# Opel Corsa Diesel Usage

June 24, 2013
By

(This article was first published on Wiekvoet, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)

I wanted to extend my car weight distribution calculation of June 16 from only 2000 to years 2000 to 2013. Unfortunately, come Sunday afternoon the code seemed too slow and not even the beginning of a post. So, I went on to another calculation I was working on; scraping Diesel usage data from the web and examining how it varied. The background of this is the repeated news items one reads, which state that actual fuel usage is much higher than reported. Since I may be in the market for an Opel Corsa Diesel, this was the car of choice.

### Sourcing the data

In contrast to my normal posts I won't be putting code for data scraping here. The reason is purely ethical; should I make it all too easy to get these data? I am not so sure webmasters like that idea. I took the data from http://www.spritmonitor.de/. The scraping techniques I took from r-bloggers, original was on statistical-research.com. At the end I had data where first records and relevant variables looked like shown below. The data was selected from 2010 to now with engine sizes 55, 70 and 96 kW. Engine sizes which were one kW off, were merged to the stated levels, because I had the feeling these were errors. In the end this resulted in 3713 records and 106 drivers.
usage
Driver Month lp100 buildyear         engine
1     63    06  4.38   BJ 2011  70 kW (95 PS)
2     63    06  3.55   BJ 2011  70 kW (95 PS)
3     63    05  4.16   BJ 2011  70 kW (95 PS)
4     63    05  3.50   BJ 2011  70 kW (95 PS)
5     63    05  3.90   BJ 2011  70 kW (95 PS)
6     63    04  3.54   BJ 2011  70 kW (95 PS)

### Model

The model used makes usage, liters per 100 km (lp100), a function of engine type, Month, driver and buildyear. It was also chosen to make the driver's standard deviation part of the model. The model is estimated in JAGS. The code is at the bottom of the post. Below the plot from jagsfit. From my point of view this looks reasonable. The trend at drivers is because the data was sorted when scraped.

### Engines

The data shown are conditional on their own drivers. It seems the strongest engine has the highest usage, while the weakest engine has second worst performance. This almost suggests that the 55 kW engine is just too small.

### Months

The data shown is the average usage over all drivers and cars. Summer is cheaper to drive than winter. However, the difference is smaller than between engines.

### Drivers

Drivers' means are conditional on their own engines, averaged over months and build years. In a sense, these are the expected long term usages, with shrinkage to the population means for drivers with limited data. It is easy possible to have a style for more than 6 liter per 100 km, one extreme driver expects more than 7 liter per 100 km, with the most economic car (upon examining the data notes, it may be this driver has loads of within city driving, average low speed, maybe loads of start/stop with air conditioning on). On the other hand, some drivers manage clearly less than 4.5 liter per 100 km.  3.8 l/100 km is what the best driver observes as his/her personal average, in the plot it is slightly shrunk upwards.

### Factory results and driver results

Based on these data one can certainly expect differences between what a factory presents as data and what is observed. If September weather gives 0.2 l/100 km less usage than December, the lower value will be given. The driving cycle for fuel usage has, as I read it, a fairly sedate speed. So, close or better than the best driver. The average driver by definition has a much higher usage than the best driver. A lease driver might be among the worst performers. After all, not paying your own fuel or repairs does not make for austere driving.

### R code

library(R2jags)
data_list <- list(NDriver=nlevels(usage$Driver), NBY=nlevels(usage$buildyear),
NEngine=nlevels(usage$engine), NMonth=nlevels(usage$Month),
N=nrow(usage))

data_list$Driver <- (1:data_list$NDriver)[usage$Driver] data_list$BY    <- (1:data_list$NBY)[usage$buildyear]
data_list$Engine<- (1:data_list$NEngine)[usage$engine] data_list$Month  <- (1:data_list$NMonth)[usage$Month]
data_list$lp100 <- usage$lp100
uu <- unique(data.frame(engine=usage$engine,cDriver=usage$Driver,Driver=data_list$Driver,Engine=data_list$Engine))
data_list$uDriver <- uu$Driver
data_list$uEngine <- uu$Engine
data_list$Driver1 <- uu$Driver[uu$Engine==1] data_list$Driver2 <- uu$Driver[uu$Engine==2]
data_list$Driver3 <- uu$Driver[uu$Engine==3] data_list$NDriver1 <- length(data_list$Driver1) data_list$NDriver2 <- length(data_list$Driver2) data_list$NDriver3 <- length(data_list$Driver3) mymod <- function() { for (i in 1:N) { fit[i] <- grandmean + MMonth[Month[i]] + MEngine[Engine[i]] + MBY[BY[i]] + MDriver[Driver[i]] lp100[i] ~dnorm(fit[i],tauOfDriver[Driver[i]]) } grandmean ~ dnorm(0,.001) MMonth[1] <- 0 for (i in 2:NMonth) { MMonth[i] ~ dnorm(0,tauMonth) } tauMonth ~ dgamma(0.001,0.001) sdMonth <- sqrt(1/tauMonth) MBY[1] <- 0 for (i in 2:NBY) { MBY[i] ~ dnorm(0,tauBY) } tauBY ~ dgamma(0.001,0.001) sdBY <- sqrt(1/tauBY) MEngine[1] <- 0 for (i in 2:NEngine) { MEngine[i] ~ dnorm(0,tauEngine) } tauEngine ~ dgamma(0.001,0.001) sdEngine <- sqrt(1/tauEngine) MDriver[1] <- 0 for (i in 2:NDriver) { MDriver[i] ~ dnorm(0,tauDriver) } tauDriver ~ dgamma(0.001,0.001) sdDriver <- sqrt(1/tauDriver) for (i in 1:NDriver) { tauOfDriver[i] <- pow(sdOfDriver[i],-2) sdOfDriver[i] ~ dlnorm(mu.lsdD,tau.lsdD) } mu.lsdD ~ dnorm(0,.0001) tau.lsdD <- pow(sigma.lsdD,-2) sigma.lsdD ~ dunif(0,100) for (i in 1:NDriver) { meanDriver[i] <- grandmean + MDriver[uDriver[i]] + mean(MMonth[1:NMonth]) + mean(MBY[1:NBY]) + MEngine[uEngine[i]] } for (i in 1:NMonth) { meanMonth[i] <- grandmean + mean(MDriver[1:NDriver]) + MMonth[i] + mean(MBY[1:NBY]) + mean(MEngine[1:NEngine]) } for (i in 1:NBY) { meanBY[i] <- grandmean + mean(MDriver[1:NDriver]) + mean(MMonth[1:NMonth]) +MBY[i]+ mean(MEngine[1:NEngine]) } for ( i in 1:NDriver1) { MDriver1[i] <- MDriver[Driver1[i]] } for ( i in 1:NDriver2) { MDriver2[i] <- MDriver[Driver2[i]] } for ( i in 1:NDriver3) { MDriver3[i] <- MDriver[Driver3[i]] } meanEngine[1] <- grandmean + mean(MDriver1) + mean(MMonth[1:NMonth])+ mean(MBY[1:NBY]) +MEngine[1] meanEngine[2] <- grandmean + mean(MDriver2) + mean(MMonth[1:NMonth])+ mean(MBY[1:NBY]) +MEngine[2] meanEngine[3] <- grandmean + mean(MDriver3) + mean(MMonth[1:NMonth])+ mean(MBY[1:NBY]) +MEngine[3] } model.file <- file.path(tempdir(),'mijnmodel.txt') write.model(mymod,con=model.file) inits <- function() list( grandmean = rnorm(1,5,1), MDriver = c(NA,rnorm(data_list$NDriver-1)) ,
MBY = c(NA,rnorm(data_list$NBY-1)) , MEngine = c(NA,rnorm(data_list$NEngine-1)) ,
MMonth = c(NA,rnorm(data_list$NMonth-1)) , tauDriver = runif(1,1,3), tauBY = runif(1,1,3), tauEngine=runif(1,1,3), tauMonth=runif(1,1,3), sdOfDriver = runif(data_list$NDriver,1,3)
)

parameters <- c('sdOfDriver','meanMonth','meanDriver','meanBY',
'meanEngine','sdDriver','sdMonth','sdEngine')
jagsfit <- jags(data=data_list,inits=inits,model.file=model.file,
parameters.to.save=parameters,n.chains=4,DIC=FALSE,n.iter=20000,
progress.bar='none')
png('jagsfit.png')
plot(jagsfit)
dev.off()

jagsfit.mc <- as.mcmc(jagsfit)
fitsummary <- summary(jagsfit.mc)
stats <- fitsummary$statistics quants <- fitsummary$quantiles

library(ggplot2)

Engines <- as.data.frame(cbind(stats[grepl('meanEngine',rownames(stats)),],
quants[grepl('meanEngine',rownames(quants)),]))
Engines$type <- levels(usage$engine)
Engines
limits <- aes(ymax = 25%, ymin=75%)
p <- ggplot(Engines, aes(y=Mean, x=type))
dodge <- position_dodge(width=0.9)
png('engines.png')
p + geom_point(position=dodge) +
geom_errorbar(limits, position=dodge, width=0.25) +
coord_flip()
dev.off()

Months <- as.data.frame(cbind(stats[grepl('meanMonth',rownames(stats)),],
quants[grepl('meanMonth',rownames(quants)),]))
Months$Month <- levels(usage$Month)
limits <- aes(ymax = 25%, ymin=75%)
p <- ggplot(Months, aes(y=Mean, x=Month))
dodge <- position_dodge(width=0.9)
png('Months.png')
p + geom_point(position=dodge) +
geom_errorbar(limits, position=dodge, width=0.25) +
coord_flip()
dev.off()

Driver <- as.data.frame(cbind(stats[grepl('meanDriver',rownames(stats)),],
quants[grepl('meanDriver',rownames(quants)),]))
Driver <- cbind(uu,Driver)
limits <- aes(ymax = 25%, ymin=75%)
p <- ggplot(Driver, aes(y=Mean, x=Driver,colour=engine))
dodge <- position_dodge(width=0.9)
png('driver.png')
p + geom_point(position=dodge) +
geom_errorbar(limits, position=dodge, width=0.25) +
coord_flip()
dev.off()

ag <- aggregate(usage$lp100,by=list(Driver=usage$Driver),mean)
min(ag\$x)
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