## 502 – Equivalents of the axiom of choice

November 11, 2009

The goal of this note is to show the following result:

Theorem 1 The following statements are equivalent in ${{\sf ZF}:}$

1. The axiom of choice: Every set can be well-ordered.
2. Every collection of nonempty set admits a choice function, i.e., if ${x\ne\emptyset}$ for all ${x\in I,}$ then there is ${f:I\rightarrow\bigcup I}$ such that ${f(x)\in x}$ for all ${x\in I.}$
3. Zorn’s lemma: If ${(P,\le)}$ is a partially ordered set with the property that every chain has an upper bound, then ${P}$ has maximal elements.
4. Any family of pairwise disjoint nonempty sets admits a selector, i.e., a set ${S}$ such that ${|S\cap x|=1}$ for all ${x}$ in the family.
5. Any set is a well-ordered union of finite sets of bounded size, i.e., for every set ${x}$ there is a natural ${m,}$ an ordinal ${\alpha,}$ and a function ${f:\alpha\rightarrow{\mathcal P}(x)}$ such that ${|f(\beta)|\le m}$ for all ${\beta<\alpha,}$ and ${\bigcup_{\beta<\alpha}f(\beta)=x.}$
6. Tychonoff’s theorem: The topological product of compact spaces is compact.
7. Every vector space (over any field) admits a basis.
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