def Z_from_virial_density_form(T, P, *args):
    r'''Calculates the compressibility factor of a gas given its temperature,
    pressure, and molar density-form virial coefficients. Any number of
    coefficients is supported.

    .. math::
        Z = \frac{PV}{RT} = 1 + \frac{B}{V} + \frac{C}{V^2} + \frac{D}{V^3}
        + \frac{E}{V^4} \dots

    Parameters
    ----------
    T : float
        Temperature, [K]
    P : float
        Pressure, [Pa]
    B to Z : float, optional
        Virial coefficients, [various]

    Returns
    -------
    Z : float
        Compressibility factor at T, P, and with given virial coefficients, [-]

    Notes
    -----
    For use with B or with B and C or with B and C and D, optimized equations 
    are used to obtain the compressibility factor directly.
    If more coefficients are provided, uses numpy's roots function to solve 
    this equation. This takes substantially longer as the solution is 
    numerical.
    
    If no virial coefficients are given, returns 1, as per the ideal gas law.
    
    The units of each virial coefficient are as follows, where for B, n=1, and
    C, n=2, and so on.
    
    .. math::
        \left(\frac{\text{m}^3}{\text{mol}}\right)^n

    Examples
    --------
    >>> Z_from_virial_density_form(300, 122057.233762653, 1E-4, 1E-5, 1E-6, 1E-7)
    1.2843496002100001

    References
    ----------
    .. [1] Prausnitz, John M., Rudiger N. Lichtenthaler, and Edmundo Gomes de 
       Azevedo. Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria. 3rd 
       edition. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1998.
    .. [2] Walas, Stanley M. Phase Equilibria in Chemical Engineering. 
       Butterworth-Heinemann, 1985.
    '''
    l = len(args)
    if l == 1:
        return 1/2. + (4*args[0]*P + R*T)**0.5/(2*(R*T)**0.5)
#        return ((R*T*(4*args[0]*P + R*T))**0.5 + R*T)/(2*P)
    if l == 2:
        B, C = args
        # A small imaginary part is ignored
        return (P*(-(3*B*R*T/P + R**2*T**2/P**2)/(3*(-1/2 + csqrt(3)*1j/2)*(-9*B*R**2*T**2/(2*P**2) - 27*C*R*T/(2*P) + csqrt(-4*(3*B*R*T/P + R**2*T**2/P**2)**(3+0j) + (-9*B*R**2*T**2/P**2 - 27*C*R*T/P - 2*R**3*T**3/P**3)**(2+0j))/2 - R**3*T**3/P**3)**(1/3.+0j)) - (-1/2 + csqrt(3)*1j/2)*(-9*B*R**2*T**2/(2*P**2) - 27*C*R*T/(2*P) + csqrt(-4*(3*B*R*T/P + R**2*T**2/P**2)**(3+0j) + (-9*B*R**2*T**2/P**2 - 27*C*R*T/P - 2*R**3*T**3/P**3)**(2+0j))/2 - R**3*T**3/P**3)**(1/3.+0j)/3 + R*T/(3*P))/(R*T)).real
    if l == 3:
        # Huge mess. Ideally sympy could optimize a function for quick python 
        # execution. Derived with kate's text highlighting
        B, C, D = args
        P2 = P**2 
        RT = R*T
        BRT = B*RT
        T2 = T**2
        R2 = R**2
        RT23 = 3*R2*T2
        mCRT = -C*RT
        P2256 = 256*P2
        
        RT23P2256 = RT23/(P2256)
        big1 = (D*RT/P - (-BRT/P - RT23/(8*P2))**2/12 - RT*(mCRT/(4*P) - RT*(BRT/(16*P) + RT23P2256)/P)/P)
        big3 = (-BRT/P - RT23/(8*P2))
        big4 = (mCRT/P - RT*(BRT/(2*P) + R2*T2/(8*P2))/P)
        big5 = big3*(-D*RT/P + RT*(mCRT/(4*P) - RT*(BRT/(16*P) + RT23P2256)/P)/P)
        big2 = 2*big1/(3*(big3**3/216 - big5/6 + big4**2/16 + csqrt(big1**3/27 + (-big3**3/108 + big5/3 - big4**2/8)**2/4))**(1/3))
        big7 = 2*BRT/(3*P) - big2 + 2*(big3**3/216 - big5/6 + big4**2/16 + csqrt(big1**3/27 + (-big3**3/108 + big5/3 - big4**2/8)**2/4))**(1/3) + R2*T2/(4*P2)
        return (P*(((csqrt(big7)/2 + csqrt(4*BRT/(3*P) - (-2*C*RT/P - 2*RT*(BRT/(2*P) + R2*T2/(8*P2))/P)/csqrt(big7) + big2 - 2*(big3**3/216 - big5/6 + big4**2/16 + csqrt(big1**3/27 + (-big3**3/108 + big5/3 - big4**2/8)**2/4))**(1/3) + R2*T2/(2*P2))/2 + RT/(4*P))))/R/T).real

    args = list(args)
    args.reverse()
    args.extend([1, -P/R/T])
    solns = np.roots(args)
    rho = [i for i in solns if not i.imag and i.real > 0][0].real # Quicker than indexing where imag ==0
    return P/rho/R/T
def Z_from_virial_density_form(T, P, *args):
    r'''Calculates the compressibility factor of a gas given its temperature,
    pressure, and molar density-form virial coefficients. Any number of
    coefficients is supported.

    .. math::
        Z = \frac{PV}{RT} = 1 + \frac{B}{V} + \frac{C}{V^2} + \frac{D}{V^3}
        + \frac{E}{V^4} \dots

    Parameters
    ----------
    T : float
        Temperature, [K]
    P : float
        Pressure, [Pa]
    B to Z : float, optional
        Virial coefficients, [various]

    Returns
    -------
    Z : float
        Compressibility factor at T, P, and with given virial coefficients, [-]

    Notes
    -----
    For use with B or with B and C or with B and C and D, optimized equations 
    are used to obtain the compressibility factor directly.
    If more coefficients are provided, uses numpy's roots function to solve 
    this equation. This takes substantially longer as the solution is 
    numerical.
    
    If no virial coefficients are given, returns 1, as per the ideal gas law.
    
    The units of each virial coefficient are as follows, where for B, n=1, and
    C, n=2, and so on.
    
    .. math::
        \left(\frac{\text{m}^3}{\text{mol}}\right)^n

    Examples
    --------
    >>> Z_from_virial_density_form(300, 122057.233762653, 1E-4, 1E-5, 1E-6, 1E-7)
    1.2843496002100001

    References
    ----------
    .. [1] Prausnitz, John M., Rudiger N. Lichtenthaler, and Edmundo Gomes de 
       Azevedo. Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria. 3rd 
       edition. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1998.
    .. [2] Walas, Stanley M. Phase Equilibria in Chemical Engineering. 
       Butterworth-Heinemann, 1985.
    '''
    l = len(args)
    if l == 1:
        return 1/2. + (4*args[0]*P + R*T)**0.5/(2*(R*T)**0.5)
#        return ((R*T*(4*args[0]*P + R*T))**0.5 + R*T)/(2*P)
    if l == 2:
        B, C = args
        # A small imaginary part is ignored
        return (P*(-(3*B*R*T/P + R**2*T**2/P**2)/(3*(-1/2 + csqrt(3)*1j/2)*(-9*B*R**2*T**2/(2*P**2) - 27*C*R*T/(2*P) + csqrt(-4*(3*B*R*T/P + R**2*T**2/P**2)**(3+0j) + (-9*B*R**2*T**2/P**2 - 27*C*R*T/P - 2*R**3*T**3/P**3)**(2+0j))/2 - R**3*T**3/P**3)**(1/3.+0j)) - (-1/2 + csqrt(3)*1j/2)*(-9*B*R**2*T**2/(2*P**2) - 27*C*R*T/(2*P) + csqrt(-4*(3*B*R*T/P + R**2*T**2/P**2)**(3+0j) + (-9*B*R**2*T**2/P**2 - 27*C*R*T/P - 2*R**3*T**3/P**3)**(2+0j))/2 - R**3*T**3/P**3)**(1/3.+0j)/3 + R*T/(3*P))/(R*T)).real
    if l == 3:
        # Huge mess. Ideally sympy could optimize a function for quick python 
        # execution. Derived with kate's text highlighting
        B, C, D = args
        P2 = P**2 
        RT = R*T
        BRT = B*RT
        T2 = T**2
        R2 = R**2
        RT23 = 3*R2*T2
        mCRT = -C*RT
        P2256 = 256*P2
        
        RT23P2256 = RT23/(P2256)
        big1 = (D*RT/P - (-BRT/P - RT23/(8*P2))**2/12 - RT*(mCRT/(4*P) - RT*(BRT/(16*P) + RT23P2256)/P)/P)
        big3 = (-BRT/P - RT23/(8*P2))
        big4 = (mCRT/P - RT*(BRT/(2*P) + R2*T2/(8*P2))/P)
        big5 = big3*(-D*RT/P + RT*(mCRT/(4*P) - RT*(BRT/(16*P) + RT23P2256)/P)/P)
        big2 = 2*big1/(3*(big3**3/216 - big5/6 + big4**2/16 + csqrt(big1**3/27 + (-big3**3/108 + big5/3 - big4**2/8)**2/4))**(1/3))
        big7 = 2*BRT/(3*P) - big2 + 2*(big3**3/216 - big5/6 + big4**2/16 + csqrt(big1**3/27 + (-big3**3/108 + big5/3 - big4**2/8)**2/4))**(1/3) + R2*T2/(4*P2)
        return (P*(((csqrt(big7)/2 + csqrt(4*BRT/(3*P) - (-2*C*RT/P - 2*RT*(BRT/(2*P) + R2*T2/(8*P2))/P)/csqrt(big7) + big2 - 2*(big3**3/216 - big5/6 + big4**2/16 + csqrt(big1**3/27 + (-big3**3/108 + big5/3 - big4**2/8)**2/4))**(1/3) + R2*T2/(2*P2))/2 + RT/(4*P))))/R/T).real

    args = list(args)
    args.reverse()
    args.extend([1, -P/R/T])
    solns = np.roots(args)
    rho = [i for i in solns if not i.imag and i.real > 0][0].real # Quicker than indexing where imag ==0
    return P/rho/R/T
def Z_from_virial_density_form ( T , P , * args ) : l = len ( args ) if l == 1 : return 1 / 2. + ( 4 * args [ 0 ] * P + R * T ) ** 0.5 / ( 2 * ( R * T ) ** 0.5 ) #        return ((R*T*(4*args[0]*P + R*T))**0.5 + R*T)/(2*P) if l == 2 : B , C = args # A small imaginary part is ignored return ( P * ( - ( 3 * B * R * T / P + R ** 2 * T ** 2 / P ** 2 ) / ( 3 * ( - 1 / 2 + csqrt ( 3 ) * 1j / 2 ) * ( - 9 * B * R ** 2 * T ** 2 / ( 2 * P ** 2 ) - 27 * C * R * T / ( 2 * P ) + csqrt ( - 4 * ( 3 * B * R * T / P + R ** 2 * T ** 2 / P ** 2 ) ** ( 3 + 0j ) + ( - 9 * B * R ** 2 * T ** 2 / P ** 2 - 27 * C * R * T / P - 2 * R ** 3 * T ** 3 / P ** 3 ) ** ( 2 + 0j ) ) / 2 - R ** 3 * T ** 3 / P ** 3 ) ** ( 1 / 3. + 0j ) ) - ( - 1 / 2 + csqrt ( 3 ) * 1j / 2 ) * ( - 9 * B * R ** 2 * T ** 2 / ( 2 * P ** 2 ) - 27 * C * R * T / ( 2 * P ) + csqrt ( - 4 * ( 3 * B * R * T / P + R ** 2 * T ** 2 / P ** 2 ) ** ( 3 + 0j ) + ( - 9 * B * R ** 2 * T ** 2 / P ** 2 - 27 * C * R * T / P - 2 * R ** 3 * T ** 3 / P ** 3 ) ** ( 2 + 0j ) ) / 2 - R ** 3 * T ** 3 / P ** 3 ) ** ( 1 / 3. + 0j ) / 3 + R * T / ( 3 * P ) ) / ( R * T ) ) . real if l == 3 : # Huge mess. Ideally sympy could optimize a function for quick python  # execution. Derived with kate's text highlighting B , C , D = args P2 = P ** 2 RT = R * T BRT = B * RT T2 = T ** 2 R2 = R ** 2 RT23 = 3 * R2 * T2 mCRT = - C * RT P2256 = 256 * P2 RT23P2256 = RT23 / ( P2256 ) big1 = ( D * RT / P - ( - BRT / P - RT23 / ( 8 * P2 ) ) ** 2 / 12 - RT * ( mCRT / ( 4 * P ) - RT * ( BRT / ( 16 * P ) + RT23P2256 ) / P ) / P ) big3 = ( - BRT / P - RT23 / ( 8 * P2 ) ) big4 = ( mCRT / P - RT * ( BRT / ( 2 * P ) + R2 * T2 / ( 8 * P2 ) ) / P ) big5 = big3 * ( - D * RT / P + RT * ( mCRT / ( 4 * P ) - RT * ( BRT / ( 16 * P ) + RT23P2256 ) / P ) / P ) big2 = 2 * big1 / ( 3 * ( big3 ** 3 / 216 - big5 / 6 + big4 ** 2 / 16 + csqrt ( big1 ** 3 / 27 + ( - big3 ** 3 / 108 + big5 / 3 - big4 ** 2 / 8 ) ** 2 / 4 ) ) ** ( 1 / 3 ) ) big7 = 2 * BRT / ( 3 * P ) - big2 + 2 * ( big3 ** 3 / 216 - big5 / 6 + big4 ** 2 / 16 + csqrt ( big1 ** 3 / 27 + ( - big3 ** 3 / 108 + big5 / 3 - big4 ** 2 / 8 ) ** 2 / 4 ) ) ** ( 1 / 3 ) + R2 * T2 / ( 4 * P2 ) return ( P * ( ( ( csqrt ( big7 ) / 2 + csqrt ( 4 * BRT / ( 3 * P ) - ( - 2 * C * RT / P - 2 * RT * ( BRT / ( 2 * P ) + R2 * T2 / ( 8 * P2 ) ) / P ) / csqrt ( big7 ) + big2 - 2 * ( big3 ** 3 / 216 - big5 / 6 + big4 ** 2 / 16 + csqrt ( big1 ** 3 / 27 + ( - big3 ** 3 / 108 + big5 / 3 - big4 ** 2 / 8 ) ** 2 / 4 ) ) ** ( 1 / 3 ) + R2 * T2 / ( 2 * P2 ) ) / 2 + RT / ( 4 * P ) ) ) ) / R / T ) . real args = list ( args ) args . reverse ( ) args . extend ( [ 1 , - P / R / T ] ) solns = np . roots ( args ) rho = [ i for i in solns if not i . imag and i . real > 0 ] [ 0 ] . real # Quicker than indexing where imag ==0 return P / rho / R / T
r'''Calculates the compressibility factor of a gas given its temperature,
    pressure, and molar density-form virial coefficients. Any number of
    coefficients is supported.

    .. math::
        Z = \frac{PV}{RT} = 1 + \frac{B}{V} + \frac{C}{V^2} + \frac{D}{V^3}
        + \frac{E}{V^4} \dots

    Parameters
    ----------
    T : float
        Temperature, [K]
    P : float
        Pressure, [Pa]
    B to Z : float, optional
        Virial coefficients, [various]

    Returns
    -------
    Z : float
        Compressibility factor at T, P, and with given virial coefficients, [-]

    Notes
    -----
    For use with B or with B and C or with B and C and D, optimized equations 
    are used to obtain the compressibility factor directly.
    If more coefficients are provided, uses numpy's roots function to solve 
    this equation. This takes substantially longer as the solution is 
    numerical.
    
    If no virial coefficients are given, returns 1, as per the ideal gas law.
    
    The units of each virial coefficient are as follows, where for B, n=1, and
    C, n=2, and so on.
    
    .. math::
        \left(\frac{\text{m}^3}{\text{mol}}\right)^n

    Examples
    --------
    >>> Z_from_virial_density_form(300, 122057.233762653, 1E-4, 1E-5, 1E-6, 1E-7)
    1.2843496002100001

    References
    ----------
    .. [1] Prausnitz, John M., Rudiger N. Lichtenthaler, and Edmundo Gomes de 
       Azevedo. Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria. 3rd 
       edition. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1998.
    .. [2] Walas, Stanley M. Phase Equilibria in Chemical Engineering. 
       Butterworth-Heinemann, 1985.
r Calculates the compressibility factor of a gas given its temperature pressure and molar density - form virial coefficients . Any number of coefficients is supported .