#### Sample records for chile taxonomic covariation

1. Taxonomic study of extreme halophilic archaea isolated from the "Salar de Atacama", Chile.

Science.gov (United States)

Lizama, C; Monteoliva-Sánchez, M; Prado, B; Ramos-Cormenzana, A; Weckesser, J; Campos, V

2001-11-01

A large number of halophilic bacteria were isolated in 1984-1992 from the Atacama Saltern (North of Chile). For this study 82 strains of extreme halophilic archaea were selected. The characterization was performed by using the phenotypic characters including morphological, physiological, biochemical, nutritional and antimicrobial susceptibility test. The results, together with those from reference strains, were subjected to numerical analysis, using the Simple Matching (S(SM)) coefficient and clustered by the unweighted pair group method of association (UPGMA). Fifteen phena were obtained at an 70% similarity level. The results obtained reveal a high diversity among the halophilic archaea isolated. Representative strains from the phena were chosen to determine their DNA base composition and the percentage of DNA-DNA similarity compared to reference strains. The 16S rRNA studies showed that some of these strains constitutes a new taxa of extreme halophilic archaea. PMID:11822685

2. Sublimation on the glaciers of the upper Huasco valley, Chile, using eddy covariance data and energy balance modelling

Science.gov (United States)

MacDonell, Shelley; Cullen, Nicolas; Nicholson, Lindsey; Mölg, Thomas; Kinnard, Christophe

2010-05-01

On the cold, arid glaciers of the Norte Chico region, Chile, sublimation plays an important role in mass loss from the glacier surface. The ratio of sublimation : melt on these glaciers dictates not only the amount of meltwater delivered to the watershed, but it also drives the development of morphological features on the glacier surface, such as penitentes. As the rate of sublimation is driven by the latent heat flux, understanding the behaviour of the turbulent heat flux across the glacier surface is key to quantifying the spatial and temporal patterns of ablation. We measured the turbulent heat fluxes at a point on the surface of the Guanaco Glacier during 23-31 January, 2008 using an open-path eddy covariance system. The eddy covariance system was installed adjacent to an existing automatic weather station operating at 5325 m on the glacier surface, in a region devoid of penitents and other surface deformities. The results from the eddy covariance measurements were subsequently used to assess the sublimation results calculated using a point energy balance model. Results showed that 0.5-3 mm w.e. of sublimation occurred per day during the study period, which corresponded well with the energy balance results. However to assess the total sublimation rate on this glacier, sublimation rates from penitentes, ablation cusps and debris-covered regions must also be calculated. Thus this paper will also take a first look at another set of eddy covariance measurements made in a penitente field on the Toro 1 Glacier between December 2009-January 2010 to quantify the importance of penitentes for producing ablation on these glaciers as well. The eddy covariance system was installed adjacent to an existing automatic weather station operating at 5200 m on the glacier surface, in a location with a 100 m fetch of penitentes. From these measurements we are able to ascertain the role that penitentes play in modifying turbulent heat fluxes in the main part of the ablation season

3. Intraspecific trait variation and covariation in a widespread tree species (Nothofagus pumilio) in southern Chile.

Science.gov (United States)

Fajardo, Alex; Piper, Frida I

2011-01-01

• The focus of the trait-based approach to study community ecology has mostly been on trait comparisons at the interspecific level. Here we quantified intraspecific variation and covariation of leaf mass per area (LMA) and wood density (WD) in monospecific forests of the widespread tree species Nothofagus pumilio to determine its magnitude and whether it is related to environmental conditions and ontogeny. We also discuss probable mechanisms controlling the trait variation found. • We collected leaf and stem woody tissues from 30-50 trees of different ages (ontogeny) from each of four populations at differing elevations (i.e. temperatures) and placed at each of three locations differing in soil moisture. • The total variation in LMA (coefficient of variation (CV) = 21.14%) was twice that of WD (CV = 10.52%). The total variation in traits was never less than 23% when compared with interspecific studies. Differences in elevation (temperature) for the most part explained variation in LMA, while differences in soil moisture and ontogeny explained the variation in WD. Traits covaried similarly in the altitudinal gradient only. • Functional traits of N. pumilio exhibited nonnegligible variation; LMA varied for the most part with temperature, while WD mostly varied with moisture and ontogeny. We demonstrate that environmental variation can cause important trait variation without species turnover. PMID:21039558

4. Chile.

Science.gov (United States)

1992-05-01

The background notes on Chile provide a statistical summary of the population, geography, government, and the economy, and more descriptive text on the history, population, government, economy, defense, and foreign relations. In brief, Chile has 13.3 million Spanish Indian (Mestizos), European, and Indian inhabitants and an annual growth rate of 1.6%. 96% are literate. Infant mortality is 18/1000. 34% of the population are involved in industry and commerce, 30% in services, 19% in agriculture and forestry and fishing, 7% in construction, and 2% in mining. The major city is Santiago. The government, which gained independence in 1810, is a republic with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. There are 12 regions. There are 6 major political parties. Suffrage is universal at 18 years. Gross domestic product (GDP) is $29.2 billion. The annual growth rate is 5% and inflation is 19%. Copper, timber, fish, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, and molybdenum are its natural resources. Agricultural products are 9% of GDP and include wheat, potatoes, corn, sugar beets, onions, beans, fruits, and livestock. Industry is 21% of GDP and includes mineral refining, metal manufacturing, food and fish processing, paper and wood products, and finished textiles.$8.3 billion is the value of exports and $7 billion of imports. Export markets are in Japan, the US, Germany, Brazil, and the United Kingdom. Chile received$3.5 billion in economic aid between 1949-85, but little in recent years. 83% live in urban centers, principally around Santiago. Congressional representation is made on the basis of elections by a unique binomial majority system. Principal government officials are identified. Chile has a diversified free market economy and is almost self-sufficient in food production. The US is a primary trading partner. 49% of Chile's exports are minerals. Chile maintains diplomatic relations with 70 countries, however, relations are strained with Argentina and Bolivia. Relations

5. Chile.

Science.gov (United States)

1988-09-01

Chile is a long (2650 miles), narrow (250 miles at widest point) country sandwiched between the Andes mountains and the Pacific. The northern desert is rich in copper and nitrates; the temperate middle region is agricultural and supports the major cities, including Santiago, the capital, and the port of Valparaiso; and the southern region is a cold and damp area of forests, grasslands, lakes, and fjords. The country is divided into 12 administrative regions. Chile's population of 12.5 million are mainly of Spanish or Indian descent or mestizos. Literacy is 92.3%, and the national language is Spanish. Infant mortality is 18.1/1000, and life expectancy is 68.2 years. 82% of the people are urban, and most are Roman Catholics. Chile was settled by the Spanish in 1541 and attached to the Viceroyalty of Peru. Independence was won in 1818 under the leadership of Bernardo O'Higgins. In the 1880s Chile extended its sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan in the south and areas of southern Peru and Bolivia in the north. An officially parliamentary government, elected by universal suffrage, drifted into oligarchy and finally into a military dictatorship under Carlos Ibanez in 1924. Constitutional government was restored in 1932. The Christian Democratic government of Eduardo Frei (1964-70) inaugurated major reforms, including land redistribution, education, and far-reaching social and economic policies. A Marxist government under Salvador Allende lasted from 1970 to 1973 when the present military government of General Pinochet Ugarte took power, overthrew Allende, abolished the Congress, and banned political parties. It has moved the country in the direction of a free market economy but at the cost of systematic violations of human rights. A new constitution was promulgated in 1981, and congressional elections have been scheduled for October, 1989. A "National Accord for Transition to Full Democracy" was mediated by the Catholic Church in 1985. The social reforms of the

6. Chile.

Science.gov (United States)

1986-04-01

In 1985, Chile's population stood at 12 million, with an annual growth rate of 1.7%. 1984's infant mortality rate was 20/1000 live births and life expectancy was 67 years. The literacy rate was 94%. Of the work force of 3,841,000 in 1985, 15.9% were engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 31.3% were employed in industry and commerce; 38.6% were in the service sector; 8.7% worked in mining; and 4.4% were employed in construction. Chile's military junta is scheduled to be replaced by an elected legislature in 1990. The GDP was US $19.2 billion in 1984, with an annual real growth rate of 6.3%, and per capita GDP stood at US$1590. Inflation averages 23%. Industry comprises 21% of the GDP. Longterm prospects for the Chilean economy are influenced by a high debt service ratio, very low domestic savings and investment, the prospect of little or no increase in copper prices, and continuing problems in the domestic financial sector. In 1985-88, under the International Monetary Fund macroeconomic program, Chile will strive for moderate economic growth while managing its external debt servicing burden. PMID:12178144

7. Claves para el reconocimiento taxonómico dentario en taxa del Superorden Squalomorphi de Chile (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii Taxonomic dental keys for the Chilean taxa of the Superorder Squalomorphi (Chondricthyes: Elasmobranchii

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Sylvia Sáez

2010-01-01

Full Text Available Se presenta una serie de claves para el reconocimiento dentario de diferentes taxa del Superorden Squalomorphi de Chile. Se seleccionaron características dentarias externas que permitan obtener una observación más expedita que conduzcan a un estudio más acabado, de la diagnosis de los diferentes taxa constituyentes de este grupo de peces, haciéndolas extensibles para estudios de piezas dentales fósiles.A series of taxonomic dental keys is presented for the Chilean taxa of the Superorder Squalomorphi. External dental characteristics were selected for easier observation, leading to more thorough studies. This allows diagnoses of the different taxa comprising this group of fishes and, moreover, can be extended to studies of fossil teeth.

8. Taxonomic Treatment of Solanum Section Petota (Wild Potatoes) in Catálogo de Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur (Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, y sur del Brasil)

Science.gov (United States)

Solanum section Petota (Solanaceae), which includes the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) and its wild relatives, contains over 150 wild species distributed from the southwestern U.S.A. (38°N) to central Argentina and adjacent Chile (41°S). This catalog includes all species from the Southern Con...

9. Claves taxonómicas para el reconocimiento dentario en taxa del superorden Rajomorphii de Chile (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea Taxonomic dental keys for the Chilean taxa of the superorder Rajomorphii (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea

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Sylvia Sáez

2012-07-01

Full Text Available Se presenta claves taxonómicas basadas en características morfológicas dentarias externas e internas, que permiten el reconocimiento de cada orden, familia y género de los batoídeos conocidos en Chile. En algunos casos, como en las familias Rhinobatidae, Torpedinidae, Narcinidae, Myliobatidae, Mobulidae, Dasyatidae y Urotrygonidae, las claves permiten el reconocimiento específico pero, en otros casos, sólo se puede discriminar hasta género, dadas las limitaciones impuestas por los conocimientos existentes. Estas claves son una herramienta complementaria a la diagnosis de rayas y están orientadas al reconocimiento de fragmentos dentales, hallazgos paleontológicos de dientes así como para las piezas dentales asociadas con la mandíbula. De esta manera, se entrega un apoyo taxonómico nuevo con características dentales diferentes a las consideradas actualmente para este superorden.A series of keys with external and internal dental morphologic features for the identification of each order, family and genus of rays and skates of the batoids known in Chile, are presented. In the case of families Rhinobatidae, Torpedinidae, Narcinidae, Myliobatidae, Mobulidae, Dasyatidae and Urotrygonidae, an identification at the species level is possible. In other cases, due to limitations imposed by the existing knowledge, only discrimination up to genus is allowed. These keys are a complementary tool for the diagnosis of rays suitable for the identification of dental fragments, paleontological discoveries of teeth as well as for jaw teeth. This tool offers a novel taxonomic support, which includes dental features different from those considered nowadays for this superorder.

10. La Familia Trochidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda en el norte de Chile: consideraciones ecológicas y taxonómicas The trochidae family (Mollusca : Gastropoda in northern Chile: taxonomic and ecological considerations

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DAVID VELIZ

2000-12-01

Full Text Available Este estudio describe la diversidad, y la distribución latitudinal y batimétrica de los caracoles de la Familia Trochidae en el norte de Chile, mediante muestreos intermareales y submareales someros, realizados entre 1996 y 1999 entre Arica (18º S y Los Vilos (31º S, y de muestras de profundidad provenientes de la pesca de arrastre del camarón nylon, Heterocarpus reedi. En el norte de Chile, la Familia Trochidae está representada por cuatro géneros: Tegula y Diloma de distribución intermareal y submareal somero hasta los 20 m de profundidad, y Bathybembix y Calliostoma presentes en profundidades superiores a los 200 m. El género Tegula tiene seis especies (T. quadricostata, T. luctuosa, T. ignota, T. atra, T. tridentata y T. euryomphala distribuídas en sustratos rocosos intermareales y submarales someros. El género Diloma está representado por una especie, D. nigerrima, de distribución intermareal hasta pocos metros de profundidad. El género Calliostoma tiene dos especies C. chilena y C. delli, las que se distribuyen entre 200 y 750 m de profundidad. Finalmente, el género Bathybembix está representado por B. humboldti y B. macdonaldi distribuídas entre 200 y 1480 m de profundidad. Esta segregación batimétrica parece estar relacionada a las estrategias alimentarias de cada uno de los géneros de la familia Trochidae. Diloma y Tegula son herbívoros, las especies del género Bathybembix son alimentadoras de depósito y las de Calliostoma son carnívorasThis study reveals the diversity, and the bathimetric and latitudinal distribution of the snails of the Trochidae family members in northern Chile, throughout the analysis of all Trochidae gastropods entailed in intertidal and subtidal (from the camarón naylon' fishery samples collected during 1996 and 1999 between Arica (ca 18º S and Los Vilos (ca 31º S. The Trochidae family in northern Chile have four genus: Tegula and Diloma that are distributed on intertidal and shallow

11. La fauna de caprélidos (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Caprellidea de la costa de Coquimbo, centro-norte de Chile, con una clave taxonómica para la identificación de las especies The caprellid fauna (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Caprellidea from the coast of Coquimbo, Northern-central Chile, with a taxonomic key for species identification

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

JOSÉ M. GUERRA-GARCÍA

2001-12-01

difficult due to the high degree of intra-specific morphological variability and the fact that literature and specimens from Museums are not easily located. The objective of the present study was to provide the taxonomical tools to identify the most common caprellid species from northern-central Chile. Several habitats were examined (buoys, boulders, algal/seagrass beds and six caprellid species were found: Caprellina longicollis (Nicolet, 1849, Caprella equilibra Say, 1818, C. scaura Templeton, 1836, C. verrucosa Boeck, 1871; Deutella venenosa Mayer, 1890 and Paracaprella pusilla Mayer, 1890. Caprella scaura, C. verrucosa and D. venenosa were most abundant among algae, hydrozoans and bryozoans growing on buoys. Caprella equilibra, also present on buoys, was most abundant underneath boulders in exposed rocky intertidal zones, where additionally D. venenosa and P. pusilla were found. Caprella scaura was dominant in plant beds above sandy subtidal bottom, especially among the alga Gracilaria chilensis and the seagrass Heterozostera tasmanica, where it occurred together with Caprellina longicollis. Paracaprella pusilla represents a new citation for the pacific coasts of S-America, being a new record for Chile. The species D. venenosa, which was recorded for the first time since the original description by Mayer in the year 1890, is considered an endemic species from the central coast of Chile

12. Complex Covariance

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Frieder Kleefeld

2013-01-01

Full Text Available According to some generalized correspondence principle the classical limit of a non-Hermitian quantum theory describing quantum degrees of freedom is expected to be the well known classical mechanics of classical degrees of freedom in the complex phase space, i.e., some phase space spanned by complex-valued space and momentum coordinates. As special relativity was developed by Einstein merely for real-valued space-time and four-momentum, we will try to understand how special relativity and covariance can be extended to complex-valued space-time and four-momentum. Our considerations will lead us not only to some unconventional derivation of Lorentz transformations for complex-valued velocities, but also to the non-Hermitian Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations, which are to lay the foundations of a non-Hermitian quantum theory.

13. Manifestly Covariant Relativity

OpenAIRE

Dalton, Kenneth

2006-01-01

According to Einstein's principle of general covariance, all laws of nature are to be expressed by manifestly covariant equations. In recent work, the covariant law of energy-momentum conservation has been established. Here, we show that this law gives rise to a fully covariant theory of gravitation and that Einstein's field equations yield total energy-momentum conservation.

14. Modelling linguistic taxonomic dynamics

OpenAIRE

Wichmann, Soren; Stauffer, Dietrich; Lima, F. Welington S.; Schulze, Christian

2006-01-01

This paper presents the results of the application of a bit-string model of languages (Schulze and Stauffer 2005) to problems of taxonomic patterns. The questions addressed include the following: (1) Which parameters are minimally ne eded for the development of a taxonomic dynamics leading to the type of distribution of language family sizes currently attested (as measured in the i number of languages per family), which appears to be a power-law? (2) How may such a model be coupled with one o...

15. Brownian distance covariance

OpenAIRE

Székely, Gábor J.; Rizzo, Maria L.

2009-01-01

Distance correlation is a new class of multivariate dependence coefficients applicable to random vectors of arbitrary and not necessarily equal dimension. Distance covariance and distance correlation are analogous to product-moment covariance and correlation, but generalize and extend these classical bivariate measures of dependence. Distance correlation characterizes independence: it is zero if and only if the random vectors are independent. The notion of covariance with respect to a stochas...

16. Modelling Realized Covariances

OpenAIRE

Xin Jin; John M Maheu

2009-01-01

This paper proposes a new dynamic model of realized covariance (RCOV) matrices based on recent work in time-varying Wishart distributions. The specifications can be linked to returns for a joint multivariate model of returns and covariance dynamics that is both easy to estimate and forecast. Realized covariance matrices are constructed for 5 stocks using high-frequency intraday prices based on positive semi-definite realized kernel estimates. We extend the model to capture the strong persiste...

17. Covariant Schwinger terms

OpenAIRE

Adam, C.; Ekstrand, C.; Sykora, T.

2000-01-01

There exist two versions of the covariant Schwinger term in the literature. They only differ by a sign. However, we shall show that this is an essential difference. We shall carefully (taking all signs into account) review the existing quantum field theoretical computations for the covariant Schwinger term in order to determine the correct expression.

18. Some notes on taxonomic methodology

OpenAIRE

Hammen, van der, L.

1986-01-01

The present paper constitutes an introduction to taxonomic methodology. After an analysis of taxonomic practice, and a brief survey of kinds of attributes, the paper deals with observation, description, comparison, arrangement and classification, hypothesis construction, deduction, model, experiment, abstraction, and synthesis. The methodological aspects of the species-concept and of biological classification are dealt with in two final sections.

19. Covariant Noncommutative Field Theory

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The covariant approach to noncommutative field and gauge theories is revisited. In the process the formalism is applied to field theories invariant under diffeomorphisms. Local differentiable forms are defined in this context. The lagrangian and hamiltonian formalism is consistently introduced

20. A Taxonomic Search Engine: Federating taxonomic databases using web services

OpenAIRE

Page Roderic DM

2005-01-01

Abstract Background The taxonomic name of an organism is a key link between different databases that store information on that organism. However, in the absence of a single, comprehensive database of organism names, individual databases lack an easy means of checking the correctness of a name. Furthermore, the same organism may have more than one name, and the same name may apply to more than one organism. Results The Taxonomic Search Engine (TSE) is a web application written in PHP that quer...

1. Covariance Applications with Kiwi

OpenAIRE

Elliott J.B.; Brown D.; Mattoon C.M.

2012-01-01

The Computational Nuclear Physics group at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is developing a new tool, named ‘Kiwi’, that is intended as an interface between the covariance data increasingly available in major nuclear reaction libraries (including ENDF and ENDL) and large-scale Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) studies. Kiwi is designed to integrate smoothly into large UQ studies, using the covariance matrix to generate multiple variations of nuclear data. The code has been tested u...

2. Can taxonomic richness be used as a surrogate for phylogenetic distinctness indices for ranking areas for conservation?

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

2003-06-01

Full Text Available Several methods have been proposed for evaluating area conservation priorities. Here the performance of traditional approaches (taxonomic richness versus newer methods of phylogenetic distinctness is compared using the results and data from three different molecular studies: crayfish from the central United States and Australia, and Aeglidae freshwater crabs from Chile. To a large extent rankings based on species and genus richness agree with rankings based on taxonomic, phylogenetic and genetic diversity, thus suggesting that taxonomic richness methods may be used as a surrogate for the phylogenetic distinctness methods for the purpose of prioritizing reserve areas for conservation.

3. A Taxonomic Search Engine: Federating taxonomic databases using web services

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Page Roderic DM

2005-03-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background The taxonomic name of an organism is a key link between different databases that store information on that organism. However, in the absence of a single, comprehensive database of organism names, individual databases lack an easy means of checking the correctness of a name. Furthermore, the same organism may have more than one name, and the same name may apply to more than one organism. Results The Taxonomic Search Engine (TSE is a web application written in PHP that queries multiple taxonomic databases (ITIS, Index Fungorum, IPNI, NCBI, and uBIO and summarises the results in a consistent format. It supports "drill-down" queries to retrieve a specific record. The TSE can optionally suggest alternative spellings the user can try. It also acts as a Life Science Identifier (LSID authority for the source taxonomic databases, providing globally unique identifiers (and associated metadata for each name. Conclusion The Taxonomic Search Engine is available at http://darwin.zoology.gla.ac.uk/~rpage/portal/ and provides a simple demonstration of the potential of the federated approach to providing access to taxonomic names.

4. Covariance mapping techniques

Science.gov (United States)

Frasinski, Leszek J.

2016-08-01

Recent technological advances in the generation of intense femtosecond pulses have made covariance mapping an attractive analytical technique. The laser pulses available are so intense that often thousands of ionisation and Coulomb explosion events will occur within each pulse. To understand the physics of these processes the photoelectrons and photoions need to be correlated, and covariance mapping is well suited for operating at the high counting rates of these laser sources. Partial covariance is particularly useful in experiments with x-ray free electron lasers, because it is capable of suppressing pulse fluctuation effects. A variety of covariance mapping methods is described: simple, partial (single- and multi-parameter), sliced, contingent and multi-dimensional. The relationship to coincidence techniques is discussed. Covariance mapping has been used in many areas of science and technology: inner-shell excitation and Auger decay, multiphoton and multielectron ionisation, time-of-flight and angle-resolved spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, stimulated Raman scattering, directional gamma ray sensing, welding diagnostics and brain connectivity studies (connectomics). This review gives practical advice for implementing the technique and interpreting the results, including its limitations and instrumental constraints. It also summarises recent theoretical studies, highlights unsolved problems and outlines a personal view on the most promising research directions.

5. Misunderstanding analysis of covariance.

Science.gov (United States)

Miller, G A; Chapman, J P

2001-02-01

Despite numerous technical treatments in many venues, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) remains a widely misused approach to dealing with substantive group differences on potential covariates, particularly in psychopathology research. Published articles reach unfounded conclusions, and some statistics texts neglect the issue. The problem with ANCOVA in such cases is reviewed. In many cases, there is no means of achieving the superficially appealing goal of "correcting" or "controlling for" real group differences on a potential covariate. In hopes of curtailing misuse of ANCOVA and promoting appropriate use, a nontechnical discussion is provided, emphasizing a substantive confound rarely articulated in textbooks and other general presentations, to complement the mathematical critiques already available. Some alternatives are discussed for contexts in which ANCOVA is inappropriate or questionable. PMID:11261398

6. Galilean covariant Lagrangian models

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We construct non-relativistic Lagrangian field models by enforcing Galilean covariance with a (4, 1) Minkowski manifold followed by a projection onto the (3, 1) Newtonian spacetime. We discuss scalar, Fermi and gauge fields, as well as interactions between these fields, preparing the stage for their quantization. We show that the Galilean covariant formalism provides an elegant construction of the Lagrangians which describe the electric and magnetic limits of Galilean electromagnetism. Similarly we obtain non-relativistic limits for the Proca field. Then we study Dirac Lagrangians and retrieve the Levy-Leblond wave equations when the Fermi field interacts with an Abelian gauge field

7. Covariance Applications with Kiwi

Science.gov (United States)

Mattoon, C. M.; Brown, D.; Elliott, J. B.

2012-05-01

The Computational Nuclear Physics group at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is developing a new tool, named Kiwi', that is intended as an interface between the covariance data increasingly available in major nuclear reaction libraries (including ENDF and ENDL) and large-scale Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) studies. Kiwi is designed to integrate smoothly into large UQ studies, using the covariance matrix to generate multiple variations of nuclear data. The code has been tested using critical assemblies as a test case, and is being integrated into LLNL's quality assurance and benchmarking for nuclear data.

8. Covariance Applications with Kiwi

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Elliott J.B.

2012-05-01

Full Text Available The Computational Nuclear Physics group at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL is developing a new tool, named ‘Kiwi’, that is intended as an interface between the covariance data increasingly available in major nuclear reaction libraries (including ENDF and ENDL and large-scale Uncertainty Quantification (UQ studies. Kiwi is designed to integrate smoothly into large UQ studies, using the covariance matrix to generate multiple variations of nuclear data. The code has been tested using critical assemblies as a test case, and is being integrated into LLNL's quality assurance and benchmarking for nuclear data.

9. Taxonomic revision of Parasarus (Hymenoptera: Apidae s.l.: Protandrenini), a South American genus of bees

OpenAIRE

Kelli dos Santos Ramos

2014-01-01

Parasarus Ruz, 1993 comprises small black bees (3-5 mm long) endemic to xeric regions of South America, mainly along of the Andean Cordillera. Prior to this study, the genus included only the type-species P. atacamensis Ruz, 1993 (from northern Chile) which has mesoscutum strongly reticulated and inner hind tibial spur curved apically. In this paper, a taxonomic revision of Parasarus is presented and two new species are described: P. specularis sp. nov. (from central to northwest Argentina) d...

10. Generalized Linear Covariance Analysis

Science.gov (United States)

Carpenter, James R.; Markley, F. Landis

2014-01-01

This talk presents a comprehensive approach to filter modeling for generalized covariance analysis of both batch least-squares and sequential estimators. We review and extend in two directions the results of prior work that allowed for partitioning of the state space into solve-for'' and consider'' parameters, accounted for differences between the formal values and the true values of the measurement noise, process noise, and textita priori solve-for and consider covariances, and explicitly partitioned the errors into subspaces containing only the influence of the measurement noise, process noise, and solve-for and consider covariances. In this work, we explicitly add sensitivity analysis to this prior work, and relax an implicit assumption that the batch estimator's epoch time occurs prior to the definitive span. We also apply the method to an integrated orbit and attitude problem, in which gyro and accelerometer errors, though not estimated, influence the orbit determination performance. We illustrate our results using two graphical presentations, which we call the variance sandpile'' and the sensitivity mosaic,'' and we compare the linear covariance results to confidence intervals associated with ensemble statistics from a Monte Carlo analysis.

11. Unidades fraseológicas de estructura "verbo + objeto directo" del ámbito semántico 'hablar' en el español popular e informal de Santiago de Chile. Propuesta de una taxonomía sintáctico-semántica (primera parte (The 'verb + direct object' construction in the semantic field of the verb 'hablar' in informal Spanish of Santiago de Chile: a proposal for a syntactic-semantic taxonomy (first part

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Mauricio Fuenzalida E.

2007-06-01

Full Text Available Se realiza en este trabajo la descripción y taxonomía de un puntual tipo de unidad fraseológica (UF, acotada sintáctica como semánticamente (la de función verbal, con estructura "verbo + objeto directo", con dos unidades lexemáticas distribuidas en tales funciones, y subordinable al ámbito semántico ‘decir’ o ‘hablar’. Concibiendo la aglutinación propia a la UF sobre la base de tres criterios (estadístico, funcional y semántico, es como se determinansus diversas clases. Resulta singularmente enriquecido en nuestra gradación taxonómica el ámbito de la UF trasparente, y el de la UF de idiomaticidad parcial. Se redefinen y aplican con rigor y compatiblemente los conceptos de "colocación" y "discurso repetido" en nuestra categorización, reparando para ello en la construcción sintáctica que subyace en la UF y en la idiomaticidad léxica de los componentes considerados (verbo y objeto directo. (This study presents a description and taxonomy of a precise type of UF, syntactic as well as semantic (verbal function, with structure 'verb + direct object', two lexematic units distributed in such functions, and related to the semantic field ‘decir’ or ‘hablar’. Their diverse classes are determined considering their agglutination to the UF on the basis of three criteria: statistical, functional and semantic. Specially enriched in our taxonomic gradation is the field of transparent UF, and that of the partial idiomacy UF. The categorization used redefines and applies rigorously the concepts of 'collocation' and 'repeated discourse', considering the syntactic construction that underlies the UF and the lexical idiomacy of thecomponents involved (verb and direct object.

12. Covariant approximation averaging

CERN Document Server

Shintani, Eigo; Blum, Thomas; Izubuchi, Taku; Jung, Chulwoo; Lehner, Christoph

2014-01-01

We present a new class of statistical error reduction techniques for Monte-Carlo simulations. Using covariant symmetries, we show that correlation functions can be constructed from inexpensive approximations without introducing any systematic bias in the final result. We introduce a new class of covariant approximation averaging techniques, known as all-mode averaging (AMA), in which the approximation takes account of contributions of all eigenmodes through the inverse of the Dirac operator computed from the conjugate gradient method with a relaxed stopping condition. In this paper we compare the performance and computational cost of our new method with traditional methods using correlation functions and masses of the pion, nucleon, and vector meson in $N_f=2+1$ lattice QCD using domain-wall fermions. This comparison indicates that AMA significantly reduces statistical errors in Monte-Carlo calculations over conventional methods for the same cost.

13. Taxonomic Evidence Applying Intelligent Information Taxonomic Evidence Applying Intelligent Information

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Félix Anibal Vallejos

2005-12-01

Full Text Available The Numeric Taxonomy aims to group operational taxonomic units in clusters (OTUs or taxons or taxa, using the denominated structure analysis by means of numeric methods. These clusters that constitute families are the purpose of this series of projects and they emerge of the structural analysis, of their phenotypical characteristic, exhibiting the relationships in terms of grades of similarity of the OTUs, employing tools such as i the Euclidean distance and ii nearest neighbor techniques. Thus taxonomic evidence is gathered so as to quantify the similarity for each pair of OTUs (pair-group method obtained from the basic data matrix and in this way the significant concept of spectrum of the OTUs is introduced, being based the same one on the state of their characters. A new taxonomic criterion is thereby formulated and a new approach to Computational Taxonomy is presented, that has been already employed with reference to Data Mining, when apply of Machine Learning techniques, in particular to the C4.5 algorithms, created by Quinlan, the degree of efficiency achieved by the TDIDT family's algorithms when are generating valid models of the data in classification problems with the Gain of Entropy through Maximum Entropy Principle. The Numeric Taxonomy aims to group operational taxonomic units in clusters (OTUs or taxons or taxa, using the denominated structure analysis by means of numeric methods. These clusters that constitute families are the purpose of this series of projects and they emerge of the structural analysis, of their phenotypical characteristic, exhibiting the relationships in terms of grades of similarity of the OTUs, employing tools such as i the Euclidean distance and ii nearest neighbor techniques. Thus taxonomic evidence is gathered so as to quantify the similarity for each pair of OTUs (pair-group method obtained from the basic data matrix and in this way the significant concept of spectrum of the OTUs is introduced, being based

14. Fundacion Chile Incubator : Chile Case Study

OpenAIRE

World Bank

2014-01-01

Foundation Chile was created in 1976 as a nonprofit governed jointly by the Chilean government and a large American conglomerate. It proactively introduces technology innovations and develops companies in target industries including agribusiness, marine resources, forestry, environment and chemical metrology, human capital, and information and communication technologies. Among its successe...

15. Copper Bioleaching in Chile

OpenAIRE

Juan Carlos Gentina; Fernando Acevedo

2016-01-01

Chile has a great tradition of producing and exporting copper. Over the last several decades, it has become the first producer on an international level. Its copper reserves are also the most important on the planet. However, after years of mineral exploitation, the ease of extracting copper oxides and ore copper content has diminished. To keep the production level high, the introduction of new technologies has become necessary. One that has been successful is bioleaching. Chile had the first...

16. Marine Energy in Chile

OpenAIRE

Antonio Levy

2012-01-01

This is the first issue of a new series dedicated to deliver concise information on energy innovation published by the Energy Innovation Center at the IDB. This issue offers a primer on the potential for marine energy in Chile. The ocean is increasingly recognized as a viable source of renewable energy, and Chile, with its long coastline, powerful waves and tidal currents, has captured the attention of marine energy proponents. While harvesting this source of energy would increase sustainabil...

17. Earth Observing System Covariance Realism

Science.gov (United States)

Zaidi, Waqar H.; Hejduk, Matthew D.

2016-01-01

The purpose of covariance realism is to properly size a primary object's covariance in order to add validity to the calculation of the probability of collision. The covariance realism technique in this paper consists of three parts: collection/calculation of definitive state estimates through orbit determination, calculation of covariance realism test statistics at each covariance propagation point, and proper assessment of those test statistics. An empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF) Goodness-of-Fit (GOF) method is employed to determine if a covariance is properly sized by comparing the empirical distribution of Mahalanobis distance calculations to the hypothesized parent 3-DoF chi-squared distribution. To realistically size a covariance for collision probability calculations, this study uses a state noise compensation algorithm that adds process noise to the definitive epoch covariance to account for uncertainty in the force model. Process noise is added until the GOF tests pass a group significance level threshold. The results of this study indicate that when outliers attributed to persistently high or extreme levels of solar activity are removed, the aforementioned covariance realism compensation method produces a tuned covariance with up to 80 to 90% of the covariance propagation timespan passing (against a 60% minimum passing threshold) the GOF tests-a quite satisfactory and useful result.

18. Curation tools for taxonomic databases

OpenAIRE

Morse, David; De Roeck, Anne; Willis, Alistair; Yang, Hui

2013-01-01

Biological taxonomy is the classification of living and fossil organisms. Taxonomists have identified and named some 1.8 million species of animals, plants, and microorganisms, a fraction of Earth's estimated 5‐30 million species. Part of the effort of taxonomy lies in developing and curating taxonomic databases, which support access to the taxonomy literature, and provide basic knowledge needed for management and conservation of biodiversity. A major difficulty facing this task is incorp...

19. Covariant Magnetic Connection Hypersurfaces

CERN Document Server

Pegoraro, F

2016-01-01

In the single fluid, nonrelativistic, ideal-Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) plasma description magnetic field lines play a fundamental role by defining dynamically preserved "magnetic connections" between plasma elements. Here we show how the concept of magnetic connection needs to be generalized in the case of a relativistic MHD description where we require covariance under arbitrary Lorentz transformations. This is performed by defining 2-D {\\it magnetic connection hypersurfaces} in the 4-D Minkowski space. This generalization accounts for the loss of simultaneity between spatially separated events in different frames and is expected to provide a powerful insight into the 4-D geometry of electromagnetic fields when ${\\bf E} \\cdot {\\bf B} = 0$.

20. Bayes linear covariance matrix adjustment

CERN Document Server

Wilkinson, Darren J

1995-01-01

In this thesis, a Bayes linear methodology for the adjustment of covariance matrices is presented and discussed. A geometric framework for quantifying uncertainties about covariance matrices is set up, and an inner-product for spaces of random matrices is motivated and constructed. The inner-product on this space captures aspects of our beliefs about the relationship between covariance matrices of interest to us, providing a structure rich enough for us to adjust beliefs about unknown matrices in the light of data such as sample covariance matrices, exploiting second-order exchangeability and related specifications to obtain representations allowing analysis. Adjustment is associated with orthogonal projection, and illustrated with examples of adjustments for some common problems. The problem of adjusting the covariance matrices underlying exchangeable random vectors is tackled and discussed. Learning about the covariance matrices associated with multivariate time series dynamic linear models is shown to be a...

1. Modelling Realized Covariances and Returns

OpenAIRE

Xin Jin; John M Maheu

2010-01-01

This paper proposes new dynamic component models of realized covariance (RCOV) matrices based on recent work in time-varying Wishart distributions. The specifications are linked to returns for a joint multivariate model of returns and covariance dynamics that is both easy to estimate and forecast. Realized covariance matrices are constructed for 5 stocks using high-frequency intraday prices based on positive semi-definite realized kernel estimates. The models are compared based on a term-stru...

2. Deriving covariant holographic entanglement

CERN Document Server

Dong, Xi; Rangamani, Mukund

2016-01-01

We provide a gravitational argument in favour of the covariant holographic entanglement entropy proposal. In general time-dependent states, the proposal asserts that the entanglement entropy of a region in the boundary field theory is given by a quarter of the area of a bulk extremal surface in Planck units. The main element of our discussion is an implementation of an appropriate Schwinger-Keldysh contour to obtain the reduced density matrix (and its powers) of a given region, as is relevant for the replica construction. We map this contour into the bulk gravitational theory, and argue that the saddle point solutions of these replica geometries lead to a consistent prescription for computing the field theory Renyi entropies. In the limiting case where the replica index is taken to unity, a local analysis suffices to show that these saddles lead to the extremal surfaces of interest. We also comment on various properties of holographic entanglement that follow from this construction.

3. Exploring historical trends using taxonomic name metadata

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Schenk Ryan

2008-05-01

Full Text Available Abstract Background Authority and year information have been attached to taxonomic names since Linnaean times. The systematic structure of taxonomic nomenclature facilitates the ability to develop tools that can be used to explore historical trends that may be associated with taxonomy. Results From the over 10.7 million taxonomic names that are part of the uBio system 4, approximately 3 million names were identified to have taxonomic authority information from the years 1750 to 2004. A pipe-delimited file was then generated, organized according to a Linnaean hierarchy and by years from 1750 to 2004, and imported into an Excel workbook. A series of macros were developed to create an Excel-based tool and a complementary Web site to explore the taxonomic data. A cursory and speculative analysis of the data reveals observable trends that may be attributable to significant events that are of both taxonomic (e.g., publishing of key monographs and societal importance (e.g., world wars. The findings also help quantify the number of taxonomic descriptions that may be made available through digitization initiatives. Conclusion Temporal organization of taxonomic data can be used to identify interesting biological epochs relative to historically significant events and ongoing efforts. We have developed an Excel workbook and complementary Web site that enables one to explore taxonomic trends for Linnaean taxonomic groupings, from Kingdoms to Families.

4. [Domestic violence in Chile].

Science.gov (United States)

León, Tomás; Grez, Marcela; Prato, Juan Andrés; Torres, Rafael; Ruiz, Sergio

2014-08-01

According to recent surveys, there is a high prevalence of domestic violence (DV) in Chile. A systematic review was conducted in PubMed, Scielo, and Lilacs with the MesH terms "Chile", "Mental Health", "Health", "Domestic Violence", to explore the impact of DV on health in Chile. Eleven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Two studies were prospective, exploring the influence of DV on maternal-infant health. Nine studies explored the influence of DV on mental health in adults. DV was associated with deranged mental health indicators specially anxiety and depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. Similar results were observed among mothers who were victims of violence and their children. It is concluded that DV is a complex phenomenon with serious effects on health. However the number of studies on the subject is low and new follow up studies are required. Predictive models for DV and effective preventive measures are urgently needed. PMID:25424674

5. Copper Bioleaching in Chile

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Juan Carlos Gentina

2016-03-01

Full Text Available Chile has a great tradition of producing and exporting copper. Over the last several decades, it has become the first producer on an international level. Its copper reserves are also the most important on the planet. However, after years of mineral exploitation, the ease of extracting copper oxides and ore copper content has diminished. To keep the production level high, the introduction of new technologies has become necessary. One that has been successful is bioleaching. Chile had the first commercial operation in the world exclusively via bioleaching copper sulfides. Nowadays, all bioleaching operations run in the country contribute to an estimated 10% of total copper production. This article presents antecedents that have contributed to the development of copper bioleaching in Chile.

6. Infrastructure Concessions in Chile

OpenAIRE

Gómez-Lobo, Andrés; Hinojosa, Sergio

2000-01-01

To increase investment in infrastructure, in the early 1990s Chiles government introduced private capital into the transport infrastructure sector, covering roads and highways, bridges, tunnels, and airports. The chosen mechanism: a concession scheme through which private firms would finance and build a given project and then operate the infrastructure for a set of number of years, recover...

7. The Geology of Chile

OpenAIRE

Cabrera, Lluís; Calafat, A.; Gimeno, D.; Liesa, M.; Proenza, J.; Sàbat, F.; Sáez, Alberto; Santanach, Pere

2008-01-01

6 páginas.-- Book review of "The Geology of Chile", by Teresa Moreno and Wes Gibbons (eds.) (2007). Geological Society. London (United Kingdom). 414 pages, 286 figures including maps, charts and pictures; 27, 5 x 21 cm, ISBN 978-1- 86239-219-9 (hardback) and ISBN 978-1-86239-220-5 (softback).

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

2006-01-01

After becoming the first female to win a presidential election in the socially conservative country, Chilean President-elect Michelle Bachelet created history again when unveiling a cabinet that was absolutely gender-balanced on January 30. Following similar breakthroughs of women politicians in Liberia and Germany, what happened in Chile is considered another case of women gaining power worldwide.

9. Evaluation and processing of covariance data

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

These proceedings of a specialists'meeting on evaluation and processing of covariance data is divided into 4 parts bearing on: part 1- Needs for evaluated covariance data (2 Papers), part 2- generation of covariance data (15 Papers), part 3- Processing of covariance files (2 Papers), part 4-Experience in the use of evaluated covariance data (2 Papers)

10. Taxonomic status of Myotis occultus

Science.gov (United States)

Valdez, E.W.; Choate, Jerry R.; Bogan, M.A.; Yates, T.L.

1999-01-01

The taxonomic status of the Arizona myotis (Myotis occultus) is uncertain. Although the taxon was described as a distinct species and currently is regarded as such by some authors, others have noted what they interpreted as intergradation with the little brown bat (M. lucifugus carissima) near the Colorado-New Mexico state line. In this study, we used protein electrophoresis to compare bats of these nominal taxa. We examined 20 loci from 142 specimens referable to M. occultus and M. lucifugus from New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. Nine of the 20 loci were polymorphic. Results show that there were high similarities among samples, no fixed alleles, and minor divergence from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Our results suggest that the two nominal taxa represent only one species and that M. occultus should be regarded as a subspecies of M. lucifugus.

11. The incredible shrinking covariance estimator

Science.gov (United States)

Theiler, James

2012-05-01

Covariance estimation is a key step in many target detection algorithms. To distinguish target from background requires that the background be well-characterized. This applies to targets ranging from the precisely known chemical signatures of gaseous plumes to the wholly unspecified signals that are sought by anomaly detectors. When the background is modelled by a (global or local) Gaussian or other elliptically contoured distribution (such as Laplacian or multivariate-t), a covariance matrix must be estimated. The standard sample covariance overfits the data, and when the training sample size is small, the target detection performance suffers. Shrinkage addresses the problem of overfitting that inevitably arises when a high-dimensional model is fit from a small dataset. In place of the (overfit) sample covariance matrix, a linear combination of that covariance with a fixed matrix is employed. The fixed matrix might be the identity, the diagonal elements of the sample covariance, or some other underfit estimator. The idea is that the combination of an overfit with an underfit estimator can lead to a well-fit estimator. The coefficient that does this combining, called the shrinkage parameter, is generally estimated by some kind of cross-validation approach, but direct cross-validation can be computationally expensive. This paper extends an approach suggested by Hoffbeck and Landgrebe, and presents efficient approximations of the leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOC) estimate of the shrinkage parameter used in estimating the covariance matrix from a limited sample of data.

12. Covariant Electrodynamics in Vacuum

Science.gov (United States)

Wilhelm, H. E.

1990-05-01

The generalized Galilei covariant Maxwell equations and their EM field transformations are applied to the vacuum electrodynamics of a charged particle moving with an arbitrary velocity v in an inertial frame with EM carrier (ether) of velocity w. In accordance with the Galilean relativity principle, all velocities have absolute meaning (relative to the ether frame with isotropic light propagation), and the relative velocity of two bodies is defined by the linear relation uG = v1 - v2. It is shown that the electric equipotential surfaces of a charged particle are compressed in the direction parallel to its relative velocity v - w (mechanism for physical length contraction of bodies). The magnetic field H(r, t) excited in the ether by a charge e moving uniformly with velocity v is related to its electric field E(r, t) by the equation H=ɛ0(v - w)xE/[ 1 +w • (t>- w)/c20], which shows that (i) a magnetic field is excited only if the charge moves relative to the ether, and (ii) the magnetic field is weak if v - w is not comparable to the velocity of light c0 . It is remarkable that a charged particle can excite EM shock waves in the ether if |i> - w > c0. This condition is realizable for anti-parallel charge and ether velocities if |v-w| > c0- | w|, i.e., even if |v| is subluminal. The possibility of this Cerenkov effect in the ether is discussed for terrestrial and galactic situations

13. Covariant Stora-Zumino chain terms

CERN Document Server

1999-01-01

In a recent paper, Ekstrand proposed a simple expression from which covariant anomaly, covariant Schwinger term and higher covariant chain terms may be computed. We comment on the relation of his result to the earlier work of Tsutsui.

14. Phase-covariant quantum cloning

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Quantum cloning machines for equatorial qubits are studied. For a 1 to 2 phase-covariant quantum cloning machine, using Hilbert-Schmidt norm and Bures fidelity, we show that our transformation can achieve the bound of the fidelity. (author)

15. General covariance in computational electrodynamics

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Shyroki, Dzmitry; Lægsgaard, Jesper; Bang, Ole;

2007-01-01

We advocate the generally covariant formulation of Maxwell equations as underpinning some recent advances in computational electrodynamics—in the dimensionality reduction for separable structures; in mesh truncation for finite-difference computations; and in adaptive coordinate mapping as opposed...

16. Symmetric Gini Covariance and Correlation

OpenAIRE

Sang, Yongli; Dang, Xin; Sang, Hailin

2016-01-01

Standard Gini covariance and Gini correlation play important roles in measuring the dependence of random variables with heavy tails. However, the asymmetry brings a substantial difficulty in interpretation. In this paper, we propose a symmetric Gini-type covariance and a symmetric Gini correlation ($\\rho_g$) based on the joint rank function. The proposed correlation $\\rho_g$ is more robust than the Pearson correlation but less robust than the Kendall's $\\tau$ correlation. We establish the rel...

17. Spent Fuel in Chile

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The government has made a complete and serious study of many different aspects and possible road maps for nuclear electric power with strong emphasis on safety and energy independence. In the study, the chapter of SFM has not been a relevant issue at this early stage due to the fact that it has been left for later implementation stage. This paper deals with the options Chile might consider in managing its Spent Fuel taking into account foreign experience and factors related to safety, economics, public acceptance and possible novel approaches in spent fuel treatment. The country’s distinctiveness and past experience in this area taking into account that Chile has two research reactors which will have an influence in the design of the Spent Fuel option. (author)

18. Waste management in Chile

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The main radioactive waste management issues to be faced by the Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission (CCHEN) are discussed herein. Research reactor spent fuel management is the most outstanding challenge at the beginning of the 21st century. Interim storage appears to be the most promising alternative, allowing fuel safekeeping until a definitive step is taken. The situation regarding radioactive waste resulting from radioisotope applications in Chile will not undergo considerable change in the near future. Low and intermediate level radioactive waste management is being safely performed followed by interim storage of conditioned wastes. The strategy in the radioactive waste management plan, to be described as well, is meant to ensure the safe storage of radioactive wastes produced in Chile. (author)

19. Shrinkage estimators for covariance matrices.

Science.gov (United States)

Daniels, M J; Kass, R E

2001-12-01

Estimation of covariance matrices in small samples has been studied by many authors. Standard estimators, like the unstructured maximum likelihood estimator (ML) or restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimator, can be very unstable with the smallest estimated eigenvalues being too small and the largest too big. A standard approach to more stably estimating the matrix in small samples is to compute the ML or REML estimator under some simple structure that involves estimation of fewer parameters, such as compound symmetry or independence. However, these estimators will not be consistent unless the hypothesized structure is correct. If interest focuses on estimation of regression coefficients with correlated (or longitudinal) data, a sandwich estimator of the covariance matrix may be used to provide standard errors for the estimated coefficients that are robust in the sense that they remain consistent under misspecification of the covariance structure. With large matrices, however, the inefficiency of the sandwich estimator becomes worrisome. We consider here two general shrinkage approaches to estimating the covariance matrix and regression coefficients. The first involves shrinking the eigenvalues of the unstructured ML or REML estimator. The second involves shrinking an unstructured estimator toward a structured estimator. For both cases, the data determine the amount of shrinkage. These estimators are consistent and give consistent and asymptotically efficient estimates for regression coefficients. Simulations show the improved operating characteristics of the shrinkage estimators of the covariance matrix and the regression coefficients in finite samples. The final estimator chosen includes a combination of both shrinkage approaches, i.e., shrinking the eigenvalues and then shrinking toward structure. We illustrate our approach on a sleep EEG study that requires estimation of a 24 x 24 covariance matrix and for which inferences on mean parameters critically

20. Covariant jump conditions in electromagnetism

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A generally covariant four-dimensional representation of Maxwell’s electrodynamics in a generic material medium can be achieved straightforwardly in the metric-free formulation of electromagnetism. In this setup, the electromagnetic phenomena are described by two tensor fields, which satisfy Maxwell’s equations. A generic tensorial constitutive relation between these fields is an independent ingredient of the theory. By use of different constitutive relations (local and non-local, linear and non-linear, etc.), a wide area of applications can be covered. In the current paper, we present the jump conditions for the fields and for the energy–momentum tensor on an arbitrarily moving surface between two media. From the differential and integral Maxwell equations, we derive the covariant boundary conditions, which are independent of any metric and connection. These conditions include the covariantly defined surface current and are applicable to an arbitrarily moving smooth curved boundary surface. As an application of the presented jump formulas, we derive a Lorentzian type metric as a condition for existence of the wave front in isotropic media. This result holds for ordinary materials as well as for metamaterials with negative material constants. - Highlights: ► Covariant metric-free jump conditions for the electromagnetic field are derived. ► Covariantly defined surface current is considered. ► Lorentzian type metric from existence of the wave front in isotropic media. ► The result holds for ordinary materials as well as for metamaterials.

1. Primary Medical Care in Chile

DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

Scarpaci, Joseph L.

Primary medical care in Chile: accessibility under military rule [Front Cover] [Front Matter] [Title Page] Contents Tables Figures Preface Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: The Restructuring of Medical Care Financing in Chile Chapter 3: Inflation and Medical Care Accessibility Chapter 4: Help......-Seeking Behavior of the Urban Poor Chapter 5: Spatial Organization and Medical Care Accessibility Chapter 6: Conclusion...

2. Covariant jump conditions in electromagnetism

CERN Document Server

Itin, Yakov

2014-01-01

A generally covariant four-dimensional representation of Maxwell's electrodynamics in a generic material medium can be achieved straightforwardly in the metric-free formulation of electromagnetism. In this setup, the electromagnetic phenomena described by two tensor fields, which satisfy Maxwell's equations. A generic tensorial constitutive relation between these fields is an independent ingredient of the theory. By use of different constitutive relations (local and non-local, linear and non-linear, etc.), a wide area of applications can be covered. In the current paper, we present the jump conditions for the fields and for the energy-momentum tensor on an arbitrarily moving surface between two media. From the differential and integral Maxwell equations, we derive the covariant boundary conditions, which are independent of any metric and connection. These conditions include the covariantly defined surface current and are applicable to an arbitrarily moving smooth curved boundary surface. As an application of ...

3. Taxonomic study of the Japanese Dacrymycetes

OpenAIRE

Shirouzu, T.; D. Hirose; Tokumasu, S.

2009-01-01

The class Dacrymycetes is a rather small group of brown-rot wood-decaying jelly fungi characterised by forked basidia and an orange to yellow gelatinous to cartilaginous fruit body. In Japan, dacrymycetous fungi had not been investigated for a long time, justifying a taxonomic re-examination. In the present study we attempted an investigation of the dacrymycetous fungal flora of Japan, and recognised 28 taxonomic entities, including five new taxa, i.e. Dacrymyces ancyleus, D. aureosporus, D. ...

4. GLq(N)-covariant quantum algebras and covariant differential calculus

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

GLq(N)-covariant quantum algebras with generators satisfying quadratic polynomial relations are considered. It is that, up to some innessential arbitrariness, there are only two kinds of such quantum algebras, namely, the algebras with q-deformed commutation and q-deformed anticommutation relations. 25 refs

5. Cosmic censorship conjecture revisited: covariantly

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In this paper we study the dynamics of the trapped region using a frame independent semi-tetrad covariant formalism for general locally rotationally symmetric (LRS) class II spacetimes. We covariantly prove some important geometrical results for the apparent horizon, and state the necessary and sufficient conditions for a singularity to be locally naked. These conditions bring out, for the first time in a quantitative and transparent manner, the importance of the Weyl curvature in deforming and delaying the trapped region during continual gravitational collapse, making the central singularity locally visible. (paper)

6. Cosmic Censorship Conjecture revisited: Covariantly

CERN Document Server

Hamid, Aymen I M; Maharaj, Sunil D

2014-01-01

In this paper we study the dynamics of the trapped region using a frame independent semi-tetrad covariant formalism for general Locally Rotationally Symmetric (LRS) class II spacetimes. We covariantly prove some important geometrical results for the apparent horizon, and state the necessary and sufficient conditions for a singularity to be locally naked. These conditions bring out, for the first time in a quantitative and transparent manner, the importance of the Weyl curvature in deforming and delaying the trapped region during continual gravitational collapse, making the central singularity locally visible.

7. Chile rural electrification cooperation

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Flowers, L. [National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO (United States)

1997-12-01

The author describes a joint program to use renewables for rural electrification projects in Chile. The initial focus was in a limited part of the country, involving wind mapping, pilot project planning, training, and development of methodologies for comparative evaluations of resources. To this point three wind hybrid systems have been installed in one region, as a part of the regional private utility, and three additional projects are being designed. Additional resource assessment and training is ongoing. The author points out the difficulties in working with utilities, the importance of signed documentation, and the need to look at these programs as long term because of the time involved in introducing such new technologies.

8. Biomasa en Chile

OpenAIRE

Nilsson Cifuentes, Gabriel; Rodríguez Monroy, Carlos

2012-01-01

El artículo presenta el desarrollo de la biomasa en Chile, dentro del complejo marco energético existente en el país, el cual, aún no logra potenciar e incentivar el desarrollo de energías renovables y depende fuertemente de los combustibles fósiles, acrecentando el riesgo latente de sufrir una crisis energética, en el mediano plazo, producto de la paulatina incorporación de nuevas centrales generadoras de energías, que satisfagan la creciente demanda energética pronosticada. Este ar...

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

RODRIGO MARDONES Z

2008-01-01

Full Text Available El 2007 fue el segundo año del gobierno de Michelle Bachelet. Se trató de un año sin elecciones; con un buen desempeño económico, a pesar de una inflación creciente en los últimos meses; y marcado por la discusión sobre escándalos de corrupción. Sin embargo, lo que más afectó al Gobierno fue la desastrosa puesta en marcha de la reforma al sistema de transporte público de la capital: Transantiago. Este puso un velo sobre los importantes avances en materias previsionales y educacionales, cuestionando no sólo la capacidad ejecutiva del Gobierno, sino que profundizando un flanco de indisciplina al interior de la coalición oficialista (Concertación; síntoma de su desgaste después de 17 años ocupando la Presidencia de Chile.The year 2007 was the second in Michelle Bachelet’s presidencial term. It was a year free of elections, exhibiting a fairly good economic performance, despite the high rate of inflation shown during the last months. Public discussion on corruption escandals was frequent; however, the most important issue was the disestrous beginning of the reform on the public transportation system of the country’s capital: Transantiago. This has placed a veil over the important achievements on the pension system and education, questioning not only the government’s capacity, but also opening and edge of indiscipline within the ruling coalition (Concertación, which is a symtom of its erosion after 17 years in the presidential office.

10. 27 CFR 9.154 - Chiles Valley.

Science.gov (United States)

2010-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Chiles Valley. 9.154... Chiles Valley. (a) Name. The name of the viticultural area described in this section is “Chiles Valley.” (b) Approved maps. The appropriate maps for determining the boundary of the Chiles...

11. Covariation Neglect among Novice Investors

Science.gov (United States)

Hedesstrom, Ted Martin; Svedsater, Henrik; Garling, Tommy

2006-01-01

In 4 experiments, undergraduates made hypothetical investment choices. In Experiment 1, participants paid more attention to the volatility of individual assets than to the volatility of aggregated portfolios. The results of Experiment 2 show that most participants diversified even when this increased risk because of covariation between the returns…

12. Relativistic covariance of Ohm's law

CERN Document Server

Starke, R

2014-01-01

The derivation of relativistic generalizations of Ohm's law has been a long-term issue in theoretical physics with deep implications for the study of relativistic plasmas in astrophysics and cosmology. Here we propose an alternative route to this problem by introducing the most general Lorentz covariant first order response law, which is written in terms of the fundamental response tensor \\chi^\\mu_{~\ 13. Uncertainty covariances in robotics applications International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The application of uncertainty covariance matrices in the analysis of robot trajectory errors is explored. First, relevant statistical concepts are reviewed briefly. Then, a simple, hypothetical robot model is considered to illustrate methods for error propagation and performance test data evaluation. The importance of including error correlations is emphasized 14. Converting Taxonomic Descriptions to New Digital Formats Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Hong Cui 2008-01-01 Full Text Available Abstract.--The majority of taxonomic descriptions is currently in print format. The majority of digital descriptions are in formats such as DOC, HTML, or PDF and for human readers. These formats do not convey rich semantics in taxonomic descriptions for computer-aided process. Newer digital formats such as XML and RDF accommodate semantic annotations that allow computers to process the rich semantics on human's behalf, thus open up opportunities for a wide range of innovative usages of taxonomic descriptions, such as searching in more precise and flexible ways, integrating with gnomic and geographic information, generating taxonomic keys automatically, and text data mining and information visualization etc. This paper discusses the challenges in automated conversion of multiple collections of descriptions to XML format and reports an automated system, MARTT. MARTT is a machine-learning system that makes use of training examples to tag new descriptions into XML format. A number of utilities are implemented as solutions to the challenges. The utilities are used to reduce the effort for training example preparation, to facilitate the creation of a comprehensive schema, and to predict system performance on a new collection of descriptions. The system has been tested with several plant and alga taxonomic publications including Flora of China and Flora of North America. 15. Antecedentes sobre el desarrollo de la carcinología en Chile Background of carcinology progress in Chile Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Carlos G. Jara 1997-01-01 Full Text Available En Chile continental la utilización de los crustáceos se remonta al menos a 10.200 años atrás. Sin embargo, la descripción formal de los componentes de la carcinofauna chilena se inició hace alrededor de 200 años, reconociéndose a Juan I. Molina como el primer naturalista nacional y el primero en asignar nombres científicos a crustáceos de este país. El desarrollo de la carcinología en Chile es obra de un vasto conjunto de especialistas extranjeros y nacionales. Entre los extranjeros destacan viajeros como el inglés Charles R. Darwin, quien contribuyó al conocimiento de los cirripedios; el francés Alcide D'Orbigny, primero en describir decápodos fósiles de Chile; y el alemán Eduard Poeppig, a quien se debe la temprana descripción de decápodos marinos y dulceacuícolas. Entre las expediciones extranjeras destacan la del buque británico H.M.S."Challenger", la de la Universidad de Lund (Suecia a Chile y la más reciente del B/I alemán "Victor Hensen" a Magallanes. Entre los naturalistas chilenos destacan Claudio Gay, Rodulfo A. Philippi, Carlos E. Porter y Nibaldo Bahamonde, todos ellos relacionados con el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural y el último reconocido como el más importante promotor del desarrollo contemporáneo de la carcinología en Chile. Hoy el conocimiento de la carcinofauna chilena de decápodos puede considerarse relativamente completo a nivel de taxonomía alfa, pero es preliminar en relación con la biología y ecología de la mayor parte de las especiesAlthough the utilization of crustaceans in continental Chile is at least 10,200 years old, the formal description of the components of the Chilean carcinofauna only began about 200 years ago; Juan I. Molina having being the first Chilean naturalist to scientifically name autochtonous crustacean species. Many foreign and national scientists have contributed, with their efforts, to the development of carcinology in Chile. Among the foreigners we find 16. Eso's Situation in Chile Science.gov (United States) 1995-02-01 ESO, the European Southern Observatory, in reply to questions raised by the international media, as well as an ongoing debate about the so-called "Paranal case" in Chilean newspapers, would like to make a number of related observations concerning its status and continued operation in that country [1]. THE ESO OBSERVATORY SITES IN CHILE The European Southern Observatory, an international organisation established and supported by eight European countries, has been operating more than 30 years in the Republic of Chile. Here ESO maintains one of the world's prime astronomical observatories on the La Silla mountain in the southern part of the Atacama desert. This location is in the Fourth Chilean Region, some 600 km north of Santiago de Chile. In order to protect the La Silla site against dust and light pollution from possible future mining industries, roads and settlements, ESO early acquired the territory around this site. It totals about 825 sq. km and has effectively contributed to the preservation of its continued, excellent "astronomical" quality. Each year, more than 500 astronomers from European countries, Chile and elsewhere profit from this when they come to La Silla to observe with one or more of the 15 telescopes now located there. In 1987, the ESO Council [2] decided to embark upon one of the most prestigious and technologically advanced projects ever conceived in astronomy, the Very Large Telescope (VLT). It will consist of four interconnected 8.2-metre telescopes and will become the largest optical telescope in the world when it is ready. It is safe to predict that many exciting discoveries will be made with this instrument, and it will undoubtedly play a very important role in our exploration of the distant universe and its many mysteries during the coming decades. THE VLT AND PARANAL In order to find the best site for the VLT, ESO performed a thorough investigation of many possible mountain tops, both near La Silla and in Northern Chile. They showed 17. Shrinkage Estimators for Covariance Matrices OpenAIRE Daniels, Michael J.; Kass, Robert E. 2001-01-01 Estimation of covariance matrices in small samples has been studied by many authors. Standard estimators, like the unstructured maximum likelihood estimator (ML) or restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimator, can be very unstable with the smallest estimated eigenvalues being too small and the largest too big. A standard approach to more stably estimating the matrix in small samples is to compute the ML or REML estimator under some simple structure that involves estimation of fewer paramet... 18. Quantum covariant c-map OpenAIRE Alexandrov, Sergei 2007-01-01 We generalize the covariant c-map found in hep-th/0701214 including perturbative quantum corrections. We also perform explicitly the superconformal quotient from the hyperkahler cone obtained by the quantum c-map to the quaternion-Kahler space, which is the moduli space of hypermultiplets. As a result, the perturbatively corrected metric on the moduli space is found in a simplified form comparing to the expression known in the literature. 19. The H-Covariant Strong Picard Groupoid OpenAIRE Jansen, Stefan; Waldmann, Stefan 2004-01-01 The notion of H-covariant strong Morita equivalence is introduced for *-algebras over C = R(i) with an ordered ring R which are equipped with a *-action of a Hopf *-algebra H. This defines a corresponding H-covariant strong Picard groupoid which encodes the entire Morita theory. Dropping the positivity conditions one obtains H-covariant *-Morita equivalence with its H-covariant *-Picard groupoid. We discuss various groupoid morphisms between the corresponding notions of the Picard groupoids. ... 20. Covariant Perturbations of Schwarzschild Black Holes OpenAIRE Clarkson, Chris A.; Barrett, Richard K. 2002-01-01 We present a new covariant and gauge-invariant perturbation formalism for dealing with spacetimes having spherical symmetry (or some preferred spatial direction) in the background, and apply it to the case of gravitational wave propagation in a Schwarzschild black hole spacetime. The 1+3 covariant approach is extended to a 1+1+2 covariant sheet' formalism by introducing a radial unit vector in addition to the timelike congruence, and decomposing all covariant quantities with respect to this.... 1. Are Maxwell's equations Lorentz-covariant? CERN Document Server Redzic, D V 2016-01-01 The statement that Maxwell's electrodynamics in vacuum is already covariant under Lorentz transformations is commonplace in the literature. We analyse the actual meaning of that statement and demonstrate that Maxwell's equations are perfectly fit to be Lorentz-covariant; they become Lorentz-covariant if we construct to be so, by postulating certain transformation properties of field functions. In Aristotelian terms, the covariance is a plain potentiality, but not necessarily entelechy. 2. Covariant jump conditions in electromagnetism Science.gov (United States) Itin, Yakov 2012-02-01 A generally covariant four-dimensional representation of Maxwell's electrodynamics in a generic material medium can be achieved straightforwardly in the metric-free formulation of electromagnetism. In this setup, the electromagnetic phenomena are described by two tensor fields, which satisfy Maxwell's equations. A generic tensorial constitutive relation between these fields is an independent ingredient of the theory. By use of different constitutive relations (local and non-local, linear and non-linear, etc.), a wide area of applications can be covered. In the current paper, we present the jump conditions for the fields and for the energy-momentum tensor on an arbitrarily moving surface between two media. From the differential and integral Maxwell equations, we derive the covariant boundary conditions, which are independent of any metric and connection. These conditions include the covariantly defined surface current and are applicable to an arbitrarily moving smooth curved boundary surface. As an application of the presented jump formulas, we derive a Lorentzian type metric as a condition for existence of the wave front in isotropic media. This result holds for ordinary materials as well as for metamaterials with negative material constants. 3. Covariant Quantization of D-branes OpenAIRE Kallosh, Renata 1997-01-01 We have found that kappa-symmetry allows a covariant quantization provided the ground state of the theory is strictly massive. For D-p-branes a Hamiltonian analysis is performed to explain the existence of a manifestly supersymmetric and Lorentz covariant description of the BPS states of the theory. The covariant quantization of the D-0-brane is presented as an example. 4. A taxonomic analysis of multihospital systems. OpenAIRE Lewis, B.L.; Alexander, J. 1986-01-01 Research to date on multihospital systems has proved largely uninformative, in part because similarities and differences among these organizations have not been addressed systematically. Through numeric classification, this article identifies populations of multihospital systems that share similar organizational attributes. Drawing on McKelvey's classification theory, 16 organizational characteristics of 160 multihospital systems are analyzed using a series of taxonomic techniques, including ... 5. Taxonomic revision of Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces. Science.gov (United States) McTaggart, A R; Shivas, R G; Geering, A D W; Vánky, K; Scharaschkin, T 2012-12-01 Morphological characters within the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex are defined explicitly. The genera Sporisorium and Anthracocystis are emended to reflect morphological synapomorphies. Three new genera, Langdonia, Stollia and Triodiomyces are described based on soral synapomorphies and host classification. The new classification of the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex incorporates 142 new taxonomic combinations. PMID:23606769 6. Taxonomic revision of Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces OpenAIRE McTaggart, A.R.; Shivas, R.G.; Geering, A.D.W.; Vánky, K.; Scharaschkin, T 2012-01-01 Morphological characters within the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex are defined explicitly. The genera Sporisorium and Anthracocystis are emended to reflect morphological synapomorphies. Three new genera, Langdonia, Stollia and Triodiomyces are described based on soral synapomorphies and host classification. The new classification of the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex incorporates 142 new taxonomic combinations. 7. A taxonomic revision of Lamium (Lamiaceae) NARCIS (Netherlands) Mennema, J. 1989-01-01 The present study deals with the systematics and taxonomy of the genus Lamium (Lamiaceae). The taxonomic revision is mainly based on the study of herbarium collections, and to a smaller degree on field observations and abstracts from literature. The research was done at the Rijksherbarium, Leyden, w 8. Covariance Evaluation Methodology for Neutron Cross Sections Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Herman,M.; Arcilla, R.; Mattoon, C.M.; Mughabghab, S.F.; Oblozinsky, P.; Pigni, M.; Pritychenko, b.; Songzoni, A.A. 2008-09-01 We present the NNDC-BNL methodology for estimating neutron cross section covariances in thermal, resolved resonance, unresolved resonance and fast neutron regions. The three key elements of the methodology are Atlas of Neutron Resonances, nuclear reaction code EMPIRE, and the Bayesian code implementing Kalman filter concept. The covariance data processing, visualization and distribution capabilities are integral components of the NNDC methodology. We illustrate its application on examples including relatively detailed evaluation of covariances for two individual nuclei and massive production of simple covariance estimates for 307 materials. Certain peculiarities regarding evaluation of covariances for resolved resonances and the consistency between resonance parameter uncertainties and thermal cross section uncertainties are also discussed. 9. complejidad en Chile Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Miguel Alejandro Bustamante-Ubilla 2015-01-01 Full Text Available El presente estudio tiene por objetivo caracterizar el clima organizacional al interior de 2 hospitales dealta complejidad de Chile, determinando las dimensiones más y menos influyentes. Para su desarrollose aplicó un cuestionario que consta de 71 variables agrupadas en 14 dimensiones a una muestra de561 funcionarios. La interpretación de los resultados se realizó a través del análisis del valor prome-dio estandarizado y su confiabilidad ratificada mediante el alfa de Cronbach. A partir de lo anterior, sedeterminó que las dimensiones que influyen por encima del promedio fueron: identidad, motivaciónlaboral y responsabilidad; en tanto que las dimensiones que muestran un nivel de impacto por debajodel promedio resultaron ser: equipo y distribución de personas y material, administración del conflictoy comunicación.© 2015 Universidad ICESI. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. Este es un artículo Open Access bajo lalicencia CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 10. PARASITOS DE LOS ANIMALES DOMESTICOS EN CHILE OpenAIRE HECTOR ALCAINO; TEXIA GORMAN 1999-01-01 PARASITES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN CHILE An up-to-date list of the parasites that have been identified in horses, cattle, sheep, goats, llamas, alpacas, pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, chickens and pigeons in Chile, according to the studies performed at the University of Chile and other Universities and Institutes. 11. China and Chile Signing Free Trade Agreement Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Shen; Danyang 2005-01-01 Mr. Bo Xilai, Minister of Commerce of China, and Mr.Walker, Foreign Minister of Chile, signed the China-Chile FTA on behalf of their respective government on November 18, 2005. Chinese President Hu Jintao and Chile President Lagos attended the signing ceremony, according to a press release on the website of Network Center of MOFCOM.…… 12. China and Chile Signing Free Trade Agreement Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Shen Danyang 2005-01-01 @@ Mr. Bo Xilai, Minister of Commerce of China, and Mr.Walker, Foreign Minister of Chile, signed the China-Chile FTA on behalf of their respective government on November 18, 2005. Chinese President Hu Jintao and Chile President Lagos attended the signing ceremony, according to a press release on the website of Network Center of MOFCOM. 13. PARASITOS DE LOS ANIMALES DOMESTICOS EN CHILE Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) HECTOR ALCAINO 1999-01-01 Full Text Available PARASITES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN CHILE An up-to-date list of the parasites that have been identified in horses, cattle, sheep, goats, llamas, alpacas, pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, chickens and pigeons in Chile, according to the studies performed at the University of Chile and other Universities and Institutes. 14. Lactobacillus species: taxonomic complexity and controversial susceptibilities. Science.gov (United States) Goldstein, Ellie J C; Tyrrell, Kerin L; Citron, Diane M 2015-05-15 The genus Lactobacillus is a taxonomically complex and is composed of over 170 species that cannot be easily differentiated phenotypically and often require molecular identification. Although they are part of the normal human gastrointestinal and vaginal flora, they can also be occasional human pathogens. They are extensively used in a variety of commercial products including probiotics. Their antimicrobial susceptibilities are poorly defined in part because of their taxonomic complexity and are compounded by the different methods recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute and International Dairy Foundation. Their use as probiotics for prevention of Clostridium difficile infection is prevalent among consumers worldwide but raises the question of will the use of any concurrent antibiotic effect their ability to survive. Lactobacillus species are generally acid resistant and are able to survive ingestion. They are generally resistant to metronidazole, aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin with L. acidophilus being susceptible to penicillin and vancomycin, whereas L. rhamnosus and L. casei are resistant to metronidazole and vancomycin. PMID:25922408 15. FANTOM: Functional and taxonomic analysis of metagenomes Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sanli Kemal 2013-02-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Interpretation of quantitative metagenomics data is important for our understanding of ecosystem functioning and assessing differences between various environmental samples. There is a need for an easy to use tool to explore the often complex metagenomics data in taxonomic and functional context. Results Here we introduce FANTOM, a tool that allows for exploratory and comparative analysis of metagenomics abundance data integrated with metadata information and biological databases. Importantly, FANTOM can make use of any hierarchical database and it comes supplied with NCBI taxonomic hierarchies as well as KEGG Orthology, COG, PFAM and TIGRFAM databases. Conclusions The software is implemented in Python, is platform independent, and is available at http://www.sysbio.se/Fantom. 16. Taxonomic counts of cognition in the wild OpenAIRE Lefebvre, Louis 2010-01-01 In 1985, Kummer & Goodall pleaded for an ecology of intelligence and proposed that innovations might be a good way to measure cognition in the wild. Counts of innovation per taxonomic group are now available in hundreds of avian and primate species, as are counts of tactical deception, tool use and social learning. Robust evidence suggests that innovation rate and its neural correlates allow birds and mammals to cope better with environmental change. The positive correlations between taxonomi... 17. Principle of general covariance and quantum theory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The authors emphasise the distinction between formal and operational notions of general covariance. Classical, formal covariance implies operational covariance. This is not true in quantum theory. Two observers may not agree on the results of measurement of a tensorial object like T/sub ik/ (stress tensor) in quantum theory. In particular, one observer might conclude that the measured value is zero while another might attribute non-zero value to it 18. Balancing Covariates via Propensity Score Weighting OpenAIRE Li, Fan; Morgan, Kari Lock; Zaslavsky, Alan M. 2014-01-01 Covariate balance is crucial for an unconfounded descriptive or causal comparison. However, lack of balance is common in observational studies. This article considers weighting strategies for balancing covariates. We define a general class of weights-the balancing weights-that balance the weighted distributions of the covariates between treatment groups. These weights incorporate the propensity score to weight each group to an analyst-selected target population. This class unifies existing we... 19. Adaptive covariance estimation of locally stationary processes OpenAIRE Mallat, Stéphane; Papanicolaou, George; Zhang, Zhifeng 1998-01-01 It is shown that the covariance operator of a locally stationary process has approximate eigenvectors that are local cosine functions. We model locally stationary processes with pseudo-differential operators that are time-varying convolutions. An adaptive covariance estimation is calculated by searching first for a "best" local cosine basis which approximates the covariance by a band or a diagonal matrix. The estimation is obtained from regularized versions of the diagonal coefficients in the... 20. Kalman Filtering with Unknown Noise Covariances OpenAIRE Nilsson, Martin 2006-01-01 Since it is often difficult to identify the noise covariances for a Kalman filter, they are commonly considered design variables. If so, we can as well try to choose them so that the corresponding Kalman filter has some nice form. In this paper, we introduce a one-parameter subfamily of Kalman filters with the property that the covariance parameters cancel in the expression for the Kalman gain. We provide a simple criterion which guarantees that the implicitly defined process covariance matri... 1. Taxonomic revision of Parasarus (Hymenoptera: Apidae s.l.: Protandrenini, a South American genus of bees Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kelli dos Santos Ramos 2014-10-01 Full Text Available Parasarus Ruz, 1993 comprises small black bees (3-5 mm long endemic to xeric regions of South America, mainly along of the Andean Cordillera. Prior to this study, the genus included only the type-species P. atacamensis Ruz, 1993 (from northern Chile which has mesoscutum strongly reticulated and inner hind tibial spur curved apically. In this paper, a taxonomic revision of Parasarus is presented and two new species are described: P. specularis sp. nov. (from central to northwest Argentina diagnosed mainly by pygidial plate of female extremely acute apically and labral plate yellow in male; and P. spiniventris sp. nov. (only recorded from central portion of Chile diagnosed by antennal socket below middle of face, subantennal area as long as broad, metapostnotum smooth, and sternum 3 of male with a tuft of stiff hairs. The morphological variation related to the type-species was studied and not considered sufficiently to recognized distinct species into P. atacamensis. Distribution maps, floral associations, key to species of the genus, and illustrations of general external morphology and genitalia are also provided. 2. The shallow-water chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora of Caldera, Region of Atacama, northern Chile Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Juan Francisco Araya 2015-03-01 Full Text Available The Molluscan species of the northern littoral of Chile have been sparsely studied. This work reviews for the first time the diversity of polyplacophoran molluscs around the port of Caldera, in the Region of Atacama (26°45’49”S; 70°45’17”W to 27°20’23”S; 70°56’46”W, northern Chile. Eleven species were found in this study: Acanthopleura echinata (Barnes, 1824; Callistochiton pulchellus (Gray, 1828; Calloplax vivipara (Plate, 1899, Chaetopleura peruviana (Lamarck, 1819; Chiton cumingsii Frembly, 1827; Chiton granosus Frembly, 1827; Chiton magnificus Deshayes, 1827; Enoplochiton niger (Barnes, 1824, Radsia barnesii (Gray, 1828, Tonicia atrata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1840 and Tonicia chilensis (Frembly, 1827. All of the species occurring in the area have distributions in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, from Ecuador to central Chile, and three of them are species endemic to the Chilean coasts (Calloplax vivipara, Radsia barnesii, and Tonicia atrata. This diversity of species is comparable to that of better surveyed faunas of central and southern Chile or Patagonia. Of the eleven species recorded, the geographic distribution records for Callistochiton pulchellus, Radsia barnesii and Tonicia atrata are extended, and Calloplax vivipara is found alive again after 40 years, filling a gap in its known distribution. Illustrations of living specimens in their habitat, distribution records and a taxonomic key for all the studied taxa are also provided. 3. Competing risks and time-dependent covariates DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Cortese, Giuliana; Andersen, Per K 2010-01-01 classified by Kalbfleisch and Prentice [The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data, Wiley, New York, 2002] with the intent of clarifying their role and emphasizing the limitations in standard survival models and in the competing risks setting. If random (internal) time-dependent covariates are to be......Time-dependent covariates are frequently encountered in regression analysis for event history data and competing risks. They are often essential predictors, which cannot be substituted by time-fixed covariates. This study briefly recalls the different types of time-dependent covariates, as... 4. Synge's covariant conservation laws for general relativity International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Following Synge, the covariant formulas for the total four-momentum and angular momentum of an isolated physical system in general relativity are derived. These formulas ar first obtained in the weak-field approximation, for which they are shown to be expressible in surface integral form, to be unique, and to represent covariantly conserved quantities. The covariant expressions for the general case are then shown to be identical to those for the weak-field case. The uniquely determined and covariantly conserved quantities so obtained are found to agree with the corresponding canonical, noncovariant surface integral expressions 5. Conformal covariance and the split property CERN Document Server Morinelli, Vincenzo; Weiner, Mihály 2016-01-01 We show that for a conformal local net of observables on the circle, the split property is automatic. Both full conformal covariance (i.e. diffeomorphism covariance) and the circle-setting play essential roles in this fact, while by previously constructed examples it was already known that even on the circle, M\\"obius covariance does not imply the split property. On the other hand, here we also provide an example of a local conformal net living on the two-dimensional Minkowski space, which - although being diffeomorphism covariant - does not have the split property. 6. Numerical taxonomy of moderately halophilic gram-positive cocci isolated from the Salar de Atacama (Chile). Science.gov (United States) Valderrama, M J; Prado, B; del Moral, A; Ríos, R; Ramos-Cormenzana, A; Campos, V 1991-06-01 A taxonomic study has been carried out on 22 strains of moderately halophilic motile cocci isolated from the Salar de Atacama (Chile). The 112 phenotypic tests were analyzed by numerical taxonomy using SSM coefficient and the unweighted pair group method of association (UPGMA). At the 67% similarity level, two phenons were obtained: phenon A included 11 strains and phenon B, 11 strains too, whereas the six reference strains did not cluster within these two phenons. These results suggest that moderately halophilic cocci with different phenotypic characteristics from previously described species can be isolated from the hypersaline habitat Salar de Atacama. PMID:1867776 7. The biomethane potential in Chile International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Within the last decade natural gas gained considerable importance in Chile. The contribution of natural gas within the energy system will increase in the future by predicted 3.6% annually until the year 2015. Due to limited resources within its own country, the energy system of Chile depends on natural gas imports preferential from Argentina. Therefore, the aim of several stakeholders from policy and industry is to reduce the share of imported primary energy within the overall energy system. In order to reach this goal, the use of domestic resources and particularly the utilisation of biomass as one of the most important renewable sources of energy in Chile could play an important role. Against this background, the goal of this paper is the analysis of the technical potentials of biomethane as a substitute for natural gas. For the production of biomethane the anaerobic or bio-chemical (i.e. Biogas) as well as the thermo-chemical conversion pathways (i.e. Bio-SNG) are considered. The results of this analysis show that biomass converted to biomethane is a promising energy provision option for Chile and it contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions 8. Corporate Governance Country Assessment : Chile OpenAIRE World Bank 2003-01-01 Chile's equity market is fairly large and successful. The market capitalization of the 249 listed firms represented 89 percent of GDP at year-end, 2001. Corporate ownership is concentrated and pyramid structures are common. Business groups/conglomerates are the predominant corporate form. Institutional investors, especially pension funds, are active equity investors. The Securities Market ... 9. Socialisme i Chile efter Pinochet DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Cristoffanini, Pablo Rolando 2008-01-01 Chile bliver ofte præsenteret som et paradigme for resten af det latinamerikanske kontinent: Et land med høj økonomisk vækst og politisk stabilitet. Landet har endda haft to socialistiske præsidenter siden 2000, den sidste den første kvindelige præsident. Succeshistorien har en bagside: De social... 10. Treatment Effects with Many Covariates and Heteroskedasticity DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Cattaneo, Matias D.; Jansson, Michael; Newey, Whitney K. propose a new heteroskedasticity consistent standard error formula that is fully automatic and robust to both (conditional) heteroskedasticity of unknown form and the inclusion of possibly many covariates. We apply our findings to three settings: (i) parametric linear models with many covariates, (ii... 11. Effect modification by time-varying covariates. Science.gov (United States) Robins, James M; Hernán, Miguel A; Rotnitzky, Andrea 2007-11-01 Marginal structural models (MSMs) allow estimation of effect modification by baseline covariates, but they are less useful for estimating effect modification by evolving time-varying covariates. Rather, structural nested models (SNMs) were specifically designed to estimate effect modification by time-varying covariates. In their paper, Petersen et al. (Am J Epidemiol 2007;166:985-993) describe history-adjusted MSMs as a generalized form of MSM and argue that history-adjusted MSMs allow a researcher to easily estimate effect modification by time-varying covariates. However, history-adjusted MSMs can result in logically incompatible parameter estimates and hence in contradictory substantive conclusions. Here the authors propose a more restrictive definition of history-adjusted MSMs than the one provided by Petersen et al. and compare the advantages and disadvantages of using history-adjusted MSMs, as opposed to SNMs, to examine effect modification by time-dependent covariates. PMID:17875581 12. Taxonomic novelties within the genus Columnea (Gesneriaceae) International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A new species of Columnea and a new variety of Columnea lanata (Seem.) Kuntze belonging to section Collandra (Gesneriaceae) are described and illustrated. The new species was found in the Pacific slopes of the Cordillera Occidental in the Department of Choco in Colombia; the new variety comes from the Pacific slopes of the Cordillera Occidental, in the region of Murri located at the North West of the Department of Antioquia . A taxonomic key to distinguish the new species from the morphologically closer species is presented. 13. General covariance and quantum theory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The extension of the principle of relativity to general coordinate systems is based on the hypothesis that an accelerated observer is locally equivalent to a hypothetical inertial observer with the same velocity as the noninertial observer. This hypothesis of locality is expected to be valid for classical particle phenomena as well as for classical wave phenomena but only in the short-wavelength approximation. The generally covariant theory is therefore expected to be in conflict with the quantum theory which is based on wave-particle duality. This is explicitly demonstrated for the frequency of electromagnetic radiation measured by a uniformly rotating observer. The standard Doppler formula is shown to be valid only in the geometric optics approximation. A new definition for the frequency is proposed, and the resulting formula for the frequency measured by the rotating observer is shown to be consistent with expectations based on the classical theory of electrons. A tentative quantum theory is developed on the basis of the generalization of the Bohr frequency condition to include accelerated observers. The description of the causal sequence of events is assumed to be independent of the motion of the observer. Furthermore, the quantum hypothesis is supposed to be valid for all observers. The implications of this theory are critically examined. The new formula for frequency, which is still based on the hypothesis of locality, leads to the observation of negative energy quanta by the rotating observer and is therefore in conflict with the quantum theory 14. Tunneling times with covariant measurements CERN Document Server Kiukas, J; Werner, R F; 10.1007/s10701-009-9275-z 2009-01-01 We consider the time delay of massive, non-relativistic, one-dimensional particles due to a tunneling potential. In this setting the well-known Hartman effect asserts that often the sub-ensemble of particles going through the tunnel seems to cross the tunnel region instantaneously. An obstacle to the utilization of this effect for getting faster signals is the exponential damping by the tunnel, so there seems to be a trade-off between speedup and intensity. In this paper we prove that this trade-off is never in favor of faster signals: the probability for a signal to reach its destination before some deadline is always reduced by the tunnel, for arbitrary incoming states, arbitrary positive and compactly supported tunnel potentials, and arbitrary detectors. More specifically, we show this for several different ways to define the same incoming state'' and ''the same detector'' when comparing the settings with and without tunnel potential. The arrival time measurements are expressed in the time-covariant appr... 15. Acuicultura Insostenible en Chile (Unsustainable aquaculture in Chile Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sommer, Marcos 2009-03-01 Full Text Available ResumenLa acuicultura en Chile sólo será alternativa a la pesca si se consigue llevar su producción a parámetros de sostenibilidad, no solamente económica sino, fundamentalmente, ambiental. Con un esfuerzo dirigido hacia medidas legislativas y de control, e investigación aplicada, podríamos acercarnos a una acuicultura ambientalmente sostenible. 16. [The epidemiological transition in Chile]. Science.gov (United States) Albalá, C; Vio, F; Robledo, A; Icaza, G 1993-12-01 Aiming to describe the place that Chile has in the epidemiological transition, a descriptive study of the changes in demographic and epidemiological profiles of the country during the last 30 years is presented. The important decrease in general and child mortality rates, that has lead to an increase in life expectancy and ageing of the population, is emphasized. A 82% reduction in the proportion of deaths among less than one year old children and a 62% increase in mortality among people 65 years or older is observed. In agreement with these changes, non transmissible chronic diseases appear as the principal cause of mortality (65% of all deaths). However, regarding morbidity, an increase in digestive infectious and sexually transmitted diseases and a decrease in immuno-preventable diseases, excepting measles, is noted. It is concluded that, according to mortality, Chile is in a post transition stage, but there is persistence of some infectious diseases, typical of a pre-transition stage. PMID:8085073 17. Self-similarity in the taxonomic classification of human languages OpenAIRE Zanette, Damian H. 2001-01-01 Statistical properties of the taxonomic classification of human languages are studied. It is shown that, at the highest levels of the taxonomic hierarchy, the frequency of taxon members as a function of the number of languages belonging to each member decays as a power law. This feature reveals that a self-similar structure underlies the taxonomy of languages, exactly as observed in the taxonomic classification of biological species. Such an analogy is a clue to the evolutionary foundation of... 18. A Taxonomic Study of the Genus Myelochroa in South Korea OpenAIRE Jayalal, Udeni; Joshi, Santosh; Oh, Soon-Ok; Koh, Young Jin; Hur, Jae-Seoun 2012-01-01 Myelochroa (Asahina) Elix & Hale is a common foliose lichen genus found on the Korean Peninsula. Since it was first recorded nearly two decades ago, no detailed taxonomic or revisionary study of the genus has been conducted. Thus, the current study was conducted to carry out a detailed taxonomic and revisionary study of Myelochroa in South Korea. This study was based on specimens deposited in the Korean Lichen Research Institute (KoLRI). Detailed taxonomic studies and a literature review conf... 19. Charting taxonomic knowledge through ontologies and ranking algorithms Science.gov (United States) Huber, Robert; Klump, Jens 2009-04-01 Since the inception of geology as a modern science, paleontologists have described a large number of fossil species. This makes fossilized organisms an important tool in the study of stratigraphy and past environments. Since taxonomic classifications of organisms, and thereby their names, change frequently, the correct application of this tool requires taxonomic expertise in finding correct synonyms for a given species name. Much of this taxonomic information has already been published in journals and books where it is compiled in carefully prepared synonymy lists. Because this information is scattered throughout the paleontological literature, it is difficult to find and sometimes not accessible. Also, taxonomic information in the literature is often difficult to interpret for non-taxonomists looking for taxonomic synonymies as part of their research. The highly formalized structure makes Open Nomenclature synonymy lists ideally suited for computer aided identification of taxonomic synonyms. Because a synonymy list is a list of citations related to a taxon name, its bibliographic nature allows the application of bibliometric techniques to calculate the impact of synonymies and taxonomic concepts. TaxonRank is a ranking algorithm based on bibliometric analysis and Internet page ranking algorithms. TaxonRank uses published synonymy list data stored in TaxonConcept, a taxonomic information system. The basic ranking algorithm has been modified to include a measure of confidence on species identification based on the Open Nomenclature notation used in synonymy list, as well as other synonymy specific criteria. The results of our experiments show that the output of the proposed ranking algorithm gives a good estimate of the impact a published taxonomic concept has on the taxonomic opinions in the geological community. Also, our results show that treating taxonomic synonymies as part of on an ontology is a way to record and manage taxonomic knowledge, and thus contribute 20. Miedo y represionpolitica en Chile OpenAIRE Amado M. Padilla; Lillian Comas Díaz 1987-01-01 This paper describes a human rights fact-finding mission to Chile concerned with the use of psychological techniques employed in offlcia- Uy sactioned torture and repressíon, Meetings and interviews were conducted with representatives of many organízatíons working with víctima of governrnental repression including the Chílean Psychological Assocíation. Fear and repression wene found to be widespread among all socioeconomic segments of the population. Physical and psychologic... 1. The covariant quantum Green-Schwarz superstring International Nuclear Information System (INIS) First we present the covariantly quantized space-time supersymmetric superstring. The main ingredients are additional auxiliary variables and their corresponding auxiliary gauge symmetries. They allow a Lorentz covariant gauge fixed lagrangian path integral which has the form of a free 2-dimensional conformal field theory with a finite number of 2-dimensional world-sheet fields and ghosts. Next we show that the path integral is anomaly free in 10 space-time dimensions. Then, by a canonical (operator) quantization we obtain in the point-particle limit the covariant equations of motion of the D=10 super Yang-Mills (SYM) theory. (authors) 2. A novel algorithm for establishing taxonomic relation of Chinese ontology Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) PEI Bing-zhen; CHEN Xiao-rong; HU Yi; LU Ru-zhan 2009-01-01 Both a general domain-independent bottom-up multi-level model and an algorithm for establishing the taxonomic relation of Chinese ontology are proposed. The model consists of extracting domain vocabularies and establishing taxonomic relation, with the consideration of characteristics unique to Chinese natural language. By establishing the semantic forests of domain vocabularies and then using the existing semantic dictionary or ma-chine-readable dictionary (MRD), the proposed algorithm can integrate these semantic forests together to estab-lish the taxonomic relation. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and effective in es-tablishing the integrated taxonomic relation among domain vocabularies and concepts. 3. Comment on covariant Stora--Zumino chain terms OpenAIRE Adam, C. 1999-01-01 In a recent paper, Ekstrand proposed a simple expression from which covariant anomaly, covariant Schwinger term and higher covariant chain terms may be computed. We comment on the relation of his result to the earlier work of Tsutsui. 4. TaxMan: a taxonomic database manager Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Blaxter Mark 2006-12-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Phylogenetic analysis of large, multiple-gene datasets, assembled from public sequence databases, is rapidly becoming a popular way to approach difficult phylogenetic problems. Supermatrices (concatenated multiple sequence alignments of multiple genes can yield more phylogenetic signal than individual genes. However, manually assembling such datasets for a large taxonomic group is time-consuming and error-prone. Additionally, sequence curation, alignment and assessment of the results of phylogenetic analysis are made particularly difficult by the potential for a given gene in a given species to be unrepresented, or to be represented by multiple or partial sequences. We have developed a software package, TaxMan, that largely automates the processes of sequence acquisition, consensus building, alignment and taxon selection to facilitate this type of phylogenetic study. Results TaxMan uses freely available tools to allow rapid assembly, storage and analysis of large, aligned DNA and protein sequence datasets for user-defined sets of species and genes. The user provides GenBank format files and a list of gene names and synonyms for the loci to analyse. Sequences are extracted from the GenBank files on the basis of annotation and sequence similarity. Consensus sequences are built automatically. Alignment is carried out (where possible, at the protein level and aligned sequences are stored in a database. TaxMan can automatically determine the best subset of taxa to examine phylogeny at a given taxonomic level. By using the stored aligned sequences, large concatenated multiple sequence alignments can be generated rapidly for a subset and output in analysis-ready file formats. Trees resulting from phylogenetic analysis can be stored and compared with a reference taxonomy. Conclusion TaxMan allows rapid automated assembly of a multigene datasets of aligned sequences for large taxonomic groups. By extracting sequences on the basis of 5. Taxonomic etymology – in search of inspiration Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Piotr Jozwiak 2015-07-01 Full Text Available We present a review of the etymology of zoological taxonomic names with emphasis on the most unusual examples. The names were divided into several categories, starting from the most common – given after morphological features – through inspiration from mythology, legends, and classic literature but also from fictional and nonfictional pop-culture characters (e.g., music, movies or cartoons, science, and politics. A separate category includes zoological names created using word-play and figures of speech such as tautonyms, acronyms, anagrams, and palindromes. Our intention was to give an overview of possibilities of how and where taxonomists can find the inspirations that will be consistent with the ICZN rules and generate more detail afterthought about the naming process itself, the meaningful character of naming, as well as the recognition and understanding of names. 6. Taxonomic etymology - in search of inspiration. Science.gov (United States) Jóźwiak, Piotr; Rewicz, Tomasz; Pabis, Krzysztof 2015-01-01 We present a review of the etymology of zoological taxonomic names with emphasis on the most unusual examples. The names were divided into several categories, starting from the most common - given after morphological features - through inspiration from mythology, legends, and classic literature but also from fictional and nonfictional pop-culture characters (e.g., music, movies or cartoons), science, and politics. A separate category includes zoological names created using word-play and figures of speech such as tautonyms, acronyms, anagrams, and palindromes. Our intention was to give an overview of possibilities of how and where taxonomists can find the inspirations that will be consistent with the ICZN rules and generate more detail afterthought about the naming process itself, the meaningful character of naming, as well as the recognition and understanding of names. PMID:26257573 7. TIPP: taxonomic identification and phylogenetic profiling Science.gov (United States) Nguyen, Nam-phuong; Mirarab, Siavash; Liu, Bo; Pop, Mihai; Warnow, Tandy 2014-01-01 Motivation: Abundance profiling (also called ‘phylogenetic profiling’) is a crucial step in understanding the diversity of a metagenomic sample, and one of the basic techniques used for this is taxonomic identification of the metagenomic reads. Results: We present taxon identification and phylogenetic profiling (TIPP), a new marker-based taxon identification and abundance profiling method. TIPP combines SAT\\'e-enabled phylogenetic placement a phylogenetic placement method, with statistical techniques to control the classification precision and recall, and results in improved abundance profiles. TIPP is highly accurate even in the presence of high indel errors and novel genomes, and matches or improves on previous approaches, including NBC, mOTU, PhymmBL, MetaPhyler and MetaPhlAn. Availability and implementation: Software and supplementary materials are available at http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/phylo/software/sepp/tipp-submission/. Contact: warnow@illinois.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. PMID:25359891 8. [Taxonomical status of the psychrotolerant Antarctic microorganisms]. Science.gov (United States) Romanovskaia, V A; Gladka, G V; Tashireva, A A; Tashirev, A B 2013-01-01 The aerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria, dominating in soils and phytocenosis of the Antarctic Region, on combination of morphological and biochemical properties belong to several taxons of Bacteria domain. Gram-negative strains 3189, 3415 (fam. Halomonadaceae, Halomonas sp.) and 3088, 3468, 3469 (fam. Moraxellaceae, Psychrobacter sp.) belong to phylum Proteobacteria, to class Gammaproteobacteria. Gram-negative strains 3294 3392 (Rhizobiales, fam. Methylobacteriaceae, Methylobacterium sp.) relate to class Alphaproteobacteria of this phylum. Gram-positive strains 3179, 3275, 3470, 3471 (fam. Microbacteriaceae, Cryobacterium sp.), 3054, 3058, 3411 (fam. Corynebacteriaceae, Corynebacterium sp.) and 3194, 3398 (fam. Micrococcaceae, Micrococcus sp.) relate to phylum Actinobacteria, class Actinobacteria. Thus, the psychrophilic and psychrotolerant Antarctic bacteria (aerobic chemoorganotrophic) isolated from phytocenosis and soils of polar region are characterized by wide taxonomic variety. PMID:24450178 9. Modular covariance, PCT, spin and statistics CERN Document Server Guido, D 1995-01-01 The notion of modular covariance is reviewed and the reconstruction of the Poincar\\'e group extended to the low-dimensional case. The relations with the PCT symmetry and the Spin and Statistics theorem are described. 10. The Covariant Picard Groupoid in Differential Geometry OpenAIRE Waldmann, Stefan 2005-01-01 In this article we discuss some general results on the covariant Picard groupoid in the context of differential geometry and interpret the problem of lifting Lie algebra actions to line bundles in the Picard groupoid approach. 11. Covariance data evaluation for experimental data International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Some methods and codes have been developed and utilized for covariance data evaluation of experimental data, including parameter analysis, physical analysis, Spline fitting etc.. These methods and codes can be used in many different cases 12. Forecasting Covariance Matrices: A Mixed Frequency Approach DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Halbleib, Roxana; Voev, Valeri This paper proposes a new method for forecasting covariance matrices of financial returns. The model mixes volatility forecasts from a dynamic model of daily realized volatilities estimated with high-frequency data with correlation forecasts based on daily data. This new approach allows for flexi......This paper proposes a new method for forecasting covariance matrices of financial returns. The model mixes volatility forecasts from a dynamic model of daily realized volatilities estimated with high-frequency data with correlation forecasts based on daily data. This new approach allows...... for flexible dependence patterns for volatilities and correlations, and can be applied to covariance matrices of large dimensions. The separate modeling of volatility and correlation forecasts considerably reduces the estimation and measurement error implied by the joint estimation and modeling of covariance... 13. Characteristic Polynomials of Sample Covariance Matrices OpenAIRE Kösters, Holger 2009-01-01 We investigate the second-order correlation function of the characteristic polynomial of a sample covariance matrix. Starting from an explicit formula for the generating function, we re-obtain several well-known kernels from random matrix theory. 14. Covariance Spectroscopy for Fissile Material Detection Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Rusty Trainham, Jim Tinsley, Paul Hurley, Ray Keegan 2009-06-02 Nuclear fission produces multiple prompt neutrons and gammas at each fission event. The resulting daughter nuclei continue to emit delayed radiation as neutrons boil off, beta decay occurs, etc. All of the radiations are causally connected, and therefore correlated. The correlations are generally positive, but when different decay channels compete, so that some radiations tend to exclude others, negative correlations could also be observed. A similar problem of reduced complexity is that of cascades radiation, whereby a simple radioactive decay produces two or more correlated gamma rays at each decay. Covariance is the usual means for measuring correlation, and techniques of covariance mapping may be useful to produce distinct signatures of special nuclear materials (SNM). A covariance measurement can also be used to filter data streams because uncorrelated signals are largely rejected. The technique is generally more effective than a coincidence measurement. In this poster, we concentrate on cascades and the covariance filtering problem. 15. Evaluation of covariance for fission neutron spectra Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kawano, Toshihiko; Nakashima, Hideki [Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka (Japan); Ohsawa, Takaaki; Shibata, Keiichi 1999-02-01 A covariance evaluation system for the evaluated nuclear data library JENDL-3.2 was established, and the covariance data for fission neutron spectra of {sup 233}U, {sup 235}U, {sup 238}U, {sup 239}Pu were evaluated. Two methods were employed to evaluate the covariance. One is based on the experimental data, and the other is based on a model calculation including some kinds of renormalizations. The latter technique was adopted for the covariance evaluation of the fission neutron spectra in JENDL-3.2. We performed an adjustment of the evaluated fission neutron spectrum of {sup 235}U using the spectrum averaged cross sections for the {sup 27}Al(n, p), {sup 46,47,48}Ti(n, p), {sup 54,56}Fe(n, p), {sup 58}Ni(n, p), {sup 90}Zr(n, 2n) reactions. The adjusted spectrum integrated over energy was found to be unity. (author) 16. Covariance Eigenvector Sparsity for Compression and Denoising CERN Document Server Schizas, Ioannis D 2012-01-01 Sparsity in the eigenvectors of signal covariance matrices is exploited in this paper for compression and denoising. Dimensionality reduction (DR) and quantization modules present in many practical compression schemes such as transform codecs, are designed to capitalize on this form of sparsity and achieve improved reconstruction performance compared to existing sparsity-agnostic codecs. Using training data that may be noisy a novel sparsity-aware linear DR scheme is developed to fully exploit sparsity in the covariance eigenvectors and form noise-resilient estimates of the principal covariance eigenbasis. Sparsity is effected via norm-one regularization, and the associated minimization problems are solved using computationally efficient coordinate descent iterations. The resulting eigenspace estimator is shown capable of identifying a subset of the unknown support of the eigenspace basis vectors even when the observation noise covariance matrix is unknown, as long as the noise power is sufficiently low. It i... 17. Attenuation caused by infrequently updated covariates in survival analysis DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Andersen, Per Kragh; Liestøl, Knut Attenuation; Cox regression model; Measurement errors; Survival analysis; Time-dependent covariates......Attenuation; Cox regression model; Measurement errors; Survival analysis; Time-dependent covariates... 18. Flexible taxonomic assignment of ambiguous sequencing reads Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jansson Jesper 2011-01-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background To characterize the diversity of bacterial populations in metagenomic studies, sequencing reads need to be accurately assigned to taxonomic units in a given reference taxonomy. Reads that cannot be reliably assigned to a unique leaf in the taxonomy (ambiguous reads are typically assigned to the lowest common ancestor of the set of species that match it. This introduces a potentially severe error in the estimation of bacteria present in the sample due to false positives, since all species in the subtree rooted at the ancestor are implicitly assigned to the read even though many of them may not match it. Results We present a method that maps each read to a node in the taxonomy that minimizes a penalty score while balancing the relevance of precision and recall in the assignment through a parameter q. This mapping can be obtained in time linear in the number of matching sequences, because LCA queries to the reference taxonomy take constant time. When applied to six different metagenomic datasets, our algorithm produces different taxonomic distributions depending on whether coverage or precision is maximized. Including information on the quality of the reads reduces the number of unassigned reads but increases the number of ambiguous reads, stressing the relevance of our method. Finally, two measures of performance are described and results with a set of artificially generated datasets are discussed. Conclusions The assignment strategy of sequencing reads introduced in this paper is a versatile and a quick method to study bacterial communities. The bacterial composition of the analyzed samples can vary significantly depending on how ambiguous reads are assigned depending on the value of the q parameter. Validation of our results in an artificial dataset confirm that a combination of values of q produces the most accurate results. 19. On covariant Poisson brackets in field theory OpenAIRE Sharapov, Alexey A. 2014-01-01 A general approach is proposed to constructing covariant Poisson brackets in the space of histories of a classical field-theoretical model. The approach is based on the concept of Lagrange anchor, which was originally developed as a tool for path-integral quantization of Lagrangian and non-Lagrangian dynamics. The proposed covariant Poisson brackets generalize the Peierls' bracket construction known in the Lagrangian field theory. 20. Time varying covariance structures in financial markets OpenAIRE Gerhard, Frank; Hess, Dieter E. 1996-01-01 Reliable estimates of variances and covariances are crucial for portfolio management and risk controlling. This paper investigates alternative methods to estimate time varying variance-covariance matrices: ordinary estimates and exponentially weighted moving averages in comparison to Markov switching models. Different criteria are used to assess the quality of estimators. Bootstrapped confidence intervals for variances and correlations allow to compare the reliability of these estimates. Most... 1. Covariate analysis of bivariate survival data Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Bennett, L.E. 1992-01-01 The methods developed are used to analyze the effects of covariates on bivariate survival data when censoring and ties are present. The proposed method provides models for bivariate survival data that include differential covariate effects and censored observations. The proposed models are based on an extension of the univariate Buckley-James estimators which replace censored data points by their expected values, conditional on the censoring time and the covariates. For the bivariate situation, it is necessary to determine the expectation of the failure times for one component conditional on the failure or censoring time of the other component. Two different methods have been developed to estimate these expectations. In the semiparametric approach these expectations are determined from a modification of Burke's estimate of the bivariate empirical survival function. In the parametric approach censored data points are also replaced by their conditional expected values where the expected values are determined from a specified parametric distribution. The model estimation will be based on the revised data set, comprised of uncensored components and expected values for the censored components. The variance-covariance matrix for the estimated covariate parameters has also been derived for both the semiparametric and parametric methods. Data from the Demographic and Health Survey was analyzed by these methods. The two outcome variables are post-partum amenorrhea and breastfeeding; education and parity were used as the covariates. Both the covariate parameter estimates and the variance-covariance estimates for the semiparametric and parametric models will be compared. In addition, a multivariate test statistic was used in the semiparametric model to examine contrasts. The significance of the statistic was determined from a bootstrap distribution of the test statistic. 2. On the covariant relativistic separable kernel CERN Document Server Bondarenko, S G; Rogochaya, E P; Yanev, Y 2008-01-01 Two different methods of the covariant relativistic separable kernel construction in the Bethe-Salpeter approach are considered. One of them leads in the center-of-mass system of two particles to the quasipotential equation. The constructed 4-dimensional covariant functions are used to reproduce neutron-proton phase shifts for total angular momentaJ=0,1$. Obtained results are compared with other model calculations. 3. Optimal Non-Universally Covariant Cloning OpenAIRE D'Ariano, G. M.; Presti, P. Lo 2001-01-01 We consider non-universal cloning maps, namely cloning transformations which are covariant under a proper subgroup G of the universal unitary group U(d), where d is the dimension of the Hilbert space H of the system to be cloned. We give a general method for optimizing cloning for any cost-function. Examples of applications are given for the phase-covariant cloning (cloning of equatorial qubits) and for the Weyl-Heisenberg group (cloning of "continuous variables"). 4. Functional CLT for sample covariance matrices CERN Document Server Bai, Zhidong; Zhou, Wang; 10.3150/10-BEJ250 2010-01-01 Using Bernstein polynomial approximations, we prove the central limit theorem for linear spectral statistics of sample covariance matrices, indexed by a set of functions with continuous fourth order derivatives on an open interval including$[(1-\\sqrt{y})^2,(1+\\sqrt{y})^2], the support of the Mar\\u{c}enko--Pastur law. We also derive the explicit expressions for asymptotic mean and covariance functions. 5. Covariant action for type IIB supergravity Science.gov (United States) Sen, Ashoke 2016-07-01 Taking clues from the recent construction of the covariant action for type II and heterotic string field theories, we construct a manifestly Lorentz covariant action for type IIB supergravity, and discuss its gauge fixing maintaining manifest Lorentz invariance. The action contains a (non-gravitating) free 4-form field besides the usual fields of type IIB supergravity. This free field, being completely decoupled from the interacting sector, has no physical consequence. 6. Taxonomía de Pacientes con Diabetes Tipo 2 Basada en sus Representaciones de Enfermedad Taxonomy of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Based on Their Illness Representations OpenAIRE Constanza J Letelier; Daniel E Núñez; Ricardo J Rey 2011-01-01 Se estableció una taxonomía de personas con diabetes tipo 2 basada en sus representaciones de enfermedad. Para ello se realizó un análisis de conglomerados con las respuestas de una muestra de conveniencia de 103 adultos de atención primaria de salud de la zona central de Chile, los que completaron la escala IPQ-R. Este análisis arrojó 3 grupos de pacientes, denominados Preocupado, Desesperanzado y Negador. El primero confía en los procedimientos para atenuar los efectos de la enfermedad. El ... 7. Sequential BART for imputation of missing covariates. Science.gov (United States) Xu, Dandan; Daniels, Michael J; Winterstein, Almut G 2016-07-01 To conduct comparative effectiveness research using electronic health records (EHR), many covariates are typically needed to adjust for selection and confounding biases. Unfortunately, it is typical to have missingness in these covariates. Just using cases with complete covariates will result in considerable efficiency losses and likely bias. Here, we consider the covariates missing at random with missing data mechanism either depending on the response or not. Standard methods for multiple imputation can either fail to capture nonlinear relationships or suffer from the incompatibility and uncongeniality issues. We explore a flexible Bayesian nonparametric approach to impute the missing covariates, which involves factoring the joint distribution of the covariates with missingness into a set of sequential conditionals and applying Bayesian additive regression trees to model each of these univariate conditionals. Using data augmentation, the posterior for each conditional can be sampled simultaneously. We provide details on the computational algorithm and make comparisons to other methods, including parametric sequential imputation and two versions of multiple imputation by chained equations. We illustrate the proposed approach on EHR data from an affiliated tertiary care institution to examine factors related to hyperglycemia. PMID:26980459 8. Sistema de salud de Chile The health system of Chile OpenAIRE Víctor Becerril-Montekio; Juan de Dios Reyes; Annick Manuel 2011-01-01 En este trabajo se describe el sistema de salud de Chile, incluyendo su estructura, financiamiento, beneficiarios y recursos físicos, materiales y humanos de los que dispone. Este sistema está compuesto por dos sectores, público y privado. El sector público está formado por todos los organismos que constituyen el Sistema Nacional de Servicios de Salud y cubre aproximadamente a 70% de la población, incluyendo a los pobres del campo y las ciudades, la clase media baja y los jubilados, así como ... 9. The MNHN taxonomic referential: state and ongoing developments NARCIS (Netherlands) Bruckert, R. 2005-01-01 The relational database of taxonomic references developed in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), in Paris, has been greatly improved. New names, principally synonyms, have been added to the database following four lines: (1) The referential has been improved taxonomically: type-species 10. Designing Multimedia Games for Young Children's Taxonomic Concept Development Science.gov (United States) Sung, Yao-Ting; Chang, Kuo-En; Lee, Meng-Da 2008-01-01 This study aimed to design and evaluate multimedia games which were based on the theories of children's development of taxonomic concepts. Factors that might affect children's classification skills, such as use of single physical characteristics of objects, competition between thematic and taxonomic relationships, difficulty in forming… 11. Chile : Household Risk Management and Social Protection OpenAIRE World Bank, (WB) 2004-01-01 This report is part of the World Bank's advisory and analytical assistance to the Government of Chile. The report examines whether Chile has a social protection "system" - broadly defined to include policy interventions, public institutions, and the regulation of private institutions that lower the welfare costs of adverse shocks to income from job loss and extended unemployment, health ep... 12. Earthquake engineering research program in Chile Science.gov (United States) Saragoni, G. R. 1982-01-01 Earthquake engineering research in Chile has been carried out for more than 30 years. Systematic research is done at the university of Chile in Santiago. Other universities such as the Catholic University, university of Concepcion, and the Federico Santa Maria Technical University have begun to teach and conduct research in earthquake engineering in recent years. 13. Covariance Modifications to Subspace Bases Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Harris, D B 2008-11-19 Adaptive signal processing algorithms that rely upon representations of signal and noise subspaces often require updates to those representations when new data become available. Subspace representations frequently are estimated from available data with singular value (SVD) decompositions. Subspace updates require modifications to these decompositions. Updates can be performed inexpensively provided they are low-rank. A substantial literature on SVD updates exists, frequently focusing on rank-1 updates (see e.g. [Karasalo, 1986; Comon and Golub, 1990, Badeau, 2004]). In these methods, data matrices are modified by addition or deletion of a row or column, or data covariance matrices are modified by addition of the outer product of a new vector. A recent paper by Brand [2006] provides a general and efficient method for arbitrary rank updates to an SVD. The purpose of this note is to describe a closely-related method for applications where right singular vectors are not required. This note also describes the SVD updates to a particular scenario of interest in seismic array signal processing. The particular application involve updating the wideband subspace representation used in seismic subspace detectors [Harris, 2006]. These subspace detectors generalize waveform correlation algorithms to detect signals that lie in a subspace of waveforms of dimension d {ge} 1. They potentially are of interest because they extend the range of waveform variation over which these sensitive detectors apply. Subspace detectors operate by projecting waveform data from a detection window into a subspace specified by a collection of orthonormal waveform basis vectors (referred to as the template). Subspace templates are constructed from a suite of normalized, aligned master event waveforms that may be acquired by a single sensor, a three-component sensor, an array of such sensors or a sensor network. The template design process entails constructing a data matrix whose columns contain the 14. Biología de roedores reservorios de hantavirus en Chile BIOLOGY OF HANTAVIRUS RESERVOIR RODENTS IN CHILE Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) ANGEL E. SPOTORNO O. 2000-01-01 Full Text Available Es revisada la biología básica de los roedores potencialmente reservorios de hantavirus en Chile. La taxonomía y sistemática de cinco especies de roedores Muridae endémicos, el orizomino Oligoryzomys longicaudatus (reservorio primario, los akodontinos Abrothrix longipilis y Abrothrix olivaceus, y los filotinos Loxodontomys micropus y Phyllotis darwini, son puestas al día con recientes modificaciones, así como sus caracteres externos, distribución geográfica, hábitat, etología, alimentación, ecología y reproducción. Especial atención se da a las relaciones filogenéticas entre especies de roedores sus grupos, así como con aquellas correspondientes a sus hantavirus huéspedes, Una asociación entre la evolución de ambos grupos parece emerger, sugiriendo co-evolución entre las especies de roedores virus. Esta importante hipótesis debería ser puesta a prueba. Son discutidas otras relaciones entre especies de roedores y sus huéspedes viralesThe basic biology of the potential hantavirus reservoir rodents from Chile are reviewed. The taxonomy and systematics of five endemic Muridae species, the oryzomine Oligoryzomys longicaudatus (probably the primary reservoir, the akodontines Abrothrix longipilis, Abrothrix olivaceus, and the phyllotines Loxodontomys micropus and Phyllotis darwini, are updated with some recent modifications, as well as their features like external characters, geographic distribution, habitat, etology, feeding, ecology, and reproduction. Particular attention is given to the molecular phylogenetic relationships between rodent species and their groups, as well as with those of their hantavirus hosts. An association between the evolution of the two groups seems to emerge, suggesting co-evolution between rodent species and virus. This important hypothesis remains to be tested. Other relationships between rodent species and their viral hosts are discussed 15. Sistema de salud de Chile OpenAIRE Víctor Becerril-Montekio; Juan de Dios Reyes; Annick Manuel 2011-01-01 En este trabajo se describe el sistema de salud de Chile, incluyendo su estructura, financiamiento, beneficiarios y recursos físicos, materiales y humanos de los que dispone. Este sistema está compuesto por dos sectores, público y privado. El sector público está formado por todos los organismos que constituyen el Sistema Nacional de Servicios de Salud y cubre aproximadamente a 70% de la población, incluyendo a los pobres del campo y las ciudades, la clase media baja y los jubilados, así como ... 16. Nuclear data covariances in the Indian context International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The topic of covariances is recognized as an important part of several ongoing nuclear data science activities, since 2007, in the Nuclear Data Physics Centre of India (NDPCI). A Phase-1 project in collaboration with the Statistics department in Manipal University, Karnataka (Prof. K.M. Prasad and Prof. S. Nair) on nuclear data covariances was executed successfully during 2007-2011 period. In Phase-I, the NDPCI has conducted three national Theme meetings sponsored by the DAE-BRNS in 2008, 2010 and 2013 on nuclear data covariances. In Phase-1, the emphasis was on a thorough basic understanding of the concept of covariances including assigning uncertainties to experimental data in terms of partial errors and micro correlations, through a study and a detailed discussion of open literature. Towards the end of Phase-1, measurements and a first time covariance analysis of cross-sections for 58Ni (n, p) 58Co reaction measured in Mumbai Pelletron accelerator using 7Li (p,n) reactions as neutron source in the MeV energy region were performed under a PhD programme on nuclear data covariances in which enrolled are two students, Shri B.S. Shivashankar and Ms. Shanti Sheela. India is also successfully evolving a team of young researchers to code nuclear data of uncertainties, with the perspectives on covariances, in the IAEA-EXFOR format. A Phase-II DAE-BRNS-NDPCI proposal of project at Manipal has been submitted and the proposal is undergoing a peer-review at this time. In Phase-2, modern nuclear data evaluation techniques that including covariances will be further studied as a research and development effort, as a first time effort. These efforts include the use of techniques such as that of the Kalman filter. Presently, a 48 hours lecture series on treatment of errors and their propagation is being formulated under auspices of the Homi Bhabha National Institute. The talk describes the progress achieved thus far in the learning curve of the above-mentioned and exciting 17. Activities on covariance estimation in Japanese Nuclear Data Committee Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Shibata, Keiichi [Japan Atomic Energy Research Inst., Tokai, Ibaraki (Japan). Tokai Research Establishment 1997-03-01 Described are activities on covariance estimation in the Japanese Nuclear Data Committee. Covariances are obtained from measurements by using the least-squares methods. A simultaneous evaluation was performed to deduce covariances of fission cross sections of U and Pu isotopes. A code system, KALMAN, is used to estimate covariances of nuclear model calculations from uncertainties in model parameters. (author) 18. Schroedinger covariance states in anisotropic waveguides International Nuclear Information System (INIS) In this paper Squeezed and Covariance States based on Schroedinger inequality and their connection with other nonclassical states are considered for particular case of anisotropic waveguide in LiNiO3. Here, the problem of photon creation and generation of squeezed and Schroedinger covariance states in optical waveguides is solved in two steps: 1. Quantization of electromagnetic field is provided in the presence of dielectric waveguide using normal-mode expansion. The photon creation and annihilation operators are introduced, expanding the solution A-vector(r-vector,t) in a series in terms of the Sturm - Liouville mode-functions. 2. In terms of these operators the Hamiltonian of the field in a nonlinear waveguide is derived. For such Hamiltonian we construct the covariance states as stable (with nonzero covariance), which minimize the Schroedinger uncertainty relation. The evolutions of the three second momenta of q-circumflexj and p-circumflexj are calculated. For this Hamiltonian all three momenta are expressed in terms of one real parameters s only. It is found out how covariance, via this parameter s, depends on the waveguide profile n(x,y), on the mode-distributions u-vectorj(x,y), and on the waveguide phase mismatching Δβ. (author). 37 refs 19. Cross-covariance functions for multivariate geostatistics KAUST Repository Genton, Marc G. 2015-05-01 Continuously indexed datasets with multiple variables have become ubiquitous in the geophysical, ecological, environmental and climate sciences, and pose substantial analysis challenges to scientists and statisticians. For many years, scientists developed models that aimed at capturing the spatial behavior for an individual process; only within the last few decades has it become commonplace to model multiple processes jointly. The key difficulty is in specifying the cross-covariance function, that is, the function responsible for the relationship between distinct variables. Indeed, these cross-covariance functions must be chosen to be consistent with marginal covariance functions in such a way that the second-order structure always yields a nonnegative definite covariance matrix. We review the main approaches to building cross-covariance models, including the linear model of coregionalization, convolution methods, the multivariate Matérn and nonstationary and space-time extensions of these among others. We additionally cover specialized constructions, including those designed for asymmetry, compact support and spherical domains, with a review of physics-constrained models. We illustrate select models on a bivariate regional climate model output example for temperature and pressure, along with a bivariate minimum and maximum temperature observational dataset; we compare models by likelihood value as well as via cross-validation co-kriging studies. The article closes with a discussion of unsolved problems. © Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 2015. 20. A review of the non-bulimulid terrestrial Mollusca from the Region of Atacama, northern Chile Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Juan Francisco Araya 2014-04-01 Full Text Available Terrestrial mollusca are sparsely studied in Chile and, for the first time, a formal record of the diversity of land snails in northern Chile is reported. Coastal and desertic areas in the Region of Atacama, in the border of the Atacama desert and the Pacific Ocean, were surveyed with the aim to describe the presence and distribution of this poorly known fauna. Of the fourteen species recorded, the geographic distribution records for nine species are extended, and some taxa are recorded for the first time since their original descriptions. All, except one, of the fourteen terrestrial molluscan species occurring in the area are endemic to Chile; they are all terrestrial species, most of them have a restricted geographic distribution, and none of them is currently protected by law. The results reveal that the region of Atacama has one of the most diverse terrestrial snail biodiversity in Chile, ranking only after the Juan Fernandez Archipelago. Distribution records of all the studied species and a taxonomic key are also provided. 1. Accurate covariance estimation of galaxy-galaxy weak lensing: limitations of jackknife covariance CERN Document Server Shirasaki, Masato; Miyatake, Hironao; Takahashi, Ryuichi; Hamana, Takashi; Nishimichi, Takahiro; Murata, Ryoma 2016-01-01 We develop a method to simulate galaxy-galaxy weak lensing by utilizing all-sky, light-cone simulations. We populate a real catalog of source galaxies into a light-cone simulation realization, simulate the lensing effect on each galaxy, and then identify lensing halos that are considered to host galaxies or clusters of interest. We use the mock catalog to study the error covariance matrix of galaxy-galaxy weak lensing and find that the super-sample covariance (SSC), which arises from density fluctuations with length scales comparable with or greater than a size of survey area, gives a dominant source of the sample variance. We then compare the full covariance with the jackknife (JK) covariance, the method that estimates the covariance from the resamples of the data itself. We show that, although the JK method gives an unbiased estimator of the covariance in the shot noise or Gaussian regime, it always over-estimates the true covariance in the sample variance regime, because the JK covariance turns out to be a... 2. Progress on Nuclear Data Covariances: AFCI-1.2 Covariance Library Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Oblozinsky,P.; Oblozinsky,P.; Mattoon,C.M.; Herman,M.; Mughabghab,S.F.; Pigni,M.T.; Talou,P.; Hale,G.M.; Kahler,A.C.; Kawano,T.; Little,R.C.; Young,P.G 2009-09-28 Improved neutron cross section covariances were produced for 110 materials including 12 light nuclei (coolants and moderators), 78 structural materials and fission products, and 20 actinides. Improved covariances were organized into AFCI-1.2 covariance library in 33-energy groups, from 10{sup -5} eV to 19.6 MeV. BNL contributed improved covariance data for the following materials: {sup 23}Na and {sup 55}Mn where more detailed evaluation was done; improvements in major structural materials {sup 52}Cr, {sup 56}Fe and {sup 58}Ni; improved estimates for remaining structural materials and fission products; improved covariances for 14 minor actinides, and estimates of mubar covariances for {sup 23}Na and {sup 56}Fe. LANL contributed improved covariance data for {sup 235}U and {sup 239}Pu including prompt neutron fission spectra and completely new evaluation for {sup 240}Pu. New R-matrix evaluation for {sup 16}O including mubar covariances is under completion. BNL assembled the library and performed basic testing using improved procedures including inspection of uncertainty and correlation plots for each material. The AFCI-1.2 library was released to ANL and INL in August 2009. 3. EL RACISMO AMBIENTAL EN CHILE Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) MATÍAS MEZA-LOPEHANDÍA 2011-06-01 Full Text Available El problema de la desigualdad en Chile ha sido abordado desde diferentes puntos de vista como la cuestión de la distribución de la riqueza o el acceso a los derechos sociales. Es este trabajo se observa el mismo problema pero desde la perspectiva recientemente esbozada por los movimientos sociales: la del racismo ambiental o la desigual distribución de los deshechos del desarrollo y el consumo. De esta manera se revisan sucintamente los principales conflictos que han surgido en el último tiempo a lo largo del país entre empresas públicas y privadas y comunidades locales y originarias. Así mismo se examinan las formas de organización que estas últimas han asumido y el estado actual de articulación entre ellas. De la revisión de la situación se concluye que estamos ante el surgimiento de un actor de nuevo tipo, que surge de las contradicciones del Chile neoliberal y que se diferencia del movimiento ecologista por vincular sus reivindicaciones a la defensa del territorio y al derecho a la autodeterminación de los pueblos. 4. Miedo y represionpolitica en Chile Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Amado M. Padilla 1987-01-01 Full Text Available This paper describes a human rights fact-finding mission to Chile concerned with the use of psychological techniques employed in offlcia- Uy sactioned torture and repressíon, Meetings and interviews were conducted with representatives of many organízatíons working with víctima of governrnental repression including the Chílean Psychological Assocíation. Fear and repression wene found to be widespread among all socioeconomic segments of the population. Physical and psychological abuses directed at individuals are díscussed, Psychological techníques used in the control of social groups such as intimidation, control of information, and community destabilization are also described. It is concluded that violations of human rigths are a reality in Chile. Ways to support the work of Chilean psychologists must be sought sínce the damaging eonsequences of officially sanctioned repressíon are wid.espread, and resources are minimal. 5. President of Chile at CERN CERN Multimedia 2007-01-01 The President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet, in the ATLAS cavern with, from left to right, Peter Jenni, ATLAS Spokesman, Vivian Heyl, CONICYT President, and Robert Aymar, CERN Director-General. Robert Aymar, CERN Director-General, and Vivian Heyl, CONICYT President, signing a cooperation agreement between CERN and Chile’s Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT).The President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet, paid a visit to CERN during her three-day tour of Switzerland. The charismatic Michelle Bachelet and her large delegation were greeted by the CERN Director-General and then taken to see the ATLAS experiment and the LHC. She also took time to meet the Chilean community working at CERN, comprising several physicists in the Theory Group and the ATLAS experiment. The meeting was followed by the signing of a cooperation agreement between CERN and Chile’s Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científi... 6. Chile's energy Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1988-11-18 In recent years, a new emphasis has been placed on increasing solid fuel availability in Chile, to reach the northern mining operations where demand for power is soaring. The south of the country is well served by hydroelectric power plants (2.3 million kW). The coal industry has doubled its capacity to cope with increased copper production - the Tocopilla power plant at the Chuquicamata copper mine has been converted from oil to coal - and there has been a major investment programme in the steel industry. In 1986, 1.4 million tons of coal was mined, mostly from the Provinces of Concepcion and Arauco, the remainder from Valdivia. Since then, 70 million US dollars has been invested by COCAR SA in the Pecket deposit near Punta Arenas. Coal from Pecket should cost around 26 dollars/t compared with 60 dollars/t for underground coal. It should support an expanded coal market in Chile and may also be able to compete in the Brazilian and Argentine markets. Reserves are estimated at over 200 Mt. Petroleum reserves in Tierra del Fuego are nearly exhausted; seismic surveys in the Atacama desert are promising. 7. Manifest Covariant Hamiltonian Theory of General Relativity CERN Document Server Cremaschini, Claudio 2016-01-01 The problem of formulating a manifest covariant Hamiltonian theory of General Relativity in the presence of source fields is addressed, by extending the so-called "DeDonder-Weyl" formalism to the treatment of classical fields in curved space-time. The theory is based on a synchronous variational principle for the Einstein equation, formulated in terms of superabundant variables. The technique permits one to determine the continuum covariant Hamiltonian structure associated with the Einstein equation. The corresponding continuum Poisson bracket representation is also determined. The theory relies on first-principles, in the sense that the conclusions are reached in the framework of a non-perturbative covariant approach, which allows one to preserve both the 4-scalar nature of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian densities as well as the gauge invariance property of the theory. 8. Taxonomic chauvinism revisited: insight from parental care research. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Zachary R Stahlschmidt Full Text Available Parental care (any non-genetic contribution by a parent that appears likely to increase the fitness of its offspring is a widespread trait exhibited by a broad range of animal taxa. In addition to influencing the fitness of parent(s and offspring, parental care may be inextricably involved in other evolutionary processes, such as sexual selection and the evolution of endothermy. Yet, recent work has demonstrated that bias related to taxonomy is prevalent across many biological disciplines, and research in parental care may be similarly burdened. Thus, I used parental care articles published in six leading journals of fundamental behavioral sciences (Animal Behaviour, Behavioral Ecology, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, Ethology, Hormones and Behavior, and Physiology & Behavior from 2001-2010 (n = 712 to examine the year-to-year dynamics of two types of bias related to taxonomy across animals: (1 taxonomic bias, which exists when research output is not proportional to the frequency of organisms in nature, and (2 taxonomic citation bias, which is a proxy for the breadth of a given article-specifically, the proportion of articles cited that refer solely to the studied taxon. I demonstrate that research on birds likely represents a disproportionate amount of parental care research and, thus, exhibits taxonomic bias. Parental care research on birds and mammals also refers to a relatively narrow range of taxonomic groups when discussing its context and, thus, exhibits taxonomic citation bias. Further, the levels of taxonomic bias and taxonomic citation bias have not declined over the past decade despite cautionary messages about similar bias in related disciplines--in fact, taxonomic bias may have increased. As in Bonnet et al. (2002, my results should not be interpreted as evidence of an 'ornithological Mafia' conspiring to suppress other taxonomic groups. Rather, I generate several rational hypotheses to determine why bias persists and to 9. Parametric number covariance in quantum chaotic spectra. Science.gov (United States) Vinayak; Kumar, Sandeep; Pandey, Akhilesh 2016-03-01 We study spectral parametric correlations in quantum chaotic systems and introduce the number covariance as a measure of such correlations. We derive analytic results for the classical random matrix ensembles using the binary correlation method and obtain compact expressions for the covariance. We illustrate the universality of this measure by presenting the spectral analysis of the quantum kicked rotors for the time-reversal invariant and time-reversal noninvariant cases. A local version of the parametric number variance introduced earlier is also investigated. PMID:27078354 10. Notes on Cosmic Censorship Conjecture revisited: Covariantly CERN Document Server Hamid, Aymen I M; Maharaj, Sunil D 2016-01-01 In this paper we study the dynamics of the trapped region using a frame independent semi-tetrad covariant formalism for general Locally Rotationally Symmetric (LRS) class II spacetimes. We covariantly prove some important geometrical results for the apparent horizon, and state the necessary and sufficient conditions for a singularity to be locally naked. These conditions bring out, for the first time in a quantitative and transparent manner, the importance of the Weyl curvature in deforming and delaying the trapped region during continual gravitational collapse, making the central singularity locally visible. 11. Canonical quantization of generally covariant systems International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kretschmann (1917) argued that general relativity does not satisfy any relativity principle and that it is actually a theory of absolute space-time. The issues raised by Kretschmann, that of Hamiltonian dynamics and of canonical quantization of generally covariant systems, are discussed. The questions raised are: what is the role of space-time diffeomorphisms in Hamiltonian dynamics of generally covariant systems, what is the role of isometries in Hamiltonian dynamics of such systems and what happens to both problems in canonical quantization. (author) 12. Covariant Hamiltonian evolution in supersymmetric quantum systems CERN Document Server Schreiber, U 2003-01-01 We develop a general formalism for covariant Hamiltonian evolution of supersymmetric (field) theories by making use of the fact that these can be represented on the exterior bundle over their bosonic configuration space as generalized Dirac-Kaehler systems of the form(d \\pm d^\\dag)\\ket{\\psi} = 0$. By using suitable deformations of the supersymmetry generators we find covariant Hamiltonians for target spaces with general gravitational and Kalb-Ramond field backgrounds and discuss their perturbation theory. Our results will be applied in another paper to the study of curvature corrections to superstring spectra in nontrivial backgrounds, such as${\\rm AdS}$close to its pp-wave limit. 13. Modular invariance and covariant loop calculus International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The covariant loop calculus provides and efficient technique for computing explicit expressions for the density on moduli space corresponding to arbitrary (bosonic string) loop diagrams. Since modular invariance is not manifest, however, we carry out a detailed comparison with known explicit 2- and 3- loop results derived using analytic geometry (1 loop is known to be ok). We establish identity to 'high' order in some moduli and exactly in others. Agreement is found as a result of various non-trivial cancellations, in part related to number theory. We feel our results provide very strong support for the correctness of the covariant loop calculus approach. (orig.) 14. On covariant quantization of massive superparticle International Nuclear Information System (INIS) We have obtained, by dimensional reduction of the Green-Schwarz superstring, the action of a D=9 massive superparticle. Because of the presence of a Wess-Zumino term the action has Siegel symmetry. Harmonic variables realizing the coset space (SO(1,8))/SO(8) have been introduced to separate covariantly the fermionic constraints into irreducible first and second class constraints. Lorentz covariant gauge fixing conditions are imposed and the resulting BRST charge is of rank one and very simple in structure. (author). 21 refs 15. A violation of the covariant entropy bound? CERN Document Server Masoumi, Ali 2014-01-01 Several arguments suggest that the entropy density at high energy density$\\rho$should be given by the expression$s=K\\sqrt{\\rho/G}$, where$K$is a constant of order unity. On the other hand the covariant entropy bound requires that the entropy on a light sheet be bounded by$A/4G$, where$A$is the area of the boundary of the sheet. We find that in a suitably chosen cosmological geometry, the above expression for$s$violates the covariant entropy bound. We consider different possible explanations for this fact; in particular the possibility that entropy bounds should be defined in terms of volumes of regions rather than areas of surfaces. 16. Nuevos registros de Orchestoidea tuberculata Nicolet 1849 (Amphipoda, Talitridae, en la costa de Chile New records of Orchestoidea tuberculata Nicolet 1849 (Amphipoda, Talitridae, from the coast of Chile Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Luisa Baessolo 2010-08-01 Full Text Available Se reportan nuevas localidades para el anfípodo talítrido Orchestoidea tuberculata Nicolet 1849 en playas arenosas de la costa Chilena, extendiéndose el límite sur de distribución de la especie hasta el mar interior de la región de Aysén. Además, se discute la necesidad de intensificar los estudios taxonómicos con el objeto de descartar la presencia de más de una especie en el género.We report new localities of the talitrid amphipod Orchestoidea tuberculata Nicolet 1849 in sand beaches from the Chilean coast, extending the southern distributional limit of the species to the inner sea of Aysen Region, Chile. Besides, we discuss the need for more taxonomic studies, to exclude the presence of more than one species in the genus. 17. Rodulfo Amando Philippi, el naturalista de mayor aporte al conocimiento taxonómico de la diversidad biológica de Chile Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) SERGIO A CASTRO 2006-03-01 Full Text Available Rodulfo Amando Philippi (1808-1904 es considerado uno de los naturalistas más influyentes en el desarrollo de las Ciencias Naturales en Chile. Entre las actividades científicas que desempeñó en el país está su dedicación al trabajo taxonómico y sistemático, que lo llevó a describir numerosas especies de plantas, animales y hongos. En este artículo se determina su contribución al conocimiento del patrimonio biológico de Chile, cuantificando el número y proporción de las especies actualmente válidas. De las especies descritas, 1.670 son consideradas válidas. Esta cifra equivale al 5,8 % de la diversidad biológica reconocida para Chile. Su mayor aporte se concentra en plantas vasculares, donde se encuentran vigentes 1.017 especies, que representan el 19 % de la flora vascular de Chile. Mención especial requiere el caso de algunos grupos, tales como anfibios, fasmatódeos, dermápteros y dípteros, cuya actual diversidad incluye 14, 30, 16 y 9 % de las especies de descritas por Philippi, respectivamente. De acuerdo a lo anterior y en comparación con otros taxónomos, Rodulfo Amando Philippi es el autor del mayor número de descripciones de especies válidas de la biota de ChileRodulfo Amando Philippi (1808-1904 is considered one of most influential in the development of natural sciences in Chile. Among his scientific endeavors, he contributed taxonomic descriptions of the biological diversity of Chile, encompassing organisms in three living kingdoms: plants, animals and fungi. In this article we examine his contribution to the knowledge of the biological wealth of Chile, quantifying the number and proportion of current valid species he described. Our findings indicate that Philippi described 1,670 valid species, equivalent to 5.8 % of the recognized biological diversity for Chile. His greatest contributions were in vascular plants with 1,017 species descriptions, which represent 19 % of the vascular flora of Chile. Special 18. Chile: los mapuches y el Bicentenario Chile: Mapuches e do Bicentenario Chile: Mapuche and the Bicentennial Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) José Bengoa 2011-12-01 Full Text Available El Bicentenario de la República de Chile se conmemoró en el mes de septiembre del año 2010. Además de marcar un importante hito histórico, coincidió con un cambio político en el Gobierno del país, el que pasó de la Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia a la Alianza de partidos formada por la derecha chilena. Se cumplieron por tanto 20 años desde que en el año 1990 cambiara el Gobierno militar presidido por el general Pinochet. Ese largo tiempo, dos décadas, coincide con un período de políticas que el Estado ha implementado hacia los Pueblos Indígenas. El Proyecto “Conmemoraciones y Memorias Subalternas” ha realizado durante el año 2010 un conjunto de investigaciones de terreno y documentales tendientes a comprender del modo más objetivo y científico lo ocurrido en el período y por tanto la situación actual de las sociedades mapuches en sus complejas relaciones con la chilena.O Bicentenario da República do Chile comemorou-se no mês de Setembro do ano 2010. Junto com transformar-se num marco histórico, coincidiu com uma mudança política no Governo do país, que passou da Concertação de Partidos pela Democracia (centro-esquerda à Aliança de partidos formada pela direita chilena. Cumpriram-se por tanto 20 anos desde que em 1990 mudasse o Governo militar presidido pelo general Pinochet. Esse longo tempo, duas décadas, coincide com um período de políticas que o Estado implementou para com os Povos Indígenas. O Projeto “Comemorações e Memórias Subalternas” realizou durante o ano 2010 um conjunto de pesquisas de campo e documentais tendentes a compreender do modo mais objetivo e científico o ocorrido no período e, por tanto, a situação atual das sociedades mapuches em suas complexas relações com a chilena.The conmeration of the 200 years of the Independence of Chile was in September 2010. This year was also the political change from the Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia to the right 19. ENDF-6 File 30: Data covariances obtained from parameter covariances and sensitivities International Nuclear Information System (INIS) File 30 is provided as a means of describing the covariances of tabulated cross sections, multiplicities, and energy-angle distributions that result from propagating the covariances of a set of underlying parameters (for example, the input parameters of a nuclear-model code), using an evaluator-supplied set of parameter covariances and sensitivities. Whenever nuclear data are evaluated primarily through the application of nuclear models, the covariances of the resulting data can be described very adequately, and compactly, by specifying the covariance matrix for the underlying nuclear parameters, along with a set of sensitivity coefficients giving the rate of change of each nuclear datum of interest with respect to each of the model parameters. Although motivated primarily by these applications of nuclear theory, use of File 30 is not restricted to any one particular evaluation methodology. It can be used to describe data covariances of any origin, so long as they can be formally separated into a set of parameters with specified covariances and a set of data sensitivities 20. Taxonomic reasoning: The case of giant wrinkled frog OpenAIRE Dinesh, KP; Radhakrishna, C; Reddy, Manjunatha AH; Gururaja, KV 2008-01-01 A recent issue of Current Science carried a correspondence entitled ‘Taxonomic vandalism: The case of the giant wrinkled frog’ by Ranjit Daniels1. The author is critical of a communication authored by us. 1. Covariant derivative expansion of the heat kernel International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Using the technique of labeled operators, compact explicit expressions are given for all traced heat kernel coefficients containing zero, two, four and six covariant derivatives, and for diagonal coefficients with zero, two and four derivatives. The results apply to boundaryless flat space-times and arbitrary non-Abelian scalar and gauge background fields. (orig.) 2. Covariates of Sesame Street Viewing by Preschoolers. Science.gov (United States) Spaner, Steven D. A study was made of nine covariates as to their discriminating power between preschoolers who watch Sesame Street regularly and preschoolers who do not watch Sesame Street, Surveyed were 372 3-4 year old children on 9 variables. The nine variables were: race, socioeconomic status, number of siblings, child's birth order, maternal age, maternal… 3. Optimal covariate designs theory and applications CERN Document Server Das, Premadhis; Mandal, Nripes Kumar; Sinha, Bikas Kumar 2015-01-01 This book primarily addresses the optimality aspects of covariate designs. A covariate model is a combination of ANOVA and regression models. Optimal estimation of the parameters of the model using a suitable choice of designs is of great importance; as such choices allow experimenters to extract maximum information for the unknown model parameters. The main emphasis of this monograph is to start with an assumed covariate model in combination with some standard ANOVA set-ups such as CRD, RBD, BIBD, GDD, BTIBD, BPEBD, cross-over, multi-factor, split-plot and strip-plot designs, treatment control designs, etc. and discuss the nature and availability of optimal covariate designs. In some situations, optimal estimations of both ANOVA and the regression parameters are provided. Global optimality and D-optimality criteria are mainly used in selecting the design. The standard optimality results of both discrete and continuous set-ups have been adapted, and several novel combinatorial techniques have been applied for... 4. Economical Phase-Covariant Cloning of Qudits OpenAIRE Buscemi, Francesco; D'Ariano, Giacomo Mauro; Macchiavello, Chiara 2004-01-01 We derive the optimal N to M phase-covariant quantum cloning for equatorial states in dimension d with M=kd+N, k integer. The cloning maps are optimal for both global and single-qudit fidelity. The map is achieved by an economical'' cloning machine, which works without ancilla. 5. Modern applications of covariant density functional theory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Modern applications of Covariant Density Functional Theory (CDFT) are discussed. First we show a systematic investigation of fission barriers in actinide nuclei within constraint relativistic mean field theory allowing for triaxial deformations. In the second part we discuss a microscopic theory of quantum phase transitions (QPT) based on the relativistic generator coordinate method. (author) 6. Linear transformations of variance/covariance matrices NARCIS (Netherlands) Parois, P.J.A.; Lutz, M. 2011-01-01 Many applications in crystallography require the use of linear transformations on parameters and their standard uncertainties. While the transformation of the parameters is textbook knowledge, the transformation of the standard uncertainties is more complicated and needs the full variance/covariance 7. Econometric analysis of realized covariation: high frequency based covariance, regression, and correlation in financial economics DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Barndorff-Nielsen, Ole Eiler; Shephard, N. 2004-01-01 This paper analyses multivariate high frequency financial data using realized covariation. We provide a new asymptotic distribution theory for standard methods such as regression, correlation analysis, and covariance. It will be based on a fixed interval of time (e.g., a day or week), allowing the...... number of high frequency returns during this period to go to infinity. Our analysis allows us to study how high frequency correlations, regressions, and covariances change through time. In particular we provide confidence intervals for each of these quantities.... 8. Village microgrids: The Chile project Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Baring-Gould, E.I. 1997-12-01 This paper describes a village application in Chile. The objective was to demonstrate the technical, economic and institutional viability of renewable energy for rural electrification, as well as to allow local partners to gain experience with hybrid/renewable technology, resource assessment, system siting and operation. A micro-grid system is viewed as a small village system, up to 1200 kWh/day load with a 50 kW peak load. It can consist of components of wind, photovoltaic, batteries, and conventional generators. It is usually associated with a single generator source, and uses batteries to cover light day time loads. This paper looks at the experiences learned from this project with regard to all of the facets of planning and installing this project. 9. TAXONOMIC FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL RELATIONS OF SUBJECTS MAKRO LEVEL OpenAIRE Kuzenko, A. 2014-01-01 This paper presents the results of the taxonomic analysis of the financial security of financial relations macro level. In economics sometimes difficult to conduct research statistical methods, which are based on the distribution of the multidimensional space of random variables, as the number of available observations, which are in the data set, not great. This problem can solve application taxonomic analysis in diagnosing the state of financial security.Rozrahunky carried out in accordance ... 10. Integrating Probabilistic, Taxonomic and Causal Knowledge in Abductive Diagnosis OpenAIRE Lin, Dekang; Goebel, Randy 2013-01-01 We propose an abductive diagnosis theory that integrates probabilistic, causal and taxonomic knowledge. Probabilistic knowledge allows us to select the most likely explanation; causal knowledge allows us to make reasonable independence assumptions; taxonomic knowledge allows causation to be modeled at different levels of detail, and allows observations be described in different levels of precision. Unlike most other approaches where a causal explanation is a hypothesis that one or more causat... 11. 1960 Puerto Montt, Valdivia, Chile Images Data.gov (United States) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — On May 22, 1960, a Mw 9.5 earthquake, the largest earthquake ever instrumentally recorded, occurred in southern Chile. The series of earthquakes that followed... 12. Report on the ESO Chile Science Days Science.gov (United States) West, Michael 2008-03-01 Science Days in Santiago are an annual gathering of ESO's geographically dispersed team in Chile to learn more about each other's research, to celebrate scientific achievements of the past year and to encourage new collaborations. 13. Surface Observations from Punta Arenas, Chile Data.gov (United States) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Surface Observations from Punta Arenas, in extreme southern Chile. WMO station ID 85934. Period of record 1896-1954. The original forms were scanned at the Museo... 14. Biomonitoring air pollution in Chile International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Full text: Chile, in general, and Santiago, its capital city, in particular, has serious air pollution problems mainly in winter time when the pollutants could reach dangerous levels which might be detrimental to older people and children. A project was undertaken within the framework of a Co-ordinated Research Programme (CRP) supported by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to carry out a long term study on atmospheric air pollution in Chile using biomonitors. The present paper describes the activities carried out within this CRP. The lichens, collected in clean areas (native forests), were transplanted to selected sites in Santiago and exposed during three and six months. At a second stage, samples of Tillandsia recurvata were collected in the Metropolitan Area. All samples were carefully cleaned, using only clean plastic materials, milled at liquid nitrogen temperature, freeze dried, re-homogenized and stored at low temperature until analysis. The samples were mainly analysed by INAA, RNAA SS-AAS and ASV. As part of the routine QA/QC programme, analytical laboratories involved in the project participated in intercomparison runs organized by the IAEA for the determination of trace and minor elements in two lichens samples. From the data and its subsequent mapping over the area under study, it was possible to identify places exposed to higher amounts of some elements. Of interest are also the correlations between several elements, perhaps indicating a given source of pollutants. The results indicate the usefulness of biomonitoring air pollution using lichens and Tillandsias, which, jointly with multielemental analytical techniques, such as NAA, open the possibility to study extensive areas without the infrastructure needed for conventional APM sample collection and at reduced costs. (author) 15. Unravelling Lorentz Covariance and the Spacetime Formalism Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Cahill R. T. 2008-10-01 Full Text Available We report the discovery of an exact mapping from Galilean time and space coordinates to Minkowski spacetime coordinates, showing that Lorentz covariance and the space- time construct are consistent with the existence of a dynamical 3-space, and “absolute motion”. We illustrate this mapping first with the standard theory of sound, as vibra- tions of a medium, which itself may be undergoing fluid motion, and which is covari- ant under Galilean coordinate transformations. By introducing a different non-physical class of space and time coordinates it may be cast into a form that is covariant under “Lorentz transformations” wherein the speed of sound is now the “invariant speed”. If this latter formalism were taken as fundamental and complete we would be lead to the introduction of a pseudo-Riemannian “spacetime” description of sound, with a metric characterised by an “invariant speed of sound”. This analysis is an allegory for the development of 20th century physics, but where the Lorentz covariant Maxwell equa- tions were constructed first, and the Galilean form was later constructed by Hertz, but ignored. It is shown that the Lorentz covariance of the Maxwell equations only occurs because of the use of non-physical space and time coordinates. The use of this class of coordinates has confounded 20th century physics, and resulted in the existence of a “flowing” dynamical 3-space being overlooked. The discovery of the dynamics of this 3-space has lead to the derivation of an extended gravity theory as a quantum effect, and confirmed by numerous experiments and observations 16. Phylogeny-aware identification and correction of taxonomically mislabeled sequences. Science.gov (United States) Kozlov, Alexey M; Zhang, Jiajie; Yilmaz, Pelin; Glöckner, Frank Oliver; Stamatakis, Alexandros 2016-06-20 Molecular sequences in public databases are mostly annotated by the submitting authors without further validation. This procedure can generate erroneous taxonomic sequence labels. Mislabeled sequences are hard to identify, and they can induce downstream errors because new sequences are typically annotated using existing ones. Furthermore, taxonomic mislabelings in reference sequence databases can bias metagenetic studies which rely on the taxonomy. Despite significant efforts to improve the quality of taxonomic annotations, the curation rate is low because of the labor-intensive manual curation process. Here, we present SATIVA, a phylogeny-aware method to automatically identify taxonomically mislabeled sequences ('mislabels') using statistical models of evolution. We use the Evolutionary Placement Algorithm (EPA) to detect and score sequences whose taxonomic annotation is not supported by the underlying phylogenetic signal, and automatically propose a corrected taxonomic classification for those. Using simulated data, we show that our method attains high accuracy for identification (96.9% sensitivity/91.7% precision) as well as correction (94.9% sensitivity/89.9% precision) of mislabels. Furthermore, an analysis of four widely used microbial 16S reference databases (Greengenes, LTP, RDP and SILVA) indicates that they currently contain between 0.2% and 2.5% mislabels. Finally, we use SATIVA to perform an in-depth evaluation of alternative taxonomies for Cyanobacteria. SATIVA is freely available at https://github.com/amkozlov/sativa. PMID:27166378 17. Taxonomic diversity and distinctness indices in assessment of weed communities Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Magdalena Jastrzębska 2012-12-01 Full Text Available This paper contains an analysis of taxonomic weed biodiversity in the cultivation of spring barley in the period of 1990-2004, grown in crop rotation after potato with a 25% share of this cereal (potato - spring barley - field pea - winter triticale as well as in crop rotation with its 75% share (potato - spring barley - spring barley - spring barley in which barley was grown once and twice after the same barley crop. No weed control was used in the present experiment. Every year in the spring (at full emergence of the cereal crop and before harvest, the species composition and the numbers of individual weed species were determined, as well as weed biomass before harvest. On this basis, the taxonomic diversity and distinctness indices were calculated. Potato/barley crop rotation with a 25% share of this cereal and growing spring barley once and twice after the same barley crop did not differentiate taxonomic weed biodiversity. However, it was positively correlated with rainfall abundance during the growing season and negatively correlated with mean temperature. The taxonomic diversity indices were positively correlated with species richness and species diversity, whereas the taxonomic distinctness indices did not generally show any relationship with these measures. Spring barley grain yield did not depend on taxonomic biodiversity of weed communities. 18. Hemophilia in Chile, 1996-2006 OpenAIRE Mario Donoso Scroppo 2013-01-01 This article describes the process that Chile underwent from 1996 to 2006, which is the dawn of a period of planned and systematic organization that begins to solve the severe health problems that afflict patients with hemophilia. The article reports a general overview of the situation of hemophilia in Chile in that period – up to 2006 - , including the lack of reliable data, treatment options, training of specialists on the topic and healthcare system responses. The article then goes on to d... 19. Enterprise Surveys : Chile Country Profile 2010 OpenAIRE World Bank; International Finance Corporation 2011-01-01 The Country Profile for Chile is based on data from the Enterprise Surveys conducted by the World Bank. The benchmarks include the averages for the group of countries in Latin America & Caribbean and the Chile income group. The enterprise surveys focus on the many factors that shape the decisions of firms to invest. These factors can be accommodating or constraining and play an important r... 20. Chile ushers in new hydro era International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The planned construction of two hydroelectric power plants at Peuchen and Mampil, will help to meet Chile's growing electricity demand. Securing finance for the project has been straight forward thanks to the optimal hydrological conditions, rivers with a very strong flow providing a large head of water over short distance. Hydropower plays a central role in Chile's generating capacity providing 70% of total energy consumption. Thus, the future of these projects will be highly successful, it is argued. (UK) 1. Desigualdad geográfica en Chile OpenAIRE Agostini, Claudio A.; Brown, Philip H. 2007-01-01 Despite success in reducing poverty over the last twenty years, inequality in Chile has remained virtually unchanged, making Chile one of the least equal countries in the world. High levels of inequality have been shown to hamper further reductions in poverty as well as economic growth and local inequality has been shown to affect such outcomes as violence and health. The study of inequality at the local level is thus crucial for understanding the economic well-being of a country. Local measu... 2. Trade and Integration Sector Note: Chile OpenAIRE Mauricio Mesquita Moreira 2006-01-01 This Trade and Integration Sector Note addresses a few different factors for trade in Chile: export diversification, trade and regional disparities, preferential agreements, trade and transport costs. The final section looks beyond the conventional tariff and non tariff-barriers to trade, and focuses on the role of transport costs. Given Chile's low tariff and non-tariff barriers and its network of trade agreements, the reduction of non-conventional trade costs are bound to offer the best ret... 3. Stochastic Lipschitz continuity for high dimensional Lasso with multiple linear covariate structures or hidden linear covariates OpenAIRE Chi, Zhiyi 2010-01-01 Two extensions of generalized linear models are considered. In the first one, response variables depend on multiple linear combinations of covariates. In the second one, only response variables are observed while the linear covariates are missing. We derive stochastic Lipschitz continuity results for the loss functions involved in the regression problems and apply them to get bounds on estimation error for Lasso. Multivariate comparison results on Rademacher complexity are obtained as tools t... 4. Symmetry and Covariance of Non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics OpenAIRE Omote, Minoru; Kamefuchi, Susumu 2000-01-01 On the basis of a 5-dimensional form of space-time transformations non-relativistic quantum mechanics is reformulated in a manifestly covariant manner. The resulting covariance resembles that of the conventional relativistic quantum mechanics. 5. Performance evaluation of sensor allocation algorithm based on covariance control Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 2005-01-01 The covariance control capability of sensor allocation algorithms based on covariance control strategy is an important index to evaluate the performance of these algorithms. Owing to lack of standard performance metric indices to evaluate covariance control capability, sensor allocation ratio, etc, there are no guides to follow in the design procedure of sensor allocation algorithm in practical applications. To meet these demands, three quantified performance metric indices are presented, which are average covariance misadjustment quantity (ACMQ), average sensor allocation ratio (ASAR) and matrix metric influence factor (MMIF), where ACMQ, ASAR and MMIF quantify the covariance control capability, the usage of sensor resources and the robustness of sensor allocation algorithm, respectively. Meanwhile, a covariance adaptive sensor allocation algorithm based on a new objective function is proposed to improve the covariance control capability of the algorithm based on information gain. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithm have the advantage over the preceding sensor allocation algorithm in covariance control capability and robustness. 6. Covariant Gauge Fixing and Canonical Quantization CERN Document Server McKeon, D G C 2011-01-01 Theories that contain first class constraints possess gauge invariance which results in the necessity of altering the measure in the associated quantum mechanical path integral. If the path integral is derived from the canonical structure of the theory, then the choice of gauge conditions used in constructing Faddeev's measure cannot be covariant. This shortcoming is normally overcome either by using the "Faddeev-Popov" quantization procedure, or by the approach of Batalin-Fradkin-Fradkina-Vilkovisky, and then demonstrating that these approaches are equivalent to the path integral constructed from the canonical approach with Faddeev's measure. We propose in this paper an alternate way of defining the measure for the path integral when it is constructed using the canonical procedure for theories containing first class constraints and that this new approach can be used in conjunction with covariant gauges. This procedure follows the Faddeev-Popov approach, but rather than working with the form of the gauge tran... 7. Separability in asymmetric phase-covariant cloning International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Here, asymmetric phase-covariant quantum cloning machines are defined and trade-off between qualities of their outputs and its impact on entanglement properties of the outputs are studies. In addition, optimal families among these cloners are introduced and also their entanglement properties are investigated. An explicit proof of optimality is presented for the case of qubits, which is based on the no-signaling condition. Our optimality proof can also be used to derive an upper bound on trade-off relations for a more general class of optimal cloners which clone states on a specific orbit of the Bloch sphere. It is shown that the optimal cloners of the equatorial states, as in the case of symmetric phase-covariant cloning, give rise to two separable clones, and in this sense these states are unique. For these cloners it is shown that total output is of GHZ-type 8. Braided Field Quantization from Quantum Poincare Covariance CERN Document Server Lukierski, Jerzy 2012-01-01 We demonstrate that the covariance of the algebra of quantum NC fields under quantum-deformed Poincare symmetries implies the appearence of braided algebra of fields and the notion of braided locality in NC QFT. We briefly recall the historical development of NC QFT which was firstly formulated in the framework using classical relativistic symmetries but further it was described as generated by the quantum-deformed symmetries. We argue that consistent covariant quantum-deformed formalism requires "braiding all the way", in particular braided commutator of deformed field oscillators as well as the braid between the field oscillators and noncommutative Fourier exponentials. As example of braided quantum-deformed NC QFT we describe the NC scalar free fields on noncommutative canonical (Moyal-Weyl) space-time with braided c-number field commutator which implies braided locality. 9. Covariant holography of a tachyonic accelerating universe Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Rozas-Fernandez, Alberto [Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Instituto de Fisica Fundamental, Madrid (Spain); University of Portsmouth, Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, Portsmouth (United Kingdom) 2014-08-15 We apply the holographic principle to a flat dark energy dominated Friedmann-Robertson-Walker spacetime filled with a tachyon scalar field with constant equation of state w = p/ρ, both for w > -1 and w < -1. By using a geometrical covariant procedure, which allows the construction of holographic hypersurfaces, we have obtained for each case the position of the preferred screen and have then compared these with those obtained by using the holographic dark energy model with the future event horizon as the infrared cutoff. In the phantom scenario, one of the two obtained holographic screens is placed on the big rip hypersurface, both for the covariant holographic formalism and the holographic phantom model. It is also analyzed whether the existence of these preferred screens allows a mathematically consistent formulation of fundamental theories based on the existence of an S-matrix at infinite distances. (orig.) 10. Twisted covariant noncommutative self-dual gravity International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A twisted covariant formulation of noncommutative self-dual gravity is presented. The formulation for constructing twisted noncommutative Yang-Mills theories is used. It is shown that the noncommutative torsion is solved at any order of the θ expansion in terms of the tetrad and some extra fields of the theory. In the process the first order expansion in θ for the Plebanski action is explicitly obtained. 11. Spectral Diagonal Covariance in Ensemble Kalman Filter Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database Kasanický, Ivan; Eben, Kryštof; Mandel, Jan; Vejmelka, Martin Munich: Ludwig Maximilians University, 2014. s. 10-10. [ISDA 2014. International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications. 24.02.2014-28.02.2014, Munich] R&D Projects: GA ČR GA13-34856S Grant ostatní: NSF DMS -1216481 Institutional support: RVO:67985807 Keywords : data assimilation * ensemble Kalman filter * diagonal covariance Subject RIV: DG - Athmosphere Sciences, Meteorology http://www.isda2014.physik.uni-muenchen.de/index.html 12. Area spectrum in Lorentz covariant loop gravity OpenAIRE Alexandrov, S.; Vassilevich, D. 2001-01-01 We use the manifestly Lorentz covariant canonical formalism to evaluate eigenvalues of the area operator acting on Wilson lines. To this end we modify the standard definition of the loop states to make it applicable to the present case of non-commutative connections. The area operator is diagonalized by using the usual shift ambiguity in definition of the connection. The eigenvalues are then expressed through quadratic Casimir operators. No dependence on the Immirzi parameter appears. 13. Area spectrum in Lorentz covariant loop gravity International Nuclear Information System (INIS) We use the manifestly Lorentz covariant canonical formalism to evaluate eigenvalues of the area operator acting on Wilson lines. To this end we modify the standard definition of the loop states to make it applicable to the present case of noncommutative connections. The area operator is diagonalized by using the usual shift ambiguity in the definition of the connection. The eigenvalues are then expressed through quadratic Casimir operators. No dependence on the Immirzi parameter appears 14. Covariates of Craving in Actively Drinking Alcoholics OpenAIRE Chakravorty, Subhajit; Samuel T Kuna; Zaharakis, Nikola; O’Brien, Charles P.; Kampman, Kyle M.; Oslin, David 2010-01-01 The goal of this cross-sectional study was to assess the relationship of alcohol craving with biopsychosocial and addiction factors that are clinically pertinent to alcoholism treatment. Alcohol craving was assessed in 315 treatment-seeking, alcohol dependent subjects using the PACS questionnaire. Standard validated questionnaires were used to evaluate a variety of biological, addiction, psychological, psychiatric, and social factors. Individual covariates of craving included age, race, probl... 15. Covariant Functional Calculi from the Affine Groups OpenAIRE Gong, Yafang 2009-01-01 Invoking the Clifford-Hermite Wavelets from Clifford analysis, we use the covariances of affine groups to construct a kind of functional calculi for several non-commuting bounded operators. Functional calculi are the intertwining transforms between the representations of affine groups in the space$L^2(\\mathbb R^m)$and in the space of bounded operators. It turns out that the Weyl calculus is the value of this new functional calculus at the identity of affine groups. Our app... 16. Bayesian Semiparametric Modeling of Realized Covariance Matrices OpenAIRE Jin, Xin; John M Maheu 2014-01-01 This paper introduces several new Bayesian nonparametric models suitable for capturing the unknown conditional distribution of realized covariance (RCOV) matrices. Existing dynamic Wishart models are extended to countably infinite mixture models of Wishart and inverse-Wishart distributions. In addition to mixture models with constant weights we propose models with time-varying weights to capture time dependence in the unknown distribution. Each of our models can be combined with returns... 17. Covariant formulation of multiple localized quantum measurements International Nuclear Information System (INIS) We have considered the dynamics of simple measuring devices coupled to quantized relativistic Heisenberg-fields. We have defined localized observables and derived covariant equations for the joint probability distribution of the measured outcomes. The proposed formalism is based on standard field-theoretical terms. We have shown that our formalism yields the expected anti-coincidence when two devices detect two wavepackets of a single electron. Applications in the measurement theory of vacuum fluctuations have been suggested. (author). 6 refs, 1 fig 18. Spectral Diagonal Covariance in Ensemble Kalman Filter Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database Kasanický, Ivan; Eben, Kryštof; Mandel, Jan; Vejmelka, Martin Munich : Ludwig Maximilians University, 2014. s. 10-10. [ISDA 2014. International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications. 24.02.2014-28.02.2014, Munich] R&D Projects: GA ČR GA13-34856S Grant ostatní: NSF DMS-1216481 Institutional support: RVO:67985807 Keywords : data assimilation * ensemble Kalman filter * diagonal covariance Subject RIV: DG - Athmosphere Sciences, Meteorology http://www.isda2014.physik.uni-muenchen.de/index.html 19. Covariant method for calculating helicity amplitudes International Nuclear Information System (INIS) We present an alternative approach for calculating helicity amplitudes for processes involving both massless and massive fermions. With this method one can easily obtain covariant expressions for the helicity amplitudes. The final expressions involve only four-vector products and are independent of the basis for γ matrices or specific form of the spinors. We use the method to obtain the helicity amplitudes for several processes involving top quark production. copyright 1996 The American Physical Society 20. Decline and repair, and covariate effects OpenAIRE Wu, Shaomin; Scarf, Philip 2015-01-01 The failure processes of repairable systems may be impacted by operational and environmental stress factors. To accommodate such factors, reliability can be modelled using a multiplicative intensity function. In the proportional intensity model, the failure intensity is the product of the failure intensity function of the baseline system that quantifies intrinsic factors and a function of covariates that quantify extrinsic factors. The existing literature has extensively studied the failure p... 1. Nuclear fission in covariant density functional theory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The current status of the application of covariant density functional theory to microscopic description of nuclear fission with main emphasis on superheavy nuclei (SHN) is reviewed. The softness of SHN in the triaxial plane leads to an emergence of several competing fission paths in the region of the inner fission barrier in some of these nuclei. The outer fission barriers of SHN are considerably affected both by triaxiality and octupole deformation. (authors) 2. Covariant density functional theory for nuclear matter OpenAIRE Badarch, Urnaa 2007-01-01 The EOS of nuclear matter is studied in the framework of relativistic density dependent hadron field theory (DDRH) and results are compared to the results of the phenomenological density dependent approach DD-ME1 which is devised to fit the properties of the symmetric nuclear matter around the normal nuclear matter density . Nuclear interactions were described by a covariant density functional theory using baryons and mesons. In this work medium dependent modifications of ... 3. Nuclear fission in covariant density functional theory OpenAIRE Afanasjev A.V.; Abusara H.; Ring P. 2013-01-01 The current status of the application of covariant density functional theory to microscopic description of nuclear fission with main emphasis on superheavy nuclei (SHN) is reviewed. The softness of SHN in the triaxial plane leads to an emergence of several competing fission pathes in the region of the inner fission barrier in some of these nuclei. The outer fission barriers of SHN are considerably affected both by triaxiality and octupole deformation. 4. The Beta-MANOVA Ensemble with General Covariance OpenAIRE Dubbs, Alexander; Edelman, Alan 2013-01-01 We find the joint generalized singular value distribution and largest generalized singular value distributions of the$\\beta$-MANOVA ensemble with positive diagonal covariance, which is general. This has been done for the continuous$\\beta > 0$case for identity covariance (in eigenvalue form), and by setting the covariance to$I$in our model we get another version. For the diagonal covariance case, it has only been done for$\\beta = 1,2,4$cases (real, complex, and quaternion matrix entries... 5. High-dimensional covariance estimation with high-dimensional data CERN Document Server Pourahmadi, Mohsen 2013-01-01 Methods for estimating sparse and large covariance matrices Covariance and correlation matrices play fundamental roles in every aspect of the analysis of multivariate data collected from a variety of fields including business and economics, health care, engineering, and environmental and physical sciences. High-Dimensional Covariance Estimation provides accessible and comprehensive coverage of the classical and modern approaches for estimating covariance matrices as well as their applications to the rapidly developing areas lying at the intersection of statistics and mac 6. Sparse covariance thresholding for high-dimensional variable selection OpenAIRE Daye, X. Jessie Jeng And Z. John 2010-01-01 In high-dimensions, many variable selection methods, such as the lasso, are often limited by excessive variability and rank deficiency of the sample covariance matrix. Covariance sparsity is a natural phenomenon in high-dimensional applications, such as microarray analysis, image processing, etc., in which a large number of predictors are independent or weakly correlated. In this paper, we propose the covariance-thresholded lasso, a new class of regression methods that can utilize covariance ... 7. Covariance tracking: architecture optimizations for embedded systems Science.gov (United States) Romero, Andrés; Lacassagne, Lionel; Gouiffès, Michèle; Zahraee, Ali Hassan 2014-12-01 Covariance matching techniques have recently grown in interest due to their good performances for object retrieval, detection, and tracking. By mixing color and texture information in a compact representation, it can be applied to various kinds of objects (textured or not, rigid or not). Unfortunately, the original version requires heavy computations and is difficult to execute in real time on embedded systems. This article presents a review on different versions of the algorithm and its various applications; our aim is to describe the most crucial challenges and particularities that appeared when implementing and optimizing the covariance matching algorithm on a variety of desktop processors and on low-power processors suitable for embedded systems. An application of texture classification is used to compare different versions of the region descriptor. Then a comprehensive study is made to reach a higher level of performance on multi-core CPU architectures by comparing different ways to structure the information, using single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) instructions and advanced loop transformations. The execution time is reduced significantly on two dual-core CPU architectures for embedded computing: ARM Cortex-A9 and Cortex-A15 and Intel Penryn-M U9300 and Haswell-M 4650U. According to our experiments on covariance tracking, it is possible to reach a speedup greater than ×2 on both ARM and Intel architectures, when compared to the original algorithm, leading to real-time execution. 8. ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE WITH SPATIALLY CORRELATED SECONDARY VARIABLES Science.gov (United States) Data sets which contain measurements on a spatially referenced response and covariate are analyzed using either co-kriging or spatial analysis of covariance. While co-kriging accounts for the correlation structure of the covariate, it is purely a predictive tool. Alternatively, spatial analysis of c... 9. On the covariance matrices in the evaluated nuclear data International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The implications of the uncertainties of nuclear data on reactor calculations are shown. The concept of variance, covariance and correlation are expressed first by intuitive definitions and then through statistical theory. The format of the covariance data for ENDF/B is explained and the formulas to obtain the multigroup covariances are given. (Author) 10. Conformally covariant operators and effective action in external gravitational field International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The n-dimensional expressions for the second order conformally covariant differentional operators acting on vector and tensor fields and for the fourth order conformally covariant operator acting on scalar fields are obtained. For the fourth order operator one-loop effective action is evaluated in four dimensions. The possibility of effective action evaluation for other conformally covariant operators is discussed 11. Earth Observation System Flight Dynamics System Covariance Realism Science.gov (United States) Zaidi, Waqar H.; Tracewell, David 2016-01-01 This presentation applies a covariance realism technique to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observation System (EOS) Aqua and Aura spacecraft based on inferential statistics. The technique consists of three parts: collection calculation of definitive state estimates through orbit determination, calculation of covariance realism test statistics at each covariance propagation point, and proper assessment of those test statistics. 12. Hidden Covariation Detection Produces Faster, Not Slower, Social Judgments Science.gov (United States) Barker, Lynne A.; Andrade, Jackie 2006-01-01 In P. Lewicki's (1986b) demonstration of hidden covariation detection (HCD), responses of participants were slower to faces that corresponded with a covariation encountered previously than to faces with novel covariations. This slowing contrasts with the typical finding that priming leads to faster responding and suggests that HCD is a unique type… 13. The Genus Austroleptis from South Chile and Patagonia (Diptera, Rhagionidae) OpenAIRE NAGATOMI, Akira; NAGATOMI, Hisako; ナガトミ, アキラ; ナガトミ, ヒサコ; 永冨, 昭; 永冨, 尚子 1988-01-01 The genus Austroleptis from South Chile and Patagonia is revised and three new species are added. So, there are eight known species, five of which are from South Chile and Patagonia and three from Australia and Tasmania. 14. Regulated electricity retailing in Chile Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Galetovic, Alexander, E-mail: alexander@galetovic.cl [Facultad de Ciencias Economicas y Empresariales, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile. Av. San Carlos de Apoquindo 2200, Las Condes, Santiago (Chile); Munoz, Cristian M., E-mail: cmunozm@aes.com [AES Gener and Departamento de Ingenieria Electrica, Universidad Catolica de Chile (Chile) 2011-10-15 While some countries have unbundled distribution and retailing, skeptics argue that the physical attributes of electricity make retailers redundant. Instead, it is claimed that passive pass through of wholesale prices plus regulated charges for transmission and distribution suffice for customers to benefit from competitive generation markets. We review the Chilean experience with regulated retailing and pass through of wholesale prices. We argue that when energy wholesale prices are volatile and prices are stabilized, distortions emerge. Regulated retailers gain little by mitigating or correcting them. On the contrary, sometimes price distortions increase their profits. We estimate the cost of three distortions that neither regulated retailers nor the regulator have shown any interest in correcting. - Highlights: > We review Chile's experience with regulated electricity retailing. > Distortions emerge when energy wholesale prices are volatile and prices stabilized. > Regulated retailers gain little by mitigating or correcting distortions. > Sometimes price distortions increase retailers' profits. > We estimate the cost of three distortions, which retailers have not corrected. 15. Isotope hydrology in northern Chile International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Environmental isotope analyses were done on samples from aquifers in the Pampa del Tamarugal and the Salar de Atacama drainage basin in northern Chile. In the Pampa it is possible to delineate individual groundwater bodies on the basis of their 18O and deuterium contents and, in some cases, to relate these to specific recharge areas. A marked displacement from the meteoric water line indicates that river recharge is an important mechanism for groundwater renewal. Groundwater ages appear high at distance from the Andes and much of the water found in the Pampa may have to be treated as a non-renewable resource. The groundwaters, springs and rivers of the Salar de Atacama drainage basin vary between -6.09 and -8.06%. No difference between the different waters can be recognized and an evaporative isotope enrichment indicates that also here river recharge is an important process. Some groundwaters adjacent to the Salar are very salty but 18O and deuterium data show that these waters are not refluxed brines but simply salty freshwater. The 14C contents in groundwaters and springs are very low but their delta13C values are high. It is concluded that this is probably due to the uptake of volcanic CO2. 14C age dating is thus not possible unless the delta13C values of all possible carbon sources can be defined and the geochemical evolution of the groundwaters is better understood. (author) 16. Regulated electricity retailing in Chile International Nuclear Information System (INIS) While some countries have unbundled distribution and retailing, skeptics argue that the physical attributes of electricity make retailers redundant. Instead, it is claimed that passive pass through of wholesale prices plus regulated charges for transmission and distribution suffice for customers to benefit from competitive generation markets. We review the Chilean experience with regulated retailing and pass through of wholesale prices. We argue that when energy wholesale prices are volatile and prices are stabilized, distortions emerge. Regulated retailers gain little by mitigating or correcting them. On the contrary, sometimes price distortions increase their profits. We estimate the cost of three distortions that neither regulated retailers nor the regulator have shown any interest in correcting. - Highlights: → We review Chile's experience with regulated electricity retailing. → Distortions emerge when energy wholesale prices are volatile and prices stabilized. → Regulated retailers gain little by mitigating or correcting distortions. → Sometimes price distortions increase retailers' profits. → We estimate the cost of three distortions, which retailers have not corrected. 17. Los patelogastrópodos intermareales de Chile y Perú Intertidal limpets of Chile and Peru Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) CARMEN ESPOZ 2004-06-01 diversos del mundo. Más aún, esta variabilidad y flexibilidad pueden ser responsables de las confusiones taxonómicas que han rodeado a este conjunto faunísticoIn this study we present a classification system reflecting the phylogenetic relationships for the intertidal patellogastropods of Chile and Peru. We infer phylogenetic relationships between limpets species using DNA sequences from the 16S region of the mitochondrial genome. We include a comparative limpet study of: shell structure, color and morphological patterns of the shell, radular teeth and anatomy. Additionally, we provide information about the distribution and ecology for members of this group within the studied area. The results show a Chilean-Peruvian Lottiidae fauna consisting of at least nine species, which are grouped into a single monophyletic clade Scurria (S. variabilis, S. zebrina, S. viridula, S. plana, S. scurra, S. araucana, S. ceciliana and a non identificated species, and a "problematic taxon" preliminarily assigned to the genus Lottia (Lottia orbignyi. The group of species is present in the intertidal rocky shores between 5º S and 54º S, from the upper to the lower intertidal fringes, ranging from exposed to protected areas. The systematic outcome of this study suggests the synonymization of S. parasitica to S. variabilis, and of S. ceciliana to S. boehmita. According to our field results, the species S. variabilis shows at least three ecophenotypes: (1 on rocky substrates along the full geographic range, (2 on the shells of the key-hole limpets: Fissurella crassa and F. limbata mainly in central and south of Chile, and (3 on the chiton plates of Enoplochiton niger in the north of Chile and south of Perú. S. ceciliana is a species in which morphology and color patterns are highly variable. In general, this variability indicates that the Chilean-Peruvian limpet species are among the most complex and diverse limpet fauna in the world. This, may reflects the taxonomic confusion which has 18. Radioactive wastes management development in Chile International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A Facility for immobilizing and conditioning of radioactive wastes generated in Chile, has recently started in operation. It is a Radioactive Wastes Treatment Plant, RWTP, whose owner is Comision Chilena de Energia Nuclear, CCHEN. A Storgement Building of Conditioned Wastes accomplishes the facility for medium and low level activity wastes. The Project has been carried with participation of chilean professionals at CCHEN and Technical Assistance of International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA. Processes developed are volume reduction by compaction; immobilization by cementation and conditioning. Equipment has been selected to process radioactive wastes into a 200 liters drum, in which wastes are definitively conditioned, avoiding exposition and contamination risks. The Plant has capacity to treat low and medium activity radioactive wastes produced in Chile due to Reactor Experimental No. 1 operation, and annex Laboratories in Nuclear Research Centers, as also those produced by users of nuclear techniques in Industries, Hospitals, Research Centers and Universities, in the whole country. With the infrastructure developed in Chile, a centralization of Radioactive Wastes Management activities is achieved. A data base system helps to control and register radioactive wastes arising in Chile. Generation of radioactive wastes in Chile, has found solution for the present production and that of near future 19. Ecología y biodiversidad de vertebrados de Chile: Análisis comentado de la Zoología de Claude Gay Ecology and biodiversity of vertebrates in Chile: A commented analysis of the Zoology of Claude Gay Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) FABIAN M JAKSIC 2010-01-01 Full Text Available A partir de la revisión de la sección zoológica de la Historia Física y Política de Chile elaborada por Claude Gay, analizamos su contribución al conocimiento de los vertebrados chilenos. Esta sección incluyó la descripción de 483 especies distribuidas en 68 mamíferos, 259 aves, 31 reptiles, 16 anfibios y 109 peces; de ellas, 50 especies fueron descritas por primera vez para la ciencia, pero los análisis taxonómicos posteriores sinonimizaron cerca del 58 % de ellas, quedando como válidas solo 21 especies. Este valor implica que el 1.1 % de la fauna de vertebrados de Chile actualmente conocida (unas 1900 especies fue descrita por primera vez en dicha obra monumental.By reviewing the zoological section of the Historia Física y Política de Chile written by Claude Gay, we analyze his contributions to the understanding of the Chilean vertebrates, which included 483 species: 68 mammals, 259 birds, 31 reptiles, 16 amphibians, and 109 fishes. Gay documented 50 species as new taxa to science, but subsequent taxonomic analyses sinonimized 58 % of those species; thus currently only 21 species are recognized as valid. This means that 1.1 % of the Chilean vertebrates currently recognized were described in this monumental publication. 20. 7 CFR 319.56-38 - Citrus from Chile. Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 ... 7 Agriculture 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Citrus from Chile. 319.56-38 Section 319.56-38... from Chile. Clementines (Citrus reticulata Blanco var. Clementine), mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco), and tangerines (Citrus reticulata Blanco) may be imported into the United States from Chile,... 1. Distribution and habitat ecology of the sorediate species of Menegazzia (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota in Chile Distribución y ecología de las especies sorediosas de Menegazzia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota liquenizado en Chile Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) JARLE W BJERKE 2003-03-01 Full Text Available ABSTRACT The taxonomy and ecology of the sorediate species of Menegazzia from the southernmost regions of Chile and Argentina and the South Atlantic Islands was recently published, only with sporadic reports from the more northern regions. In the present work the distribution patterns and habitat ecology of the sorediate species are discussed, with emphasis on the area north of 48º S. Eleven species are treated. Menegazzia subpertusa, an epiphyte of sclerophyll scrubs, is recorded from South America for the first time (Chile and Argentina. Menegazzia neozelandica has a disjunct distribution in Chile, with occurrences in Fray Jorge (Fourth Region of Chile and on Islas Juan Fernández, and along the coast south of latitude 38º S. Menegazzia kawesqarica and M. tenuis are most common in the southernmost part of Chile, but are also found at high altitudes at lower latitudes. Additional treated species are M. chrysogaster, M. fumarprotocetrarica, M. globulifera, M. magellanica, M. norsorediata, M. sanguinascens and M. wandae. Several of the sorediate species are early colonisers of newly developed substrates. They show variable occurrences along light and humidity gradients. Distribution maps and a revised key are presented.Recientemente se han publicado datos sobre la taxonomía y ecología de las especies sorediosas de Menegazzia representadas en las regiones más australes de Chile y Argentina e islas del Atlántico Sur, además de registros esporádicos en zonas ubicadas más al norte en Chile. En este trabajo se discuten los patrones de distribución y la ecología del hábitat de 11 especies sorediosas, con especial enfásis en aquellas que se desarrollan al norte de los 48º S. Menegazzia subpertusa, un epífito de arbustos esclerófilos, se registra por primera vez en América (Chile y Argentina. Menegazzia neozelandica tiene una distribución discontinua en Chile; ha sido recolectada en Fray Jorge (Cuarta Región de Chile, Islas Juan Fern 2. Quantum energy inequalities and local covariance II: categorical formulation Science.gov (United States) Fewster, Christopher J. 2007-11-01 We formulate quantum energy inequalities (QEIs) in the framework of locally covariant quantum field theory developed by Brunetti, Fredenhagen and Verch, which is based on notions taken from category theory. This leads to a new viewpoint on the QEIs, and also to the identification of a new structural property of locally covariant quantum field theory, which we call local physical equivalence. Covariant formulations of the numerical range and spectrum of locally covariant fields are given and investigated, and a new algebra of fields is identified, in which fields are treated independently of their realisation on particular spacetimes and manifestly covariant versions of the functional calculus may be formulated. 3. Determination of covariant Schwinger terms in anomalous gauge theories International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A functional integral method is used to determine equal time commutators between the covariant currents and the covariant Gauss-law operators in theories which are affected by an anomaly. By using a differential geometrical setup we show how the derivation of consistent- and covariant Schwinger terms can be understood on an equal footing. We find a modified consistency condition for the covariant anomaly. As a by-product the Bardeen-Zumino functional, which relates consistent and covariant anomalies, can be interpreted as connection on a certain line bundle over all gauge potentials. Finally the commutator anomalies are calculated for the two- and four dimensional case. (Author) 13 refs 4. MATXTST, Basic Operations for Covariance Matrices International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1 - Description of program or function: MATXTST and MATXTST1 perform the following operations for a covariance matrix: - test for singularity; - test for positive definiteness; - compute the inverse if the matrix is non-singular; - compute the determinant; - determine the number of positive, negative, and zero eigenvalues; - examine all possible 3 X 3 cross correlations within a sub-matrix corresponding to a leading principal minor which is non-positive definite. While the two programs utilize the same input, the calculational procedures employed are somewhat different and their functions are complementary. The available input options include: i) the full covariance matrix, ii) the basic variables plus the relative covariance matrix, or iii) uncertainties in the basic variables plus the correlation matrix. 2 - Method of solution: MATXTST employs LINPACK subroutines SPOFA and SPODI to test for positive definiteness and to perform further optional calculations. Subroutine SPOFA factors a symmetric matrix M using the Cholesky algorithm to determine the elements of a matrix R which satisfies the relation M=R'R, where R' is the transposed matrix of R. Each leading principal minor of M is tested until the first one is found which is not positive definite. MATXTST1 uses LINPACK subroutines SSICO, SSIFA, and SSIDI to estimate whether the matrix is near to singularity or not (SSICO), and to perform the matrix diagonalization process (SSIFA). The algorithm used in SSIFA is generalization of the Method of Lagrange Reduction. SSIDI is used to compute the determinant and inertia of the matrix. 3 - Restrictions on the complexity of the problem: Matrices of sizes up to 50 X 50 elements can be treated by present versions of the programs 5. Income Inequality in Chile: 1990-2006 OpenAIRE Alain Hourton 2012-01-01 The entrance of Chile to the Organization for the Economic Cooperation and Development, as the first South American country and second after Mexico in Latin America, sets a landmark in the development path that since the beginning of the 1990s decade has seemed to lead this country to a privileged position in the region. Given the reforms taken by the military regime in the 1980s, Chile is one of the most market-oriented countries in Latin America, with Free Trade Agreements and Economical Pa... 6. Spectral Diagonal Covariance in EnKF Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database Mandel, J.; Kasanický, Ivan; Vejmelka, Martin Ostrava: Ústav geoniky AV ČR, 2014 - (Blaheta, R.; Starý, J.; Sysalová, D.). s. 64-64 ISBN 978-80-86407-47-0. [Modelling 2014. 02.06.2014-06.06.2014, Rožnov pod Radhoštěm] R&D Projects: GA ČR GA13-34856S Grant ostatní: NSF DMS -1216481 Institutional support: RVO:67985807 Keywords : ensemble Kalman filter * high-dimensional covariance * spectral approximations Subject RIV: BB - Applied Statistics, Operational Research 7. Linear Covariance Analysis and Epoch State Estimators Science.gov (United States) Markley, F. Landis; Carpenter, J. Russell 2014-01-01 This paper extends in two directions the results of prior work on generalized linear covariance analysis of both batch least-squares and sequential estimators. The first is an improved treatment of process noise in the batch, or epoch state, estimator with an epoch time that may be later than some or all of the measurements in the batch. The second is to account for process noise in specifying the gains in the epoch state estimator. We establish the conditions under which the latter estimator is equivalent to the Kalman filter. 8. On the Galilean covariance of classical mechanics International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A Galilean covariant approach to classical mechanics of a single interacting particle is described. In this scheme constitutive relations defining forces are rejected and acting forces are determined by some fundamental differential equations. It is shown that total energy of the interacting particle transforms under Galilean transformations differently from the kinetic energy. The statement is illustrated on the exactly solvable examples of the harmonic oscillator and the case of constant forces and also, in the suitable version of the perturbation theory, for the anharmonic oscillator. (author) 9. Setting of Covariance for Kalman Filter Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database Pecherková, Pavla Praha: ÚTIA AV ČR, 2006 - (Přikryl, J.; Šmídl, V.). s. 45-46 [International PhD Workshop on Interplay of Societal and Technical Decision-Making, Young Generation Viewpoint /7./. 25.09.2006-30.09.2006, Hrubá Skála] R&D Projects: GA MŠk 1M0572 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z10750506 Keywords : traffic * covariance * Kalman filter Subject RIV: BC - Control Systems Theory 10. Inferring Meta-covariates in Classification Science.gov (United States) Harris, Keith; McMillan, Lisa; Girolami, Mark This paper develops an alternative method for gene selection that combines model based clustering and binary classification. By averaging the covariates within the clusters obtained from model based clustering, we define “meta-covariates” and use them to build a probit regression model, thereby selecting clusters of similarly behaving genes, aiding interpretation. This simultaneous learning task is accomplished by an EM algorithm that optimises a single likelihood function which rewards good performance at both classification and clustering. We explore the performance of our methodology on a well known leukaemia dataset and use the Gene Ontology to interpret our results. 11. Minimal covariant observables identifying all pure states Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Carmeli, Claudio, E-mail: claudio.carmeli@gmail.com [D.I.M.E., Università di Genova, Via Cadorna 2, I-17100 Savona (Italy); I.N.F.N., Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, I-16146 Genova (Italy); Heinosaari, Teiko, E-mail: teiko.heinosaari@utu.fi [Turku Centre for Quantum Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku (Finland); Toigo, Alessandro, E-mail: alessandro.toigo@polimi.it [Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano (Italy); I.N.F.N., Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano (Italy) 2013-09-02 It has been recently shown by Heinosaari, Mazzarella and Wolf (2013) [1] that an observable that identifies all pure states of a d-dimensional quantum system has minimally 4d−4 outcomes or slightly less (the exact number depending on d). However, no simple construction of this type of minimal observable is known. We investigate covariant observables that identify all pure states and have minimal number of outcomes. It is shown that the existence of this kind of observables depends on the dimension of the Hilbert space. 12. Covariant separable kernel of the deuteron CERN Document Server Bondarenko, S G; Hwang, W -Y Pauchy; Rogochaya, E P 2010-01-01 The six-rank separable kernel of the neutron-proton interaction for the triplet coupled$^3S_1^+$-$^3D_1^+$partial state within the covariant Bethe-Salpeter approach is constructed. Two different methods of a relativistic generalization of initially nonrelativistic form factors parametrizing the kernel are considered. Parameters of the kernel are defined from the description of phase shifts and low-energy characteristics in the elastic neutron-proton scattering. At the same time the half-off-shell behavior of the kernel is controlled by the appropriate description of the Noyes-Kowalski function and the deuteron properties. 13. Non-evaluation applications for covariance matrices Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Smith, D.L. 1982-05-01 The possibility for application of covariance matrix techniques to a variety of common research problems other than formal data evaluation are demonstrated by means of several examples. These examples deal with such matters as fitting spectral data, deriving uncertainty estimates for results calculated from experimental data, obtaining the best values for plurally-measured quantities, and methods for analysis of cross section errors based on properties of the experiment. The examples deal with realistic situations encountered in the laboratory, and they are treated in sufficient detail to enable a careful reader to extrapolate the methods to related problems. 14. Spectral Diagonal Covariance in EnKF Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database Mandel, J.; Kasanický, Ivan; Vejmelka, Martin Ostrava : Ústav geoniky AV ČR, 2014 - (Blaheta, R.; Starý, J.; Sysalová, D.). s. 64-64 ISBN 978-80-86407-47-0. [Modelling 2014. 02.06.2014-06.06.2014, Rožnov pod Radhoštěm] R&D Projects: GA ČR GA13-34856S Grant ostatní: NSF DMS-1216481 Institutional support: RVO:67985807 Keywords : ensemble Kalman filter * high-dimensional covariance * spectral approximations Subject RIV: BB - Applied Statistics, Operational Research 15. Non-evaluation applications for covariance matrices International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The possibility for application of covariance matrix techniques to a variety of common research problems other than formal data evaluation are demonstrated by means of several examples. These examples deal with such matters as fitting spectral data, deriving uncertainty estimates for results calculated from experimental data, obtaining the best values for plurally-measured quantities, and methods for analysis of cross section errors based on properties of the experiment. The examples deal with realistic situations encountered in the laboratory, and they are treated in sufficient detail to enable a careful reader to extrapolate the methods to related problems 16. SO(2,1) Covariant IIB Superalgebra OpenAIRE Abe, Mitsuko; Hatsuda, Machiko; Kamimura, Kiyoshi; Tokunaga, Takashi 1999-01-01 We propose a type IIB super-Poincare algebra with SO(2,1) covariant central extension. Together with SO(2,1) and SO(9,1) generators, a SO(2,1) triplet (momenta), a Majorana-spinor doublet (supercharges) and a Rarita-Schwinger central charge generate a group, G. We consider a coset G/H where H=(SO(2) x Lorentz), and the SL(2,R) 2-form doublet is obtained by the coset construction. It is shown that U(1) connections, whose strengths are associated with 2-forms, are recognized as coordinates of t... 17. Animal migration: linking models and data beyond taxonomic limits OpenAIRE Bauer, Silke; Barta Zoltán (1967-) (biológus, zoológus); Ens, Bruno J.; Hays, Graeme C.; McNamara, John M; Klaassen, Marcel 2009-01-01 An international workshop on animal migration was held at the Lorentz Center in Leiden, The Netherlands, 2–6 March 2009, bringing together leading theoreticians and empiricists from the major migratory taxa, aiming at the identification of cutting-edge questions in migration research that cross taxonomic borders. 18. Developing green supply chain management strategies: A taxonomic approach Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Michael Mutingi 2013-06-01 Full Text Available Purpose: The objective of this research is to explore the empirical green supply chain activities found in literature, and to develop a taxonomic framework that can be used for formulating appropriate strategies for green supply chains, based on characteristic dimensions for the green supply chain. Design/methodology/approach: The taxonomic framework is developed through (i analysis of green supply chain activities found in existing empirical work or case studies recorded in literature, (ii identification of key dimensions that influence green supply chain management strategies, and (iii development of a taxonomic scheme for selecting or developing green strategies. Findings: The paper finds that this study yielded: a set of three characteristic dimensions that influence strategic green supply chain management, and a guided structured approach selecting appropriate green strategies, providing managerial insights. Research limitations/implications: This paper shows that future work includes development of specific performance management indices according to the taxonomy of green strategies developed in this study. Practical implications: This research provided a practical guided approach that enhances appropriate formulation of green strategies for green supply chain management, while providing sound managerial insights for the supply chain decision maker. The choice of supply chain strategy directly impacts the overall environmental, economic and operations performance of the supply chain. Originality/value: This study presents to supply chain decision makers a new taxonomic framework that simplifies and enhances the formulation of green strategies, and to researchers a comparative understanding of various strategies applicable to green supply chains. 19. Power Spectrum Super-Sample Covariance CERN Document Server Takada, Masahiro 2013-01-01 We provide a simple, unified approach to describing the impact of super-sample covariance on power spectrum estimation in a finite-volume survey. For a wide range of survey volumes, the sample variance that arises from modes that are larger than the survey dominates the covariance of power spectrum estimators for modes much smaller than the survey. The perturbative and deeply nonlinear versions of this effect are known as beat coupling and halo sample variance respectively. We show that they are unified by the matter trispectrum of squeezed configurations and that such configurations obey a consistency relation which relates them to the response of the power spectrum to a change in the background density. Our method also applies to statistics that are based on radial projections of the density field such as weak lensing shear. While we use the halo model for an analytic description to expose the nature of the effect, the consistency description enables an accurate calibration of the full effect directly from ... 20. Piecewise linear regression splines with hyperbolic covariates International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Consider the problem of fitting a curve to data that exhibit a multiphase linear response with smooth transitions between phases. We propose substituting hyperbolas as covariates in piecewise linear regression splines to obtain curves that are smoothly joined. The method provides an intuitive and easy way to extend the two-phase linear hyperbolic response model of Griffiths and Miller and Watts and Bacon to accommodate more than two linear segments. The resulting regression spline with hyperbolic covariates may be fit by nonlinear regression methods to estimate the degree of curvature between adjoining linear segments. The added complexity of fitting nonlinear, as opposed to linear, regression models is not great. The extra effort is particularly worthwhile when investigators are unwilling to assume that the slope of the response changes abruptly at the join points. We can also estimate the join points (the values of the abscissas where the linear segments would intersect if extrapolated) if their number and approximate locations may be presumed known. An example using data on changing age at menarche in a cohort of Japanese women illustrates the use of the method for exploratory data analysis. (author) 1. Target Detection Using Nonsingular Approximations for a Singular Covariance Matrix Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nir Gorelik 2012-01-01 Full Text Available Accurate covariance matrix estimation for high-dimensional data can be a difficult problem. A good approximation of the covariance matrix needs in most cases a prohibitively large number of pixels, that is, pixels from a stationary section of the image whose number is greater than several times the number of bands. Estimating the covariance matrix with a number of pixels that is on the order of the number of bands or less will cause not only a bad estimation of the covariance matrix but also a singular covariance matrix which cannot be inverted. In this paper we will investigate two methods to give a sufficient approximation for the covariance matrix while only using a small number of neighboring pixels. The first is the quasilocal covariance matrix (QLRX that uses the variance of the global covariance instead of the variances that are too small and cause a singular covariance. The second method is sparse matrix transform (SMT that performs a set of K-givens rotations to estimate the covariance matrix. We will compare results from target acquisition that are based on both of these methods. An improvement for the SMT algorithm is suggested. 2. Hallazgo de Ehrlichia canis en Chile, informe preliminar Ehrlichia canis in Chile; preliminary report Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) J. LÓPEZ 1999-01-01 Full Text Available Se describe el primer caso de Ehrlichiosis canina detectado en Chile, causado por la rickettsia Ehrlichia canis y transmitida por el vector Rhipicephalus sanguineus. El diagnóstico clínico fue confirmado en Alemania por Inmunofluorescencia Indirecta (IFATThe first case of canine ehrlichiosis detected in Chile is described. It is caused by the rickettsia Ehrlichia canis and carried by the vektor Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed in Germany using the Immunofluorescent Antibody Test (IFA 3. A Class of Population Covariance Matrices in the Bootstrap Approach to Covariance Structure Analysis Science.gov (United States) Yuan, Ke-Hai; Hayashi, Kentaro; Yanagihara, Hirokazu 2007-01-01 Model evaluation in covariance structure analysis is critical before the results can be trusted. Due to finite sample sizes and unknown distributions of real data, existing conclusions regarding a particular statistic may not be applicable in practice. The bootstrap procedure automatically takes care of the unknown distribution and, for a given… 4. Museos de Santiago de Chile. Directorio OpenAIRE Carrillo, Andrea; Funes, Catherine; Heredia, Constanza; Herrera, Daniela; Suárez, Víctor 2012-01-01 Directory of the museums in Santiago of Chile categorized by subject, such as Art, Archaeology, Historic house, Science and technology, Natural science and Natural history, Specialized, Ethnography and Anthropology, History, Site museum and Other. It comprehends basic information about name, creation date, collections, services, contact info, social network accounts, website and entrance fee of the museums. 5. Republic of Chile : Country Procurement Assessment Report OpenAIRE World Bank 2004-01-01 Chile's public procurement system is considered generally free of corruption, supported by probity of the civil servants, decentralization, and good budgetary and control systems. However, it is affected by deficiencies that the government recognizes, and is taking action to overcome, particularly with respect to procurement of goods and services. There is no unified comprehensive, and pub... 6. DEZVOLTAREA CONTEMPORANĂ A TURISMULUI DIN CHILE Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Maria-Mihaela Győri 2011-01-01 Full Text Available The contemporary development of the Chilean Tourism sector is analyzed mainly on thebasis of data supplied by the National Service of Tourism in Chile. Figures on inboundtourism, domestic tourism, lodging, employment, receipts, as well as the existing structurewithin the sector, were taken into consideration for the investigated period of 1999-2006. 7. [Notes about other epidemics in Colonial Chile]. Science.gov (United States) Laval, Enrique 2015-10-01 In chronicles or in the historiography of the Colony in Chile there are few references about epidemics different to smallpox; like typhus, typhoid fever, dysentery, etc. Almost all, fast spreading in the country and some with high lethality, which led to overflowing the capacity of hospitals in the Chilean colonial period. PMID:26633117 8. A Decade of Environment Management in Chile OpenAIRE Ruthenberg, Ina-Marlene 2001-01-01 This publication presents an evaluation of the Environmental Institutions Development Project in Chile, selected by Bank management to be part of an intensive learning process in final project evaluation, given its contributing factor to the Bank's knowledge base on environmental institutional development projects. The first part of the publication focuses on the project as catalyst for cu... 9. Nuclear public information activities in Chile International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Nuclear plans and developing programs in developing and developed countries are facing-in a higher or lower degree- opposition from public opinion. The objectives and contents of the public education program on nuclear energy in Chile are dealt with in this paper 10. Sistema de salud de Chile The health system of Chile Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Víctor Becerril-Montekio 2011-01-01 Full Text Available En este trabajo se describe el sistema de salud de Chile, incluyendo su estructura, financiamiento, beneficiarios y recursos físicos, materiales y humanos de los que dispone. Este sistema está compuesto por dos sectores, público y privado. El sector público está formado por todos los organismos que constituyen el Sistema Nacional de Servicios de Salud y cubre aproximadamente a 70% de la población, incluyendo a los pobres del campo y las ciudades, la clase media baja y los jubilados, así como los profesionales y técnicos. El sector privado cubre aproximadamente a 17.5% de la población perteneciente a los grupos sociales de mayores ingresos. Un pequeño sector de la población, perteneciente a la clase alta, realiza pagos directos de bolsillo a proveedores privados de servicios de atención a la salud. Alrededor de 10% de la población está cubierta por otras agencias públicas, fundamentalmente los Servicios de Salud de las Fuerzas Armadas. Recientemente el sistema se reformó creando el Régimen General de Garantías en Salud, que establece un Sistema Universal con Garantías Explícitas que se tradujo, en 2005, en el Plan de Acceso Universal con Garantías Explícitas (AUGE, que garantiza el acceso oportuno a servicios de calidad para 56 problemas de salud, incluyendo cáncer en niños, cáncer de mama, trastornos isquémicos del corazón, VIH/SIDA y diabetes.This paper describes the Chilean health system, including its structure, financing, beneficiaries, and its physical, material and human resources. This system has two sectors, public and private. The public sector comprises all the organisms that constitute the National System of Health Services, which covers 70% of the population, including the rural and urban poor, the low middle-class, the retired, and the self-employed professionals and technicians.The private sector covers 17.5% of the population, mostly the upper middle-class and the high-income population. A small 11. Evolutionary Hessian Learning: Forced Optimal Covariance Adaptive Learning (FOCAL) CERN Document Server Shir, Ofer M; Whitley, Darrell; Rabitz, Herschel 2011-01-01 The Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) has been the most successful Evolution Strategy at exploiting covariance information; it uses a form of Principle Component Analysis which, under certain conditions, is suggested to converge to the correct covariance matrix, formulated as the inverse of the mathematically well-defined Hessian matrix. However, in practice, there exist conditions where CMA-ES converges to the global optimum (accomplishing its primary goal) while it does not learn the true covariance matrix (missing an auxiliary objective), likely due to step-size deficiency. These circumstances can involve high-dimensional landscapes with large condition numbers. This paper introduces a novel technique entitled Forced Optimal Covariance Adaptive Learning (FOCAL), with the explicit goal of determining the Hessian at the global basin of attraction. It begins by introducing theoretical foundations to the inverse relationship between the learned covariance and the Hessian matrices. FOCAL ... 12. Lorentz Covariant Lagrangians of Self-dual Gauge Fields CERN Document Server Huang, Wung-Hong 2013-01-01 We study the Lorentz covariant Lagrangians of self-dual gauge fields. Along the method in the original PST formulation we find a simple way to covariantize the non-covariant Lagrangian. We derive in detail the basic formulas and then use them to prove the existence of extra gauge symmetries which allow us to gauge fix the auxiliary fields therein and previous non-covariant formulations are reproduced. We find the covariant Lagrangian for the case of decomposition of 6D spacetime into$D=D_1+D_2$. Our prescription can be easily extended to other non-covariant Lagrangian with more complex decomposition of spacetime. As an example, we also present the covariant Lagrangian in the case of another decomposition of spacetime. 13. Shrinkage Estimation of the Power Spectrum Covariance Matrix CERN Document Server Pope, Adrian C 2007-01-01 We introduce a novel statistical technique, shrinkage estimation, to estimate the power spectrum covariance matrix from a limited number of simulations. We optimally combine an empirical estimate of the covariance with a model (the target) to minimize the total mean squared error compared to the true underlying covariance. We test our technique on N-body simulations and evaluate its performance by estimating cosmological parameters. Using a simple diagonal target, we show that the shrinkage estimator significantly outperforms both the empirical covariance and the target individually when using a small number of simulations. We find that reducing noise in the covariance estimate is essential for properly estimating the values of cosmological parameters as well as their confidence intervals. We extend our method to the jackknife covariance estimator and again find significant improvement, though simulations give better results. Even for thousands of simulations we still find evidence that our method improves es... 14. COMAC. Nuclear data covariance matrices library for reactor applications International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Uncertainty quantification for new reactor concepts such as the ASTRID project (sodium-cooled FBR studies at CEA) requires a precise evaluation of nuclear data covariances. Since 2005, the SPRC at CEA-Cadarache has developed a covariance matrices library, called COMAC (COvariance MAtrices from Cadarache, version 0.1), for the most important nuclear data: cross sections, multiplicities (prompt and delayed neutrons), prompt fission neutron spectrum (PFNS), fission yields. This paper presents the methodology used to produce those covariance matrices, illustrated with representative cases (23Na, 238U, 239Pu, 240Pu). We have used the CONRAD evaluation code to analyse simultaneously differential and specific integral experiments and to generate a coherent and realistic set of covariances. The quality of those covariances are illustrated with uncertainty propagation calculations on key parameters for ASTRID. (author) 15. AFCI-2.0 Library of Neutron Cross Section Covariances Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Herman, M.; Herman,M.; Oblozinsky,P.; Mattoon,C.; Pigni,M.; Hoblit,S.; Mughabghab,S.F.; Sonzogni,A.; Talou,P.; Chadwick,M.B.; Hale.G.M.; Kahler,A.C.; Kawano,T.; Little,R.C.; Young,P.G. 2011-06-26 Neutron cross section covariance library has been under development by BNL-LANL collaborative effort over the last three years. The primary purpose of the library is to provide covariances for the Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (AFCI) data adjustment project, which is focusing on the needs of fast advanced burner reactors. The covariances refer to central values given in the 2006 release of the U.S. neutron evaluated library ENDF/B-VII. The preliminary version (AFCI-2.0beta) has been completed in October 2010 and made available to the users for comments. In the final 2.0 release, covariances for a few materials were updated, in particular new LANL evaluations for {sup 238,240}Pu and {sup 241}Am were adopted. BNL was responsible for covariances for structural materials and fission products, management of the library and coordination of the work, while LANL was in charge of covariances for light nuclei and for actinides. 16. Flux Partitioning by Isotopic Eddy Covariance Science.gov (United States) Wehr, R.; Munger, J. W.; Nelson, D. D.; McManus, J. B.; Zahniser, M. S.; Wofsy, S. C.; Saleska, S. R. 2011-12-01 Net ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of CO2 is routinely measured by eddy covariance at sites around the world, but studies of ecosystem processes are more interested in the gross photosynthetic and respiratory fluxes that comprise the net flux. The standard method of partitioning the net flux into these components has been to extrapolate nighttime respiration into daytime based on a relationship between nighttime respiration, temperature, and sometimes moisture. However, such relationships generally account for only a small portion of the variation in nighttime respiration, and the assumption that they can predict respiration throughout the day is dubious. A promising alternate method, known as isotopic flux partitioning, works by identifying the stable isotopic signatures of photosynthesis and respiration in the CO2 flux. We have used this method to partition the net flux at Harvard Forest, MA, based on eddy covariance measurements of the net 12CO2 and 13CO2 fluxes (as well as measurements of the sensible and latent heat fluxes and other meteorological variables). The CO2 isotopologues were measured at 4 Hz by an Aerodyne quantum cascade laser spectrometer with a δ13C precision of 0.4 % in 0.25 sec and 0.02 % in 100 sec. In the absence of such high-frequency, high-precision isotopic measurements, past attempts at isotopic flux partitioning have combined isotopic flask measurements with high-frequency (total) CO2 measurements to estimate the isoflux (the EC/flask approach). Others have used a conditional flask sampling approach called hyperbolic relaxed eddy accumulation (HREA). We 'sampled' our data according to each of these approaches, for comparison, and found disagreement in the calculated fluxes of ~10% for the EC/flask approach, and ~30% for HREA, at midday. To our knowledge, this is the first example of flux partitioning by isotopic eddy covariance. Wider use of this method, enabled by a new generation of laser spectrometers, promises to open a new window 17. Orthogonal versus covariant Lyapunov vectors for rough hard disk systems OpenAIRE Bosetti, Hadrien; Posch, Harald A. 2011-01-01 The Oseledec splitting of the tangent space into covariant subspaces for a hyperbolic dynamical system is numerically accessible by computing the full set of covariant Lyapunov vectors. In this paper, the covariant Lyapunov vectors, the orthogonal Gram-Schmidt vectors, and the corresponding local (time-dependent) Lyapunov exponents, are analyzed for a planar system of rough hard disks (RHDS). These results are compared to respective results for a smooth-hard-disk system (SHDS). We find that t... 18. Economical realization of phase covariant devices in arbitrary dimensions OpenAIRE Buscemi, Francesco; D'Ariano, Giacomo Mauro; Macchiavello, Chiara 2006-01-01 We describe a unified framework of phase covariant multi user quantum transformations for d-dimensional quantum systems. We derive the optimal phase covariant cloning and transposition tranformations for multi phase states. We show that for some particular relations between the input and output number of copies they correspond to economical tranformations, which can be achieved without the need of auxiliary systems. We prove a relation between the optimal phase covariant cloning and transposi... 19. Generally Covariant Actions for Multiple D-branes OpenAIRE Brecher, Dominic; Furuuchi, Kazuyuki; Ling, Henry; Raamsdonk, Mark 2004-01-01 We develop a formalism that allows us to write actions for multiple D-branes with manifest general covariance. While the matrix coordinates of the D-branes have a complicated transformation law under coordinate transformations, we find that these may be promoted to (redundant) matrix fields on the transverse space with a simple covariant transformation law. Using these fields, we define a covariant distribution function (a matrix generalization of the delta function which describes the locati... 20. Analysis of Longitudinal Data with Semiparametric Estimation of Covariance Function OpenAIRE Fan, Jianqing; Huang, Tao; LI, Runze 2007-01-01 Improving efficiency for regression coefficients and predicting trajectories of individuals are two important aspects in analysis of longitudinal data. Both involve estimation of the covariance function. Yet, challenges arise in estimating the covariance function of longitudinal data collected at irregular time points. A class of semiparametric models for the covariance function is proposed by imposing a parametric correlation structure while allowing a nonparametric variance function. A kern... 1. Ecological Factors and Adolescent Marijuana Use: Results of a Prospective Study in Santiago, Chile Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jorge Delva 2014-03-01 Full Text Available Purpose: Despite the growing evidence that ecological factors contribute to substance use, the relationship of ecological factors and illicit drugs such as marijuana use is not well understood, particularly among adolescents in Latin America. Guided by social disorganization and social stress theories, we prospectively examined the association of disaggregated neighborhood characteristics with marijuana use among adolescents in Santiago, Chile, and tested if these relationships varied by sex. Methods: Data for this study are from 725 community-dwelling adolescents participating in the Santiago Longitudinal Study, a study of substance using behaviors among urban adolescents in Santiago, Chile. Adolescents completed a two-hour interviewer administered questionnaire with questions about drug use and factors related to drug using behaviors. Results: As the neighborhood levels of drug availability at baseline increased, but not crime or noxious environment, adolescents had higher odds of occasions of marijuana use at follow up, approximately 2 years later (odds ratio [OR] = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.16–1.66, even after controlling for the study’s covariates. No interactions by sex were significant. Discussion: The findings suggest that “poverty”, “crime”, and “drug problems” may not be synonyms and thus can be understood discretely. As Latin American countries re-examine their drug policies, especially those concerning decriminalizing marijuana use, the findings suggest that attempts to reduce adolescent marijuana use in disadvantaged neighborhoods may do best if efforts are concentrated on specific features of the “substance abuse environment”. 2. Covariant non-commutative space-time Science.gov (United States) Heckman, Jonathan J.; Verlinde, Herman 2015-05-01 We introduce a covariant non-commutative deformation of 3 + 1-dimensional conformal field theory. The deformation introduces a short-distance scale ℓp, and thus breaks scale invariance, but preserves all space-time isometries. The non-commutative algebra is defined on space-times with non-zero constant curvature, i.e. dS4 or AdS4. The construction makes essential use of the representation of CFT tensor operators as polynomials in an auxiliary polarization tensor. The polarization tensor takes active part in the non-commutative algebra, which for dS4 takes the form of so (5, 1), while for AdS4 it assembles into so (4, 2). The structure of the non-commutative correlation functions hints that the deformed theory contains gravitational interactions and a Regge-like trajectory of higher spin excitations. 3. Covariant non-commutative space–time Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jonathan J. Heckman 2015-05-01 Full Text Available We introduce a covariant non-commutative deformation of 3+1-dimensional conformal field theory. The deformation introduces a short-distance scale ℓp, and thus breaks scale invariance, but preserves all space–time isometries. The non-commutative algebra is defined on space–times with non-zero constant curvature, i.e. dS4 or AdS4. The construction makes essential use of the representation of CFT tensor operators as polynomials in an auxiliary polarization tensor. The polarization tensor takes active part in the non-commutative algebra, which for dS4 takes the form of so(5,1, while for AdS4 it assembles into so(4,2. The structure of the non-commutative correlation functions hints that the deformed theory contains gravitational interactions and a Regge-like trajectory of higher spin excitations. 4. General covariance and supersymmetry without supersymmetry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) An unusual four-dimensional generally covariant and supersymmetric SU(2) gauge theory is described. The theory has local degrees of freedom, and is invariant under a local (left-handed) chiral supersymmetry, which is half the supersymmetry of supergravity. The Hamiltonian 3+1 decomposition of the theory reveals the remarkable feature that the local supersymmetry is a consequence of Yang-Mills symmetry, in a manner reminiscent of how general coordinate invariance in Chern-Simons theory is a consequence of Yang-Mills symmetry. It is possible to write down an infinite number of conserved currents, which strongly suggests that the theory is classically integrable. A possible scheme for nonperturbative quantization is outlined. This utilizes ideas that have been developed and applied recently to the problem of quantizing gravity. copyright 1996 The American Physical Society 5. Super-Sample Covariance in Simulations CERN Document Server Li, Yin; Takada, Masahiro 2014-01-01 Using separate universe simulations, we accurately quantify super-sample covariance (SSC), the typically dominant sampling error for matter power spectrum estimators in a finite volume, which arises from the presence of super survey modes. By quantifying the power spectrum response to a background mode, this approach automatically captures the separate effects of beat coupling in the quasilinear regime, halo sample variance in the nonlinear regime and a new dilation effect which changes scales in the power spectrum coherently across the survey volume, including the baryon acoustic oscillation scale. It models these effects at typically the few percent level or better with a handful of small volume simulations for any survey geometry compared with directly using many thousands of survey volumes in a suite of large volume simulations. The stochasticity of the response is sufficiently small that in the quasilinear regime, SSC can be alternately included by fitting the mean density in the volume with these fixed ... 6. Holographic bound in covariant loop quantum gravity CERN Document Server Tamaki, Takashi 2016-01-01 We investigate puncture statistics based on the covariant area spectrum in loop quantum gravity. First, we consider Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics with a Gibbs factor for punctures. We establish formulae which relate physical quantities such as horizon area to the parameter characterizing holographic degrees of freedom. We also perform numerical calculations and obtain consistency with these formulae. These results tell us that the holographic bound is satisfied in the large area limit and correction term of the entropy-area law can be proportional to the logarithm of the horizon area. Second, we also consider Bose-Einstein statistics and show that the above formulae are also useful in this case. By applying the formulae, we can understand intrinsic features of Bose-Einstein condensate which corresponds to the case when the horizon area almost consists of punctures in the ground state. When this phenomena occurs, the area is approximately constant against the parameter characterizing the temperature. When this ... 7. A covariance analysis algorithm for interconnected systems Science.gov (United States) Cheng, Victor H. L.; Curley, Robert D.; Lin, Ching-An 1987-01-01 A covariance analysis algorithm for propagation of signal statistics in arbitrarily interconnected nonlinear systems is presented which is applied to six-degree-of-freedom systems. The algorithm uses statistical linearization theory to linearize the nonlinear subsystems, and the resulting linearized subsystems are considered in the original interconnection framework for propagation of the signal statistics. Some nonlinearities commonly encountered in six-degree-of-freedom space-vehicle models are referred to in order to illustrate the limitations of this method, along with problems not encountered in standard deterministic simulation analysis. Moreover, the performance of the algorithm shall be numerically exhibited by comparing results using such techniques to Monte Carlo analysis results, both applied to a simple two-dimensional space-intercept problem. 8. Covariant derivation of tunneling across horizons CERN Document Server Vanzo, Luciano 2011-01-01 The tunneling method for stationary black holes in the Hamilton-Jacobi variant is reconsidered in the light of various critiques that have been moved against. It is shown that once the tunneling trajectories have been correctly identified the method is totally free from internal inconsistencies, it is manifestly covariant, it allows for the extension to spinning particles and it can even be used without solving the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. These conclusions borrow support on a simplified proof of the Hartle and Hawking analytic continuation of the propagator, made possible by the unique assumption that the classical action be analytic in complexified Schwarzschild spacetime. A more general version of the Parikh-Wilczek method will also be proposed along these lines. 9. Cohomological operators and covariant quantum superalgebras International Nuclear Information System (INIS) We obtain an interesting realization of the de Rham cohomological operators of differential geometry in terms of the noncommutative q-superoscillators for the supersymmetric quantum group GLqp(1|1). In particular, we show that a unique quantum superalgebra, obeyed by the bilinears of fermionic and bosonic noncommutative q-(super)oscillators of GLqp(1|1), is exactly identical to that obeyed by the de Rham cohomological operators. A set of discrete symmetry transformations for a set of GLqp(1|1) covariant quantum superalgebras turns out to be the analogue of the Hodge duality * operation of differential geometry. A connection with an extended Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin (BRST) algebra obeyed by the conserved and nilpotent (anti-)BRST and (anti-)co-BRST charges, the conserved ghost charge and a conserved bosonic charge (which is equal to the anticommutator of (anti-)BRST and (anti-)co-BRST charges) is also established 10. Histories and observables in covariant field theory CERN Document Server Paugam, Frederic 2010-01-01 Motivated by DeWitt's viewpoint of covariant field theory, we define a general notion of non-local classical observable that applies to many physical lagrangian systems (with bosonic and fermionic variables), by using methods that are now standard in algebraic geometry. We review the (standard) methods of local functional calculus, as they are presented by Beilinson and Drinfeld, and relate them to our construction. We partially explain the relation of these with the Vinogradov's secondary calculus. The methods present here are all necessary to understand mathematically properly and with simple notions the full renormalization of the standard model, based on functional integral methods. This article can be seen as an introduction to well grounded classical physical mathematics, and as a good starting point to study quantum physical mathematics, that make frequent use of non-local functionals, like for example in the computation of Wilson's effective action. We finish by describing briefly a coordinate free ap... 11. Nuclear landscape in covariant density functional theory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The neutron and proton drip lines represent the limits of the nuclear landscape. While the proton drip line is measured experimentally up to rather high Z values, the location of the neutron drip line for absolute majority of elements is based on theoretical predictions which involve extreme extrapolations. The first ever systematic investigation of the location of the proton and neutron drip lines in the covariant density functional theory has been performed by employing a set of the state-of-the-art parametrizations. Calculated theoretical uncertainties in the position of two-neutron drip line are compared with those obtained in non-relativistic DFT calculations. Shell effects drastically affect the shape of two-neutron drip line. In particular, model uncertainties in the definition of two-neutron drip line at Z∼54, N=126 and Z∼82, N=184 are very small due to the impact of spherical shell closures at N=126 and 184 12. Covariant Hyperbolization of Force-free Electrodynamics CERN Document Server Carrasco, Federico 2016-01-01 Force-Free Flectrodynamics (FFE) is a non-linear system of equations modeling the evolution of the electromagnetic field, in the presence of a magnetically dominated relativistic plasma. This configuration arises on several astrophysical scenarios, which represent exciting laboratories to understand physics in extreme regimes. We show that this system, when restricted to the correct constraint submanifold, is symmetric hyperbolic. In numerical applications is not feasible to keep the system in that submanifold, and so, it is necessary to analyze its structure first in the tangent space of that submanifold and then in a whole neighborhood of it. As already shown by Pfeiffer, a direct (or naive) formulation of this system (in the whole tangent space) results in a weakly hyperbolic system of evolution equations for which well-possednes for the initial value formulation does not follows. Using the generalized symmetric hyperbolic formalism due to Geroch, we introduce here a covariant hyperbolization for the FFE s... 13. Universal Gravitation as Lorentz-covariant Dynamics CERN Document Server Kauffmann, Steven Kenneth 2014-01-01 Einstein's equivalence principle implies that the acceleration of a particle in a "specified" gravitational field is independent of its mass. While this is certainly true to great accuracy for bodies we observe in the Earth's gravitational field, a hypothetical body of mass comparable to the Earth's would perceptibly cause the Earth to fall toward it, which would feed back into the strength as a function of time of the Earth's gravitational field affecting that body. In short, Einstein's equivalence principle isn't exact, but is an approximation that ignores recoil of the "specified" gravitational field, which sheds light on why general relativity has no clearly delineated native embodiment of conserved four-momentum. Einstein's 1905 relativity of course doesn't have the inexactitudes he unwittingly built into GR, so it is natural to explore a Lorentz-covariant gravitational theory patterned directly on electromagnetism, wherein a system's zero-divergence overall stress-energy, including all gravitational fee... 14. Supergeometry in locally covariant quantum field theory CERN Document Server Hack, Thomas-Paul; Schenkel, Alexander 2015-01-01 In this paper we analyze supergeometric locally covariant quantum field theories. We develop suitable categories SLoc of super-Cartan supermanifolds, which generalize Lorentz manifolds in ordinary quantum field theory, and show that, starting from a few representation theoretic and geometric data, one can construct a functor A : SLoc --> S*Alg to the category of super-*-algebras which can be interpreted as a non-interacting super-quantum field theory. This construction turns out to disregard supersymmetry transformations as the morphism sets in the above categories are too small. We then solve this problem by using techniques from enriched category theory, which allows us to replace the morphism sets by suitable morphism supersets that contain supersymmetry transformations as their higher superpoints. We construct super-quantum field theories in terms of enriched functors eA : eSLoc --> eS*Alg between the enriched categories and show that supersymmetry transformations are appropriately described within the en... 15. A covariant treatment of cosmic parallax International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The Gaia satellite will soon probe parallax on cosmological distances. Using the covariant formalism and considering the angle between a pair of sources, we find parallax for both spacelike and timelike separation between observation points. Our analysis includes both intrinsic parallax and parallax due to observer motion. We propose a consistency condition that tests the FRW metric using the parallax distance and the angular diameter distance. This test is purely kinematic and relies only on geometrical optics, it is independent of matter content and its relation to the spacetime geometry. We study perturbations around the FRW model, and find that they should be taken into account when analysing observations to determine the parallax distance 16. Covariant Lyapunov analysis of chaotic Kolmogorov flows. Science.gov (United States) Inubushi, Masanobu; Kobayashi, Miki U; Takehiro, Shin-ichi; Yamada, Michio 2012-01-01 Hyperbolicity is an important concept in dynamical system theory; however, we know little about the hyperbolicity of concrete physical systems including fluid motions governed by the Navier-Stokes equations. Here, we study numerically the hyperbolicity of the Navier-Stokes equation on a two-dimensional torus (Kolmogorov flows) using the method of covariant Lyapunov vectors developed by Ginelli et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 130601 (2007)]. We calculate the angle between the local stable and unstable manifolds along an orbit of chaotic solution to evaluate the hyperbolicity. We find that the attractor of chaotic Kolmogorov flows is hyperbolic at small Reynolds numbers, but that smaller angles between the local stable and unstable manifolds are observed at larger Reynolds numbers, and the attractor appears to be nonhyperbolic at a certain Reynolds numbers. Also, we observed some relations between these hyperbolic properties and physical properties such as time correlation of the vorticity and the energy dissipation rate. PMID:22400681 17. Conformal killing tensors and covariant Hamiltonian dynamics International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A covariant algorithm for deriving the conserved quantities for natural Hamiltonian systems is combined with the non-relativistic framework of Eisenhart, and of Duval, in which the classical trajectories arise as geodesics in a higher dimensional space-time, realized by Brinkmann manifolds. Conserved quantities which are polynomial in the momenta can be built using time-dependent conformal Killing tensors with flux. The latter are associated with terms proportional to the Hamiltonian in the lower dimensional theory and with spectrum generating algebras for higher dimensional quantities of order 1 and 2 in the momenta. Illustrations of the general theory include the Runge-Lenz vector for planetary motion with a time-dependent gravitational constant G(t), motion in a time-dependent electromagnetic field of a certain form, quantum dots, the Hénon-Heiles and Holt systems, respectively, providing us with Killing tensors of rank that ranges from one to six 18. Kriging approach for the experimental cross-section covariances estimation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) In the classical use of a generalized χ2 to determine the evaluated cross section uncertainty, we need the covariance matrix of the experimental cross sections. The usual propagation error method to estimate the covariances is hardly usable and the lack of data prevents from using the direct empirical estimator. We propose in this paper to apply the kriging method which allows to estimate the covariances via the distances between the points and with some assumptions on the covariance matrix structure. All the results are illustrated with the 2555Mn nucleus measurements. (authors) 19. Summary report of technical meeting on neutron cross section covariances International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A summary is given of the Technical Meeting on Neutron Cross Section Covariances. The meeting goal was to assess covariance data needs and recommend appropriate methodologies to address those needs. Discussions on covariance data focused on three general topics: 1) Resonance and unresolved resonance regions; 2) Fast neutron region; and 3) Users' perspective: benchmarks' uncertainty and reactor dosimetry. A number of recommendations for further work were generated and the important work that remains to be done in the field of covariances was identified. (author) 20. The canonical formalism in covariant theories International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The problem of quantizing General Relativity (GR) is a formidable one and may require for its solution a complete understanding of string theory and its relationship with the gravitational field. Here the author discusses a more conservative and localized approach based on a covariant canonical formalism developed in a number of papers in the last few years. The idea is to consider theories which can be expressed entirely in terms of differential forms and then to exploit the analogy between time derivative and exterior derivative of forms. In the case of supergravity the field variables have then a double grading, the conventional form grading and the Fermi grading. There is no preferred time direction and, in space-time dimension D + 1, the conjugate momenta of a field form of degree rho is a form of degree D - rho. This form contains the usual components of the momentum besides other components needed in order to preserve covariance. The theory leads naturally to a hamiltonian form H of degree D + 1 which can be used within formalism in order to compute canonically the exterior derivative of a field-form. Its role is therefore quite different to that of the ordinary Hamiltonian which leads instead to Lie derivatives of a field. It is however possible to relate these quantities, and it turns out that the conventional Hamiltonian is the time component of a Poincare multiplet of 3-forms which can be used in order to compute Lie derivatives in any direction. Also the authors approach is well suit for applications within the group manifold approach 1. Minimum taxonomic criteria for bacterial genome sequence depositions and announcements. Science.gov (United States) Bull, Matthew J; Marchesi, Julian R; Vandamme, Peter; Plummer, Sue; Mahenthiralingam, Eshwar 2012-04-01 Multiple bioinformatic methods are available to analyse the information encoded within the complete genome sequence of a bacterium and accurately assign its species status or nearest phylogenetic neighbour. However, it is clear that even now in what is the third decade of bacterial genomics, taxonomically incorrect genome sequence depositions are still being made. We outline a simple scheme of bioinformatic analysis and a set of minimum criteria that should be applied to all bacterial genomic data to ensure that they are accurately assigned to the species or genus level prior to database deposition. To illustrate the utility of the bioinformatic workflow, we analysed the recently deposited genome sequence of Lactobacillus acidophilus 30SC and demonstrated that this DNA was in fact derived from a strain of Lactobacillus amylovorus. Using these methods researchers can ensure that the taxonomic accuracy of genome sequence depositions is maintained within the ever increasing nucleic acid datasets. PMID:22366464 2. Quantifying the taxonomic diversity in real species communities CERN Document Server Cartozo, C Caretta; Ricotta, C; Barthelemy, M; Caldarelli, G 2008-01-01 We analyze several florae (collections of plant species populating specific areas) in different geographic and climatic regions. For every list of species we produce a taxonomic classification tree and we consider its statistical properties. We find that regardless of the geographical location, the climate and the environment all species collections have universal statistical properties that we show to be also robust in time. We then compare observed data sets with simulated communities obtained by randomly sampling a large pool of species from all over the world. We find differences in the behavior of the statistical properties of the corresponding taxonomic trees. Our results suggest that it is possible to distinguish quantitatively real species assemblages from random collections and thus demonstrate the existence of correlations between species. 3. Covariance of lichen and vascular plant floras Science.gov (United States) Bennett, J.P.; Wetmore, C.M. 1999-01-01 The geographic relationships among taxonomic groups are important to study to determine patterns of biodiversity and whether or not associations occur between large groups, e.g., birds and vascular plants. This study was undertaken to determine relationships between higher plants and lower plants, specifically vascular plant and lichen floras in nine national parks of the Great Lakes region. No significant relationship was found between vascular plant floras and lichen floras in this area, which spans 1200 km longitudinally, or between an additional 19 areas from North America that were less than 1000 km(2) in area. For areas larger than 1000 km(2), however, a significant positive relationship existed for 33 areas that span one to approximately 150 million km(2). The ratio of numbers of vascular plants to lichens appeared to average just over 6 across the 33 areas. In the Great Lakes parks, between 28-30% of either the vascular plant or lichen species were singletons (occurring in only one park), but the parks that contained the most singletons were not congruent: Isle Royale had the most singleton lichens, while Indiana Dunes had the most vascular plant singletons. Fewer lichen species (2%) than vascular plants (4%) occurred in all nine parks. Latitude appeared to explain some of the variation between the two groups: vascular plants decreased with increasing latitude, while lichens increased. 4. Taxonomic Revision and Molecular Studies of Garcinia Section Garcinia (Guttiferae) OpenAIRE Saleh, Mohd. Nazre 2006-01-01 Garcinia section Garcinia is one of 14 sections of the species-rich pantropical genus Garcinia (Guttiferae/Clusiaceae). In its most recent circumscription the section comprised 43 species, mostly of rain forest understorey trees, distributed from eastern India to Fiji, and in Madagascar (Jones, 1980: unpublished Phd. Thesis, University of Leicester). Its most famous member is the fruit tree, mangosteen (G. mangostana). Taxonomic revision of section Garcinia reduces the number o... 5. Taxonomic notes on Amblycerus Thunberg, 1815 (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) OpenAIRE Kingsolver, John M.; Cibele S. Ribeiro-Costa 2011-01-01 The following changes in nomenclature of some species of Amblyeems Thunberg, 1815, are proposed: A) Elevated to new taxonomic status- A. insuturatus (pic, 1902) from (Spennophagus subflavidus var.insuturatus); A. luteolineatus (pic, 1929) from (Spennophagus luteonotatus var .luteolineatus);A. paulonotatus (pic, 1906) from (Spennophagus luteonotatus var.paulonotatus). B) New synonymy-A. dispar(Sharp, 1885)(=Spermophagus longissimus Pic, 1902; =S. earyoborifonnis Pic, 1910; =S. guyanensis Pic, ... 6. A taxonomic revision of the genus Dolianthus (Rubiaceae) OpenAIRE Davis, Aaron P.; Bridson, Diane M. 2001-01-01 A taxonomic revision of Dolianthus C.H. Wright (Rubiaceae-Psychotrieae) is presented, including a key to species, full descriptions, distribution maps, and a list of specimens examined. Eleven species are transferred from Amaracarpus to Dolianthus, resulting in ten new combinations. Two species are described as new to science: D. kairoi and D. ovatifolius. In total, thirteen species are included in Dolianthus. Dolianthus is endemic to the highlands (montane to subalpine and alpine zones) of P... 7. ComTax: community-driven curation for taxonomic databases OpenAIRE Morse, David; Yang, Hui; Willis,Alistair; De Roeck, Anne; King, David 2013-01-01 This poster presents the work of the ComTax project to develop a community-driven curation process among practicing scientists and citizen scientists. The project provides tools to help scientists identify and validate appropriate taxonomic names from the scanned historical literature. The system operates on scanned documents, typically taken from the Biodiversity Heritage Library, although documents sourced from other repositories could be used. The system is intended to be used on uncor... 8. Taxonomical and functional microbial community selection in soybean rhizosphere OpenAIRE Lucas W. Mendes; Kuramae, Eiko E.; Navarrete, Acácio A; van Veen, Johannes A.; Tsai, Siu M. 2014-01-01 This study addressed the selection of the rhizospheric microbial community from the bulk soil reservoir under agricultural management of soybean in Amazon forest soils. We used a shotgun metagenomics approach to investigate the taxonomic and functional diversities of microbial communities in the bulk soil and in the rhizosphere of soybean plants and tested the validity of neutral and niche theories to explain the rhizosphere community assembly processes. Our results showed a clear selection a... 9. Biogeographical and taxonomic biases in tropical forest fragmentation research. Science.gov (United States) Deikumah, Justus P; McAlpine, Clive A; Maron, Martine 2014-12-01 Despite several decades of research on the effects of fragmentation and habitat change on biodiversity, there remain strong biases in the geographical regions and taxonomic species studied. The knowledge gaps resulting from these biases are of particular concern if the forests most threatened with modification are also those for which the effects of such change are most poorly understood. To quantify the nature and magnitude of such biases, we conducted a systematic review of the published literature on forest fragmentation in the tropics for the period 1980-2012. Studies included focused on any type of response of single species, communities, or assemblages of any taxonomic group to tropical forest fragmentation and on fragmentation-related changes to forests. Of the 853 studies we found in the SCOPUS database, 64% were conducted in the Neotropics, 13% in Asia, 10% in the Afrotropics, and 5% in Australasia. Thus, although the Afrotropics is subject to the highest rates of deforestation globally, it was the most disproportionately poorly studied biome. Significant taxonomic biases were identified. Of the taxonomic groups considered, herpetofauna was the least studied in the tropics, particularly in Africa. Research examining patterns of species distribution was by far the most common type (72%), and work focused on ecological processes (28%) was rare in all biomes, but particularly in the Afrotropics and for fauna. We suggest research efforts be directed toward less-studied biogeographic regions, particularly where the threat of forest fragmentation continues to be high. Increased research investment in the Afrotropics will be important to build knowledge of threats and inform responses in a region where almost no efforts to restore its fragmented landscapes have yet begun and forest protection is arguably most tenuous. PMID:25065550 10. Taxonomic revision of Geranium sections Andina and Chilensia (Geraniaceae) OpenAIRE Aedo, Carlos; Navarro, Carmen; Alarcón, María Luisa 2005-01-01 The sections Andina and Chilensia of Geranium from South America, Australia and New Zealand are taxonomically revised. Fruits with ‘seed ejection-type’ dispersal have been found in all species, which confirms their classification within subgen.Geranium Section Andina consist of four species, while sect. Chilensia comprises 11 taxa. In sect. Andina , G. brevicaule andG. parodii, previously considered as synonyms or recognized as infraspecific taxa, are accepted at... 11. Campanian-Maastrichtian Pseudosabinia from Turkey: Descriptions and Taxonomic Problems OpenAIRE ÖZER, SACİT 2010-01-01 Specimens of taxa assigned to Pseudosabinia Morris & Skelton, collected from the Campanian-Maastrichtian sequences of different regions of Turkey such as the Kocaeli Peninsula, Amasya, Bayburt (Pontides), Sivas, Malatya, Elazığ (eastern Anatolian platform) and Kahta-Adıyaman and Yaylaçiftliği-Antakya (northernmost part of the Arabian platform), are determined and the taxonomic statuses of the species are discussed. Pseudosabinia klinghardti (Böhm) uniquely presents all the characteristic ... 12. Taxonomical and functional microbial community selection in soybean rhizosphere. Science.gov (United States) Mendes, Lucas W; Kuramae, Eiko E; Navarrete, Acácio A; van Veen, Johannes A; Tsai, Siu M 2014-08-01 This study addressed the selection of the rhizospheric microbial community from the bulk soil reservoir under agricultural management of soybean in Amazon forest soils. We used a shotgun metagenomics approach to investigate the taxonomic and functional diversities of microbial communities in the bulk soil and in the rhizosphere of soybean plants and tested the validity of neutral and niche theories to explain the rhizosphere community assembly processes. Our results showed a clear selection at both taxonomic and functional levels operating in the assembly of the soybean rhizosphere community. The taxonomic analysis revealed that the rhizosphere community is a subset of the bulk soil community. Species abundance in rhizosphere fits the log-normal distribution model, which is an indicator of the occurrence of niche-based processes. In addition, the data indicate that the rhizosphere community is selected based on functional cores related to the metabolisms of nitrogen, iron, phosphorus and potassium, which are related to benefits to the plant, such as growth promotion and nutrition. The network analysis including bacterial groups and functions was less complex in rhizosphere, suggesting the specialization of some specific metabolic pathways. We conclude that the assembly of the microbial community in the rhizosphere is based on niche-based processes as a result of the selection power of the plant and other environmental factors. PMID:24553468 13. Covariant equations for the NN-πNN system International Nuclear Information System (INIS) We explain the deficiencies of the current NN-πNN equations, sketch the derivation of a set of covariant NN-πNN equations and describe the ways in which these equations differ from previous sets of covariant equations. copyright 1995 American Institute of Physics 14. Gauge independence as a consequence of gauge covariance International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Gauge independence of a physical S-matrix is proved without perturbation in a satisfactory gauge-field theory with gauge covariance. The proof goes through both for Abelian and non-Abelian cases, and the independence is a consequence of gauge covariance and asymptotic completeness. (auth.) 15. Reality conditions for Ashtekar gravity from Lorentz-covariant formulation OpenAIRE Alexandrov, Sergei 2005-01-01 We show the equivalence of the Lorentz-covariant canonical formulation considered for the Immirzi parameter$\\beta=i$to the selfdual Ashtekar gravity. We also propose to deal with the reality conditions in terms of Dirac brackets derived from the covariant formulation and defined on an extended phase space which involves, besides the selfdual variables, also their anti-selfdual counterparts. 16. Theory of Covariance Equivalent ARMAV Models of Civil Engineering Structures DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Andersen, P.; Brincker, Rune; Kirkegaard, Poul Henning 1996-01-01 In this paper the theoretical background for using covariance equivalent ARMAV models in modal analysis is discussed. It is shown how to obtain a covariance equivalent ARMA model for a univariate linear second order continous-time system excited by Gaussian white noise. This result is generalized... 17. Theory of Covariance Equivalent ARMAV Models of Civil Engineering Structures DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Andersen, P.; Brincker, Rune; Kirkegaard, Poul Henning In this paper the theoretical background for using covariance equivalent ARMAV models in modal analysis is discussed. It is shown how to obtain a covariance equivalent ARMA model for a univariate linear second order continuous-time system excited by Gaussian white noise. This result is generalize... 18. Validity of covariance models for the analysis of geographical variation DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Guillot, Gilles; Schilling, Rene L.; Porcu, Emilio; 2014-01-01 1. Due to the availability of large molecular data-sets, covariance models are increasingly used to describe the structure of genetic variation as an alternative to more heavily parametrised biological models. 2. We focus here on a class of parametric covariance models that received sustained... 19. On the bilinear covariants associated to mass dimension one spinors CERN Document Server da Silva, J M Hoff; Rogerio, R J Bueno; Scatena, E 2016-01-01 In this paper we approach the issue of Clifford algebra basis deformation, allowing for bilinear covariants associated to Elko spinors which satisfy the Fierz-Pauli-Kofink identities. We present a complete analysis of covariance, taking into account the involved dual structure associated to Elko. Moreover, the possible generalizations to the recently presented new dual structure are performed. 20. Conditioning of radium sources in Chile International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A process experimented in Chile to conditioning Ra-226 sources arising as waste from medical uses in Chile is described. The IAEA offered to participate in the Project for Conditioning Radium Sources in order to place all the radium sources in the country under an internationally accepted standard. These sources hare those that have been used in medical applications for many years. The CCHEN made its own modifications to the project's execution by using its own infrastructure and scientific and technical skill in this field. For this purpose, the CCHEN uses the human resources and facilities of the Radioactive Waste Management Unit (UGDR) and acquires materials that are commercially available in the country. IAEA assistance focused on quality assurance, so they supply all expensive items which the UGDR, cannot access, plus they certify the quality of the conditioned products. This assistance is achieved through the approval of procedures and methodologies based on those that are recommended 1. Hemophilia in Chile, 1996-2006 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mario Donoso Scroppo 2013-06-01 Full Text Available This article describes the process that Chile underwent from 1996 to 2006, which is the dawn of a period of planned and systematic organization that begins to solve the severe health problems that afflict patients with hemophilia. The article reports a general overview of the situation of hemophilia in Chile in that period – up to 2006 - , including the lack of reliable data, treatment options, training of specialists on the topic and healthcare system responses. The article then goes on to describe in general terms the main aspects of Operation Access and the National Hemostasis and Thrombosis Program, the results of which will be described in a subsequent article of this series. 2. Thermoluminescence properties of Chile Guajillo (paprika) Mexicano International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The thermoluminescence properties of the inorganic dust extracted from the Chile Guajillo (paprika) Mexicano, were studied in order to verify the possibility of using the TL technique to discriminate between irradiated and non irradiated peppers. The inorganic dust was found to consist of quartz 60%, albite (NaAlSi3O8) 30%, and ortose (KAlSi3O8) 10%. Its thermoluminescence dose response covers the wide dose range of 1Gy-10kGy, which was attributed mainly to feldspars. Its high sensitivity and its stability over 10 irradiation-readout cycles allow the application of a single grain-single aliquot regeneration dosimetry in Chile Guajillo (paprika). Evaluations based on trapping parameters show that thermal fading at room temperature for glow-peaks above 180 deg.. C, is not a problem in the dosimetry of paprika 3. The covariant perturbative approach to cosmic microwave background anisotropies CERN Document Server Challinor, A D 2000-01-01 The Ehlers-Ellis 1+3 formulation of covariant hydrodynamics, when supplemented with covariant radiative transport theory, gives an exact, physically transparent description of the physics of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB). Linearisation around a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) universe provides a very direct and seamless route through to the linear, gauge-invariant perturbation equations for scalar, vector and tensor modes in an almost-FRW model. In this contribution we review covariant radiative transport theory and its application to the perturbative method for calculating and understanding the anisotropy of the CMB. Particular emphasis is placed on the inclusion of polarization in a fully covariant manner. With this inclusion, the covariant perturbative approach offers a complete description of linearised CMB physics in an almost-FRW universe. 4. Modular covariance and the algebraic PCT/spin-statistics theorem CERN Document Server Davidson, D R 1995-01-01 In the theory of nets of observable algebras, the modular operators associated with wedge regions are expected to have a natural geometric action, a generalization of the Bisognano-Wichmann condition for nets associated with Poincare-covariant fields. Here many possible such modular covariance conditions are discussed (in spacetime of at least three dimensions), including several conditions previously proposed and known to imply versions of the PCT and spin-statistics theorems. The logical relations between these conditions are explored: for example, it is shown that most of them are equivalent, and that all of them follow from appropriate commutation relations for the modular automorphisms alone. These results allow us to reduce the study of modular covariance to the case of systems describing non-interacting particles. Given finitely many Poincare-covariant non-interacting particles of any given mass, it is shown that modular covariance and wedge duality must hold, and the modular operators for wedge region... 5. Newton law in covariant unimodular$F(R)$gravity CERN Document Server Nojiri, S; Oikonomou, V K 2016-01-01 We propose a covariant ghost-free unimodular$F(R)$gravity theory, which contains a three-form field and study its structure using the analogy of the proposed theory with a quantum system which describes a charged particle in uniform magnetic field. Newton's law in non-covariant unimodular$F(R)$gravity as well as in unimodular Einstein gravity is derived and it is shown to be just the same as in General Relativity. The derivation of Newton's law in covariant unimodular$F(R)$gravity shows that it is modified precisely in the same way as in the ordinary$F(R)$theory. We also demonstrate that the cosmology of a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker background, is equivalent in the non-covariant and covariant formulations of unimodular$F(R)$theory. 6. UDU/T/ covariance factorization for Kalman filtering Science.gov (United States) Thornton, C. L.; Bierman, G. J. 1980-01-01 There has been strong motivation to produce numerically stable formulations of the Kalman filter algorithms because it has long been known that the original discrete-time Kalman formulas are numerically unreliable. Numerical instability can be avoided by propagating certain factors of the estimate error covariance matrix rather than the covariance matrix itself. This paper documents filter algorithms that correspond to the covariance factorization P = UDU(T), where U is a unit upper triangular matrix and D is diagonal. Emphasis is on computational efficiency and numerical stability, since these properties are of key importance in real-time filter applications. The history of square-root and U-D covariance filters is reviewed. Simple examples are given to illustrate the numerical inadequacy of the Kalman covariance filter algorithms; these examples show how factorization techniques can give improved computational reliability. 7. Gaussian covariance matrices for anisotropic galaxy clustering measurements CERN Document Server Grieb, Jan Niklas; Salazar-Albornoz, Salvador; Vecchia, Claudio dalla 2015-01-01 Measurements of the redshift-space galaxy clustering have been a prolific source of cosmological information in recent years. In the era of precision cosmology, accurate covariance estimates are an essential step for the validation of galaxy clustering models of the redshift-space two-point statistics. For cases where only a limited set of simulations is available, assessing the data covariance is not possible or only leads to a noisy estimate. Also, relying on simulated realisations of the survey data means that tests of the cosmology dependence of the covariance are expensive. With these two points in mind, this work aims at presenting a simple theoretical model for the linear covariance of anisotropic galaxy clustering observations with synthetic catalogues. Considering the Legendre moments (multipoles') of the two-point statistics and projections into wide bins of the line-of-sight parameter (clustering wedges'), we describe the modelling of the covariance for these anisotropic clustering measurements f... 8. High-dimensional covariance matrix estimation in approximate factor models CERN Document Server Fan, Jianqing; Mincheva, Martina; 10.1214/11-AOS944 2012-01-01 The variance--covariance matrix plays a central role in the inferential theories of high-dimensional factor models in finance and economics. Popular regularization methods of directly exploiting sparsity are not directly applicable to many financial problems. Classical methods of estimating the covariance matrices are based on the strict factor models, assuming independent idiosyncratic components. This assumption, however, is restrictive in practical applications. By assuming sparse error covariance matrix, we allow the presence of the cross-sectional correlation even after taking out common factors, and it enables us to combine the merits of both methods. We estimate the sparse covariance using the adaptive thresholding technique as in Cai and Liu [J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 106 (2011) 672--684], taking into account the fact that direct observations of the idiosyncratic components are unavailable. The impact of high dimensionality on the covariance matrix estimation based on the factor structure is then studi... 9. Covariances in the Generalized Nuclear Data (GND) Structure International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The Generalized Nuclear Data structure (GND) is being designed as a new standard for storing evaluated nuclear data. It is intended as an eventual replacement for the ENDF-6 format, and as such must be capable of handling at a minimum all the types of data supported by ENDF-6, including central values and covariances. Containers for storing covariances in GND are being developed, with the goal of representing covariance data in a simple and concise manner, that is easy to read, understand and use. This paper presents an overview of the status of covariances in GND, and on the tools for generating and using covariance data that are being implemented in LLNL's nuclear data toolkit ‘Fudge’ 10. Local covariant quantum field theory over spectral geometries CERN Document Server Paschke, M; Paschke, Mario; Verch, Rainer 2004-01-01 A framework which combines ideas from Connes' noncommutative geometry, or spectral geometry, with recent ideas on generally covariant quantum field theory, is proposed in the present work. A certain type of spectral geometries modelling (possibly noncommutative) globally hyperbolic spacetimes is introduced in terms of so-called globally hyperbolic spectral triples. The concept is further generalized to a category of globally hyperbolic spectral geometries whose morphisms describe the generalization of isometric embeddings. Then a local generally covariant quantum field theory is introduced as a covariant functor between such a category of globally hyperbolic spectral geometries and the category of involutive algebras (or *-algebras). Thus, a local covariant quantum field theory over spectral geometries assigns quantum fields not just to a single noncommutative geometry (or noncommutative spacetime), but simultaneously to all'' spectral geometries, while respecting the covariance principle demanding that qua... 11. Evolution of Housing Prices in Chile OpenAIRE Eric Parrado H. /; Paulo Cox P.; Marcelo Fuenzalida C. 2009-01-01 The availability of real estate data is clearly limited in Chile, which makes more complex the discussion of the possible vulnerabilities of households and the financial sector to risks arising from real estate markets. This paper proposes a set of housing price indicators for measuring the potential pressures that could be developing in the credit market. Using these price measures, we find that the recent sustained rise in home prices coincides with the sustained increase in disposable inco... 12. Unmarried cohabitation among deprived families in Chile OpenAIRE Ramm Santelices, Alejandra Margarita 2013-01-01 It is clear that unmarried cohabitation is increasing in Chile. It is less clear what unmarried cohabitation is and why is it rising. In Latin America cohabitation is common among low income groups, and has been described as a surrogate marriage for the disadvantaged. Cohabitation in the region entails conventional gender roles and having children. It has been explained by colonial dominance, poverty, kinship, and machismo. The evidence amassed here indicates that although in practice cohabit... 13. Movilidad intrageneracional del ingreso en Chile OpenAIRE Claudio, Sapelli 2013-01-01 This paper estimates the different intra-generational mobility indicators for Chile on the basis of the Casen panel. Conclusions from the literature are evaluated in light of results that are based mainly on a discussion of the transition matrix. It is concluded that there is a mistaken interpretation of the data in part of the literature. A simulation is made that demonstrates that the Chilean transition matrix could be the consequence of random shocks to the effective distribution of income... 14. Equity in health care utilization in Chile OpenAIRE Núñez, Alicia; Chi, Chunhuei 2013-01-01 One of the most extensive Chilean health care reforms occurred in July 2005, when the Regime of Explicit Health Guarantees (AUGE) became effective. This reform guarantees coverage for a specific set of health conditions. Thus, the purpose of this study is to provide timely evidence for policy makers to understand the current distribution and equity of health care utilization in Chile. The authors analyzed secondary data from the National Socioeconomic Survey (CASEN) for the years 1992–2009 an... 15. Taxonomy Icon Data: Chile pepper [Taxonomy Icon Lifescience Database Archive (English) Full Text Available Chile pepper Capsicum annuum Capsicum_annuum_L.png Capsicum_annuum_NL.png Capsicum_annuum_S.png Capsicum..._annuum_NS.png http://biosciencedbc.jp/taxonomy_icon/icon.cgi?i=Capsicum+annuum&t=L htt...p://biosciencedbc.jp/taxonomy_icon/icon.cgi?i=Capsicum+annuum&t=NL http://biosciencedbc.jp/taxonomy_icon/icon.cgi?i=Capsicum...+annuum&t=S http://biosciencedbc.jp/taxonomy_icon/icon.cgi?i=Capsicum+annuum&t=NS ... 16. Structural Volatility in Chile: A Policy Report OpenAIRE Ricardo J. Caballero 2000-01-01 This paper identifies Chile's economic weaknesses and offers policy recommendations for increasing stability. Current problems include weak international financial links, a Central Bank mandate that is ill-designed to deal with terms of trade shocks, a propensity to waste scarce liquidity in the banking system; and limited development of financial markets. The paper's policy recommendations include improving external financial links, molding terms of trade contingencies into anti-cyclical pol... 17. Differences in sperm ultrastructure between Mytilus chilensis and Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia, Mytilidae: could be used as a taxonomic trait? Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Pablo A Oyarzún 2014-03-01 Full Text Available The sperm ultrastructure has been used to solve several systematic and phylogenetic problems in marine invertebrates. The sperm ultrastructure of the Chilean mussel Mytilus chilensis and Mytilus galloprovincialis corresponds to the ect-aquasperm type. Sperm from both taxa measured 55-60 μm between head (acrosome + nucleus, midpiece (only 5 mitochondria and the flagellum which in its end piece has a smaller diameter tail. The differences between both taxa are clearly shown, in the structure of the acrosome and nucleus. Therefore, according to our results and those reported in the literature, we indicate that Chilean native mussel sperm is different from other species of the Mytilus complex (M. trossulus, M. galloprovincialis and M. edulis. These differences in sperm ultrastructure found in M. chilensis, are another trait that can be used to validate the taxonomic status of the species. Differences in sperm morphology are related with reproductive isolation, and probably will be useful to understand future data on speciation. Finally, we discussed the finding that Mytilus galloprovincialis sperm from Chile have an acrosome notoriously smaller than those reported for specimens from Europe and Africa, though they have a great similarity with specimens from Japan, as reported in the literature. 18. Surface composition and taxonomic classification of a group of near-Earth and Mars-crossing asteroids CERN Document Server Sanchez, Juan A; Reddy, Vishnu; Nathues, Andreas 2013-01-01 In the past, constraining the surface composition of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) has been difficult due to the lack of high quality near-IR spectral data (0.7-2.5 microns) that contain mineralogically diagnostic absorption bands. Here we present visible (0.43-0.95 microns) and near-infrared (0.7-2.5 microns) spectra of nine NEAs and five Mars-crossing asteroids (MCs). The studied NEAs are: 4055 Magellan, 19764 (2000 NF5), 89830 (2002 CE), 138404 (2000 HA24), 143381 (2003 BC21), 159609 (2002 AQ3), 164121 (2003 YT1), 241662 (2000 KO44) and 2007 ML13. The studied MCs are: 1656 Suomi, 2577 Litva, 5407 (1992 AX), 22449 Ottijeff and 47035 (1998 WS). The observations were conducted with the NTT at La Silla, Chile, the 2.2 m telescope at Calar Alto, Spain, and the IRTF on Mauna Kea, Hawai'i. The taxonomic classification (Bus system) of asteroids showed that all observed MC asteroids belong to the S-complex, including the S, Sr and Sl classes. Seven of the NEAs belong to the S-complex, including the S, Sa, Sk and Sl c... 19. Radiological protection in interventional cardiology in Chile International Nuclear Information System (INIS) In September 2000, an expert mission was assigned to Chile, under the regional project named 'International BBS in Medical Practices Radiation Protection and Quality Assurance In Interventional Radiology' (ARCAL XLIX). The objective of the mission was to evaluate the level of radiation protection (RP) and safety in interventional cardiology ( IC ) installations. A team of local cardiologists, medical physicists and technologists was created for this purpose and during one week, several cardiology laboratories were evaluated and some basic quality controls (QC) were carried out. A basic pilot training course in radiation protection was imparted at the Hospital of the University of Chile in Santiago de Chile and some of the key objectives for a future national quality assurance programme were presented during the national congress of IC. In addition, a national survey on radiation protection aspects was circulated and its results evaluated. These activities enabled the local team to become familiar with the methodology of assessment of the level of protection and the organization of a programme, which was illustrated with the examples of similar European programmes. As result of these actions, several proposals were made to both the local authorities and the IAEA. The most important were: a) to initiate a basic QC programme, b) to organize a training in RP for cardiologists in order to formalize their accreditation, c) to improve personal occupational dosimetry, d) to initiate a programme of patient dosimetry, e) to optimize the technical and clinical protocols, f) to create a national registry of incidents with skin injuries. (author) 20. Inflation in general covariant theory of gravity CERN Document Server Huang, Yongqing; Wu, Qiang 2012-01-01 In this paper, we study inflation in the framework of the nonrelativistic general covariant theory of the Ho\\v{r}ava-Lifshitz gravity with the projectability condition and an arbitrary coupling constant$\\lambda$. We find that the Friedmann-Robterson-Walker (FRW) universe is necessarily flat in such a setup. We work out explicitly the linear perturbations of the flat FRW universe without specifying to a particular gauge, and find that the perturbations are different from those obtained in general relativity, because of the presence of the high-order spatial derivative terms. Applied the general formulas to a single scalar field, we show that in the sub-horizon regions, the metric and scalar field are tightly coupled and have the same oscillating frequencies. In the super-horizon regions, the perturbations become adiabatic, and the comoving curvature perturbation is constant. We also calculate the power spectra and indices of both the scalar and tensor perturbations, and express them explicitly in terms of the... 1. Generalized Covariant Gyrokinetic Dynamics of Magnetoplasmas International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A basic prerequisite for the investigation of relativistic astrophysical magnetoplasmas, occurring typically in the vicinity of massive stellar objects (black holes, neutron stars, active galactic nuclei, etc.), is the accurate description of single-particle covariant dynamics, based on gyrokinetic theory (Beklemishev et al., 1999-2005). Provided radiation-reaction effects are negligible, this is usually based on the assumption that both the space-time metric and the EM fields (in particular the magnetic field) are suitably prescribed and are considered independent of single-particle dynamics, while allowing for the possible presence of gravitational/EM perturbations driven by plasma collective interactions which may naturally arise in such systems. The purpose of this work is the formulation of a generalized gyrokinetic theory based on the synchronous variational principle recently pointed out (Tessarotto et al., 2007) which permits to satisfy exactly the physical realizability condition for the four-velocity. The theory here developed includes the treatment of nonlinear perturbations (gravitational and/or EM) characterized locally, i.e., in the rest frame of a test particle, by short wavelength and high frequency. Basic feature of the approach is to ensure the validity of the theory both for large and vanishing parallel electric field. It is shown that the correct treatment of EM perturbations occurring in the presence of an intense background magnetic field generally implies the appearance of appropriate four-velocity corrections, which are essential for the description of single-particle gyrokinetic dynamics. 2. Historical Hamiltonian Dynamics: symplectic and covariant CERN Document Server Lachieze-Rey, M 2016-01-01 This paper presents a "historical" formalism for dynamical systems, in its Hamiltonian version (Lagrangian version was presented in a previous paper). It is universal, in the sense that it applies equally well to time dynamics and to field theories on space-time. It is based on the notion of (Hamiltonian) histories, which are sections of the (extended) phase space bundle. It is developed in the space of sections, in contradistinction with the usual formalism which works in the bundle manifold. In field theories, the formalism remains covariant and does not require a spitting of space-time. It considers space-time exactly in the same manner than time in usual dynamics, both being particular cases of the evolution domain. It applies without modification when the histories (the fields) are forms rather than scalar functions, like in electromagnetism or in tetrad general relativity. We develop a differential calculus in the infinite dimensional space of histories. It admits a (generalized) symplectic form which d... 3. The covariance of GPS coordinates and frames International Nuclear Information System (INIS) We explore, in the general relativistic context, the properties of the recently introduced global positioning system (GPS) coordinates, as well as those of the associated frames and coframes that they define. We show that they are covariant and completely independent of any observer. We show that standard spectroscopic and astrometric observations allow any observer to measure (i) the values of the GPS coordinates at his position (ii) the components of his 4-velocity and (iii) the components of the metric in the GPS frame. This provides this system with a unique value both for conceptual discussion (no frame dependence) and for practical use (involved quantities are directly measurable): localization, motion monitoring, astrometry, cosmography and tests of gravitation theories. We show explicitly, in the general relativistic context, how an observer may estimate his position and motion, and reconstruct the components of the metric. This arises from two main results: the extension of the velocity fields of the probes to the whole (curved) spacetime, and the identification of the components of the observer's velocity in the GPS frame with the (inversed) observed redshifts of the probes. Specific cases (non-relativistic velocities, Minkowski and Friedmann-Lemaitre spacetimes, geodesic motions) are studied in detail 4. Processing of resonance parameter covariance files International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The prudent use of resonance parameter covariance information requires the availability of a means of error propagation from the resonance parameters to the cross sections. This work presents an approach to obtaining these so-called resonance parameter sensitivities. The resonance parameter sensitivity methodology developed herein generally provides accurate results when compared to direct recalculations using existing and wellknown cross-section processing codes. However, it has been shown in several cases that self-shielded cross sections can be very nonlinear functions of the basic parameters. For this reason, caution must be used in any study which assumes that a linear relationship exists between a given self-shielded group cross section and its corresponding basic data parameters. The study also has pointed out the need for more approximate techniques which will allow the required sensitivity information to be obtained in a more cost-effective manner. This paper is a synopsis of major work that was completed nearly ten years ago. However, due to the lack of additional development in the field, it remains essentially the current state-of-the-art 5. Presencia de Hippidion y Equus (Amerhippus (Mammalia, Perissodactyla y su distribución en el Pleistoceno superior de Chile Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Frassinetti, D. 2000-12-01 Full Text Available Fossil remains belonging to Equidae fram Chilean localities are described and taxonomically determined. Equus (Amerhippus and Hippidion species are identified; its geographic distribution in Chile and relations with others South American Equidae are given; a Late Pleistocene age is regarded for them. Stratigraphic and paleoecological considerations are also included.Se describen y sitúan taxonómicamente los restos de équidos de las localidades chilenas. Se identifican distintas especies de Equus (Amerhippus e Hippidion, señalando su distribución geográfica y relaciones con otros équidos sudamericanos, además de referirlos al Pleistoceno superior. Se analiza su situación estratigráfica así como consideraciones de tipo paleoecológico. 6. Quantification of Covariance in Tropical Cyclone Activity across Teleconnected Basins Science.gov (United States) Tolwinski-Ward, S. E.; Wang, D. 2015-12-01 Rigorous statistical quantification of natural hazard covariance across regions has important implications for risk management, and is also of fundamental scientific interest. We present a multivariate Bayesian Poisson regression model for inferring the covariance in tropical cyclone (TC) counts across multiple ocean basins and across Saffir-Simpson intensity categories. Such covariability results from the influence of large-scale modes of climate variability on local environments that can alternately suppress or enhance TC genesis and intensification, and our model also simultaneously quantifies the covariance of TC counts with various climatic modes in order to deduce the source of inter-basin TC covariability. The model explicitly treats the time-dependent uncertainty in observed maximum sustained wind data, and hence the nominal intensity category of each TC. Differences in annual TC counts as measured by different agencies are also formally addressed. The probabilistic output of the model can be probed for probabilistic answers to such questions as: - Does the relationship between different categories of TCs differ statistically by basin? - Which climatic predictors have significant relationships with TC activity in each basin? - Are the relationships between counts in different basins conditionally independent given the climatic predictors, or are there other factors at play affecting inter-basin covariability? - How can a portfolio of insured property be optimized across space to minimize risk? Although we present results of our model applied to TCs, the framework is generalizable to covariance estimation between multivariate counts of natural hazards across regions and/or across peril types. 7. Action recognition from video using feature covariance matrices. Science.gov (United States) Guo, Kai; Ishwar, Prakash; Konrad, Janusz 2013-06-01 We propose a general framework for fast and accurate recognition of actions in video using empirical covariance matrices of features. A dense set of spatio-temporal feature vectors are computed from video to provide a localized description of the action, and subsequently aggregated in an empirical covariance matrix to compactly represent the action. Two supervised learning methods for action recognition are developed using feature covariance matrices. Common to both methods is the transformation of the classification problem in the closed convex cone of covariance matrices into an equivalent problem in the vector space of symmetric matrices via the matrix logarithm. The first method applies nearest-neighbor classification using a suitable Riemannian metric for covariance matrices. The second method approximates the logarithm of a query covariance matrix by a sparse linear combination of the logarithms of training covariance matrices. The action label is then determined from the sparse coefficients. Both methods achieve state-of-the-art classification performance on several datasets, and are robust to action variability, viewpoint changes, and low object resolution. The proposed framework is conceptually simple and has low storage and computational requirements making it attractive for real-time implementation. PMID:23508265 8. Taxonomic and thematic organisation of proper name conceptual knowledge. Science.gov (United States) Crutch, Sebastian J; Warrington, Elizabeth K 2011-01-01 We report the investigation of the organisation of proper names in two aphasic patients (NBC and FBI). The performance of both patients on spoken word to written word matching tasks was inconsistent, affected by presentation rate and semantic relatedness of the competing responses, all hallmarks of a refractory semantic access dysphasia. In a series of experiments we explored the semantic relatedness effects within their proper name vocabulary, including brand names and person names. First we demonstrated the interaction between very fine grain organisation and personal experience, with one patient with a special interest in the cinema demonstrating higher error rates when identifying the names of actors working in a similar film genre (e.g., action movies: Arnold Schwarzenegger, Bruce Willis, Sylvester Stallone, Mel Gibson) than those working in different genres (e.g., Arnold Schwarzenegger, Gregory Peck, Robin Williams, Gene Kelly). Second we compared directly two potential principles of semantic organisation - taxonomic and thematic. Furthermore we considered these principles of organisation in the context of the individuals' personal knowledge base. We selected topics matching the interests and experience of each patient, namely cinema and literature (NBC) and naval history (FBI). The stimulus items were arranged in taxonomic arrays (e.g., Jane Austen, Emily Bronte, Agatha Christie), thematic arrays (e.g., Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Mr Darcy), and unrelated arrays (e.g., Jane Austen, Wuthering Heights, Hercule Poirot). We documented that different patterns of taxonomic and thematic organisation were constrained by whether the individual has limited knowledge, moderate knowledge or detailed knowledge of a particular vocabulary. It is suggested that moderate proper name knowledge is primarily organised by taxonomy whereas extensive experience results in a more detailed knowledge base in which theme is a powerful organising principle. PMID:22063815 9. Covariant hyperbolization of force-free electrodynamics Science.gov (United States) Carrasco, F. L.; Reula, O. A. 2016-04-01 Force-free electrodynamics (FFE) is a nonlinear system of equations modeling the evolution of the electromagnetic field, in the presence of a magnetically dominated relativistic plasma. This configuration arises on several astrophysical scenarios which represent exciting laboratories to understand physics in extreme regimes. We show that this system, when restricted to the correct constraint submanifold, is symmetric hyperbolic. In numerical applications, it is not feasible to keep the system in that submanifold, and so it is necessary to analyze its structure first in the tangent space of that submanifold and then in a whole neighborhood of it. As has been shown [1], a direct (or naive) formulation of this system (in the whole tangent space) results in a weakly hyperbolic system of evolution equations for which well-posedness for the initial value formulation does not follow. Using the generalized symmetric hyperbolic formalism of Geroch [2], we introduce here a covariant hyperbolization for the FFE system. In fact, in analogy to the usual Maxwell case, a complete family of hyperbolizers is found, both for the restricted system on the constraint submanifold as well as for a suitably extended system defined in a whole neighborhood of it. A particular symmetrizer among the family is then used to write down the pertaining evolution equations, in a generic (3 +1 ) decomposition on a background spacetime. Interestingly, it turns out that for a particular choice of the lapse and shift functions of the foliation, our symmetrized system reduces to the one found in [1]. Finally, we analyze the characteristic structure of the resulting evolution system. 10. Covariance evaluation for actinide nuclear data in JENDL-4 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Full text: The JENDL-4.0 was released in March 2010. It provides neutron nuclear data for 79 actinides from Ac to Fm. All of the actinides include covariance data. The covariance data were evaluated for reaction cross sections, resonance parameters, angular distributions of elastic scattering, average number of neutrons per fission, and prompt fission neutron spectra. They were deduced basically based on the consistent methodologies with the nuclear data evaluations. Statistical processing of experimental data sometimes gives unacceptably small uncertainty compared with experimental data. They may arise from ignoring unknown errors and correlation of experimental data and also from the modeling errors. The covariance data obtained from statistical estimation using the least-squares method were sometimes modified to be reasonable taking account of consistency with dispersion of experimental data, which may reflect the uncertainties of the data. For the fast neutron fission cross sections of 6 major actinides of 233,235,238U and 239,240,241Pu were evaluated simultaneously using both cross section and their ratio data with the least- squares fitting code SOK. It gave the covariance matrices that have cross correlations between different nuclei included in the analyses. For the minor actinide, the least-squares fitting code GMA was used for fission cross section evaluation for fast neutrons. The covariance data were obtained from the calculations at the same time. For other reaction cross sections, covariance matrices were evaluated using CCONE-KALMAN code system. Sensitivities to model parameters were calculated by CCONE code and used to estimate covariance matrices of the parameters with KALMAN code. Covariance matrices for other data such as resonance parameters and average numbers of fission neutrons were also evaluated based on experimental data. The evaluated covariance data were compiled to the ENDF-6 format files and included in JENDL-4. 11. Partial migration in fishes: definitions, methodologies and taxonomic distribution DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Chapman, B B; Skov, C; Hulthén, K; 2012-01-01 published. In addition, previous work and synthesis has been hampered by a varied lexicon associated with this phenomenon in fishes. In this review, definitions and important concepts in partial migration research are discussed, and a classification system of the different forms of partial migration in...... fishes introduced. Next, a detailed taxonomic overview of partial migration in this group is considered. Finally, methodological approaches that ichthyologists can use to study this fascinating phenomenon are reviewed. Partial migration is more widespread amongst fishes than previously thought, and given... 12. Taxonomic diversity and distinctness indices in assessment of weed communities OpenAIRE Magdalena Jastrzębska; Maria Wanic; Wiesław P. Jastrzębski; Marta K. Kostrzewska 2012-01-01 This paper contains an analysis of taxonomic weed biodiversity in the cultivation of spring barley in the period of 1990-2004, grown in crop rotation after potato with a 25% share of this cereal (potato - spring barley - field pea - winter triticale) as well as in crop rotation with its 75% share (potato - spring barley - spring barley - spring barley) in which barley was grown once and twice after the same barley crop. No weed control was used in the present experiment. Every year in the spr... 13. Taxonomic resolution, ecotypes and the biogeography of Prochlorococcus OpenAIRE Martiny, AC; Tai, APK; D. Veneziano; F. Primeau; Chisholm, SW 2008-01-01 Summary In order to expand our understanding of the diversity and biogeography of Prochlorococcus ribotypes, we PCR-amplified, cloned and sequenced the 16S/23S rRNA ITS region from sites in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Ninety-three per cent of the ITS sequences could be assigned to existing Prochlorococcus clades, although many novel subclades were detected. We assigned the sequences to operational taxonomic units using a graduated scale of sequence identity from 80% to 99.5% and correlat... 14. Covariate-adjusted measures of discrimination for survival data DEFF Research Database (Denmark) White, Ian R; Rapsomaniki, Eleni; Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth 2015-01-01 statistics in censored survival data. OBJECTIVE: To develop extensions of the C-index and D-index that describe the prognostic ability of a model adjusted for one or more covariate(s). METHOD: We define a covariate-adjusted C-index and D-index for censored survival data, propose several estimators......, and investigate their performance in simulation studies and in data from a large individual participant data meta-analysis, the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. RESULTS: The proposed methods perform well in simulations. In the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration data, the age-adjusted C-index and D-index were... 15. Bayes linear covariance matrix adjustment for multivariate dynamic linear models CERN Document Server Wilkinson, Darren J 2008-01-01 A methodology is developed for the adjustment of the covariance matrices underlying a multivariate constant time series dynamic linear model. The covariance matrices are embedded in a distribution-free inner-product space of matrix objects which facilitates such adjustment. This approach helps to make the analysis simple, tractable and robust. To illustrate the methods, a simple model is developed for a time series representing sales of certain brands of a product from a cash-and-carry depot. The covariance structure underlying the model is revised, and the benefits of this revision on first order inferences are then examined. 16. Covariance matrices and applications to the field of nuclear data International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A student's introduction to covariance error analysis and least-squares evaluation of data is provided. It is shown that the basic formulas used in error propagation can be derived from a consideration of the geometry of curvilinear coordinates. Procedures for deriving covariances for scaler and vector functions of several variables are presented. Proper methods for reporting experimental errors and for deriving covariance matrices from these errors are indicated. The generalized least-squares method for evaluating experimental data is described. Finally, the use of least-squares techniques in data fitting applications is discussed. Specific examples of the various procedures are presented to clarify the concepts 17. Condensed matter many-body theory in relativistic covariant form OpenAIRE Olevano, Valerio; Ladisa, Massimo 2010-01-01 We present a relativistic covariant form of many-body theory. The many-body covariant Lagrangian is derived from QED by integrating out the internal non-quantized electromagnetic field. The ordinary many-body Hamiltonian is recovered as an approximation to the exact covariant theory that contains many-body terms beyond the solely electrostatic interaction, e.g. the Lorentz force among electrons, spin-spin etc. Spin and relativistic terms, e.g. spin-orbit, are also automatically accounted. Mor... 18. Covariance analysis for Energy Density Functionals and instabilities CERN Document Server Roca-Maza, X; Colò, G 2014-01-01 We present the covariance analysis of two successful nuclear energy density functionals, (i) a non-relativistic Skyrme functional built from a zero-range effective interaction, and (ii) a relativistic nuclear energy density functional based on density dependent meson-nucleon couplings. Such a study is crucial for assessing the information content of an observable when predicted by a given model. The covariance analysis is a useful tool for understanding the limitations of a model, the correlations between observables and the statistical errors. We also provide a brief review, partly connected with the covariance analysis, of some instabilities displayed by several energy density functionals of current use in nuclear physics. 19. Newton law in covariant unimodular$F(R)$gravity OpenAIRE Nojiri, S.; Odintsov, S.D.(Institut de Ciencies de lEspai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, 08193, Spain); Oikonomou, V. K. 2016-01-01 We propose a covariant ghost-free unimodular$F(R)$gravity theory, which contains a three-form field and study its structure using the analogy of the proposed theory with a quantum system which describes a charged particle in uniform magnetic field. Newton's law in non-covariant unimodular$F(R)$gravity as well as in unimodular Einstein gravity is derived and it is shown to be just the same as in General Relativity. The derivation of Newton's law in covariant unimodular$F(R)$gravity shows... 20. Covariance matrices and applications to the field of nuclear data Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Smith, D.L. 1981-11-01 A student's introduction to covariance error analysis and least-squares evaluation of data is provided. It is shown that the basic formulas used in error propagation can be derived from a consideration of the geometry of curvilinear coordinates. Procedures for deriving covariances for scaler and vector functions of several variables are presented. Proper methods for reporting experimental errors and for deriving covariance matrices from these errors are indicated. The generalized least-squares method for evaluating experimental data is described. Finally, the use of least-squares techniques in data fitting applications is discussed. Specific examples of the various procedures are presented to clarify the concepts. 1. Marine Biodiversity in Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands, Chile: Global Endemism Hotspots Science.gov (United States) Friedlander, Alan M.; Ballesteros, Enric; Caselle, Jennifer E.; Gaymer, Carlos F.; Palma, Alvaro T.; Petit, Ignacio; Varas, Eduardo; Muñoz Wilson, Alex; Sala, Enric 2016-01-01 The Juan Fernández and Desventuradas islands are among the few oceanic islands belonging to Chile. They possess a unique mix of tropical, subtropical, and temperate marine species, and although close to continental South America, elements of the biota have greater affinities with the central and south Pacific owing to the Humboldt Current, which creates a strong biogeographic barrier between these islands and the continent. The Juan Fernández Archipelago has ~700 people, with the major industry being the fishery for the endemic lobster, Jasus frontalis. The Desventuradas Islands are uninhabited except for a small Chilean military garrison on San Félix Island. We compared the marine biodiversity of these islands across multiple taxonomic groups. At San Ambrosio Island (SA), in Desventuradas, the laminarian kelp (Eisenia cokeri), which is limited to Desventuradas in Chile, accounted for >50% of the benthic cover at wave exposed areas, while more sheltered sites were dominated by sea urchin barrens. The benthos at Robinson Crusoe Island (RC), in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, comprised a diverse mix of macroalgae and invertebrates, a number of which are endemic to the region. The biomass of commercially targeted fishes was >2 times higher in remote sites around RC compared to sheltered locations closest to port, and overall biomass was 35% higher around SA compared to RC, likely reflecting fishing effects around RC. The number of endemic fish species was extremely high at both islands, with 87.5% of the species surveyed at RC and 72% at SA consisting of regional endemics. Remarkably, endemics accounted for 99% of the numerical abundance of fishes surveyed at RC and 96% at SA, which is the highest assemblage-level endemism known for any individual marine ecosystem on earth. Our results highlight the uniqueness and global significance of these biodiversity hotspots exposed to very different fishing pressures. PMID:26734732 2. The Mass Media and Political Socialization: Chile, 1970-2000 Science.gov (United States) Walter, Amy R. 2005-01-01 This project seeks to determine the effect of the mass media on political attitudes and behaviors in Chile between the years 1970 and 2000. The relationship between the media and "political socialization" is just now gaining recognition in scholarly research, and Chile offers an excellent case study. This paper traces these two variables during… 3. Chile - Institutional Design for an Effective Education Quality Assurance OpenAIRE World Bank 2007-01-01 The main objective of this report is to present the Government of Chile with policy options related to the institutional distribution of roles and responsibilities for effective quality assurance in education. Following the introduction, the report is structured as follows. Chapter II presents background information on the evolution of Chile's education system since 1980. This information,... 4. Chile: Una Vision Politica, Economica y Social (Chile: A Political, Economic, and Social View). Science.gov (United States) Cortes-Hwang, Adriana 1972-01-01 This address seeks to explain in brief the historical background and political, economic, and social conditions leading to the democratic election of a Marxist president in Chile. A historical sketch of Chilean government from independence in 1810 is provided with a description of the situation just before Salvador Allende's election in 1969. Some… 5. Genetic divergence analysis of the Common Barn Owl Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769) and the Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan, 1763) from southern Chile using COI sequence Science.gov (United States) Colihueque, Nelson; Gantz, Alberto; Rau, Jaime Ricardo; Parraguez, Margarita 2015-01-01 Abstract In this paper new mitochondrial COI sequences of Common Barn Owl Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769) and Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan, 1763) from southern Chile are reported and compared with sequences from other parts of the World. The intraspecific genetic divergence (mean p-distance) was 4.6 to 5.5% for the Common Barn Owl in comparison with specimens from northern Europe and Australasia and 3.1% for the Short-eared Owl with respect to samples from north America, northern Europe and northern Asia. Phylogenetic analyses revealed three distinctive groups for the Common Barn Owl: (i) South America (Chile and Argentina) plus Central and North America, (ii) northern Europe and (iii) Australasia, and two distinctive groups for the Short-eared Owl: (i) South America (Chile and Argentina) and (ii) north America plus northern Europe and northern Asia. The level of genetic divergence observed in both species exceeds the upper limit of intraspecific comparisons reported previously for Strigiformes. Therefore, this suggests that further research is needed to assess the taxonomic status, particularly for the Chilean populations that, to date, have been identified as belonging to these species through traditional taxonomy. PMID:26668551 6. China and Chile Are to Be Free-Trade Partners Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 2005-01-01 @@ In line with the words "We hope that Chile's Next Partner is China", Chile is believed to choose China as the new negotiation party of Free Trade Agreements after signing respectively free trade agreements with Canada, the United States, EU and ROK. On January 24, Chile's trade delegation composed of 20 members led by Kaiross Feirch, the Head of economy general department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs paid the first visit to China to launch first five-day round of mutual trade negotiation.Kaiross Feirch, the Head of economy general department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile and Barbirlo Kafuleirla, Chile's Ambassador to China received special visit of reporters about this round. 7. Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Physodactylinae (Coleoptera, Elateridae Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Simone Policena Rosa 2014-01-01 Full Text Available A phylogeny based on male morphological characters and taxonomic revision of the Physodactylinae genera are presented. The phylogenetic analysis based on 66 male characters resulted in the polyphyly of Physodactylinae which comprises four independent lineages. Oligostethius and Idiotropia from Africa were found to be sister groups. Teslasena from Brazil was corroborated as belonging to Cardiophorinae clade. The South American genera Physodactylus and Dactylophysus were found to be sister groups and phylogenetically related to Heterocrepidius species. The Oriental Toxognathus resulted as sister group of that clade plus (Dicrepidius ramicornis (Lissomus sp, Physorhynus erythrocephalus. Taxonomic revisions include diagnoses and redescriptions of genera and distributional records and illustrations of species. Key to species of Teslasena, Toxognathus, Dactylophysus and Physodactylus are also provided. Teslasena lucasi is synonymized with T. femoralis. A new species of Dactylophysus is described, D. hirtus sp. nov., and lectotypes are designated to non-conspecific D. mendax sensu Fleutiaux and Heterocrepidius mendax Candèze. Physodactylus niger is removed from synonymy under P. oberthuri; P. carreti is synonymized with P. niger; P. obesus and P. testaceus are synonymized with P. sulcatus. Nine new species are described in Physodactylus: P. asper sp. nov., P. brunneus sp. nov., P. chassaini sp. nov., P. flavifrons sp. nov., P. girardi sp. nov., P. gounellei sp. nov., P. latithorax sp. nov., P. patens sp. nov. and P. tuberculatus sp. nov. 8. The taxonomic status of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806). Science.gov (United States) Nava, Santiago; Estrada-Peña, Agustín; Petney, Trevor; Beati, Lorenza; Labruna, Marcelo B; Szabó, Matias P J; Venzal, José M; Mastropaolo, Mariano; Mangold, Atilio J; Guglielmone, Alberto A 2015-02-28 The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto, is a species with considerable public health and economic importance. However, the taxonomic status of this species is far from resolved. After more than 110 years of scientific work on R. sanguineus s.s., the situation is that there is no type, no solid description, nor is there a consensus about the range of morphological variability within the species. Recent findings based on laboratory crosses and molecular genetics strongly suggest that there are several entities grouped under the same name. Here we review the history of the taxon, and we point out the caveats behind any further work on this tick. The current taxonomic status of R. sanguineus s.s. thus lacks an informative original description, and is based on the existence of several morphological descriptions based on ticks originating from different populations, which show, in some cases, biological incompatibility and significant genetic divergence. We suggests that as a result it is not possible to assign the specific name R. sanguineus s.s. to any population. Further work is required based on the rules issued by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to clearly define the morphological range of the different populations. PMID:25560924 9. Nonlinear wave equations, covariant exterior derivative, Painleve test, and integrability International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A class of nonlinear wave equations is derived which can be written as the vanishing of a covariant exterior derivative. The Painleve test is performed and the connection with integrability is discussed 10. The critical dimensions of parastrings from the covariant formalism International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The critical dimensions of first-quantized parastrings by the covariant method is presented. An apparent disagreement with previous light-cone results of Mansouri and coworkers was found. A possible interpretation of the discrepancy is offered. 11 refs 11. Empirical State Error Covariance Matrix for Batch Estimation Science.gov (United States) Frisbee, Joe 2015-01-01 State estimation techniques effectively provide mean state estimates. However, the theoretical state error covariance matrices provided as part of these techniques often suffer from a lack of confidence in their ability to describe the uncertainty in the estimated states. By a reinterpretation of the equations involved in the weighted batch least squares algorithm, it is possible to directly arrive at an empirical state error covariance matrix. The proposed empirical state error covariance matrix will contain the effect of all error sources, known or not. This empirical error covariance matrix may be calculated as a side computation for each unique batch solution. Results based on the proposed technique will be presented for a simple, two observer and measurement error only problem. 12. Covariance fitting of highly correlated$B_K$data CERN Document Server Yoon, Boram; Jung, Chulwoo; Lee, Weonjong 2011-01-01 We present the reason why we use the diagonal approximation (uncorrelated fitting) when we perform the data analysis of highly correlated$B_K$data on the basis of the SU(2) staggered chiral perturbation theory. Basically, the essence of the problem is that we do not have enough statistics to determine the small eigenvalues of the covariance matrix with a high precision. As a result, we have the smallest eigenvalue, which is smaller than the statistical error of the covariance matrix, corresponding to an unphysical eigenmode. We have applied a number of prescriptions available in the market such as the cutoff method and modified covariance matrix method. It turns out that the cutoff method is not a good prescription and the modified covariance matrix method is an even worse one. The diagonal approximation turns out to be a good prescription if the data points are somehow correlated and the statistics are relatively poor. 13. Trouble shooting for covariance fitting in highly correlated data CERN Document Server Yoon, Boram; Lee, Weonjong; Jung, Chulwoo 2011-01-01 We report a possible solution to the trouble that the covariance fitting fails when the data is highly correlated and the covariance matrix has small eigenvalues. As an example, we choose the data analysis of highly correlated$B_K$data on the basis of the SU(2) staggered chiral perturbation theory. Basically, the essence of the problem is that we do not have an accurate fitting function so that we cannot fit the highly correlated and precise data. When some eigenvalues of the covariance matrix are small, even a tiny error of fitting function can produce large chi-square and spoil the fitting procedure. We have applied a number of prescriptions available in the market such as diagonal approximation and cutoff method. In addition, we present a new method, the eigenmode shift method which fine-tunes the fitting function while keeping the covariance matrix untouched. 14. Coherent states and covariant semi-spectral measures International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The close connection between Mackey's theory of imprimitivity systems and the so called generalized coherent states introduced by Perelomov is established. Coherent states give a covariant description of the ''localization'' of a quantum system in the phase space in a similar way as the imprimitivity systems give a covariant description of the localization of a quantum system in the configuration space. The observation that for any system of coherent states one can define a covariant semi-spectral measure made possible a rigurous formulation of this idea. A generalization of the notion of coherent states is given. Covariant semi-spectral measures associated with systems of coherent states are defined and characterized. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a unitary representation of a Lie group to be i) a subrepresentation of an induced one and ii) a representation with coherent states are given (author) 15. Covariance Matrix Evaluations for Independent Mass Fission Yields Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Terranova, N., E-mail: nicholas.terranova@unibo.it [Industrial Engineering Department (DIN), University of Bologna (Italy); Serot, O.; Archier, P.; De Saint Jean, C. [CEA, DEN, DER/SPRC, Cadarache, F-13108 Saint Paul lez Durance (France); Sumini, M. [Industrial Engineering Department (DIN), University of Bologna (Italy) 2015-01-15 Recent needs for more accurate fission product yields include covariance information to allow improved uncertainty estimations of the parameters used by design codes. The aim of this work is to investigate the possibility to generate more reliable and complete uncertainty information on independent mass fission yields. Mass yields covariances are estimated through a convolution between the multi-Gaussian empirical model based on Brosa's fission modes, which describe the pre-neutron mass yields, and the average prompt neutron multiplicity curve. The covariance generation task has been approached using the Bayesian generalized least squared method through the CONRAD code. Preliminary results on mass yields variance-covariance matrix will be presented and discussed from physical grounds in the case of {sup 235}U(n{sub th}, f) and {sup 239}Pu(n{sub th}, f) reactions. 16. Electron localization functions and local measures of the covariance Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Paul W Ayers 2005-09-01 The electron localization measure proposed by Becke and Edgecombe is shown to be related to the covariance of the electron pair distribution. Just as with the electron localization function, the local covariance does not seem to be, in and of itself, a useful quantity for elucidating shell structure. A function of the local covariance, however, is useful for this purpose. A different function, based on the hyperbolic tangent, is proposed to elucidate the shell structure encapsulated by the local covariance; this function also seems to work better for the electron localization measure of Becke and Edgecombe. In addition, we propose a different measure for the electron localization that incorporates both the electron localization measure of Becke and Edgecombe and the Laplacian of the electron density; preliminary indications are that this measure is especially good at elucidating the shell structure in valence regions. Methods for evaluating electron localization functions directly from the electron density, without recourse to the Kohn-Sham orbitals, are discussed. 17. Progress of Covariance Evaluation at the China Nuclear Data Center International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Covariance evaluations at the China Nuclear Data Center focus on the cross sections of structural materials and actinides in the fast neutron energy range. In addition to the well-known Least-squares approach, a method based on the analysis of the sources of experimental uncertainties is especially introduced to generate a covariance matrix for a particular reaction for which multiple measurements are available. The scheme of the covariance evaluation flow is presented, and an example of n+90Zr is given to illuminate the whole procedure. It is proven that the accuracy of measurements can be properly incorporated into the covariance and the long-standing small uncertainty problem can be avoided 18. Covariances from light-element r-martix analyses Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hale, Gerald [Los Alamos National Laboratory 2008-01-01 We review the method for obtaining covariance information for light-element reactions using R-matrix theory. The general LANL R-matrix analysis code EDA provides accurate covariances for the resonance parameters at a solution due to the search algorithm it uses to find a local minimum of the chi-square surface. This information is used, together with analytically calculated sensitivity derivatives, in the first-order error propagation equation to obtain cross-section covariances for all reactions included in the analysis. Examples are given of the covariances obtained from the EDA analyses for n-p scattering and for the n+{sup 6}Li reactions used in the latest light-element standard cross section evaluation. Also discussed is a method of defining 'pure theory' correlations that could be useful for extensions to higher energies and heavier systems. 19. Chile's pension reform after twenty years OpenAIRE Acuna R., Rodrigo; Iglesias P., Augusto 2001-01-01 The aim of this paper is to describe the 1980 Chilean pension reform and to present its main results and economic impact. It is mainly descriptive; however we have tried to emphasize the lessons that may be learned and that may be of interest to other countries in different circumstances. In particular, we focus on potential areas for regulatory improvements. In Section II, a brief description of the AFP system and its place within Chile's social security system is presented. Also, the main c... 20. Chile Successfully Halts Rise in Childhood Obesity International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity in Latin America has become a cause for concern. The IAEA has worked closely with the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA) at the University of Chile since 1997 to address the problem of malnutrition in the country. In Santiago, the Laboratory of Energy Metabolism and Stable Isotopes was established in 1998 with the help of the IAEA to provide an isotope ratio mass spectrometer and training in the use of stable isotope techniques to assess body composition, infant feeding practices and total daily energy expenditure 1. Los Maestros en Chile: Carreras e Incentivos OpenAIRE Alejandra Mizala; Pablo González; Pilar Romaguera; Andrea Guzmán 2000-01-01 La reforma educacional que Chile está implementando requiere para su éxito que los maestros se pongan a la cabeza de la reforma, y para ello es necesario fortalecer la profesión docente y la carrera de pedagogía. Diseñar políticas efectivas hacia los maestros supone estudiar las características socioeconómicas y motivacionales de éstos, así como los incentivos y factores institucionales que determinan la composición del cuerpo docente y que influencian su desempeño profesional. Esto es lo que... 2. Financiamiento de la vivienda en Chile OpenAIRE Morandé, Felipe G.; Garcia, Carlos 2004-01-01 El financiamiento a la vivienda en Chile ha alcanzado en los últimos 20 años un grado de desarrollo muy importante. Para esto ha sido fundamental: a) la eliminación del efecto de la inflación sobre el valor de las deudas de largo plazo, primero, mediante el desarrollo de una unidad de cuenta indexada a la inflación creíble y transparente (la UF), y posteriormente, con el abatimiento de la inflación como fenómeno macroeconómico; b) la reforma provisional de comienzos de los años 80, que fue cl... 3. Improving Covariate Balance in 2^K Factorial Designs via Rerandomization OpenAIRE Branson, Zach; Dasgupta, Tirthankar; Donald B. Rubin 2015-01-01 Factorial designs are widely used in agriculture, engineering, and the social sciences to study the causal effects of several factors simultaneously on a response. The objective of such a design is to estimate all factorial effects of interest, which typically include main effects and interactions among factors. To estimate factorial effects with high precision when a large number of pre-treatment covariates are present, balance among covariates across treatment groups should be ensured. We p... 4. Are the invariance principles really truly Lorentz covariant? International Nuclear Information System (INIS) It is shown that some sections of the invariance (or symmetry) principles such as the space reversal symmetry (or parity P) and time reversal symmetry T (of elementary particle and condensed matter physics, etc.) are not really truly Lorentz covariant. Indeed, I find that the Dirac-Wigner sense of Lorentz invariance is not in full compliance with the Einstein-Minkowski reguirements of the Lorentz covariance of all physical laws (i.e., the world space Mach principle) 5. Information and measurement in generally covariant quantum theory OpenAIRE Olson, S. Jay; Dowling, Jonathan P. 2007-01-01 Due to the absence of an external, classical time variable, the probabilistic predictions of covariant quantum theory are ambiguous when multiple measurements are considered. Here, we introduce an information theoretic framework to the covariant formalism, and use it to interpret the measurement process. We find that the time ordering of measurements emerges as an entropy relationship in the state of the observers, giving unique probabilities for multiple measurements. This approach suggests ... 6. Bayesian parsimonious covariance estimation for hierarchical linear mixed models OpenAIRE Frühwirth-Schnatter, Sylvia; Tüchler, Regina 2004-01-01 We considered a non-centered parameterization of the standard random-effects model, which is based on the Cholesky decomposition of the variance-covariance matrix. The regression type structure of the non-centered parameterization allows to choose a simple, conditionally conjugate normal prior on the Cholesky factor. Based on the non-centered parameterization, we search for a parsimonious variance-covariance matrix by identifying the non-zero elements of the Cholesky factors using Bayesian va... 7. Dynamic conditional correlation models for realized covariance matrices OpenAIRE Bauwens, Luc; Storti, Giuseppe; Violante, Francesco 2012-01-01 New dynamic models for realized covariance matrices are proposed. The expected value of the realized covariance matrix is specified in two steps: one for each realized variance, and one for the realized correlation matrix. The realized correlation model is a scalar dynamic conditional correlation model. Estimation can be done in two steps as well, and a QML interpretation is given to each step, by assuming a Wishart conditional distribution. The model is applicable to large matrices since est... 8. Covariance matrices for track fitting with the Kalman filter International Nuclear Information System (INIS) We present a simple and intuitive derivation of the track parameter covariance matrix due to multiple Coulomb scattering for use in track fitting with the Kalman filter. We derive all the covariance matrix elements for two experimentally relevant track parameterizations (i.e. x and y slopes and intercepts, and direction cosines and intercepts) in the presence of thin scatterers and absence of magnetic fields. We further comment on how to account for thick and/or continuous scattering centers. (orig.) 9. Semiparametric estimation of covariance matrices for longitudinal data OpenAIRE Fan, Jianqing; Wu, Yichao 2008-01-01 Estimation of longitudinal data covariance structure poses significant challenges because the data are usually collected at irregular time points. A viable semiparametric model for covariance matrices was proposed in Fan, Huang and Li (2007) that allows one to estimate the variance function nonparametrically and to estimate the correlation function parametrically via aggregating information from irregular and sparse data points within each subject. However, the asymptotic properties of their ... 10. Covariance estimation for multivariate conditionally Gaussian dynamic linear models OpenAIRE 2008-01-01 In multivariate time series, the estimation of the covariance matrix of the observation innovations plays an important role in forecasting as it enables the computation of the standardized forecast error vectors as well as it enables the computation of confidence bounds of the forecasts. We develop an on-line, non-iterative Bayesian algorithm for estimation and forecasting. It is empirically found that, for a range of simulated time series, the proposed covariance estimator has good performan... 11. Correlation Curves: Measures of Association as Functions of Covariate Values OpenAIRE 1993-01-01 For experiments where the strength of association between a response variable$Y$and a covariate$X$is different over different regions of values for the covariate$X$, we propose local nonparametric dependence functions which measure the strength of association between$Y$and$X$as a function of$X = x$. Our dependence functions are extensions of Galton's idea of strength of co-relation from the bivariate normal case to the nonparametric case. In particular, a dependence function is obta... 12. First-order methods for sparse covariance selection OpenAIRE d'Aspremont, Alexandre; Banerjee, Onureena; Ghaoui, Laurent El 2006-01-01 Given a sample covariance matrix, we solve a maximum likelihood problem penalized by the number of nonzero coefficients in the inverse covariance matrix. Our objective is to find a sparse representation of the sample data and to highlight conditional independence relationships between the sample variables. We first formulate a convex relaxation of this combinatorial problem, we then detail two efficient first-order algorithms with low memory requirements to solve large-scale, dense problem in... 13. Imaging structural co-variance between human brain regions OpenAIRE Alexander-Bloch, Aaron; Giedd, Jay N.; Bullmore, Ed 2013-01-01 Brain structure varies between people in a markedly organized fashion. Communities of brain regions co-vary in their morphological properties. For example, cortical thickness in one region influences the thickness of structurally and functionally connected regions. Such networks of structural co-variance partially recapitulate the functional networks of healthy individuals and the foci of grey matter loss in neurodegenerative disease. This architecture is genetically heritable, is associated ... 14. 75 FR 10846 - The Chile Fund, Inc., et al.; Notice of Application Science.gov (United States) 2010-03-09 ... COMMISSION The Chile Fund, Inc., et al.; Notice of Application March 2, 2010. AGENCY: Securities and Exchange.... Applicants: The Chile Fund, Inc. (Chile Fund''), Aberdeen Australia Equity Fund (Australia Fund,'' together with the Chile Fund, the Current Funds''), Aberdeen Asset Management Asia Limited... 15. Covariance fitting of highly-correlated data in lattice QCD Science.gov (United States) Yoon, Boram; Jang, Yong-Chull; Jung, Chulwoo; Lee, Weonjong 2013-07-01 We address a frequently-asked question on the covariance fitting of highly-correlated data such as our B K data based on the SU(2) staggered chiral perturbation theory. Basically, the essence of the problem is that we do not have a fitting function accurate enough to fit extremely precise data. When eigenvalues of the covariance matrix are small, even a tiny error in the fitting function yields a large chi-square value and spoils the fitting procedure. We have applied a number of prescriptions available in the market, such as the cut-off method, modified covariance matrix method, and Bayesian method. We also propose a brand new method, the eigenmode shift (ES) method, which allows a full covariance fitting without modifying the covariance matrix at all. We provide a pedagogical example of data analysis in which the cut-off method manifestly fails in fitting, but the rest work well. In our case of the B K fitting, the diagonal approximation, the cut-off method, the ES method, and the Bayesian method work reasonably well in an engineering sense. However, interpreting the meaning of χ 2 is easier in the case of the ES method and the Bayesian method in a theoretical sense aesthetically. Hence, the ES method can be a useful alternative optional tool to check the systematic error caused by the covariance fitting procedure. 16. Perturbative approach to covariance matrix of the matter power spectrum CERN Document Server Mohammed, Irshad; Vlah, Zvonimir 2016-01-01 We evaluate the covariance matrix of the matter power spectrum using perturbation theory up to dominant terms at 1-loop order and compare it to numerical simulations. We decompose the covariance matrix into the disconnected (Gaussian) part, trispectrum from the modes outside the survey (beat coupling or super-sample variance), and trispectrum from the modes inside the survey, and show how the different components contribute to the overall covariance matrix. We find the agreement with the simulations is at a 10\\% level up to$k \\sim 1 h {\\rm Mpc^{-1}}$. We show that all the connected components are dominated by the large-scale modes ($k<0.1 h {\\rm Mpc^{-1}}$), regardless of the value of the wavevectors$k,\\, k'$of the covariance matrix, suggesting that one must be careful in applying the jackknife or bootstrap methods to the covariance matrix. We perform an eigenmode decomposition of the connected part of the covariance matrix, showing that at higher$k$it is dominated by a single eigenmode. The full cova... 17. New capabilities for processing covariance data in resonance region International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The AMPX [1] code system is a modular system of FORTRAN computer programs that relate to nuclear analysis with a primary emphasis on tasks associated with the production and use of multi group and continuous energy cross sections. The module PUFF-III within this code system handles the creation of multi group covariance data from ENDF information. The resulting covariances are saved in COVERX format [2]. We recently expanded the capabilities of PUFF-III to include full handling of covariance data in the resonance region (resolved as well as unresolved). The new program handles all resonance covariance formats in File 32 except for the long-range covariance sub sections. The new program has been named PUFF-IV. To our knowledge, PUFF-IV is the first processing code that can address both the new ENDF format for resolved resonance parameters and the new ENDF 'compact' covariance format. The existing code base was rewritten in Fortran 90 to allow for a more modular design. Results are identical between the new and old versions within rounding errors, where applicable. Automatic test cases have been added to ensure that consistent results are generated across computer systems. (authors) 18. Gaussian covariance matrices for anisotropic galaxy clustering measurements Science.gov (United States) Grieb, Jan Niklas; Sánchez, Ariel G.; Salazar-Albornoz, Salvador; Dalla Vecchia, Claudio 2016-04-01 Measurements of the redshift-space galaxy clustering have been a prolific source of cosmological information in recent years. Accurate covariance estimates are an essential step for the validation of galaxy clustering models of the redshift-space two-point statistics. Usually, only a limited set of accurate N-body simulations is available. Thus, assessing the data covariance is not possible or only leads to a noisy estimate. Further, relying on simulated realizations of the survey data means that tests of the cosmology dependence of the covariance are expensive. With these points in mind, this work presents a simple theoretical model for the linear covariance of anisotropic galaxy clustering observations with synthetic catalogues. Considering the Legendre moments (multipoles') of the two-point statistics and projections into wide bins of the line-of-sight parameter (clustering wedges'), we describe the modelling of the covariance for these anisotropic clustering measurements for galaxy samples with a trivial geometry in the case of a Gaussian approximation of the clustering likelihood. As main result of this paper, we give the explicit formulae for Fourier and configuration space covariance matrices. To validate our model, we create synthetic halo occupation distribution galaxy catalogues by populating the haloes of an ensemble of large-volume N-body simulations. Using linear and non-linear input power spectra, we find very good agreement between the model predictions and the measurements on the synthetic catalogues in the quasi-linear regime. 19. Updated Covariance Processing Capabilities in the AMPX Code System International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A concerted effort is in progress within the nuclear data community to provide new cross-section covariance data evaluations to support sensitivity/uncertainty analyses of fissionable systems. The objective of this work is to update processing capabilities of the AMPX library to process the latest Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF)/B formats to generate covariance data libraries for radiation transport software such as SCALE. The module PUFF-IV was updated to allow processing of new ENDF covariance formats in the resolved resonance region. In the resolved resonance region, covariance matrices are given in terms of resonance parameters, which need to be processed into covariance matrices with respect to the group-averaged cross-section data. The parameter covariance matrix can be quite large if the evaluation has many resonances. The PUFF-IV code has recently been used to process an evaluation of 235U, which was prepared in collaboration between Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory. 20. Local covariant quantum field theory over spectral geometries International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A framework which combines ideas from Connes' noncommutative geometry, or spectral geometry, with recent ideas on generally covariant quantum field theory, is proposed in the present work. A certain type of spectral geometries modelling (possibly noncommutative) globally hyperbolic spacetimes is introduced in terms of the so-called globally hyperbolic spectral triples. The concept is further generalized to a category of globally hyperbolic spectral geometries whose morphisms describe the generalization of isometric embeddings. Then a local generally covariant quantum field theory is introduced as a covariant functor between such a category of globally hyperbolic spectral geometries and the category of involutive algebras (or *-algebras). Thus, a local covariant quantum field theory over spectral geometries assigns quantum fields not just to a single noncommutative geometry (or noncommutative spacetime), but simultaneously to 'all' spectral geometries, while respecting the covariance principle demanding that quantum field theories over isomorphic spectral geometries should also be isomorphic. It is suggested that in a quantum theory of gravity a particular class of globally hyperbolic spectral geometries is selected through a dynamical coupling of geometry and matter compatible with the covariance principle 1. The Performance Analysis Based on SAR Sample Covariance Matrix Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Esra Erten 2012-03-01 Full Text Available Multi-channel systems appear in several fields of application in science. In the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR context, multi-channel systems may refer to different domains, as multi-polarization, multi-interferometric or multi-temporal data, or even a combination of them. Due to the inherent speckle phenomenon present in SAR images, the statistical description of the data is almost mandatory for its utilization. The complex images acquired over natural media present in general zero-mean circular Gaussian characteristics. In this case, second order statistics as the multi-channel covariance matrix fully describe the data. For practical situations however, the covariance matrix has to be estimated using a limited number of samples, and this sample covariance matrix follow the complex Wishart distribution. In this context, the eigendecomposition of the multi-channel covariance matrix has been shown in different areas of high relevance regarding the physical properties of the imaged scene. Specifically, the maximum eigenvalue of the covariance matrix has been frequently used in different applications as target or change detection, estimation of the dominant scattering mechanism in polarimetric data, moving target indication, etc. In this paper, the statistical behavior of the maximum eigenvalue derived from the eigendecomposition of the sample multi-channel covariance matrix in terms of multi-channel SAR images is simplified for SAR community. Validation is performed against simulated data and examples of estimation and detection problems using the analytical expressions are as well given. 2. Integrating and visualising primary data from prospective and legacy taxonomic literature. OpenAIRE Jeremy Miller; Donat Agosti; Lyubomir Penev; Guido Sautter; Teodor Georgiev; Terry Catapano; David Patterson; David King; Serrano Pereira; Rutger Vos; Soraya Sierra 2015-01-01 Abstract Specimen data in taxonomic literature are among the highest quality primary biodiversity data. Innovative cybertaxonomic journals are using workflows that maintain data structure and disseminate electronic content to aggregators and other users; such structure is lost in traditional taxonomic publishing. Legacy taxonomic literature is a vast repository of knowledge about biodiversity. Currently, access to that resource is cumbersome, especially for non-specialist data consumers. Mark... 3. Hitting the right target: taxonomic challenges for, and of, plant invasions OpenAIRE Pyšek, Petr; Hulme, Philip E.; Meyerson, Laura A.; Smith, Gideon F; James S Boatwright; Crouch, Neil R; Figueiredo, Estrela; Llewellyn C. Foxcroft; Jarošík, Vojtěch; Richardson, David M.; Suda, Jan; Wilson, John R. U. 2013-01-01 This paper explores how a lack of taxonomic expertise, and by implication a dearth of taxonomic products such as identification tools, has hindered progress in understanding and managing biological invasions. It also explores how the taxonomic endeavour could benefit from studies of invasive species. We review the literature on the current situation in taxonomy with a focus on the challenges of identifying alien plant species and explore how this has affected the study of biological invasions... 4. Glycosides from Marine Sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae: Structures, Taxonomical Distribution, Biological Activities and Biological Roles Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Valentin A. Stonik 2012-08-01 Full Text Available Literature data about glycosides from sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae are reviewed. Structural diversity, biological activities, taxonomic distribution and biological functions of these natural products are discussed. 5. Glycosides from Marine Sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae): Structures, Taxonomical Distribution, Biological Activities and Biological Roles OpenAIRE Valentin A. Stonik; Makarieva, Tatyana N.; Vladimir I. Kalinin; Krasokhin, Vladimir B.; Ivanchina, Natalia V. 2012-01-01 Literature data about glycosides from sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) are reviewed. Structural diversity, biological activities, taxonomic distribution and biological functions of these natural products are discussed. 6. Glycosides from marine sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae): structures, taxonomical distribution, biological activities and biological roles. Science.gov (United States) Kalinin, Vladimir I; Ivanchina, Natalia V; Krasokhin, Vladimir B; Makarieva, Tatyana N; Stonik, Valentin A 2012-08-01 Literature data about glycosides from sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) are reviewed. Structural diversity, biological activities, taxonomic distribution and biological functions of these natural products are discussed. PMID:23015769 7. The application of taxonomic diversity in macrobenthic ecology: taking Yellow Sea for example OpenAIRE Zishan Yu; Fangyuan Qu 2010-01-01 Using all available taxonomic data, we updated the master list of macrobenthos for the Yellow Sea, analyzed its taxonomic diversities and 95% probability funnels. There have been 1,360 species, belongingto 17 phyla, 35 classes, 91 orders, 368 families and 842 genera of macrobenthos recorded in the Yellow Sea. The value of average taxonomic distinctness for the region was 93.7, and the variation in taxonomic distinctness was 213.6. To explore the efficacy of these two diversity measures for en... 8. The Covariance Adjustment Approaches for Combining Incomparable Cox Regressions Caused by Unbalanced Covariates Adjustment: A Multivariate Meta-Analysis Study OpenAIRE Tania Dehesh; Najaf Zare; Seyyed Mohammad Taghi Ayatollahi 2015-01-01 Background. Univariate meta-analysis (UM) procedure, as a technique that provides a single overall result, has become increasingly popular. Neglecting the existence of other concomitant covariates in the models leads to loss of treatment efficiency. Our aim was proposing four new approximation approaches for the covariance matrix of the coefficients, which is not readily available for the multivariate generalized least square (MGLS) method as a multivariate meta-analysis approach. Me... 9. Forest mapping with satellite in Chile Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Persson, A. [SSC Satellitbild (Sweden) 1995-12-31 Chile has about 9.1 million ha of forest land, among which 7.6 million ha are native forest and 1.5 million ha are plantations of exotic species. The number of plantations is constantly growing due to the important role these areas play in the national economy. Pino Radiata (Pinus radiata) is found in most of the plantations while the remaining parts are dominated by Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) The governmental Instituto Forestal (INFOR) in Santiago de Chile, is monitoring the rapid changes in these areas through frequent inventories. As an inventory of this type takes about six years to complete in all areas (one region per year), it is of great importance to find quicker ways to cover these areas. The native forest has in recent years been the subject of debate, not only for economic reasons, but also as a result of ecological pressure for conservation. Where to conserve, where to put restrictions and where to allow forestry are the big issues. Against this background it is necessary to evaluate different data sources that can give information about the present forest situation and provide the means to monitor the changes. The aim of the project was to evaluate whether satellite imagery could fulfill INFORs demand for forestry information, and to investigate the kind of data source and methodology to apply when using satellite data 10. The ecology of Chagas disease in Chile. Science.gov (United States) Schofield, C J; Apt, W; Miles, M A 1982-01-01 Chagas disease probably affects over half a million people in Chile, principally in rural communities in the fertile valleys of the arid 'norte chico' region, north of Santiago. The main domestic vector is Triatoma infestans, but Triatoma spinolai, although mainly in rocky sylvatic and peridomestic ecotopes, also invades houses. Since the Spanish invasion in the sixteenth century, and particularly during the last 100 years, the endemic region has suffered an ecological breakdown, largely due to excessive timbering and over-grazing, which has led to a denuded landscape with severe loss of agricultural productivity. This breakdown, combined with uneconomically sized farms and poor marketing, exacerbates the poverty of the rural communities. As in other similar areas of Latin America, the combination of poverty and poor education discourages improvements in housing which would reduce the risk of vector-transmitted Chagas disease. This paper reviews the historical and ecological background of the endemic region of Chile, both as a basis for further work, and as a point of comparison with other endemic areas. The review attempts to show how the current status of Chagas disease is likely to be maintained through its association with poor quality housing, poverty and ecological degradation, drawing parallels with other endemic++ areas and suggesting ways by which the ecological damage might be reversed. PMID:6821391 11. Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Argasidae, Ixodidae) of Chile. Science.gov (United States) González-Acuña, Daniel; Guglielmone, Alberto A 2005-01-01 The tick species recorded from Chile can be listed under the following headings: (1) endemic or established: Argas keiransi Estrada-Peña, Venzal and Gonzalez-Acuña, A. neghmei Kohls and Hoogstraal; Ornithodoros amblus Chamberlin; Otobius megnini (Dugès); Amblyomma parvitarsum Neumann; A. tigrinum Koch; Ixodes auritulus Neumann; I. chilensis Kohls; I. cornuae Arthur, I. sigelos Keirans, Clifford and Corwin; I. stilesi Neumann; I. uriae White; Rhipicephalus sanguineus Koch. (2) Probably established or endemic: Argas miniatus Koch; Ornithodoros spheniscus Hoogstraal, Wassef, Hays and Keirans; Ixodes abrocomae Lahille; I. neuquenensis Ringuelet; I. pararicinus Keirans and Clifford. (3) Doubtfully established: Argas reflexus Fabricius; Ornithodoros talaje (Guérin-Méneville). (4) Exotic: Amblyomma argentinae Neumann; A. latum Koch, Rhipicephalus (= Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini). (5) Erroneously identified as present in Chile: Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus); A. maculatum Koch; A. varium Koch; Ixodes conepati Cooley and Kohls; I. frontalis (Panzer); I. ricinus (Linnaeus); Margaropus winthemi Karsch. (6) Nomina nuda: Argas reticulatus Gervais; Amblyomma inflatum Neumann; Ixodes lagotis Gervais. Hosts and localities (including new records) are presented. Argas neghmei, O. amblus, O. megnini, I. uriae and R. sanguineus may cause severe injury to their hosts, including humans. The Chilean Ixodes fauna is unique to the Neotropical Zoogeographic Region, and additional research is needed in order to understand the biological importance of these species. PMID:15777007 12. ESO and Chile: 10 Years of Productive Scientific Collaboration Science.gov (United States) 2006-06-01 ESO and the Government of Chile launched today the book "10 Years Exploring the Universe", written by the beneficiaries of the ESO-Chile Joint Committee. This annual fund provides grants for individual Chilean scientists, research infrastructures, scientific congresses, workshops for science teachers and astronomy outreach programmes for the public. In a ceremony held in Santiago on 19 June 2006, the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO) and the Chilean Ministry of Foreign Affairs marked the 10th Anniversary of the Supplementary Agreement, which granted to Chilean astronomers up to 10 percent of the total observing time on ESO telescopes. This agreement also established an annual fund for the development of astronomy, managed by the so-called "ESO-Chile Joint Committee". ESO PR Photo 21/06 ESO PR Photo 21/06 Ten Years ESO-Chile Agreement Ceremony The celebration event was hosted by ESO Director General, Dr. Catherine Cesarsky, and the Director of Special Policy for the Chilean Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ambassador Luis Winter. "ESO's commitment is, and always will be, to promote astronomy and scientific knowledge in the country hosting our observatories", said ESO Director General, Dr. Catherine Cesarsky. "We hope Chile and Europe will continue with great achievements in this fascinating joint adventure, the exploration of the universe." On behalf of the Government of Chile, Ambassador Luis Winter outlined the historical importance of the Supplementary Agreement, ratified by the Chilean Congress in 1996. "Such is the magnitude of ESO-Chile Joint Committee that, only in 2005, this annual fund represented 8 percent of all financing sources for Chilean astronomy, including those from Government and universities", Ambassador Winter said. The ESO Representative and Head of Science in Chile, Dr. Felix Mirabel, and the appointed Chilean astronomer for the ESO-Chile Joint Committee, Dr. Leonardo Bronfman, also took part in the 13. Checklist, diversity and distribution of testate amoebae in Chile. Science.gov (United States) Fernández, Leonardo D; Lara, Enrique; Mitchell, Edward A D 2015-10-01 Bringing together more than 170 years of data, this study represents the first attempt to construct a species checklist and analyze the diversity and distribution of testate amoebae in Chile, a country that encompasses the southwestern region of South America, countless islands and part of the Antarctic. In Chile, known diversity includes 416 testate amoeba taxa (64 genera, 352 infrageneric taxa), 24 of which are here reported for the first time. Species-accumulation plots show that in Chile, the number of testate amoeba species reported has been continually increasing since the mid-19th century without leveling off. Testate amoebae have been recorded in 37 different habitats, though they are more diverse in peatlands and rainforest soils. Only 11% of species are widespread in continental Chile, while the remaining 89% of the species exhibit medium or short latitudinal distribution ranges. Also, species composition of insular Chile and the Chilean Antarctic territory is a depauperated subset of that found in continental Chile. Nearly, the 10% of the species reported here are endemic to Chile and many of them are distributed only within the so-called Chilean biodiversity hotspot (ca. 25° S-47° S). These findings are here thoroughly discussed in a biogeographical and evolutionary context. PMID:26340665 14. Kaiju: Fast and sensitive taxonomic classification for metagenomics DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Menzel, Peter; Lee Ng, Kim; Krogh, Anders 2015-01-01 The constantly decreasing cost and increasing output of current sequencing technologies enable large scale metagenomic studies of microbial communities from diverse habitats. Therefore, fast and accurate methods for taxonomic classification are needed, which can operate on increasingly larger...... datasets and reference databases. Recently, several fast metagenomic classifiers have been developed, which are based on comparison of genomic k-mers. However, nucleotide comparison using a fixed k-mer length often lacks the sensitivity to overcome the evolutionary distance between sampled species and...... genomes in the reference database. Here, we present the novel metagenome classifier Kaiju for fast assignment of reads to taxa. Kaiju finds maximum exact matches on the protein-level using the Borrows-Wheeler transform, and can optionally allow amino acid substitutions in the search using a greedy... 15. Effects of land use on taxonomic and functional diversity DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Hevia, Violeta; Carmona, Carlos P.; Azcárate, Francisco M.; 2016-01-01 Land-use change is the major driver of biodiversity loss. However, taxonomic diversity (TD) and functional diversity (FD) might respond differently to land-use change, and this response might also vary depending on the biotic group being analysed. In this study, we compare the TD and FD of four...... sampling unit scale and the site scale. Land-use intensity effects on TD and FD were quite different and highly varied among the four biotic groups, with no single clear pattern emerging that could be considered general for all organisms. Additive partitioning of species diversity revealed clear...... communities is much greater than functional trait turnover. Finally, we found that TD and FD did not vary consistently, but rather followed different trajectories that largely depended on the biotic group and the intensity of land-use transformation. Our results highlight that the relationship of land use... 16. Fast and sensitive taxonomic classification for metagenomics with Kaiju DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Menzel, Peter; Ng, Kim Lee; Krogh, Anders 2016-01-01 The constantly decreasing cost and increasing output of current sequencing technologies enable large scale metagenomic studies of microbial communities from diverse habitats. Therefore, fast and accurate methods for taxonomic classification are needed, which can operate on increasingly larger...... datasets and reference databases. Recently, several fast metagenomic classifiers have been developed, which are based on comparison of genomic k-mers. However, nucleotide comparison using a fixed k-mer length often lacks the sensitivity to overcome the evolutionary distance between sampled species...... and genomes in the reference database. Here, we present the novel metagenome classifier Kaiju for fast assignment of reads to taxa. Kaiju finds maximum exact matches on the protein-level using the Borrows-Wheeler transform, and can optionally allow amino acid substitutions in the search using a greedy... 17. Taxonomical studies on Hormotila ramosissima Korš. (Chlorophyceae Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jan Matuła 2011-04-01 Full Text Available Hormotila ramosissima Korš., a very rare in the world and poorly known species, have been found in peat bogs of Lower Silesia. The growth stages typical of this species but unknown so far, have been described and illustrated. It was found that this species has many features in common with the representatives of Volvocales, Tetrasporales, and chlorococcales. The regularly observed zoospores and hemizoospores, which accompanied the various developmental stages of that species, showed an internal structure of Chlamydomonas-type. Studies on Hormotila ramosissima were based on live material collected in ample quantities from peat bogs. The collected in this way repeatable and abundant data allowed to discuss problems concerning morphology, reproduction and development, as well as consider the taxonomic position this species. 18. Marine actinomycetes from Madeira Archipelago preliminary taxonomic studies Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ilda Santos Sanches 2014-06-01 Full Text Available The oceans cover 70 % of the Earth´s surface and harbor most of the planet´s biodiversity. However the microbiological component of this diversity remains relatively unexplored. Marine actinomycetes, are a robust resource of chemically prolific novelty. Producing structurally unique biological active secondary metabolites, generating a valuable source for innovative biotechnology and drug discovery[1,2]. As a consequence, the ecological role of actinomycetes and their marine ecosystems may no longer be neglected. It is crucial to move our research efforts into ocean regions for which we know little or nothing about the indigenous microbial diversity. The Portuguese Archipelago, Madeira is located in the Macaronesian Atlantic region, emerging from the African tectonic plate, found in the extreme south of the Tore-Madeira ridge, has a unique biogeography and biodiversity. These distinctive characteristics combined with the fact that Madeira have never been explored, as far as indigenous marine actinomycetes are concerned, makes it from the scientific point of view, the perfect target for our studies. From 662 marine sediment samples collected along Madeira Archipelago (Figure 1 during June of 2012, covering depths from 10-1310 m, a total of 421 actinomycete strains were isolated. In a previous study, an assemblage of 82 strains was selected for taxonomic identification, having into account representative morphological diversity characteristics of the actinomycetes, isolated from Madeira Archipelago. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, it was observed that the genera Streptomyces, Micromonospora and Salinispora were predominant, 81% [3]. Additionally, in a recent study, our team selected 168 strains with Salinispora look-alike morphological features. From these 28 strains were identified as belonging to the seawater-obligate marine actinomycete genus Salinispora. Representing the first report of Salinispora spp. in the Macaronesian Atlantic Ocean 19. Review: Taxonomic Contribution For Ecotourism Development In Indonesia Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nurul Chairiyah 2013-09-01 Full Text Available This paper describes about the role of taxonomic in ecotourism development in Indonesia. Development and management of ecotourism in Indonesia recently are still quite slow and inadequate. It is due to the lack of knowledge of local community about the information of flora and fauna which is used as ecotourism attraction. Therefore the taxonomical science needs to be applied to the development of ecotourism in Indonesia. In addition, some species which are used as tourist attractions needs to be identified and classified to preserve the resource. Implementation of taxonomy related to survey, documentation, data collection, identification and classification to establish the identity of a species for ecotourism attraction. Methods are commonly used for the implementation of taxonomy in the ecotourism development, i.e. (1 morphological observation, (2 vocalizations and (3 molecular analysis. Morphological observations can be applied by qualitative and quantitative observations. Qualitative observation is an observation of a species, which is related to morphology and coloration, and comparison with other species which are suspected related. Quantitative observation is a morphometric analysis, which is a concept of quantitative analysis of the species that related to the size and shape of a species. Vocalization method is applied by determining the vocal character of a species, by comparing the data, which has obtained, with the data vocals from other species which are suspected related. Molecular analysis is commonly used to support the identification of morphological and vocalization of the species. Molecular methods, which are commonly applied for species identification, are usually hybridization, DNA sequencing, restriction mapping, chromosome banding and immunological method Keywords: taxonomy, ecotourism, Indonesia, morphological observation, vocalization, molecular identification 20. Extrafloral nectaries in Combretaceae: morphology, anatomy and taxonomic significance Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) P. M. Tilney 2004-12-01 Full Text Available Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs in members of the Combretaceae are nectaries not involved with pollination and occurring on vegetative structures; they are believed to attract ants to protect plants against herbivorv by other insects. In the Combretaceae EFNs are reported in species of Terminalia L. and Pteleopsis Engl., putative EFNs in Meiostemon Exell & Stace and Quisqualis L., and an absence of EFNs in Combretum Loefl. and Lumnitzera Willd. EFNs in the family are generally spherical in shape and may be raised, level with the surface or somewhat concave. They are similar in the Terminalia and Pteleopsis species where they display varying degrees of internal zonation and are composed of small cells; those species observed in the field were all found to have functional EFNs. In Meiostemon tetrandrum (Exell Exell & Stace, Quisqualis indica L.. Q. littorea (Engl. Exell and Q. paviflora Gerrard ex Sond.. apparent EFNs lack internal zonation and are composed of enlarged cells; confirmation is required as to whether these are functional . The formation of EFNs appears to be highly flexible. They are usually essentially associated with new growth but their occurrence is sporadic and they do not appear on every leaf or every' branch of a plant. The distribution of EFNs on leaves, when present, is of taxonomic significance to separate species of Pteleopsis and Terminalia: otherwise the presence or absence and distribution of EFNs are too variable and sporadic in occurrence to be of taxonomic significance at the species level. Indiscriminate use of the terms gland and domatium instead of EFN. and possible confusion with damage caused by other organisms, has probably con­tributed to many of these structures not previously being recorded as EFNs. Floral and extrafloral nectar samples of T. phanerophlebia Engl. & Diels differed in sugar composition. 1. Fossil struthionid eggshells from Laetoli, Tanzania: Taxonomic and biostratigraphic significance Science.gov (United States) Harrison, Terry; Msuya, Charles P. 2005-04-01 Recent paleontological investigations at Laetoli and neighboring localities in northern Tanzania have produced a large collection of fossil ostrich eggshells from the Pliocene-aged Laetolil Beds (˜3.5-4.5 Ma) and Ndolanya Beds (˜2.6-2.7 Ma). A detailed analysis of the morphology of the eggshells and their taxonomic affinities indicates that two different species of Struthio are represented. In the Lower Laetolil Beds and in the Upper Laetolil Beds below Tuff 3 a new species is recognized— Struthio kakesiensis. This is replaced in the Upper Laetolil Beds by Struthio camelus, the modern species of ostrich. Since radiometric age determinations are available for the stratigraphic sequence at Laetoli, it is possible to precisely date the first appearance of S. camelus at ˜3.6-3.8 Ma. Comparisons of the Laetoli material with specimens from the well-dated sequences at Lothagam and Kanapoi in northern Kenya, allow the taxonomic and biochronological analysis to be extended back in time to the late Miocene. At about 6.5 Ma, Diamantornis and elephant birds were replaced in East Africa by ostriches belonging to the genus Struthio. Three time-successive species of ostriches are identified in the fossil record of East Africa, beginning with Struthio. cf. karingarabensis (˜6.5-4.2 Ma), followed by S. kakesiensis (˜4.5-3.6 Ma) and then S. camelus (˜3.8 Ma onwards). A similar sequence of taxa has previously been recorded from localities in Namibia, but at these sites there is no possibility to precisely calibrate the ages of the different species using radiometric dating. Nevertheless, the broadly similar evolutionary sequence and the close correspondence in inferred ages for the succession of species in East Africa and Namibia suggest that ostrich eggshells are a very useful tool for biochronological correlation of paleontological sites in sub-Saharan Africa. 2. Chile; Staff Report for the 2001 Article IV Consultation OpenAIRE International Monetary Fund 2001-01-01 Chile's economic performance was very strong during most of the 1990s, but the country suffered a recession in 1998â€“99. In early 1998, Chile faced a widening external current account deficitâ€”resulting from surging domestic demand and a large drop in copper export pricesâ€”which together with turbulence in world financial markets weakened investor confidence and put downward pressure on the currency. Chile has maintained a very open trade regime and has continued with the unilateral phased... 3. [Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese immigration: Chile 1860-1930]. Science.gov (United States) Gutierrez Roldan, H G 1989-12-01 "The paper refers to the amount and some characteristics of the Spanish, Italian and Portuguese immigration to Chile during the period 1860-1930. It is compared with [movements to] Argentina, Brazil, Cuba and Uruguay.... Different information sources are used and in spite of data weakness, the low preference for Chile of the European migratory flows is ratified as compared with those to Argentina.... It is pointed out that the migratory flows to Latin America, in particular to Chile, are associated, on the one hand, with the favourable... European [immigration] policy in this country and on the other hand with the huge European emigration overseas during that period." (SUMMARY IN ENG) PMID:12342735 4. CASO DE ESTUDIO: LA FUNDACION COCA-COLA CHILE OpenAIRE JORGE HERRERA 2006-01-01 This case gives an overview of the Coca-Cola System in Chile and focuses on the Coca-Cola Chile Foundation (CCFCH), a non-profit organization dedicated to education. Created in 1992 with donations from Coca-Cola de Chile S.A. (CCCH) and the bottling companies Embotelladora Andina S.A., Coca-Cola Embonor S.A. and Coca-Cola Polar S.A., the foundation now faces an expansion dilemma in its most important program, the TAVEC Laboratories. Under this program the CCFCH donated interactive scientific ... 5. Evaluating the Chile Solidario program: results using the Chile Solidario panel and the administrative databases Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Fernando Hoces de la Guardia 2011-01-01 Full Text Available Este artículo presenta los resultados de una evaluación de tres años realizada en las primeras cohortes del Programa Chile Solidario, el programa de reducción de la pobreza más importante de Chile. El artículo presenta una descripción del programa, haciendo hincapié en el mecanismo por el cual las personas fueron admitidas en el programa. A continuación, propone estrategias de evaluación y discute su validez. 8a evaluación final se realiza mediante un estimador de "Matching" (pareo, y se discuten los principios en base a los cuales se trataría de un método de evaluación válida. Los resultados iniciales usando el Panel de Chile Solidario sugieren que el programa ha tenido efectos positivos sobre el bienestar psicosocial y en la adopción de subsidios y programas sociales. Sin embargo, no es posible obtener resultados fiables debido a las deficiencias de datos, en particular la falta de una línea de base. Con el fin de resolver el problema, hemos generado una base de datos utilizando seis años de datos administrativos, incluyendo alrededor de 1.000.000 de registros de familias por año. Un método para superar el problema de sustitución de tratamiento es discutido y aplicado. Los resultados son mucho más robustos que los del Panel de Chile Solidario y muestran pequeños, pero evidentes efectos positivos de varias variables, especialmente relativos al número de trabajadores en el hogar, el porcentaje de trabajadores en el hogar y el empleo del jefe de hogar. 6. What are the living conditions and health status of those who don’t report their migration status? a population-based study in Chile Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Cabieses Baltica 2012-11-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Undocumented immigrants are likely to be missing from population databases, making it impossible to identify an accurate sampling frame in migration research. No population-based data has been collected in Chile regarding the living conditions and health status of undocumented immigrants. However, the CASEN survey (Caracterizacion Socio- Economica Nacional asked about migration status in Chile for the first time in 2006 and provides an opportunity to set the base for future analysis of available migration data. We explored the living conditions and health of self-reported immigrants and respondents who preferred not to report their migration status in this survey. Methods Cross-sectional secondary analysis of CASEN survey in Chile in 2006. Outcomes: any disability, illness/accident, hospitalization/surgery, cancer/chronic condition (all binary variables; and the number of medical/emergency attentions received (count variables. Covariates: Demographics (age, sex, marital status, urban/rural, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (education level, employment status and household income, and material standard of living (overcrowding, sanitation, housing quality. Weighted regression models were estimated for each health outcome, crude and adjusted by sets of covariates, in STATA 10.0. Results About 1% of the total sample reported being immigrants and 0.7% preferred not to report their migration status (Migration Status - Missing Values; MS-MV. The MS-MV lived in more deprived conditions and reported a higher rate of health problems than immigrants. Some gender differences were observed by health status among immigrants and the MS-MV but they were not statistically significant. Regressions indicated that age, sex, SES and material factors consistently affected MS-MVs’ chance of presenting poor health and these patterns were different to those found among immigrants. Great heterogeneity in both the MS-MV and the immigrants, as 7. An Empirical State Error Covariance Matrix for Batch State Estimation Science.gov (United States) Frisbee, Joseph H., Jr. 2011-01-01 State estimation techniques serve effectively to provide mean state estimates. However, the state error covariance matrices provided as part of these techniques suffer from some degree of lack of confidence in their ability to adequately describe the uncertainty in the estimated states. A specific problem with the traditional form of state error covariance matrices is that they represent only a mapping of the assumed observation error characteristics into the state space. Any errors that arise from other sources (environment modeling, precision, etc.) are not directly represented in a traditional, theoretical state error covariance matrix. Consider that an actual observation contains only measurement error and that an estimated observation contains all other errors, known and unknown. It then follows that a measurement residual (the difference between expected and observed measurements) contains all errors for that measurement. Therefore, a direct and appropriate inclusion of the actual measurement residuals in the state error covariance matrix will result in an empirical state error covariance matrix. This empirical state error covariance matrix will fully account for the error in the state estimate. By way of a literal reinterpretation of the equations involved in the weighted least squares estimation algorithm, it is possible to arrive at an appropriate, and formally correct, empirical state error covariance matrix. The first specific step of the method is to use the average form of the weighted measurement residual variance performance index rather than its usual total weighted residual form. Next it is helpful to interpret the solution to the normal equations as the average of a collection of sample vectors drawn from a hypothetical parent population. From here, using a standard statistical analysis approach, it directly follows as to how to determine the standard empirical state error covariance matrix. This matrix will contain the total uncertainty in the 8. Some problems on covariance evaluation. A letter to a foreign colleague International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Some problems on covariance evaluation are presented. It includes the probability of confidence of the covariance evaluations; the format for the experimental evaluation results of the data and covariance for the files of particle and γ emission concerned; an 'external covariance' for a multi-parameter evaluation from multi-measurement and the constant relative correlated error 9. Manifestly covariant Jüttner distribution and equipartition theorem Science.gov (United States) Chacón-Acosta, Guillermo; Dagdug, Leonardo; Morales-Técotl, Hugo A. 2010-02-01 The relativistic equilibrium velocity distribution plays a key role in describing several high-energy and astrophysical effects. Recently, computer simulations favored Jüttner’s as the relativistic generalization of Maxwell’s distribution for d=1,2,3 spatial dimensions and pointed to an invariant temperature. In this work, we argue an invariant temperature naturally follows from manifest covariance. We present a derivation of the manifestly covariant Jüttner’s distribution and equipartition theorem. The standard procedure to get the equilibrium distribution as a solution of the relativistic Boltzmann’s equation, which holds for dilute gases, is here adopted. However, contrary to previous analysis, we use Cartesian coordinates in d+1 momentum space, with d spatial components. The use of the multiplication theorem of Bessel functions turns crucial to regain the known invariant form of Jüttner’s distribution. Since equilibrium kinetic-theory results should agree with thermodynamics in the comoving frame to the gas the covariant pseudonorm of a vector entering the distribution can be identified with the reciprocal of temperature in such comoving frame. Then by combining the covariant statistical moments of Jüttner’s distribution a form of the equipartition theorem is advanced which also accommodates the invariant comoving temperature and it contains, as a particular case, a previous not manifestly covariant form. 10. Covariate-adjusted confidence interval for the intraclass correlation coefficient. Science.gov (United States) Shoukri, Mohamed M; Donner, Allan; El-Dali, Abdelmoneim 2013-09-01 A crucial step in designing a new study is to estimate the required sample size. For a design involving cluster sampling, the appropriate sample size depends on the so-called design effect, which is a function of the average cluster size and the intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC). It is well-known that under the framework of hierarchical and generalized linear models, a reduction in residual error may be achieved by including risk factors as covariates. In this paper we show that the covariate design, indicating whether the covariates are measured at the cluster level or at the within-cluster subject level affects the estimation of the ICC, and hence the design effect. Therefore, the distinction between these two types of covariates should be made at the design stage. In this paper we use the nested-bootstrap method to assess the accuracy of the estimated ICC for continuous and binary response variables under different covariate structures. The codes of two SAS macros are made available by the authors for interested readers to facilitate the construction of confidence intervals for the ICC. Moreover, using Monte Carlo simulations we evaluate the relative efficiency of the estimators and evaluate the accuracy of the coverage probabilities of a 95% confidence interval on the population ICC. The methodology is illustrated using a published data set of blood pressure measurements taken on family members. PMID:23871746 11. Covariant Lyapunov vectors of chaotic Rayleigh-Bénard convection Science.gov (United States) Xu, M.; Paul, M. R. 2016-06-01 We explore numerically the high-dimensional spatiotemporal chaos of Rayleigh-Bénard convection using covariant Lyapunov vectors. We integrate the three-dimensional and time-dependent Boussinesq equations for a convection layer in a shallow square box geometry with an aspect ratio of 16 for very long times and for a range of Rayleigh numbers. We simultaneously integrate many copies of the tangent space equations in order to compute the covariant Lyapunov vectors. The dynamics explored has fractal dimensions of 20 ≲Dλ≲50 , and we compute on the order of 150 covariant Lyapunov vectors. We use the covariant Lyapunov vectors to quantify the degree of hyperbolicity of the dynamics and the degree of Oseledets splitting and to explore the temporal and spatial dynamics of the Lyapunov vectors. Our results indicate that the chaotic dynamics of Rayleigh-Bénard convection is nonhyperbolic for all of the Rayleigh numbers we have explored. Our results yield that the entire spectrum of covariant Lyapunov vectors that we have computed are tangled as indicated by near tangencies with neighboring vectors. A closer look at the spatiotemporal features of the Lyapunov vectors suggests contributions from structures at two different length scales with differing amounts of localization. 12. LA NOVELA DE LA DICTADURA EN CHILE The novel of the dictatorship's period in Chile Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mario Lulo C 2009-12-01 Full Text Available Para un sector de la crítica y de la academia chilena, la gran novela de la Dictadura es una asignatura pendiente. En este artículo se problematiza este tema mediante la formulación de una hipótesis según la cual una serie de novelas aparecidas en Chile entre 1977 y 2006 cumplen con la función de narrar -desde su fragmentariedad- las causas y consecuencias del 11 de septiembre de 1973. Así, busca plantear las bases epistemológicas e históricas que posibiliten llevar a cabo una investigación de mayor alcance acerca del problema del papel de la novela durante y después de la Dictadura.For many critics and scholars the great novel of the dictatorship's period in Chile still remains a pending matter. This article, on the contrary, hypothesizes on the existence of a significant number of novéis published in Chile between 1977 and 2006, which out of their fragmentary character and peculiarity give a proper account of the causes and consequences of the coup d'état held on September llth 1973. The article seeks to set a preliminary basis for an epistemological discussion and further major research about the role of the Chilean novel, in the historical context of post modernity, during and after the dictatorship's era. 13. Impact of large industrial emission sources on mortality and morbidity in Chile: A small-areas study. Science.gov (United States) Ruiz-Rudolph, Pablo; Arias, Nelson; Pardo, Sandra; Meyer, Marianne; Mesías, Stephanie; Galleguillos, Claudio; Schiattino, Irene; Gutiérrez, Luis 2016-01-01 Chile suffers significant pollution from large industrial emitters associated with the mining, metal processing, paper production, and energy industries. The aim of this research was to determine whether the presence of large industrial facilities (i.e. coal- and oil-fired power plants, pulp and paper mills, mining facilities, and smelters) affects mortality and morbidity rates in Chile. For this, we conducted an ecological study that used Chilean communes as small-area observation units to assess mortality and morbidity. Public databases provided information on large pollution sources relevant to Chile. The large sources studied were oil- and coal-fired power plants, copper smelters, pulp and paper mills, and large mining facilities. Large sources were filtered by first year of production, type of process, and size. Mortality and morbidity data were acquired from public national databases, with morbidity being estimated from hospitalization records. Cause-specific rates were calculated for the main outcomes: cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer; and other more specific health outcomes. The impact of the large pollution sources was estimated using Bayesian models that included spatial correlation, overdispersion, and other covariates. Large and significant increases in health risks (around 20%-100%) were found for communes with power plants and smelters for total, cardiovascular, respiratory, all-cancer, and lung cancer mortality. Higher hospitalization rates for cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cancer, and pneumonia (20-100%) were also found for communes with power plants and smelters. The impacts were larger for men than women in terms of both mortality and hospitalizations. The impacts were also larger when the sources were analyzed as continuous (production volume) rather than dichotomous (presence/absence) variables. In conclusion, significantly higher rates of total cardiovascular, respiratory, all-cancer and lung cancer mortality and 14. Taxonomic Organization Scaffolds Young Children's Learning from Storybooks: A Design Experiment Science.gov (United States) Kaefer, Tanya; Pinkham, Ashley M.; Neuman, Susan B. 2010-01-01 The purpose of this design experiment was to research, test and iteratively design a set of taxonomically-organized storybooks that served to scaffold young children's word learning and concept development. Specifically, Phase 1 of the design experiment asked: (1) What are the effects of taxonomic organization on children's ability to acquire… 15. Taxonomic status of the roses (Rosa) described by S.G. Dimitrov from Bulgaria DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Zielinski, J.; Petrova, A; Tan, Kit 2004-01-01 The original herbarium vouchers for six species of Rosa (Rosaceae) described by S. G. Dimitrov from Bulgaria are taxonomically evaluated. Two species (R. balcanica, R. orphei) are considered hybrids, four other names (R. bulgarica, R. parilica, R. pontica and R. rhodopaea) are taxonomic synonyms of... 16. NODC Standard Product: NODC Taxonomic Code on CD-ROM (NODC Accession 0050418) Data.gov (United States) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The content of the NODC Taxonomic Code, Version 8 CD-ROM (CD-ROM NODC-68) distributed by NODC is archived in this accession. Version 7 of the NODC Taxonomic Code... 17. Human pseudoterranovosis, an emerging infection in Chile. Science.gov (United States) Torres, P; Jercic, M I; Weitz, J C; Dobrew, E K; Mercado, R A 2007-04-01 Fifteen cases of human pseudoterranovosis are reported for Chile, representing an emerging parasitic infection in this country caused by larvae of the nematode Pseudoterranova sp. Our observations also included an outbreak of pseudoterranovosis in 3 of 4 individuals who shared the same raw fish dish (cebiche). Most of the cases occurred in adult patients. The main source of infection was from consumption raw or fried marine fish, including hakes (Merluccius australis or Merlucciuts gayi), pomfret (Brama australis), Inca scad (Trachurus murphvi), and corvina (Cilus gilberti). Seasonal distribution showed most of the cases to occur in fall and spring. Parasite larvae were isolated from the mouths of most of the patients after they reported a pharyngeal tickling sensation, coughing, vomiting, or a foreign body in the mouth or throat. PMID:17539437 18. A DRONE FLIGHT OVER PARANAL, CHILE CERN Document Server 2016-01-01 Aerial clip (shot using a drone and a Go pro) describing ESO's astronomical observatory facilities in the Atacama desert, Northern Chile. Locations covered by the drone flight include Cerro Paranal, with the Residencia (external and internal views) and the Very Large Telescope facility on Cerro Paranal, from above and with a peek into Unit Telescope 1 and its 8,2 m diameter mirror; final image on Cerro Armazones, the site chosen for building ESO's next telescope, the E-ELT (European Extremely Large Telescope). With a 39-metre main mirror, it will be the largest optical/near-infrared telescope in the world. The Argentinian Codillera with the Llullaillaco volcano are visible in the background. 19. Preparation of covariance data for the fast reactor. 2 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) For some isotopes important for core analysis of the fast reactor, covariance data of neutron nuclear data in the evaluated nuclear data library (JENDL-3.2) were presumed to file. Objected isotopes were 10-B, 11-B, 55-Mn, 240-Pu and 241-Pu. Physical amounts presumed on covariance were cross section, isolated and unisolated resonance parameters and first order Legendre coefficient of elastic scattering angle distribution. Presumption of the covariance was conducted in accordance with the data estimation method of JENDL-3.2 as possible. In other ward, when the estimated value was based on the experimental one, error of the experimental value was calculated, and when based on the calculated value, error of the calculated one was obtained. Their estimated results were prepared with ENDF-6 format. (G.K.) 20. New Methods for Handling Singular Sample Covariance Matrices CERN Document Server Tucci, Gabriel H 2011-01-01 The estimation of a covariance matrix from an insufficient amount of data is one of the most common problems in fields as diverse as multivariate statistics, wireless communications, signal processing, biology, learning theory and finance. In \\cite{MTS}, a new approach to handle singular covariance matrices was suggested. The main idea was to use dimensionality reduction in conjunction with an average over the unitary matrices. In this paper we continue with this idea and we further consider new innovative approaches that show considerable improvements with respect to traditional methods such as diagonal loading. One of the methods is called the \\emph{Ewens} estimator and uses a randomization of the sample covariance matrix over all the permutation matrices with respect to the Ewens measure. The techniques used to attack this problem are broad and run from random matrix theory to combinatorics. 1. Residual noise covariance for Planck low-resolution data analysis CERN Document Server Keskitalo, R; Cabella, P; Kisner, T; Poutanen, T; Stompor, R; Bartlett, J G; Borrill, J; Cantalupo, C; De Gasperis, G; De Rosa, A; de Troia, G; Eriksen, H K; Finelli, F; Górski, K M; Gruppuso, A; Hivon, E; Jaffe, A; Keihanen, E; Kurki-Suonio, H; Lawrence, C R; Natoli, P; Paci, F; Polenta, G; Rocha, G 2009-01-01 Aims: Develop and validate tools to estimate residual noise covariance in Planck frequency maps. Quantify signal error effects and compare different techniques to produce low-resolution maps. Methods: We derive analytical estimates of covariance of the residual noise contained in low-resolution maps produced using a number of map-making approaches. We test these analytical predictions using Monte Carlo simulations and their impact on angular power spectrum estimation. We use simulations to quantify the level of signal errors incurred in different resolution downgrading schemes considered in this work. Results: We find an excellent agreement between the optimal residual noise covariance matrices and Monte Carlo noise maps. For destriping map-makers, the extent of agreement is dictated by the knee frequency of the correlated noise component and the chosen baseline offset length. The significance of signal striping is shown to be insignificant when properly dealt with. In map resolution downgrading, we find that... 2. Manifestly gauge-covariant representation of scalar and fermion propagators CERN Document Server Latosiński, Adam 2015-01-01 A new way to write the massive scalar and fermion propagators on a background of a weak gauge field is presented. They are written in a form that is manifestly gauge-covariant up to several additional terms that can be written as boundary terms in momentum space. These additional terms violate Ward-Takahashi identities and need to be renormalized by appropriate counterterms if the complete theory is to be gauge-covariant. This form makes it possible to calculate many amplitudes in a manifestly gauge-covariant way (at the same time reducing the number of Feynman diagrams). It also allows to express some counterterms in a way independent of the regularization scheme and provides an easy way to derive the anomalous term affecting the chiral current conservation. 3. Adaptive Covariance Inflation in a Multi-Resolution Assimilation Scheme Science.gov (United States) Hickmann, K. S.; Godinez, H. C. 2015-12-01 When forecasts are performed using modern data assimilation methods observation and model error can be scaledependent. During data assimilation the blending of error across scales can result in model divergence since largeerrors at one scale can be propagated across scales during the analysis step. Wavelet based multi-resolution analysiscan be used to separate scales in model and observations during the application of an ensemble Kalman filter. However,this separation is done at the cost of implementing an ensemble Kalman filter at each scale. This presents problemswhen tuning the covariance inflation parameter at each scale. We present a method to adaptively tune a scale dependentcovariance inflation vector based on balancing the covariance of the innovation and the covariance of observations ofthe ensemble. Our methods are demonstrated on a one dimensional Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (K-S) model known todemonstrate non-linear interactions between scales. 4. Data Covariances from R-Matrix Analyses of Light Nuclei Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hale, G.M., E-mail: ghale@lanl.gov; Paris, M.W. 2015-01-15 After first reviewing the parametric description of light-element reactions in multichannel systems using R-matrix theory and features of the general LANL R-matrix analysis code EDA, we describe how its chi-square minimization procedure gives parameter covariances. This information is used, together with analytically calculated sensitivity derivatives, to obtain cross section covariances for all reactions included in the analysis by first-order error propagation. Examples are given of the covariances obtained for systems with few resonances ({sup 5}He) and with many resonances ({sup 13}C ). We discuss the prevalent problem of this method leading to cross section uncertainty estimates that are unreasonably small for large data sets. The answer to this problem appears to be using parameter confidence intervals in place of standard errors. 5. Femtosecond Studies Of Coulomb Explosion Utilizing Covariance Mapping CERN Document Server Card, D A 2000-01-01 The studies presented herein elucidate details of the Coulomb explosion event initiated through the interaction of molecular clusters with an intense femtosecond laser beam (≥1 PW/cm2). Clusters studied include ammonia, titanium-hydrocarbon, pyridine, and 7-azaindole. Covariance analysis is presented as a general technique to study the dynamical processes in clusters and to discern whether the fragmentation channels are competitive. Positive covariance determinations identify concerted processes such as the concomitant explosion of protonated cluster ions of asymmetrical size. Anti- covariance mapping is exploited to distinguish competitive reaction channels such as the production of highly charged nitrogen atoms formed at the expense of the protonated members of a cluster ion ensemble. This technique is exemplified in each cluster system studied. Kinetic energy analyses, from experiment and simulation, are presented to fully understand the Coulomb explosion event. A cutoff study strongly suggests that... 6. Bilinear Covariants and Spinor Fields Duality in Quantum Clifford Algebras CERN Document Server Ablamowicz, Rafal; da Rocha, Roldao 2014-01-01 Classification of quantum spinor fields according to quantum bilinear covariants is introduced in a context of quantum Clifford algebras on Minkowski spacetime. Once the bilinear covariants are expressed in terms of algebraic spinor fields, the duality between spinor and quantum spinor fields is thus discussed. Hence, by endowing the underlying spacetime with an arbitrary bilinear form with a antisymmetric part in addition to a symmetric spacetime metric, quantum algebraic spinor fields and deformed bilinear covariants can be constructed. They are therefore compared to the classical (non quantum) ones. Classes of quantum spinor fields are introduced and compared with Lounesto's spinor field classification. A physical interpretation of the deformed parts and the underlying Z-grading is proposed. The existence of an arbitrary bilinear form endowing the spacetime already has been explored in the literature in the context of quantum gravity. Here, it is shown further to play a prominent role in the structure of D... 7. Addressing spectroscopic quality of covariant density functional theory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The spectroscopic quality of covariant density functional theory has been accessed by analyzing the accuracy and theoretical uncertainties in the description of spectroscopic observables. Such analysis is first presented for the energies of the single-particle states in spherical and deformed nuclei. It is also shown that the inclusion of particle-vibration coupling improves the description of the energies of predominantly single-particle states in medium and heavy-mass spherical nuclei. However, the remaining differences between theory and experiment clearly indicate missing physics and missing terms in covariant energy density functionals. The uncertainties in the predictions of the position of two-neutron drip line sensitively depend on the uncertainties in the prediction of the energies of the single-particle states. On the other hand, many spectroscopic observables in well deformed nuclei at ground state and finite spin only weakly depend on the choice of covariant energy density functional. (paper) 8. Preparation of covariance data for the fast reactor. 2 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Shibata, Keiichi; Hasagawa, Akira [Japan Atomic Energy Research Inst., Tokai, Ibaraki (Japan). Tokai Research Establishment 1998-03-01 For some isotopes important for core analysis of the fast reactor, covariance data of neutron nuclear data in the evaluated nuclear data library (JENDL-3.2) were presumed to file. Objected isotopes were 10-B, 11-B, 55-Mn, 240-Pu and 241-Pu. Physical amounts presumed on covariance were cross section, isolated and unisolated resonance parameters and first order Legendre coefficient of elastic scattering angle distribution. Presumption of the covariance was conducted in accordance with the data estimation method of JENDL-3.2 as possible. In other ward, when the estimated value was based on the experimental one, error of the experimental value was calculated, and when based on the calculated value, error of the calculated one was obtained. Their estimated results were prepared with ENDF-6 format. (G.K.) 9. Improving the effectiveness of rural development policy in Chile NARCIS (Netherlands) Carter Leal, L.M. 2016-01-01 In Chile, agriculture remains a key economic factor for rural development. Accordingly, the Chilean government, through the Agricultural Development Institute (INDAP), provides financial support for fostering entrepreneurship among small farmers to enable them to become more competitive in global ma 10. Exploration of regularized covariance estimates with analytical shrinkage intensity for producing invertible covariance matrices in high dimensional hyperspectral data Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Walsh, Stephen J. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Tardiff, Mark F. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States) 2007-10-01 Removing background from hyperspectral scenes is a common step in the process of searching for materials of interest. Some approaches to background subtraction use spectral library data and require invertible covariance matrices for each member of the library. This is challenging because the covariance matrix can be calculated but standard methods for estimating the inverse requires that the data set for each library member have many more spectral measurements than spectral channels, which is rarely the case. An alternative approach is called shrinkage estimation. This method is investigated as an approach to providing an invertible covariance matrix estimate in the case where the number of spectral measurements is less than the number of spectral channels. The approach is an analytic method for arriving at a target matrix and the shrinkage parameter that modify the existing covariance matrix for the data to make it invertible. The theory is discussed to develop different estimates. The resulting estimates are computed and inspected on a set of hyperspectral data. This technique shows some promise for arriving at an invertible covariance estimate for small hyperspectral data sets. 11. Some Realization of$gl_q(n)$-covariant Oscillator Algebra and$gl_q(n)$-covariant q-Virasoro Algebra with$q$a root of unity OpenAIRE Chung, W-S. 1996-01-01 In this paper some realization of$gl_q(n)$-covariant oscillators is obtained when$q$is a root of unity. And the$gl_q(n)$-covariant q-Virasoro algebra is presented by using the$gl_q(n)-covariant oscillators. 12. Research training in dental undergraduate curriculum in Chile. OpenAIRE Ximena Moreno 2014-01-01 ABSTRACT Research plays a central role in professional training in dentistry. There is a clear recommendation to include a minimum training in biomedical research at undergraduate level. In Chile, there is no standardized curriculum structure including research training for undergraduate students. Objective: To describe the presence of research courses in the undergraduate dental curriculum in Chile during 2014. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study. The curriculum for all Chilean... 13. Beyond Income: A Study of Multidimensional Poverty in Chile OpenAIRE Bronfman, Javier 2014-01-01 Using the latest nationally representative household survey for Chile, this paper empirically assesses multidimensional poverty both at the national and subnational level. Based on the Alkire-Foster method and focusing on four dimensions of well-being –education, health, income and living standard– this study estimates the level and depth of multidimensional poverty for Chile in 2011. At national level, the results show that fewer individuals are subject to multidimensional poverty compared t... 14. Transportation in Developing Countries: Greenhouse Gas Scenarios for Chile OpenAIRE Raúl O'Ryan; Daniel Sperling; Tom Turrentine; Mark Delucchii 2001-01-01 Chile is a lightly populated country of 15 million that has undergone large economic transformations. Over the past 25 years, the economy has evolved from a slow-growing state-directed economy into a fast growing, market-oriented economy. Its South American neighbors are imitating this transformation. The changes have been especially great in the transport sector, with the private sector taking over many traditional public sector activities. This report addresses the implications of Chile's e... 15. Decades lost and found: Mexico and Chile since 1980 OpenAIRE Raphael Bergoeing; Patrick J. Kehoe; Timothy J. Kehoe; Raimundo Soto 2002-01-01 Both Chile and Mexico experienced severe economic crises in the early 1980s, yet Chile recovered much faster than Mexico. This study analyzes four possible explanations for this difference and rules out three, explanations based on money supply expansion, real wage and real exchange rate declines, and foreign debt overhangs. The fourth explanation is based on government policy reforms in the two countries. Using growth accounting and a calibrated growth model, the study determines that the on... 16. Dirac oscillator in a Galilean covariant non-commutative space International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Full text: Even though Galilean kinematics is only an approximation of the relativistic kinematics, the structure of Galilean kinematics is more intricate than relativistic kinematics. For instance, the Galilean algebra admits a nontrivial central extension and projective representations, whereas the Poincare algebra does not. It is possible to construct representations of the Galilei algebra with three possible methods: (1) directly from the Galilei algebra, (2) from contractions of the Poincare algebra with the same space-time dimension, or (3) from the Poincare algebra in a space-time with one additional dimension. In this paper, we follow the third approach, which we refer to as 'Galilean covariance' because the equations are Lorentz covariant in the extended manifold. These equations become Galilean invariant after projection to the lower dimension. Our motivation is that this covariant approach provides one more unifying feature of field theory models. Indeed, particle physics (with Poincare kinematics) and condensed matter physics (with Galilean kinematics) share many tools of quantum field theory (e.g. gauge invariance, spontaneous symmetry breaking, Goldstone bosons), but the Galilean kinematics does not admit a metric structure. However, since the Galilean Lie algebra is a subalgebra of the Poincare Lie algebra if one more space-like dimension is added, we can achieve 'Galilean covariance' with a metric in an extended manifold; that makes non-relativistic models look similar to Lorentz-covariant relativistic models. In this context we study the Galilei covariant five-dimensional formulation applied to Galilean Dirac oscillator in a non-commutative situation, with space-space and momentum-momentum non-commutativity. The wave equation is obtained via a 'Galilean covariant' approach, which consists in projecting the covariant motion equations from a (4, l)-dimensional manifold with light-cone coordinates, to a (3, l 17. Dirac oscillator in a Galilean covariant non-commutative space Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Melo, G.R. de [Universidade Federal do Reconcavo da Bahia, BA (Brazil); Montigny, M. [University of Alberta (Canada); Pompeia, P.J. [Instituto de Fomento e Coordecacao Industrial, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP (Brazil); Santos, Esdras S. [Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (Brazil) 2013-07-01 Full text: Even though Galilean kinematics is only an approximation of the relativistic kinematics, the structure of Galilean kinematics is more intricate than relativistic kinematics. For instance, the Galilean algebra admits a nontrivial central extension and projective representations, whereas the Poincare algebra does not. It is possible to construct representations of the Galilei algebra with three possible methods: (1) directly from the Galilei algebra, (2) from contractions of the Poincare algebra with the same space-time dimension, or (3) from the Poincare algebra in a space-time with one additional dimension. In this paper, we follow the third approach, which we refer to as 'Galilean covariance' because the equations are Lorentz covariant in the extended manifold. These equations become Galilean invariant after projection to the lower dimension. Our motivation is that this covariant approach provides one more unifying feature of field theory models. Indeed, particle physics (with Poincare kinematics) and condensed matter physics (with Galilean kinematics) share many tools of quantum field theory (e.g. gauge invariance, spontaneous symmetry breaking, Goldstone bosons), but the Galilean kinematics does not admit a metric structure. However, since the Galilean Lie algebra is a subalgebra of the Poincare Lie algebra if one more space-like dimension is added, we can achieve 'Galilean covariance' with a metric in an extended manifold; that makes non-relativistic models look similar to Lorentz-covariant relativistic models. In this context we study the Galilei covariant five-dimensional formulation applied to Galilean Dirac oscillator in a non-commutative situation, with space-space and momentum-momentum non-commutativity. The wave equation is obtained via a 'Galilean covariant' approach, which consists in projecting the covariant motion equations from a (4, l)-dimensional manifold with light-cone coordinates, to a (3, l 18. Relativistic covariant wave equations and acausality in external fields International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The author considers linear, finite dimensional, first order relativistic wave equations: (βsup(μ)ideltasub(μ)-β)PSI(x) = 0 with βsup(μ) and β constant matrices. Firstly , the question of the relativistic covariance conditions on these equations is considered. Then the theory of these equations with β non-singular is summarized. Theories with βsup(μ), β square matrices and β singular are also discussed. Non-square systems of covariant relativistic wave equations for arbitrary spin > 1 are then considered. Finally, the interaction with external fields and the acausality problem are discussed. (G.T.H.) 19. The covariant electromagnetic Casimir effect for real conducting spherical shells CERN Document Server Razmi, H 2016-01-01 Using the covariant electromagnetic Casimir effect (previously introduced for real conducting cylindrical shells [1]), the Casimir force experienced by a spherical shell, under Dirichlet boundary condition, is calculated. The renormalization procedure is based on the plasma cut-off frequency for real conductors. The real case of a gold (silver) sphere is considered and the corresponding electromagnetic Casimir force is computed. In the covariant approach, there isn't any decomposition of fields to TE and TM modes; thus, we do not need to consider the Neumann boundary condition in parallel to the Dirichlet problem and then add their corresponding results. 20. The covariance matrix of derived quantities and their combination International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The covariance matrix of quantities derived from measured data via nonlinear relations are only approximate since they are functions of the measured data taken as estimates for the true values of the measured quantities. The evaluation of such derived quantities entails new estimates for the true values of the measured quantities and consequently implies a modification of the covariance matrix of the derived quantities that was used in the evaluation process. Failure to recognize such an implication can lead to inconsistencies between the results of different evaluation strategies. In this report we show that an iterative procedure can eliminate such inconsistencies 1. On Variance and Covariance for Bounded Linear Operators Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Chia Shiang LIN 2001-01-01 In this paper we initiate a study of covariance and variance for two operators on a Hilbert space, proving that the c-v (covariance-variance) inequality holds, which is equivalent to the CauchySchwarz inequality. As for applications of the c-v inequality we prove uniformly the Bernstein-type incqualities and equalities, and show the generalized Heinz-Kato-Furuta-type inequalities and equalities,from which a generalization and sharpening of Reid's inequality is obtained. We show that every operator can be expressed as a p-hyponormal-type, and a hyponornal-type operator. Finally, some new characterizations of the Furuta inequality are given. 2. Measuring covariation in RNA alignments: Physical realism improves information measures DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Lindgreen, Stinus; Gardner, Paul Phillip; Krogh, Anders 2006-01-01 study indicate which measures are useful. Incorporating more structural information by considering e.g. indels and stacking improves accuracy, suggesting that physically realistic measures yield improved predictions. This can be used to improve both current and future programs for secondary structure...... prediction. The best measure tested is the RNAalifold covariation measure modified to include stacking. Availability: Scripts, data and supplementary material can be found at http://www.binf.ku.dk/Stinus_covariation Contact: stinus@binf.ku.dk Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at... 3. Gauge covariance approach to massive Yang-Mills fields International Nuclear Information System (INIS) By observation of the gauge structure introduced in the SU(2) Higgs-Kibble model on the basis of a massless Yang-Mills field theory with gauge covariance, another possible formalism of a massive Yang-Mills field theory with gauge covariance is presented. The formalism exhibits a close analogy to the case of massive abelian-gauge fields. In contrast with the case of the Higgs-Kibble model, no dipole-ghost field is introduced in the formalism. Supplementary conditions for physical states are given in a consistent way. (author) 4. Tests of International CAPM with Time-Varying Covariances OpenAIRE Charles Engel; Anthony P. Rodrigues 1987-01-01 We perform maximum likelihood estimation of a model of international asset pricing based on CAPM. We test the restrictions imposed by CAPM against a more general asset pricing model. The "betas" in our CAPM vary over time from two sources -- the supplies of the assets (government obligations of France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the U.K. and the U.S.) change over time, and so do the conditional covariances of returns on these assets. We let the covariances change over time as a function of macroe... 5. Further Development of the Variance-Covariance Method OpenAIRE J. Chen; Breckow, Joachim; Roos, H; Kellerer, Albrecht M. 1990-01-01 Applications of the variance-covariance technique are presented that illustrate the potential of the method. The dose mean lineal energy, yD, can be determined in time-varying radiation fields where the fluctuations of the dose rate are substantially in excess of the stochastic fluctuations of the energy imparted. An added advantage is, that yD is little influenced by noise that affects both detectors simultaneously. The variance-covariance method is thus stable with respect to dose rate fluc... 6. A scale invariant covariance structure on jet space DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Pedersen, Kim Steenstrup; Loog, Marco; Markussen, Bo This paper considers scale invariance of statistical image models. We study statistical scale invariance of the covariance structure of jet space under scale space blurring and derive the necessary structure and conditions of the jet covariance matrix in order for it to be scale invariant. As part...... of the derivation, we introduce a blurring operator At that acts on jet space contrary to doing spatial filtering and a scaling operator Ss. The stochastic Brownian image model is an example of a class of functions which are scale invariant with respect to the operators At and Ss. This paper also... 7. ICTP lectures on covariant quantization of the superstring International Nuclear Information System (INIS) These ICTP Trieste lecture notes review the pure spinor approach to quantizing the superstring with manifest D=10 super-Poincare invariance. The first section discusses covariant quantization of the superparticle and gives a new proof of equivalence with the Brink-Schwarz superparticle. The second section discusses the superstring in a flat background and shows how to construct vertex operators and compute tree amplitudes in a manifestly super-Poincare covariant manner. And the third section discusses quantization of the superstring in curved backgrounds which can include Ramond-Ramond flux. (author) 8. Neutron Resonance Parameters and Covariance Matrix of 239Pu Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Derrien, Herve [ORNL; Leal, Luiz C [ORNL; Larson, Nancy M [ORNL 2008-08-01 In order to obtain the resonance parameters in a single energy range and the corresponding covariance matrix, a reevaluation of 239Pu was performed with the code SAMMY. The most recent experimental data were analyzed or reanalyzed in the energy range thermal to 2.5 keV. The normalization of the fission cross section data was reconsidered by taking into account the most recent measurements of Weston et al. and Wagemans et al. A full resonance parameter covariance matrix was generated. The method used to obtain realistic uncertainties on the average cross section calculated by SAMMY or other processing codes was examined. 9. Optimal symmetric economical phase-covariant quantum cloning International Nuclear Information System (INIS) We derive the explicit transformation of the optimal symmetric economical 1->M phase-covariant quantum cloning machine (EPCCM), which works without ancilla, as well as the corresponding fidelities in 2-dimension. The fidelity (1->M=2k+1 EPCCM) is covered with previous contributions [G.M. D'Ariano, et al., Phys. Rev. A 71 (2005) 042327]. Meanwhile, the explicit transformation of the optimal symmetric 1->M phase-covariant quantum cloning machine (PCCM) (working with ancilla) as well as the corresponding fidelities in 2-dimension is also derived. The results of the PCCM agree with previous contributions [H. Fan, et al., Phys. Rev. A 65 (2001) 012304 10. Covariant Spectator Theory of heavy-light and heavy mesons and the predictive power of covariant interaction kernels CERN Document Server Leitão, Sofia; Peña, M T; Biernat, Elmar P 2016-01-01 The Covariant Spectator Theory (CST) is used to calculate the mass spectrum and vertex functions of heavy-light and heavy mesons in Minkowski space. The covariant kernel contains Lorentz scalar, pseudoscalar, and vector contributions. The numerical calculations are performed in momentum space, where special care is taken to treat the strong singularities present in the confining kernel. The observed meson spectrum is very well reproduced after fitting a small number of model parameters. Remarkably, a fit to a few pseudoscalar meson states only, which are insensitive to spin-orbit and tensor forces and do not allow to separate the spin-spin from the central interaction, leads to essentially the same model parameters as a more general fit. This demonstrates that the covariance of the chosen interaction kernel is responsible for the very accurate prediction of the spin-dependent quark-antiquark interactions. 11. Estimation of water requirements and Kc values of 'Thompson Seedless' table grapes grown in the overhead trellis system, using the Eddy covariance method Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Paulina Villagra 2014-04-01 Full Text Available Crop evapotranspiration (ETc is essential for irrigation scheduling. The amount of water consumed can be estimated by multiplying the reference evapotranspiration (ET0 by a crop coefficient (Kc; the value of Kc is usually obtained from FAO Paper nr 56. In table grapes (Vitis vinifera L., Kc are obtained from experiments in vines trained on trellis systems; however in Chile, the most used is the overhead trellis system (parronal. Therefore, the objective was to determine water requirements and Kc values of a table grape orchard cv. Thompson Seedless trained on an overhead trellis system in Calle Larga (32°52'40" S, 70°37'45" W, 795 m a.s.l., Aconcagua Valley, Chile, using the Eddy covariance method. During the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons, the instruments required for ET0 and ETc measurement were installed on a 4 m tower above the soil (2 m above vine canopy. The ET0 was estimated according to the FAO Penman-Monteith equation and ETc by the Eddy covariance method. The Kc was obtained by ratio between ETc and ET0. The maximum ETc was 7 mm d-1 and total water consumption was 810 mm. The season maximum Kc value of 1.2 was obtained near harvest during the first season, and 20 d before veraison in the second season. The Kc increased linearly with the percentage of intercepted solar radiation (IRS by the vine canopy at noon, suggesting that an equation to convert the IRS to Kc is more useful than Kc tabulated according to phenology. The equation obtained in this experiment was Kc = 0.012 IRS - 0.1029, R² = 0.85. 12. Karyotypes of parasitic Hymenoptera: Diversity, evolution and taxonomic significance Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) VLADIMIR E. GOKHMAN 2006-01-01 Haploid chromosome numbers (n) of parasitic Hymenoptera (= traditional Parasitica + Chrysidoidea) vary from 2 to 23. However, this range can be subdivided into three intervals with n = 14-23 (less derived parasitic wasps, e.g., some Ichneumonidae and Braconidae as well as Gasteruptiidae), 8-13 (many other parasitic Hymenoptera) and 2-7(Dryinidae, the majority of Chalcidoidea and some advanced Braconidae, e.g. Aphidiinae).The symmetric karyotype with a relatively high chromosome number (n = 14-17) and the prevalence of biarmed chromosomes must be considered as a groundplan feature of parasitic Hymenoptera. Independent reductions of chromosome numbers (n ≤ 10-11) occurred in some groups of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea as well as in the common ancestor of the Proctotrupoidea sensu lato, Ceraphronoidea, Cynipoidea and Chalcidoidea. Further multiple decreases in chromosome numbers (n ≤ 4-6) took place in some Braconidae, various lineages of the superfamily Chalcidoidea as well as in the family Dryinidae. Two main trends prevailed in the karyotype evolution of parasitic wasps: the reduction of chromosome numbers (mainly due to tandem fusions and less frequently due to centric ones) and karyotypic dissymmetrization (through an increase in size differentiation of chromosomes and/or in the share of acrocentrics in a chromosome set). Although karyotypic features of parasitic Hymenoptera can be used for solving taxonomic problems at various levels, this method is the most effective at the species level. 13. On the taxonomic affinities of the Dmanisi mandible (Georgia). Science.gov (United States) Rosas, A; Bermúdez de Castro, J M 1998-10-01 The recent discovery of unexpectedly ancient human remains has fuelled interest about the first dispersion of Homo outside Africa. The Dmanisi mandible is perhaps one of the most interesting findings, as it supposedly represents one of the oldest hominids outside of Africa. Recently, different interpretations have been published about this specimen. Our comparison of the Dmanisi mandible with a large sample of mandibles and teeth has led us to a new interpretation. In our view, the Dmanisi mandible exhibits a unique combination of traits. Some of its features, taken in isolation, may be attributed to morphological extremes within the genus Homo. The architecture of the mandible as well as the morphology and dimensions of incisors, canines, and P3s are clearly primitive. However, dental traits such as the reduction of the talonid in the P4s and a distally decreasing molar series seems to be derived. Some combinations of these traits are found in specimens of Homo ergaster and differ from those generally present in later hominids. Thus, we propose that the Dmanisi mandible might be taxonomically classified as Homo sp. indet. (aff. ergaster). Furthermore, some aspects of the dentition in Dmanisi display close similarities to Asian Homo erectus. If the 1.8-1.6 Myr dating for the Dmanisi mandible is correct, the differentiation of the Asian branch of the genus Homo could be regarded as a very ancient event. PMID:9786330 14. Taxonomic Significance of ISTR to Discriminate Species in Agavaceae Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Martha I. Torres-Moran 2008-01-01 Full Text Available Family Agavaceae is endemic of American Continent. From the around 300 species recognized in this family, 217 occur in Mexico. Relevant ethnobotanic relationships among Agavaceae and the several native human cultures of the American Continent have been established since prehispanic times. Agave is one of the most important genus in that family due to its great diversity and abundance, mainly in arid and semiarid regions of Mexico. In this country, near to 15 species of Agave are used to elaborate alcoholic beverages. Agave tequilana weber var. azul is indubitable the most important of them because is the raw material to elaborate a particular worldly famous class of mescal, named tequila. Agave salmiana, A. maximiliana and A. durangensis are species less famous than A. tequilana, but they also have a high quality and level of carbohydrates and in fact, support local mescal industries. In these last species several taxonomic controversies exist concerning their specific delimitation. In this study the molecular characterization of eight species of Agavaceae using ISTR was performed in order to determine the significance of these markers for discriminating among specific taxa. The results suggest that these molecular markers are worthy to typify species of Agavaceae and detect intrapopulation variability. 15. Taxonomic characterization of the cellulose-degrading bacterium NCIB 10462 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Dees, C.; Ringleberg, D.; Scott, T.C. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States); Phelps, T. [Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States) 1994-06-01 The gram negative cellulase-producing bacterium NCIB 10462 has been previously named Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. or var. cellulosa. Since there is renewed interest in cellulose-degrading bacteria for use in bioconversion of cellulose to chemical feed stocks and fuels, we re-examined the characteristics of this microorganism to determine its proper taxonomic characterization and to further define its true metabolic potential. Metabolic and physical characterization of NCIB 10462 revealed that this was an alkalophilic, non-fermentative, gram negative, oxidase positive, motile, cellulose-degrading bacterium. The aerobic substrate utilization profile of this bacterium was found to have few characteristics consistent with a classification of P. fluorescens with a very low probability match with the genus Sphingomonas. Total lipid analysis did not reveal that any sphingolipid bases are produced by this bacterium. NCIB 10462 was found to grow best aerobically but also grows well in complex media under reducing conditions. NCIB 10462 grew slowly under full anaerobic conditions on complex media but growth on cellulosic media was found only under aerobic conditions. Total fatty acid analysis (MIDI) of NCIB 10462 failed to group this bacterium with a known pseudomonas species. However, fatty acid analysis of the bacteria when grown at temperatures below 37{degrees}C suggest that the organism is a pseudomonad. Since a predominant characteristic of this bacterium is its ability to degrade cellulose, we suggest it be called Pseudomonas cellulosa. 16. Taxonomic revision of the American spider genus Arachosia (Araneae: Anyphaenidae). Science.gov (United States) Rubio, Gonzalo D; Ramírez, Martín J 2015-01-01 We review the American spider genus Arachosia O.P.-Cambridge, and present a descriptive taxonomic study with a comparative dichotomous key including 21 species, of which seven are newly described (A. avalosi sp. nov., A. carancho sp. nov., A. kapiipeoi sp. nov., A. magna sp. nov., A. monserrate sp. nov., A. pinhalito sp. nov. and A. tungurahua sp. nov.). Four species names are considered nomina dubia: Oxysoma dubium Berland, Gayenna duplovittata Mello-Leitão, Oxysoma polytrichium Mello-Leitão, and Arachosia sulfurea Mello-Leitão. Arachosia bonneti (Mello-Leitão) is newly synonymized with A. albiventris Mello-Leitão, and A. mezenioides Mello-Leitão with A. freiburgensis Keyserling. Previous problems with the identification of species in a species complex including A. cubana (Banks) are resolved. A disjunct distributional pattern is reported for A. kapiipeoi sp. nov.; a preliminary phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial COI sequences shows that these may correspond with two cryptic species. In this contribution, grassland and forests are discussed as the two main habitats inhabited by species of Arachosia. Finally, we propose a hypothesis of matching sexes based on functionality of some genital structures, involving sclerites of the male copulatory organ with structures of the epigyne: the prolateral projection on the primary conductor of the male would have a direct interaction with the lateral projections of the anterior pouch on the median epigynal field of females. PMID:25781851 17. Fast and sensitive taxonomic classification for metagenomics with Kaiju. Science.gov (United States) Menzel, Peter; Ng, Kim Lee; Krogh, Anders 2016-01-01 Metagenomics emerged as an important field of research not only in microbial ecology but also for human health and disease, and metagenomic studies are performed on increasingly larger scales. While recent taxonomic classification programs achieve high speed by comparing genomic k-mers, they often lack sensitivity for overcoming evolutionary divergence, so that large fractions of the metagenomic reads remain unclassified. Here we present the novel metagenome classifier Kaiju, which finds maximum (in-)exact matches on the protein-level using the Burrows-Wheeler transform. We show in a genome exclusion benchmark that Kaiju classifies reads with higher sensitivity and similar precision compared with current k-mer-based classifiers, especially in genera that are underrepresented in reference databases. We also demonstrate that Kaiju classifies up to 10 times more reads in real metagenomes. Kaiju can process millions of reads per minute and can run on a standard PC. Source code and web server are available at http://kaiju.binf.ku.dk. PMID:27071849 18. Genetic composition of Mytilus species in mussel populations from southern Chile Composición genética de especies de Mytilus en poblaciones de mejillón del sur de Chile Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) María Angélica Larraín 2012-11-01 Full Text Available Mussels are one of the most cultivated and commercialized bivalves worldwide and in southern Chile its culture represent an important economic activity. The species identification within the Mytilus genera, by morphological features, is unreliable, so we used a polymorphism RFLP in the gene encoding the polyphenolic adhesive protein as a species-specific genetic marker to describe Mytilus species diversity in southern Chile, and evaluate possible applications in traceability, food quality and safety. Using Me 15-16 marker most mussels were M. chilensis, finding no other pure individuals; however, putative hybrids of M. chilensis x M. trossulus and M. chilensis x M. galloprovincialis were detected. There was no evidence of M. edulis. The presence of the M. trossulus allele, faraway from its distribution area, demands further analysis with different genetic markers to allow a better understanding of its origin. In addition, the correspondence between markers that distinguishes northern from southern hemisphere M. galloprovincialis, with those who discriminates between M. chilensis and M. galloprovincialis would contribute to the taxonomic status of Chilean blue mussels. In Chile, the genetic composition of Mytilus indicates that geographical origin of mussels and its traceability cannot be established merely from the identification of the species. The use of other markers would be required.Los mejillones son una de las especies de bivalvos más cultivadas y comercializadas, en el sur de Chile donde su cultivo representa una actividad económica importante. La identificación de la especie dentro del género Mytilus, basada en las características morfológicas no es confiable por lo que se utilizó un polimorfismo RFLP en el gen que codifica la proteína adhesiva polifenólica como marcador genético específico de la especie para describir la diversidad de especies Mytilus en el sur de Chile, y evaluar posibles aplicaciones en trazabilidad 19. The fruit fly programme in Chile International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Full text: country. In fact, no species of the genera Ceratitis, Bactrocera, Anastrepha, Dacus and Toxotrypana exist in the country. This programme uses the Fruit fly National Detection System, which includes detection of the pest by trapping and fruit sampling in different areas located between the I and XI Regions of the country. This system is approved by the Chilean trade partners on the basis of the fruit fly-free recognition. For the Chilean fresh fruit exports, this is an important advantage, because there is no need to apply quarantine treatments or any other restriction measure. Chile has also a huge fruit industry, whose export revenues last season reached USD 1,900 million. This fact has permitted to undertake continuously a big effort to maintain that phytosanitary condition. Since Chile is the only fruit-fly free Latin American country, it has to face a continuous biological pressure of fruit flies, mainly C. capitata, to invade its territory. But the country has also some important advantages to prevent flies migrating due to its natural isolation. These natural barriers are the Los Andes ranges in the east, thousands of kilometers of desert in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the west and finally an extremely cold, sub polar climate in the south. This isolation has led to the NPPO officials to believe that the passive spread, through smuggling and hidden fruit in passenger's baggage, to be the most likely source of fruit fly entries. Because of that, Chile has a very strict quarantine system with border control stations at every point of entry. The only exception to the mentioned isolation is Arica Province on the border with Peru. There, SAG applies an area-wide preventative approach through the rearing and release of sterile insects, as well as bait spraying in the border area, which is mainly desert, but has some 'green spots' that allow the fly to alight for resting and feeding. Additionally, through bi-national agreements, common activities are 20. Efficient retrieval of landscape Hessian: Forced optimal covariance adaptive learning Science.gov (United States) Shir, Ofer M.; Roslund, Jonathan; Whitley, Darrell; Rabitz, Herschel 2014-06-01 Knowledge of the Hessian matrix at the landscape optimum of a controlled physical observable offers valuable information about the system robustness to control noise. The Hessian can also assist in physical landscape characterization, which is of particular interest in quantum system control experiments. The recently developed landscape theoretical analysis motivated the compilation of an automated method to learn the Hessian matrix about the global optimum without derivative measurements from noisy data. The current study introduces the forced optimal covariance adaptive learning (FOCAL) technique for this purpose. FOCAL relies on the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) that exploits covariance information amongst the control variables by means of principal component analysis. The FOCAL technique is designed to operate with experimental optimization, generally involving continuous high-dimensional search landscapes (≳30) with large Hessian condition numbers (≳104). This paper introduces the theoretical foundations of the inverse relationship between the covariance learned by the evolution strategy and the actual Hessian matrix of the landscape. FOCAL is presented and demonstrated to retrieve the Hessian matrix with high fidelity on both model landscapes and quantum control experiments, which are observed to possess nonseparable, nonquadratic search landscapes. The recovered Hessian forms were corroborated by physical knowledge of the systems. The implications of FOCAL extend beyond the investigated studies to potentially cover other physically motivated multivariate landscapes. 1. A Superfield Formalism of osp(1,2) Covariant Quantization CERN Document Server Lavrov, P M 2001-01-01 We propose a superfield description of osp(1,2) covariant quantization by extending the set of admissibility conditions for the quantum action. We realize a superfield form of the generating equations, specify the vacuum functional and obtain the corresponding transformations of extended BRST symmetry. 2. Detection of fungal damaged popcorn using image property covariance features Science.gov (United States) Covariance-matrix-based features were applied to the detection of popcorn infected by a fungus that cause a symptom called “blue-eye.” This infection of popcorn kernels causes economic losses because of their poor appearance and the frequently disagreeable flavor of the popped kernels. Images of ker... 3. Eddy covariance based methane flux in Sundarbans mangroves, India Science.gov (United States) Jha, Chandra Shekhar; Rodda, Suraj Reddy; Thumaty, Kiran Chand; Raha, A. K.; Dadhwal, V. K. 2014-06-01 We report the initial results of the methane flux measured using eddy covariance method during summer months from the world's largest mangrove ecosystem, Sundarbans of India. Mangrove ecosystems are known sources for methane (CH4) having very high global warming potential. In order to quantify the methane flux in mangroves, an eddy covariance flux tower was recently erected in the largest unpolluted and undisturbed mangrove ecosystem in Sundarbans (India). The tower is equipped with eddy covariance flux tower instruments to continuously measure methane fluxes besides the mass and energy fluxes. This paper presents the preliminary results of methane flux variations during summer months (i.e., April and May 2012) in Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem. The mean concentrations of CH4 emission over the study period was 1682 ± 956 ppb. The measured CH4 fluxes computed from eddy covariance technique showed that the study area acts as a net source for CH4 with daily mean flux of 150.22 ± 248.87 mg m-2 day-1. The methane emission as well as its flux showed very high variability diurnally. Though the environmental conditions controlling methane emission is not yet fully understood, an attempt has been made in the present study to analyse the relationships of methane efflux with tidal activity. This present study is part of Indian Space Research Organisation-Geosphere Biosphere Program (ISRO-GBP) initiative under National Carbon Project'. 4. Eddy covariance based methane flux in Sundarbans mangroves, India Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Chandra Shekhar Jha; Suraj Reddy Rodda; Kiran Chand Thumaty; A K Raha; V K Dadhwal 2014-07-01 We report the initial results of the methane flux measured using eddy covariance method during summer months from the world’s largest mangrove ecosystem, Sundarbans of India. Mangrove ecosystems are known sources for methane (CH4) having very high global warming potential. In order to quantify the methane flux in mangroves, an eddy covariance flux tower was recently erected in the largest unpolluted and undisturbed mangrove ecosystem in Sundarbans (India). The tower is equipped with eddy covariance flux tower instruments to continuously measure methane fluxes besides the mass and energy fluxes. This paper presents the preliminary results of methane flux variations during summer months (i.e., April and May 2012) in Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem. The mean concentrations of CH4 emission over the study period was 1682 ± 956 ppb. The measured CH4 fluxes computed from eddy covariance technique showed that the study area acts as a net source for CH4 with daily mean flux of 150.22 ± 248.87 mg m−2 day−1. The methane emission as well as its flux showed very high variability diurnally. Though the environmental conditions controlling methane emission is not yet fully understood, an attempt has been made in the present study to analyse the relationships of methane efflux with tidal activity. This present study is part of Indian Space Research Organisation–Geosphere Biosphere Program (ISRO–GBP) initiative under ‘National Carbon Project’. 5. Conservation laws and covariant equations of motion for spinning particles CERN Document Server Obukhov, Yuri N 2015-01-01 We derive the Noether identities and the conservation laws for general gravitational models with arbitrarily interacting matter and gravitational fields. These conservation laws are used for the construction of the covariant equations of motion for test bodies with minimal and nonminimal coupling. 6. A Review of Nonparametric Alternatives to Analysis of Covariance. Science.gov (United States) Olejnik, Stephen F.; Algina, James 1985-01-01 Five distribution-free alternatives to parametric analysis of covariance are presented and demonstrated: Quade's distribution-free test, Puri and Sen's solution, McSweeney and Porter's rank transformation, Burnett and Barr's rank difference scores, and Shirley's general linear model solution. The results of simulation studies regarding Type I… 7. Construction of covariance matrix for absolute fission yield data measurement International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The purpose is to provide a tool for experimenters and evaluators to conveniently construct the covariance based on the information of the experiment. The method used is so called as parameter analysis one. The basic method and formula are given in the first section, a practical program is introduced in the second section, and finally, some examples are given in the third section 8. On variance estimate for covariate adjustment by propensity score analysis. Science.gov (United States) Zou, Baiming; Zou, Fei; Shuster, Jonathan J; Tighe, Patrick J; Koch, Gary G; Zhou, Haibo 2016-09-10 Propensity score (PS) methods have been used extensively to adjust for confounding factors in the statistical analysis of observational data in comparative effectiveness research. There are four major PS-based adjustment approaches: PS matching, PS stratification, covariate adjustment by PS, and PS-based inverse probability weighting. Though covariate adjustment by PS is one of the most frequently used PS-based methods in clinical research, the conventional variance estimation of the treatment effects estimate under covariate adjustment by PS is biased. As Stampf et al. have shown, this bias in variance estimation is likely to lead to invalid statistical inference and could result in erroneous public health conclusions (e.g., food and drug safety and adverse events surveillance). To address this issue, we propose a two-stage analytic procedure to develop a valid variance estimator for the covariate adjustment by PS analysis strategy. We also carry out a simple empirical bootstrap resampling scheme. Both proposed procedures are implemented in an R function for public use. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the bias in the conventional variance estimator and show that both proposed variance estimators offer valid estimates for the true variance, and they are robust to complex confounding structures. The proposed methods are illustrated for a post-surgery pain study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. PMID:26999553 9. On spectral distribution of high dimensional covariation matrices DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Heinrich, Claudio; Podolskij, Mark In this paper we present the asymptotic theory for spectral distributions of high dimensional covariation matrices of Brownian diffusions. More specifically, we consider N-dimensional Itô integrals with time varying matrix-valued integrands. We observe n equidistant high frequency data points... 10. Equivalence between the Covariant and Bardeen Perturbation Formalisms CERN Document Server Vitenti, S D P; Pinto-Neto, N 2013-01-01 In a previous work we obtained a set of necessary conditions for the linear approximation in cosmology. Here we discuss the relations of this approach with the so called covariant perturbations. It is often argued in the literature that one of the main advantages of the covariant approach to describe the cosmological perturbations is that the Bardeen formalism is coordinate dependent. In this paper we will reformulate the Bardeen approach in a completely covariant manner. For that, we introduce the notion of pure and mixed tensors that yields an adequate language to treat both perturbative approaches in a common framework. Additionally, we define full non-linear tensors that at first order correspond to the three known gauge invariant variables\\Phi$,$\\Psi$and$\\Xi$. We also stress that in the referred covariant approach one necessarily introduces an additional hyper-surface choice to the problem, and the same tensor combinations above at first order are also hyper-surface invariant making the gauge invari... 11. Globally covering a-priori regional gravity covariance models Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) D. Arabelos 2003-01-01 Full Text Available Gravity anomaly data generated using Wenzel’s GPM98A model complete to degree 1800, from which OSU91A has been subtracted, have been used to estimate covariance functions for a set of globally covering equal-area blocks of size 22.5° × 22.5° at Equator, having a 2.5° overlap. For each block an analytic covariance function model was determined. The models are based on 4 parameters: the depth to the Bjerhammar sphere (determines correlation, the free-air gravity anomaly variance, a scale factor of the OSU91A error degree-variances and a maximal summation index, N, of the error degree-variances. The depth of Bjerhammar-sphere varies from -134km to nearly zero, N varies from 360 to 40, the scale factor from 0.03 to 38.0 and the gravity variance from 1081 to 24(10µms-22. The parameters are interpreted in terms of the quality of the data used to construct OSU91A and GPM98A and general conditions such as the occurrence of mountain chains. The variation of the parameters show that it is necessary to use regional covariance models in order to obtain a realistic signal to noise ratio in global applications.Key words. GOCE mission, Covariance function, Spacewise approach 12. A New Test for a Normal Covariance Matrix Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 禹建奇 2015-01-01 The problem of testing the normal covariance matrix equal to a specified matrix is considered.A new Chi-Square test statistic is derived for multivariate normal population.Unlike the likelihood ratio test,the new test is an exact one. 13. On a new normalization for tractor covariant derivatives CERN Document Server Hammerl, Matthias; Soucek, Vladimir; Silhan, Josef 2010-01-01 A regular normal parabolic geometry of type$G/P$on a manifold$M$gives rise to sequences$D_i$of invariant differential operators, known as the curved version of the BGG resolution. These sequences are constructed from the normal covariant derivative$\

14. [Covariance structure analysis of pharmacists' attitudes toward medication history].

Science.gov (United States)

Sato, Hirotaka; Shimamori, Yoshimitu

2011-01-01

Keeping track of patients' medication histories is an important component of pharmacy practice. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey on medication histories among pharmacists and performed covariance structure analysis to investigate pharmacists' attitudes toward medication histories. The survey was conducted among pharmacists who work at pharmacies. With regard to the questions on medication histories, factor analysis and covariance structure analysis were performed to create a path diagram. The response rate to the questionnaire was 97.0%. The factor analysis revealed six factors, including: "patient assessment", "learning attitude", "practicing the recording of medication histories", "conscious effort to improve medication histories", "uniformity in medication histories" and "issues regarding medication histories". Meanwhile, covariance structure analysis revealed that the five-factor model excluding "issues regarding medication histories" was the best-fitted model. According to this model, it was clear that the pharmacists were extremely conscious about introducing improvements to the content of medication histories. In this study, covariance structure analysis enabled the effective analysis of the attitudes of pharmacists toward medication histories. We believe that creating and conducting a training program to clarify and resolve issues related to medication histories and then reviewing the outcome of such a training program will lead to quality improvement and standardization of the future management of medication histories. PMID:21532278

15. Unified Approach to Universal Cloning and Phase-Covariant Cloning

OpenAIRE

Hu, Jia-Zhong; Yu, Zong-Wen; Wang, Xiang-Bin

2008-01-01

We analyze the problem of approximate quantum cloning when the quantum state is between two latitudes on the Bloch's sphere. We present an analytical formula for the optimized 1-to-2 cloning. The formula unifies the universal quantum cloning (UQCM) and the phase covariant quantum cloning.

16. Proton spin in leading order of the covariant approach

Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

2014-01-01

Roč. 88, č. 1 (2014), "014012-1"-"014012-16". ISSN 1550-7998 R&D Projects: GA MŠk(CZ) LG13031 Institutional support: RVO:68378271 Keywords : proton spin * spin structure functions * covariant quark-parton model Subject RIV: BF - Elementary Particles and High Energy Physics Impact factor: 4.643, year: 2014

17. Determining the oxygen isotope composition of evapotranspiration with eddy covariance

Science.gov (United States)

The oxygen isotope componsition of evapotranspiration (dF) represents an important tracer in the study of biosphere-atmosphere interactions, hydrology, paleoclimate, and carbon cycling. Here we demonstrate direct measurement of dF based on eddy covariance (EC) and tunable diode laser (EC-TDL) techni...

18. Covariation of Color and Luminance Facilitate Object Individuation in Infancy

Science.gov (United States)

Woods, Rebecca J.; Wilcox, Teresa

2010-01-01

The ability to individuate objects is one of our most fundamental cognitive capacities. Recent research has revealed that when objects vary in color or luminance alone, infants fail to individuate those objects until 11.5 months. However, color and luminance frequently covary in the natural environment, thus providing a more salient and reliable…

19. Covariance matrices for use in criticality safety predictability studies

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Derrien, H.; Larson, N.M.; Leal, L.C.

1997-09-01

Criticality predictability applications require as input the best available information on fissile and other nuclides. In recent years important work has been performed in the analysis of neutron transmission and cross-section data for fissile nuclei in the resonance region by using the computer code SAMMY. The code uses Bayes method (a form of generalized least squares) for sequential analyses of several sets of experimental data. Values for Reich-Moore resonance parameters, their covariances, and the derivatives with respect to the adjusted parameters (data sensitivities) are obtained. In general, the parameter file contains several thousand values and the dimension of the covariance matrices is correspondingly large. These matrices are not reported in the current evaluated data files due to their large dimensions and to the inadequacy of the file formats. The present work has two goals: the first is to calculate the covariances of group-averaged cross sections from the covariance files generated by SAMMY, because these can be more readily utilized in criticality predictability calculations. The second goal is to propose a more practical interface between SAMMY and the evaluated files. Examples are given for {sup 235}U in the popular 199- and 238-group structures, using the latest ORNL evaluation of the {sup 235}U resonance parameters.

20. Ground state and supersymmetry of generally covariant systems

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We discuss the extension of Gozzi's approach to supersymmetry, based on the ground state representation (GSR) for quantum mechanical systems. The approach directly leads to the supersymmetric extensions of generally covariant systems, whose Hamiltonian constraints H=0 are naturally in their GSR form. The method is applied to several cases: relativistic particles interacting with external gauge and gravitational fields, strings, etc. (author). 31 refs
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