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## Equilibrium Worksheet

CK-12 Foundation Chemistry

Name______________________ Date_________

Questions 1 - 20 relate to the following reaction at equilibrium in a closed container.

$P_{(s)} + 2 \ O_ {2(g)} \leftrightarrows PO_{4(g)} && \Delta H = - 794 \ kJ/mol$

1. What is the instantaneous effect on the FORWARD REACTION RATE of adding some solid phosphorus with no change in surface area?

A. Increase.

B. Decrease.

C. No change.

2. What is the instantaneous effect on the FORWARD REACTION RATE of adding some oxygen gas with no change in pressure?

A. Increase.

B. Decrease.

C. No change.

3. What is the instantaneous effect on the FORWARD REACTION RATE of adding some $PO_4$ gas with no change in pressure?

A. Increase.

B. Decrease.

C. No change.

4. What is the instantaneous effect on the FORWARD REACTION RATE of increasing the temperature?

A. Increase.

B. Decrease.

C. No change.

5. What is the instantaneous effect on the FORWARD REACTION RATE of increasing the pressure by reducing the volume?

A. Increase.

B. Decrease.

C. No change.

6. What is the instantaneous effect on the FORWARD REACTION RATE of adding a catalyst?

A. Increase.

B. Decrease.

C. No change.

7. What is the instantaneous effect on the REVERSE REACTION RATE of adding some solid phosphorus with no change in surface area?

A. Increase.

B. Decrease.

C. No change.

8. What is the instantaneous effect on the REVERSE REACTION RATE of adding some oxygen gas with no change in pressure?

A. Increase.

B. Decrease.

C. No change.

9. What is the instantaneous effect on the REVERSE REACTION RATE of adding some $PO_4$ gas with no change in pressure?

A. Increase.

B. Decrease.

C. No change.

10. What is the instantaneous effect on the REVERSE REACTION RATE of increasing the temperature?

A. Increase.

B. Decrease.

C. No change.

11. What is the instantaneous effect on the REVERSE REACTION RATE of increasing the pressure by reducing the volume?

A. Increase.

B. Decrease.

C. No change.

12. What is the instantaneous effect on the REVERSE REACTION RATE of adding a catalyst?

A. Increase.

B. Decrease.

C. No change.

13. Which direction will the equilibrium shift when solid phosphorus is added with no change in surface area?

A. Forward.

B. Reverse.

C. No shift.

14. Which direction will the equilibrium shift when oxygen gas is added with no change in pressure?

A. Forward.

B. Reverse.

C. No shift.

15. Which direction will the equilibrium shift when gaseous $PO_4$ is added with no change in pressure?

A. Forward.

B. Reverse.

C. No shift.

16. Which direction will the equilibrium shift when the temperature is increased?

A. Forward.

B. Reverse.

C. No shift.

17. Which direction will the equilibrium shift when the pressure is increased by reducing the volume?

A. Forward.

B. Reverse.

C. No shift.

18. Which direction will the equilibrium shift when a catalyst is added?

A. Forward.

B. Reverse.

C. No shift.

19. Which of the following changes to the sytem at equilibrium will change the value of the equilibrium constant?

III. Increasing the pressure by reducing the volume.

IV. Increasing the temperature.

A. I, II, and IV.

B. III, IV, and V.

C. IV and V.

D. IV only.

E. V only.

20. If oxygen gas is added to the system at equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift forward until a new equilibrium is established. When the new equilibrium is established, how will the concentration of oxygen gas in the new equilibrium compare to the original concentration of oxygen gas before the stress was applied?

A. higher

B. lower

C. the same

21. Here are four equations with their equilibrium constant values. Which of these reactions will have the greatest proportion of material in the form of products?

Equilibrium Constants for Various Equations
Choice Equation Equilibrium Constant
A. $AB_{(aq)} \leftrightarrows A^+_{(aq)} + B^-_{(aq)}$ $K_e = 2 \times 10^{-2}$
B. $CD_{(aq)} \leftrightarrows C^+_{(aq)} + D^- _{(aq)}$ $K_e = 3 \times 10^{-2}$
C. $EF_{(aq)} \leftrightarrows E^+_{(aq)} + F^-_{(aq)}$ $K_e = 3 \times 10^{-3}$
D. $GH_{(aq)} \leftrightarrows G^+_{(aq)} + H^-_{(aq)}$ $K_e = 6 \times 10^{-3}$

22. Solid sulfur reacts with oxygen gas to form $SO_{2(g)}$ according to the following equation.

$S_{(s)} + O_{2(g)} \leftrightarrows SO_{2(g)}$

Given that the equilibrium constant for the reaction is $5.00$ and that the reaction begins with $60.0 \ M$ sulfur and $3.00 \ M \ O_2$, calculate the equilibrium concentration of $SO_2$.

A. $15.0 \ M$

B. $5.55 \ M$

C. $2.50 \ M$

D. $1.25 \ M$

E. None of these.

23. For the reaction, $N_{2(g)} + O_{2(g)} \leftrightarrows 2 \ NO_{2(g)}$, the equilibrium constant is $1.0 \times 10^{-6}$. Find the equilibrium concentration of $NO_2$ if the beginning concentration of $N_2$ and $O_2$ are both $2.0 \ M$?

A. $0.0020 \ M$

B. $2.0 \times 10^{-6} \ M$

C. $4.0 \times 10^{-6} \ M$

D. $0.020 \ M$

E. None of these.

24. For the reaction, $H_{2(g)} + CO_{2(g)} \leftrightarrows H_2O_{(g)} + CO_{(g)}$, the two reactants begin the reaction at $1.0 \ M$ and at equilibrium, the concentration of $CO$ is found to be $0.80 \ M$. What is the equilibrium constant value?

A. $1.7$

B. $2.0$

C. $4.0$

D. $16$

E. None of these.

25. $K_e = 4.00$ for the reaction, $H_{2(g)} + CO_{2(g)} \leftrightarrows H_2O_{(g)} + CO_{(g)}$. If all four species begin at $1.00 \ M$, what will be the equilibrium concentration of $H_2$?

A. $0.33 \ M$

B. $0.67 \ M$

C. $1.3 \ M$

D. $1.0 \ M$

E. None of these.

## Le Chatelier's Principle Worksheet

CK-12 Foundation Chemistry

Name______________________ Date_________

Le Chatelier's Principle is useful in predicting how a system at equilibrium will respond when certain changes are imposed. Le Chatelier's Principle does NOT explain why the system changes, and is not an acceptable explanation for the change. It merely allows you to determine quickly how the system will change when a disturbance is imposed. The explanation for why the system changes can be found in your textbook.

There are three common ways a stress may be applied to a chemical system at equilibrium:

• changing the concentration (or partial pressure) of a reactant or product.
• changing the temperature.
• changing the volume of the container (which changes partial pressure of all gases in the reaction).

You should be aware that adding a gaseous substance that is not involved in the reaction changes the total pressure in the system but does not change the partial pressure of any of the reactants or products and therefore does not affect the equilibrium.

Le Chatelier's Principle states when a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the equilibrium shifts so as to partially undo (counteract) the effect of the disturbance.

Changes in Concentration or Partial Pressure

If a system at equilibrium is disturbed by adding a reactant or removing a product, Le Chatelier's Principle predicts that the equilibrium will shift forward, thus using up some of the added reactant or producing more of the removed product. In this way, the equilibrium shift partially counteracts the disturbance. Similarly, if the disturbance is the removal of a reactant or the addition of a product, the equilibrium will shift backward, thus producing more of the removed reactant or using up some of the added product. Once again, the shift tends to “undo” the disturbance. It should be noted that when the disturbance is an increase or decrease of concentration of reactant or product, the equilibrium shift tends to partially return the concentration to its former value but it never gets all the way back to the former value.

The equilibrium constant value, Ke is not changed by the addition or removal of reactants or products. Since the concentration of solids are constant, they do not appear in the equilibrium constant expression and their concentrations do not change when disturbances cause equilibrium shifts, however, the amount of the solid present most certainly does change. The amount of solid can increase or decrease but the concentration does not change.

Changes in Temperature

Increasing the temperature of a system at equilibrium increases both forward and reverse reaction rate, but it increases the endothermic reaction more that the exothermic. Therefore, in an exothermic reaction, the reverse reaction is endothermic and so increasing the temperature will increase the reverse reaction more than the forward reaction, and the equilibrium will shift backwards. Since the forward reaction produces heat and the reverse reaction consumes heat, Le Chatelier's Principle predicts that when heat is added, the equilibrium will shift backward, consuming heat, and thus partially countering the disturbance. Cooling an exothermic reaction slows both reactions but it slows the reverse more than the forward, hence the equilibrium will shift forward producing more heat, thus partially undoing the stress.

For an endothermic reaction, all the same logic is involved except that the forward reaction is endothermic and the reverse reaction is exothermic. Therefore, heating an endothermic reaction causes the equilibrium to shift forward, and cooling an endothermic reaction causes the equilibrium to shift backward.

When an equilibrium shifts due to a temperature change all the substances on one side of the equation move in the same direction, that is, they all increase or they all decrease. Therefore, the equilibrium constant value will also change when the temperature is changed.

Summary of
Reaction Type Increase Temperature Decrease Temperature
Endothermic $( \Delta H > 0)$ $K$ increases $K$ decreases
Exothermic $( \Delta H < 0)$ $K$ decreases $K$ increases

Changes in Volume

When the volume of a reaction vessel is decreased, the partial pressure (and concentration) of all gases in the container increase. The total pressure in the vessel will also increase. Le Chatelier's Principle predicts that the equilibrium will shift in a direction that tends to counteract the disturbance. Therefore, the equilibrium will shift to produce fewer moles of gaseous substances so that the pressure will decrease. Thus, decreasing the volume will cause the equilibrium to shift toward the side with fewer moles of gaseous substances. The reverse is true if the volume of the vessel is increased. The partial pressure of all gases will decrease, and the total pressure will decrease, so the equilibrium shift will be toward the side that contains more moles of gas, thus increasing pressure and partially counteracting the change.

The addition of a catalyst will increase both forward and reverse reaction rates. In the case of a catalyst, both reaction rates are increased by the same amount and therefore there will be no equilibrium shift.

Exercises

Consider the following reaction.

$5 \ CO_{(g)} + I_2O_{5(s)} \leftrightharpoons I_{2(g)} + 5 \ CO_{2(g)} && \Delta H^ \circ =- 1175 \ kJ$

1. If some $CO_{2(g)}$ is added to this sytem at equilibrium, which way will the equilibrium shift?

A. Toward the products.

B. Toward the reactants.

C. No shift.

2. When equilibrium is re-established after the $CO_{2(g)}$ is added, how will the concentration of $I_{2(g)}$ compare to the original concentration?

A. Increased.

B. Decreased.

C. No change.

3. When equilibrium is re-established after the $CO_{2(g)}$ is added, how will the concentration of $I_2O_5$ compare to the original concentration?

A. Increased.

B. Decreased.

C. No change.

4. When equilibrium is re-established after the $CO_{2(g)}$ is added, how will the amount of $I_2O_5$ compare to the original amount?

A. Increased.

B. Decreased.

C. No change.

5. When equilibrium is re-established after the $CO_{2(g)}$ is added, how will the value of $K$ compare to the original value of $K$?

A. Higher.

B. Lower.

C. No change.

6. If some $I_{2(g)}$ is removed from this sytem at equilibrium, which way will the equilibrium shift?

A. Toward the products.

B. Toward the reactants.

C. No shift.

7. When equilibrium is re-established after the $I_{2(g)}$ is removed, how will the concentration of $CO_{2(g)}$ compare to the original concentration?

A. Increased.

B. Decreased.

C. No change.

8. When equilibrium is re-established after the $I_{2(g)}$ is removed, how will the concentration of $I_{2(g)}$ compare to the original concentration?

A. Increased.

B. Decreased.

C. No change.

9. 5. When equilibrium is re-established after the $I_{2(g)}$ is removed, how will the value of $K$ compare to the original value of $K$?

A. Higher.

B. Lower.

C. No change.

10. If the temperature of this system at equilibrium is lowered, which way will the equilibrium shift?

A. Toward the products.

B. Toward the reactants.

C. No shift.

11. When equilibrium is re-established after the temperature was lowered, how will the concentration of $CO_{(g)}$ compare to its original concentration?

A. Increased.

B. Decreased.

C. No change.

12. When equilibrium is re-established after the temperature was lowered, how will the value of $K$ compare to the original value of $K$?

A. Higher.

B. Lower.

C. No change.

13. If the volume of the reaction vessel for this system at equilibrium is decreased, which way will the equilibrium shift?

A. Toward the products.

B. Toward the reactants.

C. No shift.

14. When equilibrium is re-established after the volume was decreased, how will the concentration of $CO_{(g)}$ compare to its original concentration?

A. Higher.

B. Lower.

C. No change.

15. When equilibrium is re-established after the volume was decreased, how will the value of $K$ compare to the original value of $K$?

A. Higher.

B. Lower.

C. No change.

Consider the following reaction.

$4 \ NO_{(g)} + 6 \ H_2O_{(g)} \leftrightharpoons 4 \ NH_{3(g)} + 5 \ O_{2(g)} && \Delta H = + 1532 \ kJ$

16. If some $NO_{(g)}$ is added to this sytem at equilibrium, which way will the equilibrium shift?

A. Toward the products.

B. Toward the reactants.

C. No shift.

17. When equilibrium is re-established after the $NO_{(g)}$ is added, how will the concentration of $NH_{3(g)}$ compare to the original concentration?

A. Increased.

B. Decreased.

C. No change.

18. If the temperature of this system at equilibrium is raised, which way will the equilibrium shift?

A. Toward the products.

B. Toward the reactants.

C. No shift.

19. When equilibrium is re-established after the temperature was raised, how will the concentration of $NO_{(g)}$ compare to its original concentration?

A. Increased.

B. Decreased.

C. No change.

20. When equilibrium is re-established after the temperature was raised, how will the value of $K$ compare to the original value of $K$?

A. Higher.

B. Lower.

C. No change.

## Solubility and Solubility Product Constant Worksheet

CK-12 Foundation Chemistry

Name______________________ Date_________

1. When excess solid $SrCrO_4$ is shaken with water at $25^ \circ C$, it is found that $6.00 \times 10^{-3} \ moles$ dissolve per liter of solution. Use this information to calculate the $K_{sp}$ for $SrCrO_4$.
2. The solubility of $PbCl_2$ is $1.6 \times 10^{-2} \ mol/L$. What is the $K_{sp}$ for $PbCl_2$?
3. The solubility of $AgC_2H_3O_2$ is $11.11 \ g/L$ at $25^ \circ C$. What is the $K_{sp}$ for silver acetate at this temperature?
4. The solubility of $Ag_2Cr_2O_7$ is $0.083 \ g/L$ at $25^ \circ C$. What is the $K_{sp}$ for silver dichromate at this temperature?
5. What is the solubility of $AgI$ in grams/liter given the $K_{sp} =8.3 \times 10^{-17}$?
6. What is the solubility of $Ca(OH)_2$ in grams/liter given the $K_{sp} = 6.0 \times 10^{-6}$?
7. Write balanced net ionic equations for the precipitation reactions that occur when the following pairs of solutions are mixed. If no reaction occurs, write “no reaction”. Use the solubility table in your textbook if you need it.
1. Lead nitrate and hydrochloric acid.
2. Silver nitrate and lithium hydroxide.
3. Ammonium sulfide and cobalt (II) bromide.
4. Copper (II) sulfate and potassium carbonate.
5. Barium nitrate and copper (II) sulfate.
8. Lead (II) chloride has a $K_{sp}$ value of $1.7 \times 10^{-5}$. Will a precipitate form when $140.0 \ mL$ of $0.0100 \ M \ Pb_3(PO_4)_2$ is mixed with $550.0 \ mL$ of $0.0550 \ M \ NaCl$?
9. A solution contains $1.0 \times 10^{-4} \ M \ Pb^{2+}$ ions and $2.0 \times 10^{-3} \ M \ Sr^{2+}$ ions. If a source of $SO_4^{2-}$ ions is very slowly added to this solution, will $PbSO_4, (K_{sp} = 1.8 \times 10^{-8})$ or $SrSO_4, (K_{sp} = 3.4 \times 10^{-7})$ precipitate first? Calculate the concentration of $SO_4^{2-}$ ions that will begin to precipitate each cation.

• The worksheet answer keys are available upon request. Please send an email to teachers-requests@ck12.org to request the worksheet answer keys.

Aug 18, 2012

Jul 21, 2014
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