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# Marshall Test Method: Everything You Need to Know

## What is the Marshall Test?

The Marshall method of asphalt mix design is widely practiced in construction materials laboratories to select and proportion aggregate and asphalt materials for pavement construction. This holistic approach to asphalt pavement mix design involves the selection of mineral aggregate and binder materials, preparation of trial samples, load testing for strength and flow of materials, and lab tests of material properties. The focus is on the determination of an optimum asphalt content that will provide maximum strength to the mix with minimum deformation from axle loads. Marshall stability and flow test values, density, and air voids in the mix and the mineral aggregate are all used for evaluation of trial mixtures of lab-mixed, lab-compacted (LMLC) asphalt mixtures. Marshall stability and flow tests can also monitor the production of the asphalt mixture using plant mix, laboratory-compacted (PMLC) samples.

## Background and History

During World War II, there was an urgent need to quickly construct suitable airfields for large military aircraft with increasingly higher wheel loads. In 1943, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began evaluating several asphalt pavement mix design methods at their Waterways Experiment Station (WES) in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Marshall Stability Method developed by Bruce Marshall at the Mississippi Highway Department in 1939 seemed to be the most promising after a procedure to measure deformation (flow) was added. The Marshall method was recommended based on simplicity, rapid and effective test results, and the fact that some of the apparatus was compatible with equipment currently in use for the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) load test for subgrade soils. Because of its straightforward process and equipment, along with widespread use by the U.S. military, the method is used in some capacity by many state departments of transportation and is the most widely used pavement design system in the world.

## Marshall Stability Test: The Process

The Marshall process uses a series of laboratory tests and evaluation criteria for selecting materials and to progressively narrow in on optimum mix design. A suitable mix will resist deformation from traffic loads and damage from climatic conditions and will have adequate skid resistance.

Note: Tests associated with Marshall mix design have procedures specified in several different ASTM and AASHTO test methods, as well as many local and regional variations. The contents of this article are a guide to equipment and common practices only and are in no way intended to supersede requirements in any of these published test methods.

Aggregate selection begins with lab testing to measure the physical properties of aggregates. Abrasion resistance, soundness, durability, and particle shape all combine to ensure the aggregates themselves are durable and will also contribute to the strength and resistance to deformation of the final asphalt mix. The chart below shows some typical laboratory tests performed for the evaluation of proposed aggregates. There are linked references for testing equipment and ASTM/AASHTO test methods.

## Aggregate Tests

AASHTO /
AASHTO
Methods
Abrasion
Resistance
SoundnessToughnessDurabilityImpact
Resistance
Shape &
Texture
Gravity
Los Angeles AbrasionXXXXX
Micro-DevalXXX
Sulfate
Soundness
C88 / T 104XX
Durability Index

T 210

XX
Fine Agg
Angularity

T 304

XX
Sand
Equivalent

T 176

XX
Flat &
Elongated
D4791 / N/AX
Flakiness &
Elongation
BS-812X
Particle Size
Distribution
C136 / T 27X
Specific Gravity /
Absorption
C128 / T 84X

The blending of aggregates of different size fractions or shape characteristics is often performed to produce mixtures with greater densities, strengths, or handling properties.

Asphalt binder selection is not performed according to a specific procedure in the Marshall method. The Superpave Performance Grading (PG) binder system is often used, but final selection may be based on experience, previous performance, or a local procedure. The PG system characterizes the suitability of an asphalt binder based on the expected climatic conditions as well as aging conditions under which it is to be used. So, a binder selected for use in Florida would be different from the one used in Minnesota. PG binders are classified with two numbers that represent the maximum and minimum pavement temperatures (in Celsius) at which they are suitable.

Sample preparation starts with an estimate of what the optimum binder content will be, based on experience and past performance. Several trial blends of aggregate and asphalt binder are prepared in laboratory-scale mixers with binder contents at, above, and below the estimated optimum in increments of 0.5%. Each trial mix must contain enough material to compact three specimens for stability and flow measurements, usually about 2.6lb (1.2kg) for each specimen. The ASTM D2041/ AASHTO T 209 theoretical maximum specific gravity, or Rice test, is performed to document density characteristics of the design mix. A selection of equipment for performing this test can be found here. Laboratory ovens are required to heat and condition aggregate and asphalt materials, compaction hammers, and molds.

Sample compaction is performed by manual or automatic Marshall compactors with 10lb (45.36kg) mass and 18in (457.2mm) drop height and stationary or rotating operation. The prepared and heated trial blends are compacted into Marshall compaction molds, each consisting of mold, collar, and base plate in 4in (101.6mm) or 6in (152.4mm) diameters. The number of blows required for specimen compaction is typically 35, 50, or 75, depending on anticipated traffic loads. The specified number of blows is applied to one side of the specimen, then the mold is reversed, and the same number applied to the opposite side. The intact and compacted specimens are extracted from the mold with a  sample ejector and the bulk specific gravity is measured following ASTM D2726/ AASHTO T 166

Stability and flow testing are described in test methods ASTM D6927/ AASHTO T 245. The compacted asphalt specimen is conditioned in a  water bath before being placed in a Marshall breaking head. The breaking head and specimen assembly are positioned in a  Marshall stability tester outfitted with  components to measure stability and flow during the test. This test predicts the performance of the trial mixes. Stability is the maximum strength of the mix when loaded at a rate of 2in (50.8mm) per minute. During the loading process the plastic flow, or deformation of the specimen, is recorded in 0.01in (0.25mm) increments by a dial gauge or linear variable displacement transducer (LVDT).  Data acquisition software is available to record, graph, calculate, and report Marshall test values automatically.  ASTM D5581 can also be used for 6in (152mm) compacted specimens or pavement cores.

Characterization/measurement of density and voids are important properties for a complete analysis of the proposed mix design. As noted above, specific gravity and density values are determined using the ASTM D2041/AASHTO T 209 theoretical method (Rice test) for the loose asphalt material and ASTM D2726/AASHTO T 166 to determine the bulk specific gravity of compacted specimens. There is also a need to describe various types of air void contents. Air void content in compacted mixtures consists of the small spaces between coated aggregate particles in a compacted mixture and is a test method defined in ASTM D3203/ AASHTO T 269. There are two other void values determined by calculations.

• Voids in mineral aggregates (VMA) are defined as the void space between the aggregate particles in a compacted mixture. VMA is calculated based on the aggregate bulk specific gravity and is expressed as a percentage of the bulk volume of the compacted mixture.

The formula for calculating VMA is:

$VMA = {100 - {GmbPs \over Gsb}}$

Where:
VMA = Voids in mineral aggregate, in percent of bulk volume
Gsb = Bulk specific gravity of the aggregate
Gmb = Bulk specific gravity of compacted mix
Ps = Aggregate, percent by total weight of mix

• Voids filled with asphalt (VFA) in a compacted paving mixture, consisting of that portion of the initial voids in the aggregate (VMA) which have been filled with the non-absorbed asphalt.

VFA can be determined by the following equation:

$VFA = {100({VMA - Pa \over VMA})}$

Where:
VFA = voids in mineral aggregate, percent of bulk volume
Pa = air voids in compacted mixture, percent of total volume

## Test Methods and Equipment

The chart below references some ASTM and AASHTO standard test methods related to the Marshall mix design method, along with laboratory equipment required for the tests.

Laboratory
Test
Equipment
ASTM/AASHTO
Test Method
Maximum
Specific
Gravity and
Density
Bulk
Specific
Gravity of
Compacted
Specimens
Asphalt
Preparation
&
Compaction
Asphalt
Stability
&
Flow
Percent
Air Voids
Sample Height
or Thickness
Rice TestD2041 / T 209X
Bulk DensityX
Marshall
Compaction
D6926 / T 245XX
Stability &
Flow
XX
Air Voids in
Compacted
Mixes
D3203 / T 269X
Sample
Thickness
D3549X
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