The 20-year-old, who played 12 games for Rovers last term, will be with the League Two club until January.
Calder has yet to make his first-team debut for Villa, who were relegated to the Championship last term, but has been an unused substitute.
He played 11 games for Dundee in the Scottish Premiership in 2015-16, prior to his first spell with Doncaster.
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Doncaster Rovers have re-signed Aston Villa midfielder Riccardo Calder on a half-season loan.