What Makes Dolphins so Smart
COOPER: Tonight we're kicking off our series, "Amazing Animals: Smarter than You Think". It's been a really fascinating assignment. What we found may change the way you think about animals and their lives. Scientists around the world are proving that some animals are capable of many things that were thought to be uniquely human, like abstract thinking, language, even a sense of self and time. What they've learned could help explain how human intelligence has evolved. We begin tonight with dolphins. Their brains are not only big: they're incredibly complex. Some scientists believe the dolphins are the second most intelligent species after humans. Randi Kaye tonight shows us why.</s>RANDI KAYE, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): Spend a day with a dolphin and you're quickly reminded of why they've always captured our imaginations. They are playful, sociable and just incredibly fun to be around. But scientists say there's a lot more to these animals. And they're just beginning to understand the intricate thinking of these so-called "big-brained mammals". (on camera): Here you go, Noni (ph). Good girl. We came here to the Baltimore Aquarium to see just how intelligent dolphins are. You see them playing with their trainers all the time, but scientists who study them say there's a lot more happening there than just play; that their intelligence actually rivals ours. Here you go. (voice-over): To see up close what has scientists so excited, we climbed down into a tiny underwater lab, with a window into the aquarium where scientist Diana Reiss puts up a two-way mirror up against the glass. The dolphins can't see us, but Reiss can study how the dolphins react to the mirror.</s>DIANA REISS, SCIENTIST, CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK: We used to think we were the only species on the planet that can think, and now we know that we're amongst many thinking species. So the questions are no longer can they think but how do they think? And what's amazing in this capacity, with giving them mirrors it looks, it like they're doing a lot of things that are similar to us.</s>KAYE: Reiss has been studying dolphins' behavior for 25 years.</s>REISS: Most animals don't even pay attention to mirrors. So if you put a mirror in front of your dog, most dogs won't even look in a mirror. Cats don't pay much attention. Other animals do pay attention but never figure out it's themselves. They think it's another of their own kind.</s>KAYE: But dolphins do figure it out.</s>REISS: And not only do they figure out that it's them, but they show interest to look at themselves. So one thing is to understand it's themselves; it's a whole other thing to say -- I want to look at myself. I want to look and see what may face looks like or what does it look like when I turn upside down and blow a bubble?</s>KAYE: We sat in awe as this group of dolphins explored themselves before us, unable to ignore the mirror. Several did hang upside down.</s>REISS: He's upside down. Things are going to get wild now. He's being very innovative. Watch this.</s>KAYE: Other dolphins opened their mouths and stuck their tongue out. They put their eye on the mirror to get an even closer look. Not convinced a dolphin can recognize itself in the mirror? Take a look at this video of an earlier experiment from 2001. Scientists marked this dolphin on the side with a black pen, but did not mark the other. When released, the dolphin with the mark swims directly to the mirror and turns the mark towards the mirror, like he's trying to take a look at what's been done to him. The unmarked dolphin doesn't show the same behavior. Dolphins aren't the only big-brained mammals, who recognize themselves, elephants do, too. Watch what happens when Reiss tested them at the Bronx Zoo. This one with the white "X" marked on his face turns towards the mirror over and over to take a look. Back at the Baltimore Aquarium, Reiss is now focusing her research on younger dolphins.</s>REISS: Bo is 5.</s>KAYE: Just like human children, younger dolphins make lots of movements and watch their reflection. They quickly learn they are watching themselves. (on camera): What are you trying to figure out with the younger dolphins?</s>REISS: So we're trying to figure out at what age, at what developmental age do they start figuring out that it's them in the mirror? When are they showing interest in the mirror?</s>KAYE (voice-over): Foster, who is 3, started recognizing himself in the mirror about the same time toddlers do: when he was about a year and a half. Reiss says some dolphins pick up on it at just six months, much earlier than children.</s>REISS: This is Spirit. Now Spirit's testing this. She's still figuring this out. And what's funny is we recognize this, because it's so similar to what kids do, what chimps do. It's amazing. They go through the same stages. These are animals that have been separated from us for 95 million years of evolution. Big brains, processing things in similar ways.</s>KAYE: With a mirror providing a window into the dolphins' minds, Reiss believes she is discovering that their super high levels of intelligence are, in many ways, much like our own. And if that's true, the question is, what does that tell us?</s>REISS: In the end, what this tells us is that we need to look at these animals in a new light, with a new respect, and really provide much more protection in terms of conservation efforts and welfare efforts for these animals. And also appreciate that we're not at the top anymore. We're not alone. We're surrounded by other intelligent species.</s>KAYE (on camera): Wow, so smooth. Beautiful. (voice-over): Remember the old saying that it always seems like dolphins are smiling at you? Well, maybe they are. Randi Kaye, CNN, Baltimore.</s>COOPER: I think that's so amazing, watching those dolphins look at themselves in the mirror and seeing them sort of recognize themselves. Tomorrow we're going to look at lemurs and the interesting thing they discovered. It turns out lemurs don't like to gamble. We'll try to -- we'll tell you how they figured that one out. Coming up also tonight, a new segment we're called the "RidicuList". Who's done or said something that doesn't make sense, something downright ridiculous? Well, tonight, the well-known wife of a well- known politician makes the list. We'll tell you who it is and why they are on tonight's "RidicuList". And a pop quiz. Sarah Palin created a new word a little while ago, so folks poked fun at her at the time. But guess who's laughing now? The New Oxford American Dictionary has added Palin's invention to the dictionary. Do you remember what the word is? We'll tell you in a moment.