# Parameter¶

class zfit.param.Parameter(name, value, lower_limit=None, upper_limit=None, step_size=None, floating=True, dtype=tf.float64, **kwargs)[source]

Class for fit parameters, derived from TF Variable class.

Parameters
property has_limits

If the parameter has limits set or not.

Return type

bool

property at_limit

If the value is at the limit (or over it).

The precision is up to 1e-5 relative.

Return type

Tensor

Returns

Boolean tf.Tensor that tells whether the value is at the limits.

property step_size

Step size of the parameter, the estimated order of magnitude of the uncertainty.

This can be crucial to tune for the minimization. A too large step_size can produce NaNs, a too small won’t converge.

If the step size is not set, the DEFAULT_STEP_SIZE is used.

Return type

Tensor

Returns

The step size

set_value(value)[source]

Set the Parameter to value (temporarily if used in a context manager).

This operation won’t, compared to the assign, return the read value but an object that can act as a context manager.

Parameters

value (Union[int, float, complex, Tensor, ZfitParameter]) – The value the parameter will take on.

randomize(minval=None, maxval=None, sampler=<built-in method uniform of numpy.random.mtrand.RandomState object>)[source]

Update the parameter with a randomised value between minval and maxval and return it.

Parameters
Return type

Tensor

Returns

The sampled value

class SaveSliceInfo(full_name=None, full_shape=None, var_offset=None, var_shape=None, save_slice_info_def=None, import_scope=None)

Bases: object

Information on how to save this Variable as a slice.

Provides internal support for saving variables as slices of a larger variable. This API is not public and is subject to change.

Available properties:

• full_name

• full_shape

• var_offset

• var_shape

Create a SaveSliceInfo.

Parameters
• full_name – Name of the full variable of which this Variable is a slice.

• full_shape – Shape of the full variable, as a list of int.

• var_offset – Offset of this Variable into the full variable, as a list of int.

• var_shape – Shape of this Variable, as a list of int.

• save_slice_info_defSaveSliceInfoDef protocol buffer. If not None, recreates the SaveSliceInfo object its contents. save_slice_info_def and other arguments are mutually exclusive.

• import_scope – Optional string. Name scope to add. Only used when initializing from protocol buffer.

property spec

Computes the spec string used for saving.

to_proto(export_scope=None)

Returns a SaveSliceInfoDef() proto.

Parameters

export_scope – Optional string. Name scope to remove.

Returns

A SaveSliceInfoDef protocol buffer, or None if the Variable is not in the specified name scope.

__iter__()

Dummy method to prevent iteration.

Do not call.

NOTE(mrry): If we register __getitem__ as an overloaded operator, Python will valiantly attempt to iterate over the variable’s Tensor from 0 to infinity. Declaring this method prevents this unintended behavior.

Raises

TypeError – when invoked.

__ne__(other)

Compares two variables element-wise for equality.

add_cache_deps(cache_deps, allow_non_cachable=True)

Add dependencies that render the cache invalid if they change.

Parameters
Raises

TypeError – if one of the cache_dependents is not a ZfitCachable _and_ allow_non_cachable if False.

assign(value, use_locking=None, name=None, read_value=True)

Assigns a new value to this variable.

Parameters
• value – A Tensor. The new value for this variable.

• use_locking – If True, use locking during the assignment.

• name – The name to use for the assignment.

• read_value – A bool. Whether to read and return the new value of the variable or not.

Returns

If read_value is True, this method will return the new value of the variable after the assignment has completed. Otherwise, when in graph mode it will return the Operation that does the assignment, and when in eager mode it will return None.

assign_add(delta, use_locking=None, name=None, read_value=True)

Adds a value to this variable.

Parameters
• delta – A Tensor. The value to add to this variable.

• use_locking – If True, use locking during the operation.

• name – The name to use for the operation.

• read_value – A bool. Whether to read and return the new value of the variable or not.

Returns

If read_value is True, this method will return the new value of the variable after the assignment has completed. Otherwise, when in graph mode it will return the Operation that does the assignment, and when in eager mode it will return None.

assign_sub(delta, use_locking=None, name=None, read_value=True)

Subtracts a value from this variable.

Parameters
• delta – A Tensor. The value to subtract from this variable.

• use_locking – If True, use locking during the operation.

• name – The name to use for the operation.

• read_value – A bool. Whether to read and return the new value of the variable or not.

Returns

If read_value is True, this method will return the new value of the variable after the assignment has completed. Otherwise, when in graph mode it will return the Operation that does the assignment, and when in eager mode it will return None.

batch_scatter_update(sparse_delta, use_locking=False, name=None)

Assigns tf.IndexedSlices to this variable batch-wise.

Analogous to batch_gather. This assumes that this variable and the sparse_delta IndexedSlices have a series of leading dimensions that are the same for all of them, and the updates are performed on the last dimension of indices. In other words, the dimensions should be the following:

num_prefix_dims = sparse_delta.indices.ndims - 1 batch_dim = num_prefix_dims + 1 sparse_delta.updates.shape = sparse_delta.indices.shape + var.shape[

batch_dim:]

where

And the operation performed can be expressed as:

var[i_1, …, i_n,
sparse_delta.indices[i_1, …, i_n, j]] = sparse_delta.updates[

i_1, …, i_n, j]

When sparse_delta.indices is a 1D tensor, this operation is equivalent to scatter_update.

To avoid this operation one can looping over the first ndims of the variable and using scatter_update on the subtensors that result of slicing the first dimension. This is a valid option for ndims = 1, but less efficient than this implementation.

Parameters
• sparse_deltatf.IndexedSlices to be assigned to this variable.

• use_locking – If True, use locking during the operation.

• name – the name of the operation.

Returns

The updated variable.

Raises

TypeError – if sparse_delta is not an IndexedSlices.

property constraint

Returns the constraint function associated with this variable.

Returns

The constraint function that was passed to the variable constructor. Can be None if no constraint was passed.

count_up_to(limit)

Increments this variable until it reaches limit. (deprecated)

Warning: THIS FUNCTION IS DEPRECATED. It will be removed in a future version. Instructions for updating: Prefer Dataset.range instead.

When that Op is run it tries to increment the variable by 1. If incrementing the variable would bring it above limit then the Op raises the exception OutOfRangeError.

If no error is raised, the Op outputs the value of the variable before the increment.

This is essentially a shortcut for count_up_to(self, limit).

Parameters

limit – value at which incrementing the variable raises an error.

Returns

A Tensor that will hold the variable value before the increment. If no other Op modifies this variable, the values produced will all be distinct.

property create

The op responsible for initializing this variable.

property device

The device this variable is on.

property dtype

The dtype of the object

Return type

DType

eval(session=None)

Evaluates and returns the value of this variable.

experimental_ref()

DEPRECATED FUNCTION

Warning: THIS FUNCTION IS DEPRECATED. It will be removed in a future version. Instructions for updating: Use ref() instead.

gather_nd(indices, name=None)

Reads the value of this variable sparsely, using gather_nd.

get_cache_deps(only_floating=True)

Return a set of all independent Parameter that this object depends on.

Parameters

only_floating (bool) – If True, only return floating Parameter

Return type

OrderedSet

get_dependencies(only_floating=True)

DEPRECATED FUNCTION

Warning: THIS FUNCTION IS DEPRECATED. It will be removed in a future version. Instructions for updating: Use get_params instead if you want to retrieve the independent parameters or get_cache_deps in case you need the numerical cache dependents (advanced).

Return type

OrderedSet

get_shape()

Alias of Variable.shape.

property graph

The Graph of this variable.

property handle

The handle by which this variable can be accessed.

property initial_value

Returns the Tensor used as the initial value for the variable.

initialized_value()

Returns the value of the initialized variable. (deprecated)

Warning: THIS FUNCTION IS DEPRECATED. It will be removed in a future version. Instructions for updating: Use Variable.read_value. Variables in 2.X are initialized automatically both in eager and graph (inside tf.defun) contexts.

You should use this instead of the variable itself to initialize another variable with a value that depends on the value of this variable.

python # Initialize 'v' with a random tensor. v = tf.Variable(tf.random.truncated_normal([10, 40])) # Use initialized_value to guarantee that v has been # initialized before its value is used to initialize w. # The random values are picked only once. w = tf.Variable(v.initialized_value() * 2.0) 

Returns

A Tensor holding the value of this variable after its initializer has run.

property initializer

The op responsible for initializing this variable.

is_initialized(name=None)

Checks whether a resource variable has been initialized.

Outputs boolean scalar indicating whether the tensor has been initialized.

Parameters

name – A name for the operation (optional).

Returns

A Tensor of type bool.

load(value, session=None)

Load new value into this variable. (deprecated)

Warning: THIS FUNCTION IS DEPRECATED. It will be removed in a future version. Instructions for updating: Prefer Variable.assign which has equivalent behavior in 2.X.

Writes new value to variable’s memory. Doesn’t add ops to the graph.

This convenience method requires a session where the graph containing this variable has been launched. If no session is passed, the default session is used. See tf.compat.v1.Session for more information on launching a graph and on sessions.

python v = tf.Variable([1, 2]) init = tf.compat.v1.global_variables_initializer()

with tf.compat.v1.Session() as sess:

sess.run(init) # Usage passing the session explicitly. v.load([2, 3], sess) print(v.eval(sess)) # prints [2 3] # Usage with the default session. The ‘with’ block # above makes ‘sess’ the default session. v.load([3, 4], sess) print(v.eval()) # prints [3 4]

Parameters
• value – New variable value

• session – The session to use to evaluate this variable. If none, the default session is used.

Raises

ValueError – Session is not passed and no default session

property op

The op for this variable.

ref()

Returns a hashable reference object to this Variable.

The primary use case for this API is to put variables in a set/dictionary. We can’t put variables in a set/dictionary as variable.__hash__() is no longer available starting Tensorflow 2.0.

The following will raise an exception starting 2.0

>>> x = tf.Variable(5)
>>> y = tf.Variable(10)
>>> z = tf.Variable(10)
>>> variable_set = {x, y, z}
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Variable is unhashable. Instead, use tensor.ref() as the key.
>>> variable_dict = {x: 'five', y: 'ten'}
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Variable is unhashable. Instead, use tensor.ref() as the key.


>>> variable_set = {x.ref(), y.ref(), z.ref()}
>>> x.ref() in variable_set
True
>>> variable_dict = {x.ref(): 'five', y.ref(): 'ten', z.ref(): 'ten'}
>>> variable_dict[y.ref()]
'ten'


Also, the reference object provides .deref() function that returns the original Variable.

>>> x = tf.Variable(5)
>>> x.ref().deref()
<tf.Variable 'Variable:0' shape=() dtype=int32, numpy=5>

register_cacher(cacher)

Register a cacher that caches values produces by this instance; a dependent.

Parameters
reset_cache_self()

Clear the cache of self and all dependent cachers.

scatter_add(sparse_delta, use_locking=False, name=None)

Parameters
• sparse_deltatf.IndexedSlices to be added to this variable.

• use_locking – If True, use locking during the operation.

• name – the name of the operation.

Returns

The updated variable.

Raises

TypeError – if sparse_delta is not an IndexedSlices.

scatter_div(sparse_delta, use_locking=False, name=None)

Divide this variable by tf.IndexedSlices.

Parameters
• sparse_deltatf.IndexedSlices to divide this variable by.

• use_locking – If True, use locking during the operation.

• name – the name of the operation.

Returns

The updated variable.

Raises

TypeError – if sparse_delta is not an IndexedSlices.

scatter_max(sparse_delta, use_locking=False, name=None)

Updates this variable with the max of tf.IndexedSlices and itself.

Parameters
• sparse_deltatf.IndexedSlices to use as an argument of max with this variable.

• use_locking – If True, use locking during the operation.

• name – the name of the operation.

Returns

The updated variable.

Raises

TypeError – if sparse_delta is not an IndexedSlices.

scatter_min(sparse_delta, use_locking=False, name=None)

Updates this variable with the min of tf.IndexedSlices and itself.

Parameters
• sparse_deltatf.IndexedSlices to use as an argument of min with this variable.

• use_locking – If True, use locking during the operation.

• name – the name of the operation.

Returns

The updated variable.

Raises

TypeError – if sparse_delta is not an IndexedSlices.

scatter_mul(sparse_delta, use_locking=False, name=None)

Multiply this variable by tf.IndexedSlices.

Parameters
• sparse_deltatf.IndexedSlices to multiply this variable by.

• use_locking – If True, use locking during the operation.

• name – the name of the operation.

Returns

The updated variable.

Raises

TypeError – if sparse_delta is not an IndexedSlices.

scatter_nd_add(indices, updates, name=None)

Applies sparse addition to individual values or slices in a Variable.

ref is a Tensor with rank P and indices is a Tensor of rank Q.

indices must be integer tensor, containing indices into ref. It must be shape [d_0, …, d_{Q-2}, K] where 0 < K <= P.

The innermost dimension of indices (with length K) corresponds to indices into elements (if K = P) or slices (if K < P) along the Kth dimension of ref.

updates is Tensor of rank Q-1+P-K with shape:

 [d_0, ..., d_{Q-2}, ref.shape[K], ..., ref.shape[P-1]]. 

For example, say we want to add 4 scattered elements to a rank-1 tensor to 8 elements. In Python, that update would look like this:

python

ref = tf.Variable([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]) indices = tf.constant([[4], [3], [1] ,[7]]) updates = tf.constant([9, 10, 11, 12]) add = ref.scatter_nd_add(indices, updates) with tf.compat.v1.Session() as sess:

The resulting update to ref would look like this:

[1, 13, 3, 14, 14, 6, 7, 20]

See tf.scatter_nd for more details about how to make updates to slices.

Parameters
• indices – The indices to be used in the operation.

• updates – The values to be used in the operation.

• name – the name of the operation.

Returns

The updated variable.

scatter_nd_max(indices, updates, name=None)

Updates this variable with the max of tf.IndexedSlices and itself.

ref is a Tensor with rank P and indices is a Tensor of rank Q.

indices must be integer tensor, containing indices into ref. It must be shape [d_0, …, d_{Q-2}, K] where 0 < K <= P.

The innermost dimension of indices (with length K) corresponds to indices into elements (if K = P) or slices (if K < P) along the Kth dimension of ref.

updates is Tensor of rank Q-1+P-K with shape:

 [d_0, ..., d_{Q-2}, ref.shape[K], ..., ref.shape[P-1]]. 

See tf.scatter_nd for more details about how to make updates to slices.

Parameters
• indices – The indices to be used in the operation.

• updates – The values to be used in the operation.

• name – the name of the operation.

Returns

The updated variable.

scatter_nd_min(indices, updates, name=None)

Updates this variable with the min of tf.IndexedSlices and itself.

ref is a Tensor with rank P and indices is a Tensor of rank Q.

indices must be integer tensor, containing indices into ref. It must be shape [d_0, …, d_{Q-2}, K] where 0 < K <= P.

The innermost dimension of indices (with length K) corresponds to indices into elements (if K = P) or slices (if K < P) along the Kth dimension of ref.

updates is Tensor of rank Q-1+P-K with shape:

 [d_0, ..., d_{Q-2}, ref.shape[K], ..., ref.shape[P-1]]. 

See tf.scatter_nd for more details about how to make updates to slices.

Parameters
• indices – The indices to be used in the operation.

• updates – The values to be used in the operation.

• name – the name of the operation.

Returns

The updated variable.

scatter_nd_sub(indices, updates, name=None)

Applies sparse subtraction to individual values or slices in a Variable.

ref is a Tensor with rank P and indices is a Tensor of rank Q.

indices must be integer tensor, containing indices into ref. It must be shape [d_0, …, d_{Q-2}, K] where 0 < K <= P.

The innermost dimension of indices (with length K) corresponds to indices into elements (if K = P) or slices (if K < P) along the Kth dimension of ref.

updates is Tensor of rank Q-1+P-K with shape:

 [d_0, ..., d_{Q-2}, ref.shape[K], ..., ref.shape[P-1]]. 

For example, say we want to add 4 scattered elements to a rank-1 tensor to 8 elements. In Python, that update would look like this:

python

ref = tf.Variable([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]) indices = tf.constant([[4], [3], [1] ,[7]]) updates = tf.constant([9, 10, 11, 12]) op = ref.scatter_nd_sub(indices, updates) with tf.compat.v1.Session() as sess:

print sess.run(op)

The resulting update to ref would look like this:

[1, -9, 3, -6, -6, 6, 7, -4]

See tf.scatter_nd for more details about how to make updates to slices.

Parameters
• indices – The indices to be used in the operation.

• updates – The values to be used in the operation.

• name – the name of the operation.

Returns

The updated variable.

scatter_nd_update(indices, updates, name=None)

Applies sparse assignment to individual values or slices in a Variable.

ref is a Tensor with rank P and indices is a Tensor of rank Q.

indices must be integer tensor, containing indices into ref. It must be shape [d_0, …, d_{Q-2}, K] where 0 < K <= P.

The innermost dimension of indices (with length K) corresponds to indices into elements (if K = P) or slices (if K < P) along the Kth dimension of ref.

updates is Tensor of rank Q-1+P-K with shape:

 [d_0, ..., d_{Q-2}, ref.shape[K], ..., ref.shape[P-1]]. 

For example, say we want to add 4 scattered elements to a rank-1 tensor to 8 elements. In Python, that update would look like this:

python

ref = tf.Variable([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]) indices = tf.constant([[4], [3], [1] ,[7]]) updates = tf.constant([9, 10, 11, 12]) op = ref.scatter_nd_update(indices, updates) with tf.compat.v1.Session() as sess:

print sess.run(op)

The resulting update to ref would look like this:

[1, 11, 3, 10, 9, 6, 7, 12]

See tf.scatter_nd for more details about how to make updates to slices.

Parameters
• indices – The indices to be used in the operation.

• updates – The values to be used in the operation.

• name – the name of the operation.

Returns

The updated variable.

scatter_sub(sparse_delta, use_locking=False, name=None)

Subtracts tf.IndexedSlices from this variable.

Parameters
• sparse_deltatf.IndexedSlices to be subtracted from this variable.

• use_locking – If True, use locking during the operation.

• name – the name of the operation.

Returns

The updated variable.

Raises

TypeError – if sparse_delta is not an IndexedSlices.

scatter_update(sparse_delta, use_locking=False, name=None)

Assigns tf.IndexedSlices to this variable.

Parameters
• sparse_deltatf.IndexedSlices to be assigned to this variable.

• use_locking – If True, use locking during the operation.

• name – the name of the operation.

Returns

The updated variable.

Raises

TypeError – if sparse_delta is not an IndexedSlices.

property shape

The shape of this variable.

sparse_read(indices, name=None)

Reads the value of this variable sparsely, using gather.

to_proto(export_scope=None)

Converts a ResourceVariable to a VariableDef protocol buffer.

Parameters

export_scope – Optional string. Name scope to remove.

Raises

RuntimeError – If run in EAGER mode.

Returns

A VariableDef protocol buffer, or None if the Variable is not in the specified name scope.
{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.15296350419521332, "perplexity": 5431.224964377164}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107922411.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031181658-20201031211658-00288.warc.gz"}