In this paper, an online adaptive model-free tracker is proposed to track single objects in video sequences to deal with real-world tracking challenges like low-resolution, object deformation, occlusion and motion blur. The novelty lies in the construction of a strong appearance model that captures features from the initialized bounding box and then are assembled into anchor-point features. These features memorize the global pattern of the object and have an internal star graph-like structure. These features are unique and flexible and helps tracking generic and deformable objects with no limitation on specific objects. In addition, the relevance of each feature is evaluated online using short-term consistency and long-term consistency. These parameters are adapted to retain consistent features that vote for the object location and that deal with outliers for long-term tracking scenarios. Additionally, voting in a Gaussian manner helps in tackling inherent noise of the tracking system and in accurate object localization. Furthermore, the proposed tracker uses pairwise distance measure to cope with scale variations and combines pixel-level binary features and global weighted color features for model update. Finally, experimental results on a visual tracking benchmark dataset are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and competitiveness of the proposed tracker.
@cite_35: In this paper we propose a robust object tracking algorithm using a collaborative model. As the main challenge for object tracking is to account for drastic appearance change, we propose a robust appearance model that exploits both holistic templates and local representations. We develop a sparsity-based discriminative classifier (SD-C) and a sparsity-based generative model (SGM). In the S-DC module, we introduce an effective method to compute the confidence value that assigns more weights to the foreground than the background. In the SGM module, we propose a novel histogram-based method that takes the spatial information of each patch into consideration with an occlusion handing scheme. Furthermore, the update scheme considers both the latest observations and the original template, thereby enabling the tracker to deal with appearance change effectively and alleviate the drift problem. Numerous experiments on various challenging videos demonstrate that the proposed tracker performs favorably against several state-of-the-art algorithms.
@cite_21: Sparse representation has been applied to visual tracking by finding the best candidate with minimal reconstruction error using target templates. However most sparse representation based trackers only consider the holistic representation and do not make full use of the sparse coefficients to discriminate between the target and the background, and hence may fail with more possibility when there is similar object or occlusion in the scene. In this paper we develop a simple yet robust tracking method based on the structural local sparse appearance model. This representation exploits both partial information and spatial information of the target based on a novel alignment-pooling method. The similarity obtained by pooling across the local patches helps not only locate the target more accurately but also handle occlusion. In addition, we employ a template update strategy which combines incremental subspace learning and sparse representation. This strategy adapts the template to the appearance change of the target with less possibility of drifting and reduces the influence of the occluded target template as well. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluations on challenging benchmark image sequences demonstrate that the proposed tracking algorithm performs favorably against several state-of-the-art methods.
@cite_12: Structure information has been increasingly incorporated into computer vision field, whereas only a few tracking methods have employed the inner structure of the target. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic graph with pairwise Markov property to model the structure information between the inner parts of the target. The target tracking is viewed as tracking a dynamic undirected graph whose nodes are the target parts and edges are the interactions between parts. These target parts within the graph waiting for matching are separated from the background with graph cut, and a spectral matching technique is exploited to accomplish the graph tracking. With the help of an intuitive updating mechanism, our dynamic graph can robustly adapt to the variations of target structure. Experimental results demonstrate that our structured tracker outperforms several state-of-the-art trackers in occlusion and structure deformations.
@cite_23: 
Part-based trackers @cite_35 , @cite_21 divide the object in smaller regions or patches, while @cite_23 uses superpixels as discriminative features and use learning to distinguish the object from background. The work of @cite_12 , proposes to decompose the object into superpixels and then use graph matching to find the association among frames. Due to their robust appearance representation using multiple parts, they provide useful cues during partial occlusion. On the other hand, they may not be able to handle object deformation due to the abrupt variation in translation of multiple parts.