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# All about LaTeX - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

All about LaTeX. Mehdi Asadpur ( asadpur@ce.sharif.edu ) Behnam Sattarzadeh ( sattarzadeh@ce.sharif.edu ) Yaser Ganji Saffar ( ganji@ce.sharif.edu ). Outline. Introduction Document Structure Mathematical Typesetting Spacing Accents and Font Style Tables, Arrays, and Lists

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Presentation Transcript

Yaser Ganji Saffar

(ganji@ce.sharif.edu)

Outline
• Introduction
• Document Structure
• Mathematical Typesetting
• Spacing
• Accents and Font Style
• Tables, Arrays, and Lists
• Multi-line Equations
• Text Formatting
• Bibliography and Compound Expressions
• Slides
• Including Graphics
Introduction
• Introduction to LaTeX
• Required Components of a LaTeX Document
• Error Messages
• Typing LaTeX Commands
1.1 Introduction to LaTeX
• The history of TeX
• Donald Knuth, 1978
• Everyone could easily use to typeset documents, particularly those that include formulae.
• Make it freely available.
• The history of LaTeX
• Leslie Lamport, wrote a variant of TEX called LaTeX.
• Focuses on document structure rather than TeX small details
• Strong when working with mathematical symbols
1.2 Documents Components
• Every LaTeX document must contain the following three components:
• \documentclass{article}
• \begin{document}
• \end{document}
• In general, required information is included in LaTeX commands in braces {}, while optional information is included in square brackets [].
• The default font size for each class is 10 point.
• The \documentclass command must appear at the very beginning of your LaTeX document, before any other LaTeX commands, or you will get an error message.
1.3 Error Messages
• A common error is not to close braces for a command.
• Another one that occurs frequently is to use math commands outside of math mode (described later).
• Since LaTeX will stop after any \end{document} command, a good strategy is to insert \end{document} temporarily to see if the error is above its location.
1.4 Typing LaTeX Commands
• Maybe, you having to type LaTeX commands as part of your text. How do you do that without LaTeX taking them seriously and following them?
• Surround any text that you want printed as is with a \begin{verbatim} and an \end{verbatim} command.
Document Structure
• Creating a Title Page
• Creating a Title Page, Continued
• Sections
• Cross-References
• Abstracts
• Footnote
• The command \pagestyle controls page numbering and headings. It can take the following forms:
• \pagestyle{plain}
• \pagestyle{empty}
• These commands can also be applied to a single page using \thispagestyle instead of \pagestyle.
2.2 Creating a Title Page
• (Remember that the preamble refers to any commands between the \documentclass command and the \begin{document} command.)
• Provide this information in the preamble of your document:
• \title{yourtitlehere}
• \author{yournamehere
• \date{currentdate}
2.3 Creating a Title Page (cont.)
• Place a \maketitle command immediately after the \begin{document} command.
• The \documentclass command can take a titlepage option: \documentclass[titlepage]{article}.
2.4 Sections
• One of the most important ways of creating structure in a document is to split it into logical sections.
• There are two related commands for creating sections:
• \section{sectiontitle}
• \section*{sectiontitle}.
2.5 Cross-References
• Use \label{name} to label the point in your document with some mnemonic.
• Section \ref{name} to refer to that point.
• \ref{name} will be replaced by the number of the section containing the corresponding \label command.
• You will need to run LaTeX twice to generate these references.
• If you have been using \section commands throughout your document, then LaTeX has all the information that it needs to construct one for you.
• Place the command \tableofcontents after your \begin{document} command.
• It may be necessary to run LaTeX twice on a document with a Table of Contents.
2.7 Abstracts
• To create an abstract, place your text in an abstract environment, i.e., between \begin{abstract} and \end{abstract} commands.
• The abstract should come immediately after your \maketitle command, but before any \tableofcontents command.
2.8 Footnote

For example:

… in ICMP\footnote{Internet Control Message Protocol} …

Mathematical Typesetting
• Mathematical Formulas
• Greek Letters
• Exponents and Subscripts
• Above and Below
• Fractions
• Functions
• Sums, Integrals, and Limits
• Roots
• Text in Math Displays
• Operators
• Relations
• Negated Symbols
• More Symbols
3.1 Mathematical Formulas
• There are two ways to insert mathematical formulas into your document with LaTeX:
• Is to have it appear in a paragraph with text($). • Is to have them appear in a separate paragraph($$). • \alpha is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. •$$ \frac{x^n-1}{x-1} = \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}x^k $$3.3 Exponents and Subscripts • Use the ^ character to create exponents: • If you have an exponent containing more than one character, group the exponent characters inside braces. x^21 \ne x^{21} • Similarly, subscripts are created using the _(underscore character). Again, for • subscripts of more than one character, use braces to indicate where the subscript starts and stops. x_21 \ne x_{21} \overline \overbrace \underline \underbrace$$ \left( \begin{array}{c} m+n\\ m \end{array} \right) = \frac{(m+n)!}{m!n!} = \frac {\overbrace{(m+n)(m+n-1)\cdots(n+1)}^\mbox{$m$factors} {\underbrace{m(m-1)\cdots 1}_\mbox{$m$factors}} $${ while \overline{x+\overline{y}} = \overline{x}+y 3.4 Above and Below 3.5 Fractions • Diagonal fraction bar • Horizontal fraction bar • a/b • written as \frac{numerator}{denominator}. •$$ \frac{a/b-c/d}{e/f-g/h} $$LaTeX uses italics in math mode. Roman (non-italic) for function names. Use a backslash in front of function names. Here is a list of function names: \arccos \arcsin \arctan \arg \cos \cosh \cot \coth \csc \deg \det \dim \exp \gcd \hom \inf \ker \lg \lim \liminf \limsup \ln \log \max \min \Pr \sec \sin \sinh \sup \tan \tanh 3.6 Functions 3.7 Sums, Integrals, and Limits • Summations and integrals both have lower and upper limits, and the commands are similar. • Limits usually have text with an arrow placed below them. •$$ \sum_{k=0}^\infty\frac{(-1)^k}{k+1} = \int_0^1\frac{dx}{1+x} $$•$$ \lim_{x\rightarrow 0} \frac{\sin x}{x} = 1 $$3.8 Roots • Use the \sqrt{} command to produce square roots: • \sqrt{\frac{a}{b}} • If you need an nth root, use \sqrt[n]{} instead. • \sqrt[10]{\frac{a}{b}} 3.9 Text in Math Displays • Use the command \mbox{your text here} to include short phrases in a formula. • (If your phrase isn't short, then you should consider embedding your formula in a text paragraph instead of your text in a formula paragraph.) •$$ \int_0^{2\pi}\cos(mx)\,dx = 0 \hspace{1cm} \mbox{if and only if} \hspace{1cm} m\ne 0 $$3.10 Operators • You will probably not need most of the binary operators listed here, but it should be a handy reference: 3.11 Relations • Again, here are more relations than you will ever need. You may want to print this for reference: 3.13 More Symbols • For \therefore you will need to include the line \usepackage{amssymb} in your preamble. • Similarly, for using \mathbb{Z}, etc., you will need to include the line \usepackage{amssymb} in your preamble. Spacing • Spacing Between Words • Fine-Tuning Spacing in Math-Mode • Double Spacing • Sloppy Line Breaks • Enlarging Pages 4.1 Spacing Between Words • LaTeX controls the spacing of your document, trying hard to break lines in places that are pleasing to the eye. • As a consequence, one blank space is the same as a million blank spaces. • Tabs are treated like blank spaces. • Blanks at the end of a line are ignored. • A single \Enter" is treated like a blank space. • More than one \Enter" marks the beginning of a new paragraph. 4.2 Spaces in Math-Mode • \, produces a small space • \: produces a medium space • \; produces a large space • \! produces a small negative space 4.3 Double Spacing • There will be times when you will need to submit a draft that is double-spaced, to permit a grader or editor to make comments. • To double-space a paper, put \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2} in your paper's preamble. 4.4 Sloppy Line Breaks • Surround the offending paragraph with \begin{sloppypar} and \end{sloppypar} commands. • Then LaTeX will not break words up but rather will allow more spacing between words in the given paragraph. 4.5 Enlarging Pages • LaTeX works very hard to find the best place to break between pages. If you are unhappy with the result, you can change it with the following two commands: • \newpage will force the start of a new page. • \enlargethispage{size} will increase the number of lines added to a page. Accents and Font Style • Accents • Hyphenation • The Logo • Quotation Marks • Changing the Appearance of Words 5.1 Accents • LaTeX can produce the following accents. (The letter \u" is only used for the purposes of this example. The accents work with any letter.) 5.2 Hyphenation • There are four hyphens in LaTeX : • - (a single dash) is for hyphenating words. • -- (two dashes) is for ranges of numbers. • --- (three dashes) is for an honest-to-goodness dash between words. • - is a minus sign in math mode. • For example: My cousin-in-law lived in Germany in 1995--6; he speaks French---really, he does. His favorite number is -2. 5.3 The LaTeX Logo • You can typeset the LATEX logo with the \LaTeX command. • As with most commands, it consumes any space behind it, so if it isn't at the end of a sentence, use \LaTeX\ instead. 5.4 Quotation Marks • Use  (usually on the left side of the keyboard) to begin a quotation • And '' (usually on the right side of the keyboard) to end a quotation: 5.5 Appearance of Words • \underline{phrase} to underline a phrase, • \textbf{phrase} to print a phrase in boldface, and • \emph{phrase} to italicize a phrase. Tables, Arrays, and Lists • Constructing Arrays • Constructing Tables 6.1 Constructing Arrays • Surround the entries with a \begin{array}{justification} command and an \end{array} command. • Separate column entries by an &. And end each line with a \\. • If your array is a matrix, you can surround it with large parentheses \left( and \right). • For example: •$$ • \left( • \begin{array}{rcl} • \alpha&\beta&\gamma\\ • \delta&\epsilon&\zeta\\ • \eta&\theta&\iota\\ • \end{array} • \right) • $$6.2 Constructing Tables • For example: \begin{tabular}{|r|c|l|} \hline Right & Center & Left\\ \hline alpha&beta&gamma\\ delta&epsilon&zeta\\ eta&theta&iota\\ \hline \end{tabular} Multi-line Equations • Multi-line Equations • Accents • Dots • Indenting 7.1 Multi-line Equations • Surround the equations by \begin{eqnarray*} and \end{eqnarray*}. • Surround the equals sign or inequality with &'s, and end each line with \\. • Note: you do not need to use$$'s with this environment. For example, \begin{eqnarray*} 1+2+\ldots+n &=& \frac{1}{2}((1+2+\ldots+n)+(n+\ldots+2+1))\\ &=& \frac{1}{2}\underbrace{(n+1)+(n+1)+\ldots+(n+1)}_{\mbox{$n$copies}}\\ &=& \frac{n(n+1)}{2}\\ \end{eqnarray*} 7.2 Accents • We use several different kinds of accents in mathematics: a hat, bar, dot, and arrow over a variable all have different meanings. LaTeX uses commands that surround the variable: •$\hat{a},

\dot{a},

\ddot{a},

\tilde{a},

\bar{a},

\vec{a}\$

7.3 Dots
• \cdots for center height dots.
• \ddots for diagonal dots, which occur in matrices.
• \ldots for lower height dots.
• \vdots for vertical dots.

For example:

$$\left( \begin{array}{ccc} a_{11}&\cdots&a_{1n}\\ \vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ a_{m1}&\cdots&a_{mn} \end{array} \right)$$

7.4 Indenting
• The default for a LaTeX document is to indent new paragraphs unless the paragraph follows a section heading.
• If you want to change the indentation, use the \indent and \noindent commands respectively, at the beginning of the paragraph.
• If you wish to choose the amount of indentation for some reason, then use the command:

\setlength{\parindent}{size of indentation with unit}.

• Since this is a command that affects the whole document, it should go in the preamble, between the \documentclass and \begin{document} commands.
Text Formatting
• Centering Text
• Extended Quotation
• Bulleted Lists
• Numbered Lists
• Filling a Line
8.1 Centering Text
• By default, LaTeX will start all text at the left margin.
• If you want to center a title, a table, etc., surround what you want centered with the commands:

\begin{center} and \end{center}.

• A header is the text automatically included at the top of each document.

will do the job for you.

8.3 Extended Quotation
• If you are going to include an extended quotation from another source, it is important to indicate the difference between the quotation and your words.
• The least obtrusive way to do so is to indent.
• In LaTeX, surround the quotation with \begin{quote} and \end{quote}.
8.4 Bulleted Lists
• To create a bulleted list, surround the information with a \begin{itemize} and an \end{itemize}, and begin each item with an \item.

For example,

\begin{itemize}

\item A bulleted item.

\item Another bulleted item.

\begin{itemize}

\item A nested bulleted item.

\end{itemize}

\item You get the idea.

\end{itemize}

8.5 Numbered Lists
• To create a numbered list, surround the information with a \begin{enumerate} and an \end{enumerate}, and begin each item with an \item.

For example,

\begin{enumerate}

\item A numbered item.

\item Another numbered item.

\begin{enumerate}

\item A nested numbered item.

\end{enumerate}

\item You get the idea.

\end{enumerate}

8.6 Filling a Line
• You can insert an arbitrary amount of space into a line with the \hspace{length} command. Here the length must include a unit, such as 1.5in or 2.3cm.
• If you want a spacing in a line that will push the surrounding words to the left and right margins, use the \hfill command.
• If instead of spacing, you want either dots or a line, use \dotfill or \hrulefill, respectively.
9 Bibliography
• Bibliographies
• Using BibTex
9.1 Bibliographies
• LaTeX provides a mechanism for automatically linking citations with items in the bibliography.
• Surround the bibliography with \begin{thebibliography}{9} and \end{thebibliography}.
• With the bibliography in place, a citation in the body of the document is made with \cite{label}, where label is the same as what occurs in the corresponding \bibitem{label}.
• What is the 9 in \begin{thebibliography}{9} for? It is a dummy number indicating how many digits to leave space for in the numbering of the bibliography.
Slides
• The Slide Class
• How to Use the Slides Class
10.1 The Slide Class
• LaTeX does not want to be Microsoft PowerPoint.
• If you have mathematical formulae to display on transparencies, LaTeX is there to help with the slides document class.
• The slide class uses a larger font that is designed to be legible at a distance.
10.2 How to Use the Slides Class
• Surround the document with \begin{document} and \end{document} commands.
• Surround the text that you want to appear on each slide with \begin{slide} and \end{slide} commands.
• Preview the slides to see where best to break the material between slides.
Including Graphics
• Graphic File Formats
• Graphics Package
• Including Graphics Within Your Document
11.1 Graphic File Formats
• There are a number of graphics formats out there, such as:
• bmp
• eps
• Gif
• Jpg
• PDF
• ps
• LaTeX works best with the postscript formats (eps, ps) which were around
11.2 Graphics Package
• Picture environment \begin{picture} & \end{picture}
• If you are going to include graphics in your document, you will need to ask LaTeX to use a package of graphics commands:
• place \usepackage{graphicx} in the preamble.

For example:

11.3 Including Graphics
• You use the \includegraphics{graphicfile} command to include your graphic file in your document.
• If you wish to control the size of the document, you can also specify the height and width:

\includegraphics[height=2in, width =3in]{graphicfile}.

• The Letter Class
• Letter Commands for the Preamble
• Commands for Each Letter
12.1 The Letter Class
• Aside from the article class, LaTeX provides a letter class for formal letters.
• To use the class,
• Include the commands that apply to all letters in the file.
• Begin with a \begin{document} command.
• Include the commands for each letter.
• End with a \end{document} command.
12.2 Preamble’s Letter Commands
• The following commands apply to each letter in the file:
• \signature{yournameandtitle} for your printed name in the signature block.
• \date{letterdate} if you want to x the date on the letter; otherwise the date will default to the current date when the letter is printed.
12.3 Commands for Each Letter
• On the next line, type the addressee's address in braces. Separate lines with \\’s.
• Put your opening greeting in \opening{dearjohndoe}.
• Put the text of your letter.
• Put your closing in \closing{sincerely}.
• If their are carbon copies, use \cc{names}.
• If their are enclosures, use \encl{docs}.
• If their is a postscript, use \ps.
• End with \end{letter}.
Introduction

Document Structure

Mathematical Typesetting

Spacing

Accents and Font Style

Tables, Arrays, and Lists

Multiline Equations

Text Formatting

Bibliography and Compound Expressions

Slides
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