Broad, 29 - the world's top-ranked Test bowler - was drafted in after Liam Plunkett suffered a thigh injury.
Plunkett, who had been brought in to replace the injured Steven Finn, will instead try to prove his fitness ahead of the subsequent Twenty20 matches.
Broad has not featured in an England limited-overs squad since the World Cup in March 2015.
England's first one-day international in South Africa is a day-night match in Bloemfontein on 3 February.
Broad took six second-innings wickets for 17 runs in the third Test in Johannesburg to help England to a series win,
England bowler Stuart Broad has been called up to the one-day squad for the series in South Africa.