Learning a joint language-visual embedding has a number of very appealing properties and can result in variety of practical application, including natural language image video annotation and search. In this work, we study three different joint language-visual neural network model architectures. We evaluate our models on large scale LSMDC16 movie dataset for two tasks: 1) Standard Ranking for video annotation and retrieval 2) Our proposed movie multiple-choice test. This test facilitate automatic evaluation of visual-language models for natural language video annotation based on human activities. In addition to original Audio Description (AD) captions, provided as part of LSMDC16, we collected and will make available a) manually generated re-phrasings of those captions obtained using Amazon MTurk b) automatically generated human activity elements in "Predicate + Object" (PO) phrases based on "Knowlywood", an activity knowledge mining model. Our best model archives Recall@10 of 19.2 on annotation and 18.9 on video retrieval tasks for subset of 1000 samples. For multiple-choice test, our best model achieve accuracy 58.11 over whole LSMDC16 public test-set.
@cite_30: In this paper, we present the mQA model, which is able to answer questions about the content of an image. The answer can be a sentence, a phrase or a single word. Our model contains four components: a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to extract the question representation, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to extract the visual representation, an LSTM for storing the linguistic context in an answer, and a fusing component to combine the information from the first three components and generate the answer. We construct a Freestyle Multilingual Image Question Answering (FM-IQA) dataset to train and evaluate our mQA model. It contains over 150,000 images and 310,000 freestyle Chinese question-answer pairs and their English translations. The quality of the generated answers of our mQA model on this dataset is evaluated by human judges through a Turing Test. Specifically, we mix the answers provided by humans and our model. The human judges need to distinguish our model from the human. They will also provide a score (i.e. 0, 1, 2, the larger the better) indicating the quality of the answer. We propose strategies to monitor the quality of this evaluation process. The experiments show that in 64.7 of cases, the human judges cannot distinguish our model from humans. The average score is 1.454 (1.918 for human). The details of this work, including the FM-IQA dataset, can be found on the project page: this http URL
@cite_22: In this work, we introduce Video Question Answering in temporal domain to infer the past, describe the present and predict the future. We present an encoder-decoder approach using Recurrent Neural Networks to learn temporal structures of videos and introduce a dual-channel ranking loss to answer multiple-choice questions. We explore approaches for finer understanding of video content using question form of "fill-in-the-blank", and managed to collect 109,895 video clips with duration over 1,000 hours from TACoS, MPII-MD, MEDTest 14 datasets, while the corresponding 390,744 questions are generated from annotations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms the compared baselines.
@cite_31: We propose the task of free-form and open-ended Visual Question Answering (VQA). Given an image and a natural language question about the image, the task is to provide an accurate natural language answer. Mirroring real-world scenarios, such as helping the visually impaired, both the questions and answers are open-ended. Visual questions selectively target different areas of an image, including background details and underlying context. As a result, a system that succeeds at VQA typically needs a more detailed understanding of the image and complex reasoning than a system producing generic image captions. Moreover, VQA is amenable to automatic evaluation, since many open-ended answers contain only a few words or a closed set of answers that can be provided in a multiple-choice format. We provide a dataset containing 0.25M images, 0.76M questions, and 10M answers (www.visualqa.org), and discuss the information it provides. Numerous baselines and methods for VQA are provided and compared with human performance. Our VQA demo is available on CloudCV (this http URL).
@cite_12: We address a question answering task on real-world images that is set up as a Visual Turing Test. By combining latest advances in image representation and natural language processing, we propose Neural-Image-QA, an end-to-end formulation to this problem for which all parts are trained jointly. In contrast to previous efforts, we are facing a multi-modal problem where the language output (answer) is conditioned on visual and natural language input (image and question). Our approach Neural-Image-QA doubles the performance of the previous best approach on this problem. We provide additional insights into the problem by analyzing how much information is contained only in the language part for which we provide a new human baseline. To study human consensus, which is related to the ambiguities inherent in this challenging task, we propose two novel metrics and collect additional answers which extends the original DAQUAR dataset to DAQUAR-Consensus.
@cite_17: We introduce the MovieQA dataset which aims to evaluate automatic story comprehension from both video and text. The dataset consists of 14,944 questions about 408 movies with high semantic diversity. The questions range from simpler "Who" did "What" to "Whom", to "Why" and "How" certain events occurred. Each question comes with a set of five possible answers; a correct one and four deceiving answers provided by human annotators. Our dataset is unique in that it contains multiple sources of information -- video clips, plots, subtitles, scripts, and DVS. We analyze our data through various statistics and methods. We further extend existing QA techniques to show that question-answering with such open-ended semantics is hard. We make this data set public along with an evaluation benchmark to encourage inspiring work in this challenging domain.
Visual Question Answering: Because of the aforementioned challenges, image @cite_31 @cite_30 @cite_12 and, more recently, video @cite_22 Visual Question Answering (VQA) has became a preferred alternative to caption generation. VQA datasets @cite_31 @cite_30 @cite_17 @cite_22 consist of large number of structured (e.g. multiple choice or fill-in-the-blank) and unstructured (e.g. free form) image-specific questions with corresponding answers. As a result, evaluation in VQA setting tends to be considerably more objective, requiring algorithms to have, at a minimum, certain level of visual understanding to answer the poised questions.