties and atomic behavior. "It relies at the start on intuition about heat at the macroscopic level. Familiarity with the particle model of mechanics,…

6. Passive Vaporizing Heat Sink

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Knowles, TImothy R.; Ashford, Victor A.; Carpenter, Michael G.; Bier, Thomas M.

2011-01-01

A passive vaporizing heat sink has been developed as a relatively lightweight, compact alternative to related prior heat sinks based, variously, on evaporation of sprayed liquids or on sublimation of solids. This heat sink is designed for short-term dissipation of a large amount of heat and was originally intended for use in regulating the temperature of spacecraft equipment during launch or re-entry. It could also be useful in a terrestrial setting in which there is a requirement for a lightweight, compact means of short-term cooling. This heat sink includes a hermetic package closed with a pressure-relief valve and containing an expendable and rechargeable coolant liquid (e.g., water) and a conductive carbon-fiber wick. The vapor of the liquid escapes when the temperature exceeds the boiling point corresponding to the vapor pressure determined by the setting of the pressure-relief valve. The great advantage of this heat sink over a melting-paraffin or similar phase-change heat sink of equal capacity is that by virtue of the =10x greater latent heat of vaporization, a coolant-liquid volume equal to =1/10 of the paraffin volume can suffice.

7. Chemical heat pump

DOEpatents

Greiner, Leonard (2853-A Hickory Pl., Costa Mesa, CA 92626)

1984-01-01

A chemical heat pump system is disclosed for use in heating and cooling structures such as residences or commercial buildings. The system is particularly adapted to utilizing solar energy, but also increases the efficiency of other forms of thermal energy when solar energy is not available. When solar energy is not available for relatively short periods of time, the heat storage capacity of the chemical heat pump is utilized to heat the structure, as during nighttime hours. The design also permits home heating from solar energy when the sun is shining. The entire system may be conveniently rooftop located. In order to faciliate installation on existing structures, the absorber and vaporizer portions of the system may each be designed as flat, thin wall, thin pan vessels which materially increase the surface area available for heat transfer. In addition, this thin, flat configuration of the absorber and its thin walled (and therefore relatively flexible) construction permits substantial expansion and contraction of the absorber material during vaporization and absorption without generating voids which would interfere with heat transfer.

8. Chemical heat pump

DOEpatents

Greiner, Leonard (2853-A Hickory Pl., Costa Mesa, CA 92626)

1981-01-01

A chemical heat pump system is disclosed for use in heating and cooling structures such as residences or commercial buildings. The system is particularly adapted to utilizing solar energy, but also increases the efficiency of other forms of thermal energy when solar energy is not available. When solar energy is not available for relatively short periods of time, the heat storage capacity of the chemical heat pump is utilized to heat the structure, as during nighttime hours. The design also permits home heating from solar energy when the sun is shining. The entire system may be conveniently rooftop located. In order to facilitate installation on existing structures, the absorber and vaporizer portions of the system may each be designed as flat, thin wall, thin pan vessels which materially increase the surface area available for heat transfer. In addition, this thin, flat configuration of the absorber and its thin walled (and therefore relatively flexible) construction permits substantial expansion and contraction of the absorber material during vaporization and absorption without generating voids which would interfere with heat transfer.

9. Chemical heat pump

DOEpatents

Greiner, Leonard (2853-A Hickory Pl., Costa Mesa, CA 92626)

1984-01-01

A chemical heat pump system is disclosed for use in heating and cooling structures such as residences or commercial buildings. The system is particularly adapted to utilizing solar energy, but also increases the efficiency of other forms of thermal energy when solar energy is not available. When solar energy is not available for relatively short periods of time, the heat storage capacity of the chemical heat pump is utilized to heat the structure, as during nighttime hours. The design also permits home heating from solar energy when the sun is shining. The entire system may be conveniently rooftop located. In order to facilitate installation on existing structures, the absorber and vaporizer portions of the system may each be designed as flat, thin wall, thin pan vessels which materially increase the surface area available for heat transfer. In addition, this thin, flat configuration of the absorber and its thin walled (and therefore relatively flexible) construction permits substantial expansion and contraction of the absorber material during vaporization and absorption without generating voids which would interfere with heat transfer.

10. Chemical heat pump

DOEpatents

Greiner, Leonard (2853-A Hickory Pl., Costa Mesa, CA 92626)

1984-01-01

A chemical heat pump system is disclosed for use in heating and cooling structures such as residences or commercial buildings. The system is particularly adapted to utilizing solar energy, but also increases the efficiency of other forms of thermal energy when solar energy is not available. When solar energy is not available for relatively short periods of time, the heat storage capacity of the chemical heat pump is utilized to heat the structure, as during nighttime hours. The design also permits home heating from solar energy when the sun is shining. The entire system may be conveniently rooftop located. In order to facilitate intallation on existing structures, the absorber and vaporizer portions of the system may each be designed as flat, thin wall, thin pan vessels which materially increase the surface area available for heat transfer. In addition, this thin, flat configuration of the absorber and its thin walled (and therefore relatively flexible) construction permits substantial expansion and contraction of the absorber material during vaporization and absorption without generating voids which would interfere with heat transfer.

11. Microchannel heat sink assembly

DOEpatents

Bonde, W.L.; Contolini, R.J.

1992-03-24

The present invention provides a microchannel heat sink with a thermal range from cryogenic temperatures to several hundred degrees centigrade. The heat sink can be used with a variety of fluids, such as cryogenic or corrosive fluids, and can be operated at a high pressure. The heat sink comprises a microchannel layer preferably formed of silicon, and a manifold layer preferably formed of glass. The manifold layer comprises an inlet groove and outlet groove which define an inlet manifold and an outlet manifold. The inlet manifold delivers coolant to the inlet section of the microchannels, and the outlet manifold receives coolant from the outlet section of the microchannels. In one embodiment, the manifold layer comprises an inlet hole extending through the manifold layer to the inlet manifold, and an outlet hole extending through the manifold layer to the outlet manifold. Coolant is supplied to the heat sink through a conduit assembly connected to the heat sink. A resilient seal, such as a gasket or an O-ring, is disposed between the conduit and the hole in the heat sink in order to provide a watertight seal. In other embodiments, the conduit assembly may comprise a metal tube which is connected to the heat sink by a soft solder. In still other embodiments, the heat sink may comprise inlet and outlet nipples. The present invention has application in supercomputers, integrated circuits and other electronic devices, and is suitable for cooling materials to superconducting temperatures. 13 figs.

12. Heat Shield's Main Piece

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity caught this view of the main piece of the spacecraft's heat shield during the rover's 328th martian day, or sol (Dec. 25, 2004). A separation spring can be seen on the ground to the lower left side of the heat shield.

13. Heat Shield in Pieces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

This image from NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity shows the remains of the rover's heat shield, broken into two key pieces, the main piece on the left side and a broken-off flank piece near the middle of the image. The heat shield impact site is identified by the circle of red dust on the right side of the picture. In this view, Opportunity is approximately 20 meters (66 feet) away from the heat shield, which protected it while hurtling through the martian atmosphere.

In the far left of the image, a meteorite called 'Heat Shield Rock,' sits nearby, The Sun is reflecting off the silver-colored underside of the internal thermal blankets of the heat shield.

The rover spent 36 sols investigating how the severe heating during entry through the atmosphere affected the heat shield. The most obvious is the fact that the heat shield inverted upon impact.

This is an approximately true-color rendering of the scene acquired around 1:22 p.m. local solar time on Opportunity sol 324 (Dec. 21, 2004) in an image mosaic using panoramic filters at wavelengths of 750, 530, and 430 nanometers.

14. Heat storage material

SciTech Connect

Mita, N.; Murai, Y.; Sato, A.

1982-01-05

A heat storage material having a melting point in the range of 90* to 100* C is described. It is excellent in that it is neither corrosiv inflammable nor toxic. The heat storage material comprises a mixture of dimethyl terephthalate and one member selected from the group consisting of dimethyl fumarate and dihydroanthracene.

15. Vacuum powered heat exchanger

SciTech Connect

Ruffolo, R.F.

1986-06-24

In an internal combustion engine including an oil lubrication system, a liquid cooling system, and an improved air intake system is described. The improved air intake system comprises: a housing including a first opening in one end, which opening is open to the atmosphere and a second opening comprising an air outlet opening in the other end open to the air intake manifold of the engine, a heat exchanger positioned in the first opening. The heat exchanger consists of a series of coils positioned in the flow path of the atmospheric air as it enters the housing, the heat exchanger being fluidly connected to either the engine lubrication system or the cooling system to provide a warm heat source for the incoming air to the housing, acceleration means positioned in the housing downstream of the heat exchanger, the acceleration means comprising a honeycomb structure positioned across the air intake flow path. The honey-comb structure includes a multitude of honey combed mini-venturi cells through which the heated air flows in an accelerated mode, a removable air filter positioned between the heat exchanger and the acceleration means and a single opening provided in the housing through which the air filter can be passed and removed, and additional openings in the housing positioned downstream of the heat exchanger and upstream of the air filter, the additional openings including removable flaps for opening and closing the openings to control the temperature of the air flowing through the housing.

16. Basic Comfort Heating Principles.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dempster, Chalmer T.

The material in this beginning book for vocational students presents fundamental principles needed to understand the heating aspect of the sheet metal trade and supplies practical experience to the student so that he may become familiar with the process of determining heat loss for average structures. Six areas covered are: (1) Background…

17. Nonequilibrium heat capacity

Mandal, Dibyendu

2013-12-01

Development of steady state thermodynamics and statistical mechanics depends crucially on our ability to extend the notions of equilibrium thermodynamics to nonequilibrium steady states (NESS). The present paper considers the extension of heat capacity. A modified definition is proposed which continues to maintain the same relation to steady state Shannon entropy as in equilibrium, thus providing a thermodynamically consistent treatment of NESS heat capacity.

18. Introductory heat-transfer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Widener, Edward L.

1992-01-01

The objective is to introduce some concepts of thermodynamics in existing heat-treating experiments using available items. The specific objectives are to define the thermal properties of materials and to visualize expansivity, conductivity, heat capacity, and the melting point of common metals. The experimental procedures are described.

19. Microchannel heat sink assembly

DOEpatents

Bonde, Wayne L. (Livermore, CA); Contolini, Robert J. (Pleasanton, CA)

1992-01-01

The present invention provides a microchannel heat sink with a thermal range from cryogenic temperatures to several hundred degrees centigrade. The heat sink can be used with a variety of fluids, such as cryogenic or corrosive fluids, and can be operated at a high pressure. The heat sink comprises a microchannel layer preferably formed of silicon, and a manifold layer preferably formed of glass. The manifold layer comprises an inlet groove and outlet groove which define an inlet manifold and an outlet manifold. The inlet manifold delivers coolant to the inlet section of the microchannels, and the outlet manifold receives coolant from the outlet section of the microchannels. In one embodiment, the manifold layer comprises an inlet hole extending through the manifold layer to the inlet manifold, and an outlet hole extending through the manifold layer to the outlet manifold. Coolant is supplied to the heat sink through a conduit assembly connected to the heat sink. A resilient seal, such as a gasket or an O-ring, is disposed between the conduit and the hole in the heat sink in order to provide a watetight seal. In other embodiments, the conduit assembly may comprise a metal tube which is connected to the heat sink by a soft solder. In still other embodiments, the heat sink may comprise inlet and outlet nipples. The present invention has application in supercomputers, integrated circuits and other electronic devices, and is suitable for cooling materials to superconducting temperatures.

20. The district heating renaissance

SciTech Connect

Seeley, R.S.

1992-09-01

This article examines the expanding market for district heating and cooling systems as part of independent cogeneration systems. The topics of the article include expanding systems, future potential, government help, cogeneration, district cooling expanding, absorption chilling, indoor air quality, and institutional barriers to the expanding market. The article also includes a sidebar on Denmark's district heating systems.

1. Knudsen heat capacity

SciTech Connect

Babac, Gulru; Reese, Jason M.

2014-05-15

We present a “Knudsen heat capacity” as a more appropriate and useful fluid property in micro/nanoscale gas systems than the constant pressure heat capacity. At these scales, different fluid processes come to the fore that are not normally observed at the macroscale. For thermodynamic analyses that include these Knudsen processes, using the Knudsen heat capacity can be more effective and physical. We calculate this heat capacity theoretically for non-ideal monatomic and diatomic gases, in particular, helium, nitrogen, and hydrogen. The quantum modification for para and ortho hydrogen is also considered. We numerically model the Knudsen heat capacity using molecular dynamics simulations for the considered gases, and compare these results with the theoretical ones.

2. Improved solar heating systems

DOEpatents

Schreyer, J.M.; Dorsey, G.F.

1980-05-16

An improved solar heating system is described in which the incident radiation of the sun is absorbed on collector panels, transferred to a storage unit and then distributed as heat for a building and the like. The improvement is obtained by utilizing a storage unit comprising separate compartments containing an array of materials having different melting points ranging from 75 to 180/sup 0/F. The materials in the storage system are melted in accordance with the amount of heat absorbed from the sun and then transferred to the storage system. An efficient low volume storage system is provided by utilizing the latent heat of fusion of the materials as they change states in storing ad releasing heat for distribution.

3. Solar heating system

DOEpatents

Schreyer, James M. (Oak Ridge, TN); Dorsey, George F. (Concord, TN)

1982-01-01

An improved solar heating system in which the incident radiation of the sun is absorbed on collector panels, transferred to a storage unit and then distributed as heat for a building and the like. The improvement is obtained by utilizing a storage unit comprising separate compartments containing an array of materials having different melting points ranging from 75.degree. to 180.degree. F. The materials in the storage system are melted in accordance with the amount of heat absorbed from the sun and then transferred to the storage system. An efficient low volume storage system is provided by utilizing the latent heat of fusion of the materials as they change states in storing and releasing heat for distribution.

4. Heat Pipe Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1993-01-01

The heat pipe was developed to alternately cool and heat without using energy or any moving parts. It enables non-rotating spacecraft to maintain a constant temperature when the surface exposed to the Sun is excessively hot and the non Sun-facing side is very cold. Several organizations, such as Tropic-Kool Engineering Corporation, joined NASA in a subsequent program to refine and commercialize the technology. Heat pipes have been installed in fast food restaurants in areas where humid conditions cause materials to deteriorate quickly. Moisture removal was increased by 30 percent in a Clearwater, FL Burger King after heat pipes were installed. Relative humidity and power consumption were also reduced significantly. Similar results were recorded by Taco Bell, which now specifies heat pipe systems in new restaurants in the Southeast.

5. Disposable heat storage unit

SciTech Connect

Hartz, M.E.

1988-10-18

This patent describes a single use, disposable, heat storage unit comprising a sealed pouch forming a wholly internal, sealed chamber having a predetermined maximum volume; and a particulate, fluent, dry, latent heat storage substance within the chamber, the volume of the substance within the chamber being sufficiently less than the predetermined maximum volume that the particles of the substance do not fill the chamber and are freely movable in all directions within the chamber, the substance having a predetermined heat of fusion temperature in excess of 100C, the pouch being formed of pliable, moisture resistant, thermal transfer material capable of withstanding without adverse consequences being heated to an initial temperature higher than the heat of fusion temperature of the substance. Thermal heat storage apparatus comprising a disposable container having walls of thermally insulating material forming a compartment; a single use, disposable, sealed, flexible pouch positioned within the compartment and formed of moisture resistant, heat transfer material, the pouch forming a wholly internal, sealed chamber having a maximum volume; a dry, particulate, fluent, latent head storage substance accommodated in the chamber, the volume of the substance within the chamber being sufficiently less than the maximum volume that the particles of the substance do not fill the chamber and are freely movable in all directions within the chamber, the substance having a heat of fusion temperature in excess of 100; the material of the wall and the material of the pouch being capable of withstanding without adverse consequences being heated to an initial temperature in excess of the heat of fusion temperature of the substance.

6. Methods for characterizing convective cryoprobe heat transfer in ultrasound gel phantoms.

PubMed

Etheridge, Michael L; Choi, Jeunghwan; Ramadhyani, Satish; Bischof, John C

2013-02-01

While cryosurgery has proven capable in treating of a variety of conditions, it has met with some resistance among physicians, in part due to shortcomings in the ability to predict treatment outcomes. Here we attempt to address several key issues related to predictive modeling by demonstrating methods for accurately characterizing heat transfer from cryoprobes, report temperature dependent thermal properties for ultrasound gel (a convenient tissue phantom) down to cryogenic temperatures, and demonstrate the ability of convective exchange heat transfer boundary conditions to accurately describe freezing in the case of single and multiple interacting cryoprobe(s). Temperature dependent changes in the specific heat and thermal conductivity for ultrasound gel are reported down to -150?°C for the first time here and these data were used to accurately describe freezing in ultrasound gel in subsequent modeling. Freezing around a single and two interacting cryoprobe(s) was characterized in the ultrasound gel phantom by mapping the temperature in and around the "iceball" with carefully placed thermocouple arrays. These experimental data were fit with finite-element modeling in COMSOL Multiphysics, which was used to investigate the sensitivity and effectiveness of convective boundary conditions in describing heat transfer from the cryoprobes. Heat transfer at the probe tip was described in terms of a convective coefficient and the cryogen temperature. While model accuracy depended strongly on spatial (i.e., along the exchange surface) variation in the convective coefficient, it was much less sensitive to spatial and transient variations in the cryogen temperature parameter. The optimized fit, convective exchange conditions for the single-probe case also provided close agreement with the experimental data for the case of two interacting cryoprobes, suggesting that this basic characterization and modeling approach can be extended to accurately describe more complicated, multiprobe freezing geometries. Accurately characterizing cryoprobe behavior in phantoms requires detailed knowledge of the freezing medium's properties throughout the range of expected temperatures and an appropriate description of the heat transfer across the probe's exchange surfaces. Here we demonstrate that convective exchange boundary conditions provide an accurate and versatile description of heat transfer from cryoprobes, offering potential advantages over the traditional constant surface heat flux and constant surface temperature descriptions. In addition, although this study was conducted on Joule-Thomson type cryoprobes, the general methodologies should extend to any probe that is based on convective exchange with a cryogenic fluid. PMID:23445047

7. 2. SALEMBROSIUS CONTINUOUS GASFIRED HEAT TREATING LINE AT HEAT TREATMENT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. SALEM-BROSIUS CONTINUOUS GAS-FIRED HEAT TREATING LINE AT HEAT TREATMENT PLANT OF THE DUQUESNE WORKS. - U.S. Steel Duquesne Works, Heat Treatment Plant, Along Monongahela River, Duquesne, Allegheny County, PA

8. Optimization of heat exchanger for indirectly heated water heater

Kaduchová, Katarína; Lenhard, Richard; Janda?ka, Jozef

2012-04-01

Due to the optimization of geometrical parameters of the heat exchanger in indirect heated water heaters created a mathematical model of heating hot water, by which I have subsequently made the simulation of the device to change its geometrical parameters. Based on these results, the impacts of the geometrical parameters affect the performance of the heat exchanger. The results of the optimization to create a CFD model which watched at the behavior of optimized heat exchanger for indirect heated water heaters.

9. 484 THE PHYSICS TEACHER N Vol. 49, NOVEMBER 2011 DOI: 10.1119/1.3651729 For centuries hot and cold had been used to describe the ther-

E-print Network

thermometer. Independently, Julius Robert Mayer and James Prescott Joule found the con- nection between heat contact, they equalize their temperatures i.e., they are in thermal equilibrium. The Mayer-Joule Principle, called the Mayer-Joule principle, is simply a way to convert from calories to joules and vice versa

10. Micro heat barrier

DOEpatents

Marshall, Albert C.; Kravitz, Stanley H.; Tigges, Chris P.; Vawter, Gregory A.

2003-08-12

A highly effective, micron-scale micro heat barrier structure and process for manufacturing a micro heat barrier based on semiconductor and/or MEMS fabrication techniques. The micro heat barrier has an array of non-metallic, freestanding microsupports with a height less than 100 microns, attached to a substrate. An infrared reflective membrane (e.g., 1 micron gold) can be supported by the array of microsupports to provide radiation shielding. The micro heat barrier can be evacuated to eliminate gas phase heat conduction and convection. Semi-isotropic, reactive ion plasma etching can be used to create a microspike having a cusp-like shape with a sharp, pointed tip (<0.1 micron), to minimize the tip's contact area. A heat source can be placed directly on the microspikes. The micro heat barrier can have an apparent thermal conductivity in the range of 10.sup.-6 to 10.sup.-7 W/m-K. Multiple layers of reflective membranes can be used to increase thermal resistance.

11. Integrating preconcentrator heat controller

DOEpatents

Bouchier, Francis A. (Albuquerque, NM); Arakaki, Lester H. (Edgewood, NM); Varley, Eric S. (Albuquerque, NM)

2007-10-16

A method and apparatus for controlling the electric resistance heating of a metallic chemical preconcentrator screen, for example, used in portable trace explosives detectors. The length of the heating time-period is automatically adjusted to compensate for any changes in the voltage driving the heating current across the screen, for example, due to gradual discharge or aging of a battery. The total deposited energy in the screen is proportional to the integral over time of the square of the voltage drop across the screen. Since the net temperature rise, .DELTA.T.sub.s, of the screen, from beginning to end of the heating pulse, is proportional to the total amount of heat energy deposited in the screen during the heating pulse, then this integral can be calculated in real-time and used to terminate the heating current when a pre-set target value has been reached; thereby providing a consistent and reliable screen temperature rise, .DELTA.T.sub.s, from pulse-to-pulse.

12. Heat recovery apparatus

SciTech Connect

McFarland, I.

1987-01-01

Heat transfer is a living science and technical advances are constantly being made. However, in many cases, progress is limited by the equipment that is available on the market, rather than by knowledge of the heat transfer process. A case in point is the design of economizers: in such equipment a small quantity of water (with a relatively good heat transfer coefficient) is heated by a large quantity of low-pressure gas (with an inherently low heat transfer coefficient). As a first step in design finned tubing is used to lessen the discrepancy in coefficients. From this point, it becomes apparent that the equipment consists of a small number of tubes (to maintain good velocity on the water side) of considerable length (to provide sufficient area). In the process industries the base pressure, though low, may be in the region of 0.5 bar, and there is no convenient flue in which to place the heat recovery coil. It is therefore contained in a flat-sided enclosure, which is ill-fitted to pressure containment and is therefore reinforced with a plethora of structural sections. Such inelegant construction is quite common in North America; in Europe, cylindrical containments of vast size have been supplied for the same purposes. The real shortcoming is a successful marriage of different disciplines to produce reliable and efficient heat transfer equipment suitably contained.

13. Heat pipe dynamic behavior

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Issacci, F.; Roche, G. L.; Klein, D. B.; Catton, I.

1988-01-01

The vapor flow in a heat pipe was mathematically modeled and the equations governing the transient behavior of the core were solved numerically. The modeled vapor flow is transient, axisymmetric (or two-dimensional) compressible viscous flow in a closed chamber. The two methods of solution are described. The more promising method failed (a mixed Galerkin finite difference method) whereas a more common finite difference method was successful. Preliminary results are presented showing that multi-dimensional flows need to be treated. A model of the liquid phase of a high temperature heat pipe was developed. The model is intended to be coupled to a vapor phase model for the complete solution of the heat pipe problem. The mathematical equations are formulated consistent with physical processes while allowing a computationally efficient solution. The model simulates time dependent characteristics of concern to the liquid phase including input phase change, output heat fluxes, liquid temperatures, container temperatures, liquid velocities, and liquid pressure. Preliminary results were obtained for two heat pipe startup cases. The heat pipe studied used lithium as the working fluid and an annular wick configuration. Recommendations for implementation based on the results obtained are presented. Experimental studies were initiated using a rectangular heat pipe. Both twin beam laser holography and laser Doppler anemometry were investigated. Preliminary experiments were completed and results are reported.

14. Superfluid Helium Heat Pipe

Gully, P.

This paper reports on the development and the thermal tests of three superfluid helium heat pipes. Two of them are designed to provide a large transport capacity (4 mW at 1.7 K). They feature a copper braid located inside a 6 mm outer diameter stainless tube fitted with copper ends for mechanical anchoring. The other heat pipe has no copper braid and is designed to get much smaller heat transport capacity (0.5 mW) and to explore lower temperature (0.7 - 1 K). The copper braid and the tube wall is the support of the Rollin superfluid helium film in which the heat is transferred. The low filling pressure makes the technology very simple with the possibility to easily bend the tube. We present the design and discuss the thermal performance of the heat pipes tested in the 0.7 to 2.0 K temperature range. The long heat pipe (1.2 m with copper braid) and the short one (0.25 m with copper braid) have similar thermal performance in the range 0.7 - 2.0 K. At 1.7 K the long heat pipe, 120 g in weight, reaches a heat transfer capacity of 6.2 mW and a thermal conductance of 600 mW/K for 4 mW transferred power. Due to the pressure drop of the vapor flow and Kapitza thermal resistance, the conductance of the third heat pipe dramatically decreases when the temperature decreases. A 3.8 mW/K is obtained at 0.7 K for 0.5 mW transferred power.

15. Prototype solar heating and combined heating and cooling systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1977-01-01

Eight prototype solar heating and combined heating and cooling systems are being developed. The effort includes development, manufacture, test, installation, maintenance, problem resolution, and performance evaluation.

16. Prototype solar heating and combined heating and cooling systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

Eight prototype solar heating and combined heating and cooling systems are considered. This effort includes development, manufacture, test, installation, maintenance, problem resolution, and performance evaluation.

17. Heat treatment study 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Workman, Gary L.

1990-01-01

The microstructural variations in nickel based superalloys that result from modifications in processing were examined. These superalloys include MAR-M246(HF) and PWA1480. Alternate heat treatments for equiaxed as-cast specimens were studied and a sample matrix of 42 variations in the heat treatments were processed, as well as different directional solidification parameters. Variation in temperature and times for both solution and aging were performed. Photomicrographs were made of the microstructure and volume fraction analysis of primary gamma-prime and aged gamma-prime precipitates were performed. The results of the heat treatment, cooling rate, and directional solidification experiments are discussed.

18. Stirling engine heating system

SciTech Connect

Johansson, L.N.; Houtman, W.H.; Percival, W.H.

1988-06-28

A hot gas engine is described wherein a working gas flows back and forth in a closed path between a relatively cooler compression cylinder side of the engine and a relatively hotter expansion cylinder side of the engine and the path contains means including a heat source and a heat sink acting upon the gas in cooperation with the compression and expansion cylinders to cause the gas to execute a thermodynamic cycle wherein useful mechanical output power is developed by the engine, the improvement in the heat source which comprises a plurality of individual tubes each forming a portion of the closed path for the working gas.

19. Episodic coronal heating

Sturrock, P. A.; Dixon, W. W.; Klimchuk, J. A.; Antiochos, S. K.

1990-06-01

A study is made of the observational consequences of the hypothesis that there is no steady coronal heating, the solar corona instead being heated episodically, such that each short burst of heating is followed by a long period of radiative cooling. The form of the resulting contribution to the differential emission measure (DEM), and to a convenient related function (the differential energy flux, DEF) is calculated. Observational data for the quiet solar atmosphere indicate that the upper branch of the DEM, corresponding to temperatures above 100,000 K, can be interpreted in terms of episodic energy injection at coronal temperatures.

20. Episodic coronal heating

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sturrock, P. A.; Dixon, W. W.; Klimchuk, J. A.; Antiochos, S. K.

1990-01-01

A study is made of the observational consequences of the hypothesis that there is no steady coronal heating, the solar corona instead being heated episodically, such that each short burst of heating is followed by a long period of radiative cooling. The form of the resulting contribution to the differential emission measure (DEM), and to a convenient related function (the differential energy flux, DEF) is calculated. Observational data for the quiet solar atmosphere indicate that the upper branch of the DEM, corresponding to temperatures above 100,000 K, can be interpreted in terms of episodic energy injection at coronal temperatures.

1. Heat treatment furnace

DOEpatents

Seals, Roland D; Parrott, Jeffrey G; DeMint, Paul D; Finney, Kevin R; Blue, Charles T

2014-10-21

A furnace heats through both infrared radiation and convective air utilizing an infrared/purge gas design that enables improved temperature control to enable more uniform treatment of workpieces. The furnace utilizes lamps, the electrical end connections of which are located in an enclosure outside the furnace chamber, with the lamps extending into the furnace chamber through openings in the wall of the chamber. The enclosure is purged with gas, which gas flows from the enclosure into the furnace chamber via the openings in the wall of the chamber so that the gas flows above and around the lamps and is heated to form a convective mechanism in heating parts.

2. Electrohydrodynamic heat pipes.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, T. B.

1973-01-01

An electrohydrodynamic heat pipe of radical design is proposed which substitutes polarization electrohydrodynamic force effects for capillarity in collecting, guiding, and pumping a condensate liquid phase. The discussed device is restricted to the use of dielectric liquids as working fluids. Because of the relatively poor thermal transport properties of these liquids, capillary heat pipes using these liquids have not been high performance devices. The employment of the electrohydrodynamic concept should enhance this performance and help fill the performance gap that exists in the temperature range from 250 F to 750 F for 'conventional' capillary heat pipes.

3. Heat transfer in pipes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burbach, T.

1985-01-01

The heat transfer from hot water to a cold copper pipe in laminar and turbulent flow condition is determined. The mean flow through velocity in the pipe, relative test length and initial temperature in the vessel were varied extensively during tests. Measurements confirm Nusselt's theory for large test lengths in laminar range. A new equation is derived for heat transfer for large starting lengths which agrees satisfactorily with measurements for large starting lengths. Test results are compared with the new Prandtl equation for heat transfer and correlated well. Test material for 200- and to 400-diameter test length is represented at four different vessel temperatures.

4. Industrial Heat Pump Design Options

E-print Network

Gilbert, J. S.

1985-01-01

%! This paper discusses ways to use heat pumps in new process and retrofit designs, including methods to overcome problems in heat exchange fouling and high lift applications. Examples of actual designs and a simple approximation of installed heat pump cost...

5. Heat Stress Resources for Workers

MedlinePLUS

... Topics Publications and Products Programs Contact NIOSH HEAT STRESS Recommend on Facebook Tweet Share Compartir On this ... hot environments may be at risk of heat stress. Exposure to extreme heat can result in occupational ...

6. Measuring the Heats of Water.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hunt, James L.; Tegart, Tracy L.

1994-01-01

Uses common equipment (tea kettle and vacuum bottles) to precisely measure the specific heat, latent heat of fusion, and latent heat of vaporization of water. Provides descriptions for all three experiments. (MVL)

7. Heat transfer in turbulent flow

SciTech Connect

Amano, R.S. ); Crawford, M.E.; Anand, N.K. )

1990-01-01

This book reports on heat transfer and turbulent flow. The topics covered include fundamental research on turbulence in heat transfer processes, boundary layer flows, temperature turbulence spectrum, turbulence modeling, and applications to heat exchangers, gas turbines, and other engineering problems.

8. Utilization of reject heat

SciTech Connect

Olszewski, M.

1980-01-01

Two major productive energy-conservation options are addressed in this text. The first is the utilization of reject heat, and the second is the use of dual-purpose power generation systems to minimize the quantity of reject heat produced. As used throughout this text, the term reject or waste heat refers to energy that is rejected from a process after it is no longer of economic value to that process. The term dual-purpose power production indicates applications where energy that does have economic value in the power cycle is used for other, more valuable processes. Since dual-purpose applications reduce the total amount of energy wasted, they are frequently referred to as reject-heat-utilization systems and have, therefore, been included in this text. A separate abstract was prepared for each of the six chapters.

9. Heat pipe manufacturing study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Edelstein, F.

1974-01-01

Heat pipe manufacturing methods are examined with the goal of establishing cost effective procedures that will ultimately result in cheaper more reliable heat pipes. Those methods which are commonly used by all heat pipe manufacturers have been considered, including: (1) envelope and wick cleaning, (2) end closure and welding, (3) mechanical verification, (4) evacuation and charging, (5) working fluid purity, and (6) charge tube pinch off. The study is limited to moderate temperature aluminum and stainless steel heat pipes with ammonia, Freon-21 and methanol working fluids. Review and evaluation of available manufacturers techniques and procedures together with the results of specific manufacturing oriented tests have yielded a set of recommended cost-effective specifications which can be used by all manufacturers.

10. Methane heat transfer investigation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cook, R. T.

1984-01-01

Future high chamber pressure LOX/hydrocarbon booster engines require copper-base alloy main combustion chamber coolant channels similar to the SSME to provide adequate cooling and resuable engine life. Therefore, it is of vital importance to evaluate the heat transfer characteristics and coking thresholds for LNG (94% methane) cooling, with a copper-base alloy material adjacent to the fuel coolant. High-pressure methane cooling and coking characteristics were recently evaluated using stainless-steel heated tubes at methane bulk temperatures and coolant wall temperatures typical of advanced engine operation except at lower heat fluxes as limited by the tube material. As expected, there was no coking observed. However, coking evaluations need be conducted with a copper-base surface exposed to the methane coolant at higher heat fluxes approaching those of future high chamber pressure engines.

11. Methane heat transfer investigation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1984-01-01

Future high chamber pressure LOX/hydrocarbon booster engines require copper base alloy main combustion chamber coolant channels similar to the SSME to provide adequate cooling and reusable engine life. Therefore, it is of vital importance to evaluate the heat transfer characteristics and coking thresholds for LNG (94% methane) cooling, with a copper base alloy material adjacent to he fuel coolant. High pressure methane cooling and coking characteristics recently evaluated at Rocketdyne using stainless steel heated tubes at methane bulk temperatures and coolant wall temperatures typical of advanced engine operation except at lower heat fluxes as limited by the tube material. As expected, there was no coking observed. However, coking evaluations need be conducted with a copper base surface exposed to the methane coolant at higher heat fluxes approaching those of future high chamber pressure engines.

12. Heat Exhaustion and Heatstroke

MedlinePLUS

... body stays cool when your sweat evaporates. On hot, humid days, the evaporation of sweat is slowed ... Heat exhaustion happens when your body gets too hot. It can be caused by physical exercise or ...

13. Solar-Heated Gasifier

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1985-01-01

Catalytic coal and biomass gasifer system heated by solar energy. Sunlight from solar concentrator focused through quartz window onto ceramic-honeycomb absorber surface, which raises temperature of reactant steam, fluidizing gas, and reactor walls.

14. Simulation results of an inductively-coupled rf plasma torch in two and three dimensions for producing a metal matrix composite for nuclear fuel cladding

E-print Network

Holik III, Eddie Frank (Trey)

2009-05-15

. Temperature Profiles ..........................................................................54 2. Velocity Profiles.................................................................................55 3. Joule Heating Profiles...) ......................................................................37 Figure 6: Sherbrooke Stream Function (kg/s).............................................................37 Figure 7: Sherbrooke Joule Heating 3 /Wm.............................................................37 Figure 8: 2-D Model...

15. Improved Thin, Flexible Heat Pipes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rosenfeld, John H.; Gernert, Nelson J.; Sarraf, David B.; Wollen, Peter J.; Surina, Frank C.; Fale, John E.

2004-01-01

Flexible heat pipes of an improved type are fabricated as layers of different materials laminated together into vacuum- tight sheets or tapes. In comparison with prior flexible heat pipes, these flexible heat pipes are less susceptible to leakage. Other advantages of these flexible heat pipes, relative to prior flexible heat pipes, include high reliability and greater ease and lower cost of fabrication. Because these heat pipes are very thin, they are highly flexible. When coated on outside surfaces with adhesives, these flexible heat pipes can be applied, like common adhesive tapes, to the surfaces of heat sinks and objects to be cooled, even if those surfaces are curved.

16. NGNP Process Heat Utilization: Liquid Metal Phase Change Heat Exchanger

SciTech Connect

Piyush Sabharwall; Mike Patterson; Vivek Utgikar; Fred Gunnerson

2008-09-01

One key long-standing issue that must be overcome to fully realize the successful growth of nuclear power is to determine other benefits of nuclear energy apart from meeting the electricity demands. The Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) will most likely be producing electricity and heat for the production of hydrogen and/or oil retrieval from oil sands and oil shale to help in our national pursuit of energy independence. For nuclear process heat to be utilized, intermediate heat exchange is required to transfer heat from the NGNP to the hydrogen plant or oil recovery field in the most efficient way possible. Development of nuclear reactor - process heat technology has intensified the interest in liquid metals as heat transfer media because of their ideal transport properties. Liquid metal heat exchangers are not new in practical applications. An important rational for considering liquid metals is the potential convective heat transfer is among the highest known. Thus explains the interest in liquid metals as coolant for intermediate heat exchange from NGNP. For process heat it is desired that, intermediate heat exchangers (IHX) transfer heat from the NGNP in the most efficient way possible. The production of electric power at higher efficiency via the Brayton Cycle, and hydrogen production, requires both heat at higher temperatures and high effectiveness compact heat exchangers to transfer heat to either the power or process cycle. Compact heat exchangers maximize the heat transfer surface area per volume of heat exchanger; this has the benefit of reducing heat exchanger size and heat losses. High temperature IHX design requirements are governed in part by the allowable temperature drop between the outlet and inlet of the NGNP. In order to improve the characteristics of heat transfer, liquid metal phase change heat exchangers may be more effective and efficient. This paper explores the overall heat transfer characteristics and pressure drop of the phase change heat exchanger with Na as the heat exchanger coolant. In order to design a very efficient and effective heat exchanger one must optimize the design such that we have a high heat transfer and a lower pressure drop, but there is always a trade-off between them. Based on NGNP operational parameters, a heat exchanger analysis with the sodium phase change will be presented to show that the heat exchanger has the potential for highly effective heat transfer, within a small volume at reasonable cost.

17. Heat Pipe Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1988-01-01

Solar Fundamentals, Inc.'s hot water system employs space-derived heat pipe technology. It is used by a meat packing plant to heat water for cleaning processing machinery. Unit is complete system with water heater, hot water storage, electrical controls and auxiliary components. Other than fans and a circulating pump, there are no moving parts. System's unique design eliminates problems of balancing, leaking, corroding, and freezing.

18. Heat treatment for superalloy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harf, Fredric H. (inventor)

1987-01-01

A cobalt-free nickel-base superalloy composed of in weight % 15 Cr-5 Mo-3.5 Ti-4 Al-0.07 (max) C-remainder Ni is given a modified heat treatment. With this heat treatment the cobalt-free alloy achieves certain of the mechanical properties of the corresponding cobalt-containing nickel-base superalloy at 1200 F (650 C). Thus, strategic cobalt can be replaced by nickel in the alloy.

19. Microtube strip heat exchanger

Doty, F. D.

1990-12-01

Doty Scientific (DSI) believes their microtube-strip heat exchanger will contribute significantly to the following: (1) the closed Brayton cycles being pursued at MIT, NASA, and elsewhere; (2) reverse Brayton cycle cryocoolers, currently being investigated by NASA for space missions, being applied to MRI superconducting magnets; and (3) high-efficiency cryogenic gas separation schemes for CO2 removal from exhaust stacks. The goal of this current study is to show the potential for substantial progress in high-effectiveness, low-cost, gas-to-gas heat exchangers for diverse applications at temperatures from below 100 K to above 1000 K. To date, the highest effectiveness measured is about 98 percent and relative pressure drops below 0.1 percent with a specific conductance of about 45 W/kgK are reported. During the pre-award period DSI built and tested a 3-module heat exchanger bank using 103-tube microtube strip (MTS) modules. To add to their analytical capabilities, DSI has acquired computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. This report describes the pre-award work and the status of the ten tasks of the current project, which are: analyze flow distribution and thermal stresses within individual modules; design a heat exchanger bank of ten modules with 400 microtube per module; obtain production quality tubestrip die and AISI 304 tubestrips; obtain production quality microtubing; construct revised MTS heat exchanger; construct dies and fixtures for prototype heat exchanger; construct 100 MTS modules; assemble 8 to 10 prototype MTS heat exchangers; test prototype MTS heat exchanger; and verify test through independent means.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DiPirro, M. J.; Shirron, P. J.

2014-01-01

Heat switches are key elements in the cyclic operation of Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerators (ADRs). Several of the types of heat switches that have been used for ADRs are described in this paper. Key elements in selection and design of these switches include not only ON/OFF switching ratio, but also method of actuation, size, weight, and structural soundness. Some of the trade-off are detailed in this paper.

1. Freezable heat pipe

DOEpatents

Ernst, Donald M. (Leola, PA); Sanzi, James L. (Lancaster, PA)

1981-02-03

A heat pipe whose fluid can be repeatedly frozen and thawed without damage to the casing. An additional part is added to a conventional heat pipe. This addition is a simple porous structure, such as a cylinder, self-supporting and free standing, which is dimensioned with its diameter not spanning the inside transverse dimension of the casing, and with its length surpassing the depth of maximum liquid.

2. Nonequilibrium heat capacity.

PubMed

Mandal, Dibyendu

2013-12-01

Development of steady state thermodynamics and statistical mechanics depends crucially on our ability to extend the notions of equilibrium thermodynamics to nonequilibrium steady states (NESS). The present paper considers the extension of heat capacity. A modified definition is proposed which continues to maintain the same relation to steady state Shannon entropy as in equilibrium, thus providing a thermodynamically consistent treatment of NESS heat capacity. PMID:24483414

DOEpatents

Valenzuela, Javier (Hanover, NH)

2001-01-01

A radial flow heat exchanger (20) having a plurality of first passages (24) for transporting a first fluid (25) and a plurality of second passages (26) for transporting a second fluid (27). The first and second passages are arranged in stacked, alternating relationship, are separated from one another by relatively thin plates (30) and (32), and surround a central axis (22). The thickness of the first and second passages are selected so that the first and second fluids, respectively, are transported with laminar flow through the passages. To enhance thermal energy transfer between first and second passages, the latter are arranged so each first passage is in thermal communication with an associated second passage along substantially its entire length, and vice versa with respect to the second passages. The heat exchangers may be stacked to achieve a modular heat exchange assembly (300). Certain heat exchangers in the assembly may be designed slightly differently than other heat exchangers to address changes in fluid properties during transport through the heat exchanger, so as to enhance overall thermal effectiveness of the assembly.

4. Convective heat flow probe

DOEpatents

Dunn, James C. (Albuquerque, NM); Hardee, Harry C. (Albuquerque, NM); Striker, Richard P. (Albuquerque, NM)

1985-01-01

A convective heat flow probe device is provided which measures heat flow and fluid flow magnitude in the formation surrounding a borehole. The probe comprises an elongate housing adapted to be lowered down into the borehole; a plurality of heaters extending along the probe for heating the formation surrounding the borehole; a plurality of temperature sensors arranged around the periphery of the probe for measuring the temperature of the surrounding formation after heating thereof by the heater elements. The temperature sensors and heater elements are mounted in a plurality of separate heater pads which are supported by the housing and which are adapted to be radially expanded into firm engagement with the walls of the borehole. The heat supplied by the heater elements and the temperatures measured by the temperature sensors are monitored and used in providing the desired measurements. The outer peripheral surfaces of the heater pads are configured as segments of a cylinder and form a full cylinder when taken together. A plurality of temperature sensors are located on each pad so as to extend along the length and across the width thereof, with a heating element being located in each pad beneath the temperature sensors. An expansion mechanism driven by a clamping motor provides expansion and retraction of the heater pads and expandable packer-type seals are provided along the probe above and below the heater pads.

5. Convective heat flow probe

DOEpatents

Dunn, J.C.; Hardee, H.C.; Striker, R.P.

1984-01-09

A convective heat flow probe device is provided which measures heat flow and fluid flow magnitude in the formation surrounding a borehole. The probe comprises an elongate housing adapted to be lowered down into the borehole; a plurality of heaters extending along the probe for heating the formation surrounding the borehole; a plurality of temperature sensors arranged around the periphery of the probe for measuring the temperature of the surrounding formation after heating thereof by the heater elements. The temperature sensors and heater elements are mounted in a plurality of separate heater pads which are supported by the housing and which are adapted to be radially expanded into firm engagement with the walls of the borehole. The heat supplied by the heater elements and the temperatures measured by the temperature sensors are monitored and used in providing the desired measurements. The outer peripheral surfaces of the heater pads are configured as segments of a cylinder and form a full cylinder when taken together. A plurality of temperature sensors are located on each pad so as to extend along the length and across the width thereof, with a heating element being located in each pad beneath the temperature sensors. An expansion mechanism driven by a clamping motor provides expansion and retraction of the heater pads and expandable packet-type seals are provided along the probe above and below the heater pads.

6. Intrinsically irreversible heat engine

DOEpatents

Wheatley, John C. (Los Alamos, NM); Swift, Gregory W. (Los Alamos, NM); Migliori, Albert (Santa Fe, NM)

1984-01-01

A class of heat engines based on an intrinsically irreversible heat transfer process is disclosed. In a typical embodiment the engine comprises a compressible fluid that is cyclically compressed and expanded while at the same time being driven in reciprocal motion by a positive displacement drive means. A second thermodynamic medium is maintained in imperfect thermal contact with the fluid and bears a broken thermodynamic symmetry with respect to the fluid. the second thermodynamic medium is a structure adapted to have a low fluid flow impedance with respect to the compressible fluid, and which is further adapted to be in only moderate thermal contact with the fluid. In operation, thermal energy is pumped along the second medium due to a phase lag between the cyclical heating and cooling of the fluid and the resulting heat conduction between the fluid and the medium. In a preferred embodiment the engine comprises an acoustical drive and a housing containing a gas which is driven at a resonant frequency so as to be maintained in a standing wave. Operation of the engine at acoustic frequencies improves the power density and coefficient of performance. The second thermodynamic medium can be coupled to suitable heat exchangers to utilize the engine as a simple refrigeration device having no mechanical moving parts. Alternatively, the engine is reversible in function so as to be utilizable as a prime mover by coupling it to suitable sources and sinks of heat.

7. Intrinsically irreversible heat engine

DOEpatents

Wheatley, J.C.; Swift, G.W.; Migliori, A.

1984-12-25

A class of heat engines based on an intrinsically irreversible heat transfer process is disclosed. In a typical embodiment the engine comprises a compressible fluid that is cyclically compressed and expanded while at the same time being driven in reciprocal motion by a positive displacement drive means. A second thermodynamic medium is maintained in imperfect thermal contact with the fluid and bears a broken thermodynamic symmetry with respect to the fluid. The second thermodynamic medium is a structure adapted to have a low fluid flow impedance with respect to the compressible fluid, and which is further adapted to be in only moderate thermal contact with the fluid. In operation, thermal energy is pumped along the second medium due to a phase lag between the cyclical heating and cooling of the fluid and the resulting heat conduction between the fluid and the medium. In a preferred embodiment the engine comprises an acoustical drive and a housing containing a gas which is driven at a resonant frequency so as to be maintained in a standing wave. Operation of the engine at acoustic frequencies improves the power density and coefficient of performance. The second thermodynamic medium can be coupled to suitable heat exchangers to utilize the engine as a simple refrigeration device having no mechanical moving parts. Alternatively, the engine is reversible in function so as to be utilizable as a prime mover by coupling it to suitable sources and sinks of heat. 11 figs.

8. Intrinsically irreversible heat engine

DOEpatents

Wheatley, J.C.; Swift, G.W.; Migliori, A.

1984-01-01

A class of heat engines based on an intrinsically irreversible heat transfer process is disclosed. In a typical embodiment the engine comprises a compressible fluid that is cyclically compressed and expanded while at the same time being driven in reciprocal motion by a positive displacement drive means. A second thermodynamic medium is maintained in imperfect thermal contact with the fluid and bears a broken thermodynamic symmetry with respect to the fluid. The second thermodynamic medium is a structure adapted to have a low fluid flow impedance with respect to the compressible fluid, and which is further adapted to be in only moderate thermal contact with the fluid. In operation, thermal energy is pumped along the second medium due to a phase lag between the cyclical heating and cooling of the fluid and the resulting heat conduction between the fluid and the medium. In a preferred embodiment the engine comprises an acoustical drive and a housing containing a gas which is driven at a resonant frequency so as to be maintained in a standing wave. Operation of the engine at acoustic frequencies improves the power density and coefficient of performance. The second thermodynamic medium can be coupled to suitable heat exchangers to utilize the engine as a simple refrigeration device having no mechanical moving parts. Alternatively, the engine is reversible in function so as to be utilizable as a prime mover by coupling it to suitable sources and sinks of heat.

9. Understand spiral heat exchangers

SciTech Connect

Bailey, K.M.

1994-05-01

Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are standard in most chemical process industries (CPI) applications. However, they do have limitations related to thermal efficiency, mechanical design, and maintenance requirements that will not allow the standard straight-tube fixed-tubesheet shell-and-tube (S and T) heat exchanger to work properly in certain applications. It is in these problem areas that spiral heat exchangers (SHEs) have been used successfully worldwide for over 60 years. The SHE can be a viable alternative to the complex and often expensive shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The SHEs' unique spiral countercurrent monochannel design gives them exceptionally high heat-transfer rates and low fouling tendencies. The mechanical configuration of the SHE also allows full access to all heat-transfer surfaces for simplified inspection, maintenance, and cleaning. This article describes how SHEs operate, discusses their advantages in terms of thermal efficiency, fouling, mechanical design, and maintenance characteristics, and provides guidance on choosing between spiral and tubular exchangers.

10. Chimney heat exchanger

SciTech Connect

Whiteley, I.C.

1981-09-01

A heat exchanger for installation on the top of a chimney of a building includes a housing having a lower end receiving the top of the chimney and an upper end with openings permitting the escape of effluent from the chimney and a heat exchanger assembly disposed in the housing including a central chamber and a spirally arranged duct network defining an effluent spiral path between the top of the chimney and the central chamber and a fresh air spiral path between an inlet disposed at the lower end of the housing and the central chamber, the effluent and fresh air spiral paths being in heat exchange relationship such that air passing through the fresh air spiral path is heated by hot effluent gases passing upward through the chimney and the effluent spiral path for use in heating the building. A pollution trap can be disposed in the central chamber of the heat exchanger assembly for removing pollutants from the effluent, the pollution trap including a rotating cage carrying pumice stones for absorbing pollutants from the effluent with the surface of the pumice gradually ground off to reveal fresh stone as the cage rotates.

11. Joint Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule

Prescott Joule, James

2011-06-01

Experiments and observations on the mechanical powers of electro-magnetism, steam, and horses with Dr. Scoresby; On atomic volume and specific gravity with Sir Lyon Playfair; On the thermal effects experienced by air in rushing through small apertures with Sir Wm. Thomson; On the thermal effects of fluids in motion with Sir Wm. Thomson; On the thermal effects of elastic fluids with Sir Wm. Thomson; On the thermal effects of fluids in motion with Sir Wm. Thomson.

12. The Sun's Joules. [CD-ROM].

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Center for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Tech., Washington, DC.

An educational tool concerning renewable energy and the environment, this CD-ROM provides nearly 1,000 screens of text, graphics, videos, and interactive exercises. It also provides a detailed index, charts of U.S. energy consumption by state, an energy glossary, and a list of related Web sites. This CD-ROM, additionally, offers "The School Energy…

13. Multiphysics Modeling for Dimensional Analysis of a Self-Heated Molten Regolith Electrolysis Reactor for Oxygen and Metals Production on the Moon and Mars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dominguez, Jesus A.; Sibille, Laurent

2010-01-01

The technology of direct electrolysis of molten lunar regolith to produce oxygen and molten metal alloys has progressed greatly in the last few years. The development of long-lasting inert anodes and cathode designs as well as techniques for the removal of molten products from the reactor has been demonstrated. The containment of chemically aggressive oxide and metal melts is very difficult at the operating temperatures ca 1600 C. Containing the molten oxides in a regolith shell can solve this technical issue and can be achieved by designing a self-heating reactor in which the electrolytic currents generate enough Joule heat to create a molten bath. In a first phase, a thermal analysis model was built to study the formation of a melt of lunar basaltic regolith irradiated by a focused solar beam This mode of heating was selected because it relies on radiative heat transfer, which is the dominant mode of transfer of energy in melts at 1600 C. Knowing and setting the Gaussian-type heat flux from the concentrated solar beam and the phase and temperature dependent thermal properties, the model predicts the dimensions and temperature profile of the melt. A validation of the model is presented in this paper through the experimental formation of a spherical cap melt realized by others. The Orbitec/PSI experimental setup uses an 3.6-cm diameter concentrated solar beam to create a hemispheric melt in a bed of lunar regolith simulant contained in a large pot. Upon cooling, the dimensions of the vitrified melt are measured to validate the thermal model. In a second phase, the model is augmented by multiphysics components to compute the passage of electrical currents between electrodes inserted in the molten regolith. The current through the melt generates Joule heating due to the high resistivity of the medium and this energy is transferred into the melt by conduction, convection and primarily by radiation. The model faces challenges in two major areas, the change of phase as temperature increases, and the dominance of radiative heat flux as heat transfer mechanism within the melt the change of phase concerns the regolith itself which is present in states ranging from a fine grain regolith with low thermal conductivity and low density to a vitrified melt with much higher thermal conductivity, and higher density. As the regolith is heated, it starts to soften around 1300 C the melt iS very viscous and evolving gas bubbles out in thick, lava-like fashion. By 1600 C the regolith is completely melted and the viscosity is low The second challenge resides in the proper modeling of the radiative heat flux requiring the addition of the computing-demanding radiative-heat-transfer function to the general heat transfer equation. The model Includes temperature-dependent properties (density, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and viscosity, and absorption coefficients) and solves the radiative heat flux equation assuming gray (fine grains) and semi-transparent (melt) media and using an absorption coefficient spectral found in the literature for terrestrial minerals similar in composition to those of lunar regolith simulant

14. Moist Heat or Dry Heat for Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

PubMed Central

Petrofsky, Jerrold; Berk, Lee; Bains, Gurinder; Khowailed, Iman Akef; Hui, Timothy; Granado, Michael; Laymon, Mike; Lee, Haneul

2013-01-01

Background Heat is commonly used in physical therapy following exercise induced delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Most heat modalities used in a clinical setting for DOMS are only applied for 5 to 20 minutes. This minimal heat exposure causes little, if any, change in deep tissue temperature. For this reason, long duration dry chemical heat packs are used at home to slowly and safely warm tissue and reduce potential heat damage while reducing pain associated from DOMS. Clinically, it has been shown that moist heat penetrates deep tissue faster than dry heat. Therefore, in home use chemical moist heat may be more efficacious than dry heat to provide pain relief and reduce tissue damage following exercise DOMS. However, chemical moist heat only lasts for 2 hours compared to the 8 hours duration of chemical dry heat packs. The purpose of this study was to compare the beneficial effect of dry heat versus moist heat on 100 young subjects after exercise induce DOMS. Methods One hundred subjects exercised for 15 minutes accomplishing squats. Before and for 3 days after, strength, muscle soreness, tissue resistance, and the force to passively move the knee were recorded. Heat and moist heat were applied in different groups either immediately after exercise or 24 hours later. Results The research results of this study showed that immediate application of heat, either dry (8 hours application) or moist (2 hours application), had a similar preservation of quadriceps muscle strength and muscle activity. Results also revealed that the greatest pain reduction was shown after immediate application of moist heat. Never the less, immediate application of dry heat had a similar effect but to a lesser extent. Conclusion It should be noted that moist heat had not only similar benefits of dry heat but in some cases enhanced benefits, and with only 25% of the time of application of the dry heat. PMID:24171053

15. Heat exchanger device and method for heat removal or transfer

DOEpatents

Koplow, Jeffrey P

2015-03-24

Systems and methods for a forced-convection heat exchanger are provided. In one embodiment, heat is transferred to or from a thermal load in thermal contact with a heat conducting structure, across a narrow air gap, to a rotating heat transfer structure immersed in a surrounding medium such as air.

16. Heat exchanger device and method for heat removal or transfer

DOEpatents

Koplow, Jeffrey P.

2015-12-08

Systems and methods for a forced-convection heat exchanger are provided. In one embodiment, heat is transferred to or from a thermal load in thermal contact with a heat conducting structure, across a narrow air gap, to a rotating heat transfer structure immersed in a surrounding medium such as air.

17. PERFORMANCE OF A STIRLING ENGINE POWERED HEAT ACTIVATED HEAT PUMP

E-print Network

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

PERFORMANCE OF A STIRLING ENGINE POWERED HEAT ACTIVATED HEAT PUMP W. D. C. Richards and W. L. Auxer) which employs a natural gas fired Stirling engine to drive a Rankine cycle vapor compressor is presently by the heat pump effect. The Stirling engine/Rankine cycle refrigeration loop heat pump being developed would

18. Heat exchanger device and method for heat removal or transfer

DOEpatents

Koplow, Jeffrey P. (San Ramon, CA)

2012-07-24

Systems and methods for a forced-convection heat exchanger are provided. In one embodiment, heat is transferred to or from a thermal load in thermal contact with a heat conducting structure, across a narrow air gap, to a rotating heat transfer structure immersed in a surrounding medium such as air.

19. Heat exchanger device and method for heat removal or transfer

SciTech Connect

Koplow, Jeffrey P

2013-12-10

Systems and methods for a forced-convection heat exchanger are provided. In one embodiment, heat is transferred to or from a thermal load in thermal contact with a heat conducting structure, across a narrow air gap, to a rotating heat transfer structure immersed in a surrounding medium such as air.

20. Latent heat sink in soil heat flux measurements

Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN)

The surface energy balance includes a term for soil heat flux. Soil heat flux is difficult to measure because it includes conduction and convection heat transfer processes. Accurate representation of soil heat flux is an important consideration in many modeling and measurement applications. Yet, the...

1. Passive thermosyphon solar heating and cooling module with supplementary heating

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1977-01-01

A collection of three quarterly reports from Sigma Research, Inc., covering progress and status from January through September 1977 are presented. Three heat exchangers are developed for use in a solar heating and cooling system for installation into single-family dwellings. Each exchanger consists of one heating and cooling module and one submerged electric water heating element.

2. Effect of Power Control Function on Heat Transfer and Magnetohydrodynamic Two-Phase Flow in Electroslag Remelting Furnace

Wang, Qiang; Rong, Wenjie; Li, Baokuan

2015-11-01

A transient three-dimensional (3D) coupled mathematical model of electroslag remelting (ESR) furnace has been developed to investigate the impact of power control function on the heat transfer and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) two-phase flow. Maxwell's equations are solved by electrical potential method. The volume of fluid (VOF) approach is implemented to describe the two phase flow. The Lorentz force and the Joule heating are updated at each iteration as a function of phase distribution. The solidification is modeled by enthalpy-porosity formulation. A reasonable agreement between the experiment and simulation is obtained. The melt rate increases 15.83% in the remelting process with a constant current of 1600 A. With the power control function, the current would be reduced if the melt rate is 1.05 times larger than its initial value. The fluctuation range of the melt rate therefore decreases to 7.23%. Moreover, the fluctuation is limited within 5.12% if we start the power control program when the melt rate is 1.03 times higher than its initial value. Not only the metal pool depth but also the input power decreases under the effect of the current control function.

3. Fault-Tolerant Heat Exchanger

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Izenson, Michael G.; Crowley, Christopher J.

2005-01-01

A compact, lightweight heat exchanger has been designed to be fault-tolerant in the sense that a single-point leak would not cause mixing of heat-transfer fluids. This particular heat exchanger is intended to be part of the temperature-regulation system for habitable modules of the International Space Station and to function with water and ammonia as the heat-transfer fluids. The basic fault-tolerant design is adaptable to other heat-transfer fluids and heat exchangers for applications in which mixing of heat-transfer fluids would pose toxic, explosive, or other hazards: Examples could include fuel/air heat exchangers for thermal management on aircraft, process heat exchangers in the cryogenic industry, and heat exchangers used in chemical processing. The reason this heat exchanger can tolerate a single-point leak is that the heat-transfer fluids are everywhere separated by a vented volume and at least two seals. The combination of fault tolerance, compactness, and light weight is implemented in a unique heat-exchanger core configuration: Each fluid passage is entirely surrounded by a vented region bridged by solid structures through which heat is conducted between the fluids. Precise, proprietary fabrication techniques make it possible to manufacture the vented regions and heat-conducting structures with very small dimensions to obtain a very large coefficient of heat transfer between the two fluids. A large heat-transfer coefficient favors compact design by making it possible to use a relatively small core for a given heat-transfer rate. Calculations and experiments have shown that in most respects, the fault-tolerant heat exchanger can be expected to equal or exceed the performance of the non-fault-tolerant heat exchanger that it is intended to supplant (see table). The only significant disadvantages are a slight weight penalty and a small decrease in the mass-specific heat transfer.

4. Heat Pipe Blocks Return Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Eninger, J. E.

1982-01-01

Metal-foil reed valve in conventional slab-wick heat pipe limits heat flow to one direction only. With sink warmer than source, reed is forced closed and fluid returns to source side through annular transfer wick. When this occurs, wick slab on sink side of valve dries out and heat pipe ceases to conduct heat.

5. Shuttle reentry aerodynamic heating test

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pond, J. E.; Mccormick, P. O.; Smith, S. D.

1971-01-01

The research for determining the space shuttle aerothermal environment is reported. Brief summaries of the low Reynolds number windward side heating test, and the base and leeward heating and high Reynolds number heating test are included. Also discussed are streamline divergence and the resulting effect on aerodynamic heating, and a thermal analyzer program that is used in the Thermal Environment Optimization Program.

6. Experiments Demonstrate Geothermal Heating Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roman, Harry T.

2012-01-01

When engineers design heat-pump-based geothermal heating systems for homes and other buildings, they can use coil loops buried around the perimeter of the structure to gather low-grade heat from the earth. As an alternative approach, they can drill well casings and store the summer's heat deep in the earth, then bring it back in the winter to warm…

7. Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps

SciTech Connect

2011-02-01

Geothermal heat pumps, also known as ground source heat pumps, geoexchange, water-source, earth-coupled, and earth energy heat pumps, take advantage of this resource and represent one of the most efficient and durable options on the market to heat and cool your home.

8. Why combined heat and power

SciTech Connect

Orchard, W.R.H.

1984-06-01

Comparing modern conventional power stations and space heating boiler plant with new combined-cycle cogeneration systems confirms the energy advantages of the cogeneration route: almost 2 units of fuel are saved for each unit of heat produced. The UK is actively evaluating opportunities for combined heat and power for both district heating of urban areas and individual industrial and commercial applications.

9. Why combined heat and power

SciTech Connect

Orchard, W.R.H.

1984-01-01

Comparing modern conventional power stations and space-heating boiler plants with new combined-cycle cogeneration systems confirms the energy advantages of the cogeneration route: almost 2 units of fuel are saved for each unit of heat produced. The UK is actively evaluating opportunities for combined heat and power for both district heating of urban areas and individual industrial and commercial applications.

Howett, C.; Spencer, J. R.; Spencer, D.; Verbiscer, A.; Hurford, T.; Segura, M.

2013-12-01

11. HEAT OF HYDRATION OF SALTSTONE MIXES-MEASUREMENT BY ISOTHERMAL CALORIMETRY

SciTech Connect

Harbour, J; Vickie Williams, V; Tommy Edwards, T

2007-07-02

This report provides initial results on the measurement of heat of hydration of Saltstone mixes using isothermal calorimetry. The results were obtained using a recently purchased TAM Air Model 3116 Isothermal Conduction Calorimeter. Heat of hydration is an important property of Saltstone mixes. Greater amounts of heat will increase the temperature of the curing mix in the vaults and limit the processing rate. The heat of hydration also reflects the extent of the hydraulic reactions that turn the fluid mixture into a ''stone like'' solid and consequently impacts performance properties such as permeability. Determining which factors control these reactions, as monitored by the heat of hydration, is an important goal of the variability study. Experiments with mixes of portland cement in water demonstrated that the heats measured by this technique over a seven day period match very well with the literature values of (1) seven day heats of hydration using the standard test method for heat of hydration of hydraulic cement, ASTM C 186-05 and (2) heats of hydration measured using isothermal calorimetry. The heats of hydration of portland cement or blast furnace slag in a Modular Caustic Side Solvent Extraction Unit (MCU) simulant revealed that if the cure temperature is maintained at 25 C, the amount of heat released over a seven day period is roughly 62% less than the heat released by portland cement in water. Furthermore, both the blast furnace slag and the portland cement were found to be equivalent in heat production over the seven day period in MCU. This equivalency is due to the activation of the slag by the greater than 1 Molar free hydroxide ion concentration in the simulant. Results using premix (a blend of 10% cement, 45% blast furnace slag, and 45% fly ash) in MCU, Deliquification, Dissolution and Adjustment (DDA) and Salt Waste Processing Facility (SWPF) simulants reveal that the fly ash had not significantly reacted (undergone hydration reactions) after seven days (most likely less than 5%). There were clear differences in the amount of heat released and the peak times of heat release for the three different simulants. It turns out that SWPF simulant mixes give off greater heat than does MCU and DDA simulant mixes. The temperature dependence of the heat of hydration was measured by carrying out these measurements at 25, 40 and 55 C. In general, the peak times shifted to shorter times as the isothermal temperature increased and the amount of heat released was independent of temperature for DDA and MCU but slightly higher at higher temperatures for SWPF. The goal of this study is to apply this technique to the measurement of the heat of hydration of mixes that will be made as part of the variability study. It is important to understand which variables will impact (and to what extent) the amount of heat generated and the peak times for the heat release. Those variables that can be controlled can then be tuned to adjust the heat of hydration as long as the other properties are still acceptable. The first application of heat of hydration measurements to the variability study was completed and the results presented in this report. These measurements were made using Phase VI mixes (SWPF simulants) following a statistical design that included variation in the compositional and operational variables. Variation in both the amount of heat released and the peak times for the heat release were observed. The measured ranges were 23 Joules per gram of premix for the heat release and 23 hours for the peak time of heat release at 25 C. Linear models with high R{sup 2} values and no statistical evidence for lack of fit were developed that relate the amount of heat release and the peak time for heat release for the Phase VI mixes to certain variables. The amount of heat released was a function of the aluminate and portland cement concentrations as well as the temperature of mixing. The peak time for heat release was a function of aluminate, portland cement and total nitrate plus nitrite concentrations. A comparison was made of the mea

12. Heat sensitive immunoliposomes

SciTech Connect

Sullivan, S.M.

1985-01-01

Heat sensitive immunoliposomes were prepared with derivatized antibody. The liposomes are able to bind specifically to target cells and to release their encapsulated contents upon brief heating. Monoclonal anti-H2K/sup K/ was covalently derivatized with palmitoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide. The palmitoyl antibody was injected at a controlled rate into a suspension of fused unilamellar dipalmitoylphosphati-dylcholine liposomes maintained at a constant temperature. Injection of palmitoyl antibody into a liposome suspension containing 50 mM carboxyfluorescein at 41/sup 0/C resulted in simultaneous antibody incorporation and entrapment of dye. The immunoliposomes were able to release entrapped dye upon heating. Furthermore, this ability was retained when the immunoliposomes were found to the target cells. /sup 3/H-Uridine was entrapped in the heat sensitive immunoliposomes to examine the cellular uptake properties of entrapped contents upon release. The release of uridine from bound heat sensitive immunoliposomes exhibited very similar properties to those obtained for carboxyfluorescein release. The rate of uridine uptake for immunoliposome released uridine was 5 fold greater than bare liposome released uridine and 10 fold greater than that obtained for free uridine. Nucleoside uptake inhibitors were able to inhibit uptake of free uridine and uridine released from immunoliposomes showing the release to be extracellular and uridine uptake was mediated by the nucleoside transporter. These results show that a high local concentration of nucleosides released from immunoliposomes bound to their respective target cell can enhance cellular uptake thus promoting efficient drug delivery.

13. Heat exchanger-accumulator

DOEpatents

Ecker, Amir L. (Dallas, TX)

1980-01-01

What is disclosed is a heat exchanger-accumulator for vaporizing a refrigerant or the like, characterized by an upright pressure vessel having a top, bottom and side walls; an inlet conduit eccentrically and sealingly penetrating through the top; a tubular overflow chamber disposed within the vessel and sealingly connected with the bottom so as to define an annular outer volumetric chamber for receiving refrigerant; a heat transfer coil disposed in the outer volumetric chamber for vaporizing the liquid refrigerant that accumulates there; the heat transfer coil defining a passageway for circulating an externally supplied heat exchange fluid; transferring heat efficiently from the fluid; and freely allowing vaporized refrigerant to escape upwardly from the liquid refrigerant; and a refrigerant discharge conduit penetrating sealingly through the top and traversing substantially the length of the pressurized vessel downwardly and upwardly such that its inlet is near the top of the pressurized vessel so as to provide a means for transporting refrigerant vapor from the vessel. The refrigerant discharge conduit has metering orifices, or passageways, penetrating laterally through its walls near the bottom, communicating respectively interiorly and exteriorly of the overflow chamber for controllably carrying small amounts of liquid refrigerant and oil to the effluent stream of refrigerant gas.

14. Downhole heat exchangers

SciTech Connect

Culver, G.; Lund, J.W.

1999-09-01

The downhole heat exchanger (DHE) eliminates the problem of disposal of geothermal fluid, since only heat is taken from the well. The exchanger consists of a system of pipes or tubes suspended in the well through which clean secondary water is pumped or allowed to circulate by natural convection. These systems offer substantial economic savings over surface heat exchangers where a single-well system is adequate (typically less than 0.8 MWt, with well depths up to about 500 ft) and may be economical under certain conditions at well depths to 1500 ft. Several designs have proven successful; but, the most popular are a simple hairpin loop or multiple loops of iron pipe (similar to the tubes in a U-tube and shell exchanger) extending to near the well bottom. An experimental design consisting of multiple small tubes with headers at each end suspended just below the water surface appears to offer economic and heating capacity advantages. The paper describes design and construction details and New Zealand`s experience with downhole heat exchangers.

15. Complex Compound Chemical Heat Pumps

E-print Network

Rockenfeller, U.; Langeliers, J.; Horn, G.

1987-01-01

fluid component without heat amplifier and temperature amplifier type. hardware modification. These systems can be configured as single or dual The heat pump design is based on a heat of stage cycles. reaction chemisorption process operating... improvements can be performed as well. Heat Amplifier Cycles. The single-stage heat amplifier cycle Is shOwn in Figure 1. The process can be described as follows: 1->2 Complex B is heated with prime energy or high temperature waste heat at the generator...

16. Heat exchanger for electrothermal devices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zavesky, Ralph J. (inventor); Sovey, James S. (inventor); Mirtich, Michael J. (inventor); Marinos, Charalampus (inventor); Penko, Paul F. (inventor)

1986-01-01

An improved electrothermal device is disclosed. An electrothermal thruster utilizes a generally cylindrical heat exchanger chamber to convert electricity to heat which raises the propellant temperature. A textured, high emissivity heat element radiatively transfers heat to the inner wall of this chamber that is ion beam morphologically controlled for high absorptivity. This, in turn, raises the temperature of a porous heat exchanger material in an annular chamber surrounding the cylindrical chamber. Propellant gas flows through the annular chamber and is heated by the heat exchanger material.

17. Heat distribution ceramic processing method

DOEpatents

Tiegs, Terry N. (Lenoir City, TN); Kiggans, Jr., James O. (Oak Ridge, TN)

2001-01-01

A multi-layered heat distributor system is provided for use in a microwave process. The multi-layered heat distributors includes a first inner layer of a high thermal conductivity heat distributor material, a middle insulating layer and an optional third insulating outer layer. The multi-layered heat distributor system is placed around the ceramic composition or article to be processed and located in a microwave heating system. Sufficient microwave energy is applied to provide a high density, unflawed ceramic product.

18. Optimization of Heat Exchanger Cleaning

E-print Network

Siegell, J. H.

1986-01-01

EXCHANGER CLEANING Jeffrey H. Siegell Exxon Research and Engineering Company Florham Park, New Jersey ABSTRACT The performance of heat integration systems is quantified in terms of the amount of heat that is recovered. This decreases with time due... to increased fouling of the heat exchange surface. Using the "Total Fouling Related Expenses (TFRE)" approach, economic incentives for heat exchanger cleaning are evaluated using linear, exponential, and exponential finite decrease models of the heat...

19. Heat budget of ionospheric electrons

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Prasad, S. S.; Schneck, L. J.

1976-01-01

Heat input calculations were detached from solar extreme UV data and monatomic oxygen densities were derived from simultaneously measured data sets (ion composition 146-191 km) in a study of the heat budget of ionosphere electrons. Earlier inferences that cooling predominates over heating are supported. A search for additional heat sources or a revision of the cooling rates is recommended, by way of balancing the heat budget. Importance is attached to electron cooling by fine structure excitation of monatomic oxygen.

20. Microgravity condensing heat exchanger

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thomas, Christopher M. (Inventor); Ma, Yonghui (Inventor); North, Andrew (Inventor); Weislogel, Mark M. (Inventor)

2011-01-01

A heat exchanger having a plurality of heat exchanging aluminum fins with hydrophilic condensing surfaces which are stacked and clamped between two cold plates. The cold plates are aligned radially along a plane extending through the axis of a cylindrical duct and hold the stacked and clamped portions of the heat exchanging fins along the axis of the cylindrical duct. The fins extend outwardly from the clamped portions along approximately radial planes. The spacing between fins is symmetric about the cold plates, and are somewhat more closely spaced as the angle they make with the cold plates approaches 90.degree.. Passageways extend through the fins between vertex spaces which provide capillary storage and communicate with passageways formed in the stacked and clamped portions of the fins, which communicate with water drains connected to a pump externally to the duct. Water with no entrained air is drawn from the capillary spaces.
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