Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS), CPU pinning, horizontal, and vertical scaling, are four techniques that have been proposed as actuators to control the performance and energy consumpti ...
@cite_24: Server consolidation based on virtualization technology will simplify system administration, reduce the cost of power and physical infrastructure, and improve utilization in today's Internet-service-oriented enterprise data centers. How much power and how many servers for the underlying physical infrastructure are saved via server consolidation in VM-based data centers is of great interest to administrators and designers of those data centers. Various workload consolidations differ in saving power and physical servers for the infrastructure. The impacts caused by virtualization to those concurrent services are fluctuating considerably which may have a great effect on server consolidation. This paper proposes a utility analytic model for Internet-oriented server consolidation in VM-based data centers, modelling the interaction between server arrival requests with several QoS requirements, and capability flowing amongst concurrent services, based on the queuing theory. According to features of those services' workloads, this model can provide the upper bound of consolidated physical servers needed to guarantee QoS with the same loss probability of requests as in dedicated servers. At the same time, it can also evaluate the server consolidation in terms of power and utility of physical servers. Finally, we verify the model via a case study comprised of one e-book database service and one e-commerce Web service, simulated respectively by TPC-W and SPECweb2005 benchmarks. Our experiments show that the model is simple but accurate enough. The VM-based server consolidation saves up to 50 physical infrastructure, up to 53 power, and improves 1.7 times in CPU resource utilization, without any degradation of concurrent services' performance, running on Rainbow — our virtual computing platform.
@cite_64: 
@cite_51: The prospect of simpler infrastructure management and affordability has garnered interest in cloud computing from bioinformaticians. However, the performance cost of adopting such an infrastructure model for bioinformatics is not fully known. In an effort to help quantify this performance cost, we ran synthetic benchmarks and measured the runtimes of two short-read alignment applications on cloud-like virtualization environments. The environments were implemented utilizing the KVM hypervisor, the Xen hypervisor, and Linux Containers. We compare the runtime in each environment against a physical server and offer discussion and insights. Though the applications perform similar operations, we observe that their performance characteristics differ, as do their performance in the different virtualized environments. We attribute the differences to the way that these programs utilize system resources. We find that the more CPU-bound Novo align is much less sensitive to virtualization environments than BWA is, and has near-physical server performance even when virtualized. Additionally, we find that static CPU pinning can improve performance, and we demonstrate that Linux Containers offer performance comparable to that of a physical server.
@cite_22: While workload collocation is a necessity to increase energy efficiency of contemporary multi-core hardware, it also increases the risk of performance anomalies due to workload interference. Pinning certain workloads to a subset of CPUs is a simple approach to increasing workload isolation, but its effect depends on workload type and system architecture. Apart from common sense guidelines, the effect of pinning has not been extensively studied so far. In this paper we study the impact of CPU pinning on performance interference and energy efficiency for pairs of collocated workloads. Besides various combinations of workloads, virtualization and resource isolation, we explore the effects of pinning depending on the level of background load. The presented results are based on more than 1000 experiments carried out on an Intel-based NUMA system, with all power management features enabled to reflect real-world settings. We find that less common CPU pinning configurations improve energy efficiency at partial background loads, indicating that systems hosting collocated workloads could benefit from dynamic CPU pinning based on CPU load and workload type.
CPU pinning has only recently been proposed as one possible way to save energy in data center servers. @cite_22 analyse how CPU pinning impacts the energy efficiency and the performance interference of two colocated workloads. They conduct experiments on a real testbed -- an Intel Xeon server (Sandy Bridge), using workloads targeting the JVM (from DaCapo and ScalaBench benchmark suites). Throughput is used to quantify the performance of applications. Previous work also looked at the performance of databases when CPU pinning is used @cite_24 . @cite_64 achieve a speed-up of the execution time of multi-threaded applications by dynamically controlling CPU pinning in Xen hypervisor. @cite_51 show that static CPU pinning can improve the performance of an application.