This paper presents a novel ensemble framework to extract highly discriminative feature representation of image and its application for group-level happpiness intensity prediction in wild. In order to generate enough diversity of decisions, n convolutional neural networks are trained by bootstrapping the training set and extract n features for each image from them. A recurrent neural network (RNN) is then used to remember which network extracts better feature and generate the final feature representation for one individual image. Several group emotion models (GEM) are used to aggregate face fea- tures in a group and use parameter-optimized support vector regressor (SVR) to get the final results. Through extensive experiments, the great effectiveness of the proposed recurrent random deep ensembles (RRDE) is demonstrated in both structural and decisional ways. The best result yields a 0.55 root-mean-square error (RMSE) on validation set of HAPPEI dataset, significantly better than the baseline of 0.78.
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@cite_21: The recent advancement of social media has given users a platform to socially engage and interact with a larger population. Millions of images and videos are being uploaded everyday by users on the web from different events and social gatherings. There is an increasing interest in designing systems capable of understanding human manifestations of emotional attributes and affective displays. As images and videos from social events generally contain multiple subjects, it is an essential step to study these groups of people. In this paper, we study the problem of happiness intensity analysis of a group of people in an image using facial expression analysis. A user perception study is conducted to understand various attributes, which affect a person’s perception of the happiness intensity of a group. We identify the challenges in developing an automatic mood analysis system and propose three models based on the attributes in the study. An ‘in the wild’ image-based database is collected. To validate the methods, both quantitative and qualitative experiments are performed and applied to the problem of shot selection, event summarisation and album creation. The experiments show that the global and local attributes defined in the paper provide useful information for theme expression analysis, with results close to human perception results.
@cite_1: Quality data recorded in varied realistic environments is vital for effective human face related research. Currently available datasets for human facial expression analysis have been generated in highly controlled lab environments. We present a new static facial expression database Static Facial Expressions in the Wild (SFEW) extracted from a temporal facial expressions database Acted Facial Expressions in the Wild (AFEW) [9], which we have extracted from movies. In the past, many robust methods have been reported in the literature. However, these methods have been experimented on different databases or using different protocols within the same databases. The lack of a standard protocol makes it difficult to compare systems and acts as a hindrance in the progress of the field. Therefore, we propose a person independent training and testing protocol for expression recognition as part of the BEFIT workshop. Further, we compare our dataset with the JAFFE and Multi-PIE datasets and provide baseline results.
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@cite_19: This paper presents the techniques employed in our team's submissions to the 2016 Emotion Recognition in the Wild contest, for the sub-challenge of group-level emotion recognition. The objective of this sub-challenge is to estimate the happiness intensity of groups of people in consumer photos. We follow a predominately bottom-up approach, in which the individual happiness level of each face is estimated separately. The proposed technique is based on geometric features derived from 49 facial points. These features are used to train a model on a subset of the HAPPEI dataset, balanced across expression and headpose, using Partial Least Squares regression. The trained model exhibits competitive performance for a range of non-frontal poses, while at the same time offering a semantic interpretation of the facial distances that may contribute positively or negatively to group-level happiness. Various techniques are explored in combining these estimations in order to perform group-level prediction, including the distribution of expressions, significance of a face relative to the whole group, and mean estimation. Our best submission achieves an RMSE of 0.8316 on the competition test set, which compares favorably to the RMSE of 1.30 of the baseline.
@cite_23: In this paper, we describe our work in the fourth Emotion Recognition in the Wild (EmotiW 2016) Challenge. For video based emotion recognition sub-challenge, we extract acoustic features, LBPTOP, Dense SIFT and CNN-LSTM features to recognize the emotions of film characters. For group level emotion recognition sub-challenge, we use LSTM and GEM model. We train linear SVM classifiers for these kinds of features on the AFEW6.0 and HAPPEI dataset, and use a fusion network we proposed to combine all the extracted features at the decision level. The final achievements we have gained are 51.54 accuracy on the AFEW testing set and 0.836 RMSE on the HAPPEI testing set.
@cite_13: This paper presents our solution submitted to the Emotion Recognition in the Wild (EmotiW 2016) group-level happiness intensity prediction sub-challenge. The objective of this sub-challenge is to predict the overall happiness level given an image of a group of people in a natural setting. We note that both the global setting and the faces of the individuals in the image influence the group-level happiness intensity of the image. Hence the challenge lies in building a solution that incorporates both these factors and also considers their right combination. Our proposed solution incorporates both these factors as a combination of global and local information. We use a convolutional neural network to extract discriminative face features, and a recurrent neural network to selectively memorize the important features to perform the group-level happiness prediction task. Experimental evaluations show promising performance improvements, resulting in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) reduction of about 0.5 units on the test set compared to the baseline algorithm that uses only global information.
In the recent GReco Sub-challenge of EmotiW 2016, the baseline feature used is the CENsus TRansform hISTogram (CENTRIST) descriptor @cite_10 . @cite_13 proposed a framework based on ensemble of features in LSTM and ordinal regression, which won the sub-challenge. The second place is the method from @cite_19 , which is based on geometric features extracted from faces in an image. Partial least square regression is used to infer the group-level happiness intensity. @cite_23 proposed a LSTM based approach and fined tuned the AlexNet model @cite_0 by training on the Static Facial Expressions in the Wild (SFEW) dataset @cite_1 and the HAPPEI dataset @cite_21 .