This step is especially important if your paper is a research paper. Go online, head to the library, search an academic database, or read newspapers. You can also ask a reference librarian.


Know which sources are acceptable to your teacher. Does your teacher want a certain number of primary sources and secondary sources?

Can you use Wikipedia? Wikipedia is often a good starting point for learning about a topic, but many teachers won't let you cite it because they want you to find more authoritative sources. Even if your teacher does not allow Wikipedia, you can still use Wikipedia articles as a starting point. If you have very little background knowledge about your research topic, Wikipedia can be a good place to get a general working knowledge of your research topic and find search terms. The "Works Cited" or "Bibliography" section at the bottom of the page can also be a good starting point for finding reliable sources. However, if your teacher forbids even that much, a normal encyclopedia can serve the same function.


Take detailed notes, keeping track of which facts come from which sources. Write down your sources in the correct citation format so that you don't have to go back and look them up again later.
Never ignore facts and claims that seem to disprove your original idea or claim. A good essay writer either includes the contrary evidence and shows why such evidence is not valid or alters his or her point of view in light of the evidence.;
, In your research you'll probably come across really well-written (and not so well-written) arguments about your topic. Do some analysis to see what makes them work.


What claims does the author make?


Why do they sound good? Is it the logic, the sources, the writing, the structure? Is it something else?


What evidence does the author present to you?


Why does the evidence sound credible? How does the author present facts, and what is his/her approach to telling a story with facts?


Is the logic sound or faulty, and why?


Why is the logic sound? Does the author back up his/her claims with examples that are easy to follow?



, Sure, you can use the arguments of others to back up what you want to say. However, you need to come up with your original spin on the topic to make it uniquely yours.


Make lists of ideas. You can also try mind mapping.
Take your time. Walk in your neighborhood or local park and think about your topic. Be prepared for ideas to come to you when you least expect them.



Look at the ideas that you generated. Choose one to three of your strongest ideas that support your topic. You should be able to support these ideas with evidence from your research.
Write a thesis statement that summarizes the ideas that you plan to present. Essentially, let the reader know where you're going and why.

A thesis statement should have a narrow focus include both your topic and what you plan to present. For example, "Although Eli Whitney's cotton gin ushered in a new era of American prosperity, it also widened the gap in suffering for African-American slaves, who would soon be more in demand, and more exploited, than ever."
A thesis statement should not ask a question, be written in first person ("I"), roam off-topic or be combative.
 Take the thoughts that you brainstormed and assemble them into an outline. Write a topic sentence for your main ideas. Then, underneath, make bullet points and list your supporting evidence. Generally, you want three arguments or pieces of evidence to support each main idea.


Topic sentence: "Eli Whitney's cotton gin made life harder on African American slaves."

Ex: "The success of cotton made it harder for slaves to purchase their own freedom."
Ex: "Many northern slaves were in danger of being kidnapped and brought down south to work in the cotton fields."
Ex: "In 1790, before the cotton gin, slaves in America totaled about 700,000. In 1810, after the cotton gin had been adopted, slaves totaled about 1.2 million, a 70% increase."



, You do want to think about length here; don't write pages and pages if your teacher wants 5 paragraphs. However, you should freewrite to let your thoughts reveal themselves. You can always make them more concise later.



Avoid sweeping generalizations. Statements such as "______ is the most important problem facing the world today," can cause your reader to dismiss your position out of hand if he/she disagrees with you. On the other hand, "______ is a significant global problem" is more accurate.

Don't use "I" statements such as "I think." Likewise, avoid the personal pronouns "you," "we," "my," "your" or "our". Simply stating your argument with supporting facts makes you sound much more authoritative. Instead of writing, "I found Frum to have a conservative bias," tell the reader why your statement is true: "Frum displays a conservative bias when he writes..."

, Your title and introduction make people want to read your essay. If your teacher is the audience, then of course your teacher will read the whole piece. However, if you're submitting to an essay contest or writing an essay for college admissions, your title and introduction have to hook the reader if you want to meet your objectives.


Skip obvious expressions such as, "This essay is about, "The topic of this essay is" or "I will now show that".
Try the inverted pyramid formula. Start off with a very broad description of your topic and gradually narrow it down to your specific thesis statement. Try to use no more than 3 to 5 sentences for short essays, and no more than 1 page for longer essays.
Short essay example: Every year, thousands of unwanted and abused animals end up in municipal shelters. Being caged in shelters not only causes animals to suffer but also drains local government budgets. Towns and cities could prevent both animal abuse and government waste by requiring prospective pet owners to go through mandatory education before allowing them to obtain a pet. Although residents may initially resist the requirement, they will soon see that the benefits of mandatory pet owner education far outweigh the costs."


, Summarize your points and suggest ways in which your conclusion can be thought of in a larger sense.


Answer questions like, "What are the implications of your thesis statement being true?" "What's the next step?" "What questions remain unanswered?"
Your arguments should draw your reader to a natural, logical conclusion. In a sense, you are repackaging your thesis statement in your concluding paragraph by helping the reader to remember the journey through your essay.
Nail the last sentence. If your title and first paragraph make the reader want to read your essay, then your last sentence makes the reader remember you. If a gymnast does a great balance beam routine but falls on the landing, then people forget the routine. Gymnasts need to "stick the landing," and so do essay writers.
 Get your essay done a couple of days before the due date so that you have time to go back and revise it to make it polished. Avoid turning in a first draft that you haven't double-checked for errors.
 Consult a style book if you are unsure how to properly use quotation marks, colons, semicolons, apostrophes or commas. Avoid using exclamation points.



Look for mistakes involving than/then, your/you're, its/it's, etc. Make sure you know how to use apostrophes correctly.
Look for mistakes involving general punctuation. Check for run-on sentences, commas and periods inside quotation marks, as well as sparely-used dashes, colons, and semi-colons.
 Vary your language with the help of a thesaurus. Also, consult a dictionary to make sure that you're using unfamiliar words correctly.


At the same time, try to keep your language short, sweet, and to the point. A thesaurus is a great tool, but don't just use big words to sound fancy. The best essays are clear, concise, and easily understood by a wide audience.
Focus on writing killer verbs for sentences. Verbs communicate the action in a sentence and drive the action. A great verb can be the difference between a bland sentence and a beautiful one.
Use adjectives lightly. Adjectives are great descriptive words, but when used indiscriminately, they can burden an essay and make it less readable. Try to let the verbs and nouns do most of the heavy lifting before you focus on adjectives.
 Do not use contractions or abbreviations (e.g., don't, can't, won't, shouldn't, could've, or haven't). Your essay should have a serious tone, even if it's written in a light or lyrical style.
 Does each sentence lead smoothly to the next? Does each paragraph flow logically to the next? Good connections will help your ideas to flow:


When events happen in sequence: I first started to realize that I was in the minority when I was in middle school...My realization was confirmed when I proceeded to high school.

If sentences elaborate on each other: Plants need water to survive...A plant's ability to absorb water depends on the nutrition of the soil.

When an idea contrasts with another idea: Vegetarians argue that land is unnecessarily wasted by feeding animals to be eaten as food...Opponents argue that land being used for grazing would not be able to be used to create any other kind of food.

If you're relaying a cause and effect relationship: I will be the first person in my family to graduate from college...I am inspired to continue my family's progress through the generations.

When connecting similar ideas: Organic food is thought to be better for the environment . . . local food is believed to achieve the same goals.
 You don't want your essay to ramble off-topic. Any information that doesn't directly or indirectly support your thesis should be cut out.
 Your ears are sometimes better than your eyes at picking up mistakes in language. The essay should sound like it has a good flow and understandable words.
 If needed, rearrange sentences and paragraphs into a different order. Make sure that both your conclusion and introduction match the changes that you make to the body.
 A persuasive essay is designed to sway the reader to adopt your point of view about a topic. These are good examples of persuasive essay topics you might write about:


Whether governments should or should not fund embryonic stem cell research.
Whether love is a virtue or a vice.
Why Citizen Kane is the best movie of the 20th century.
Why American citizens should be forced to vote.
 When you speak in a debate, you introduce your topic, list your evidence and draw a conclusion for the people who are listening. A persuasive essay has a similar structure.
 Support your argument with reasoned facts. A well-written essay is great, but a well-argued essay is undeniable.


In addition to doing research, you can perform empirical experiments including taking surveys, doing interviews or conducting experiments. Survey results or interviews could be great pieces of information to start your essay with.
Tell a story about the facts. Don't just list the facts; tell a story! For example: "Since the death penalty has been reinstated, more than 140 inmates on death row have been released after evidence proved them innocent. Ask yourself: How would you like to be one of those 140 wrongfully-convicted inmates?"

, Present the other side of your argument and use logic and facts to show why the other side's opinion is either inaccurate or not up-to-date.For example: "Some people argue that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to crime. Time after time, evidence has disproved this theory. The death penalty, in fact, does not act as a deterrent to crime: The South accounts for 80% of US executions and has the highest regional murder rate."

, Be sure to stress your thesis, or what you are arguing for or against, one last time. Use some of the information you have discussed, or a story you've saved, to color your conclusion a little bit.
 You'll be investigating a topic and presenting an argument about the topic based on evidence.


For example, you could write an expository essay arguing that embryonic stem cell research can lead to cures for spinal cord injuries and illnesses like Parkinson's or diabetes.
Expository essays differ from persuasive essays because you aren't stating an opinion. You're stating facts that you can back up with research.
 Some common strategies and structures for expository writing include:



Definitions. Definition essays explain the meaning of terms or concepts.

Classification. Classification essays organize a topic into groups starting with the most general group and narrowing down to more specific groups.

Compare and contrast. In this type of essay, you'll describe either the similarities and differences (or both) between ideas or concepts.

Cause and effect. These essays explain how topics affect each other and how they are interdependent.

How-to. How-to essays explain the steps required for completing a task or a procedure with the goal of instructing the reader.
 Expository essays aren't about opinions. They are about drawing a conclusion based on verifiable evidence. This means keeping your perspective balanced and focusing on what the facts tell you.


You might even find that, with new information, you'll have to revise your essay. If you started out writing about the scarcity of information regarding global warming, but came across a bunch of scientific evidence supporting global warming, you at least have to consider revising what your essay is about.
 The facts will tell the story itself if you let them. Think like a journalist when writing an expository essay. If you put down all the facts like a reporter, the story should tell itself.


Don't mess with structure in expository essays. In narrative essays, you can twist and turn the structure to make the essay more interesting. Be sure that your structure in expository essays is very linear, making it easier to connect the dots.
 A narrative essay recounts an incident that either you or others have experienced. In a narrative essay, you could describe a personal experience in which embryonic stem cell research could have helped you or someone you love conquer a debilitating condition.
 You'll need an introduction, setting, plot, characters, climax and conclusion.



Introduction: The beginning. How are you going to set the story up? Is there something useful or important here that gets mentioned later on?

Setting: Where the action takes place. What does it look like? Which words can you use to make the reader feel like they are there when they read it?

Plot: What happens. The meat of the story, the essential action. Why is the story worth telling?

Characters: Who's in the story. What does the story tell us about the characters? What do the characters tell us about the story?

Climax: The suspenseful bit before anything is resolved. Are we left hanging on the edges of our seat? Do we need to know what happens next?

Conclusion: How everything resolves. What does the story mean in the end? How have things, people, ideas changed now that the end is revealed?

, Most narrative essays are written from the author's point of view, but you can also consider other perspectives as long as your point of view is consistent.


Utilize the pronoun "I" if you are the narrator. In a narrative essay, you can use first person. However, make sure that you don't overdo it. In all essays, you sound more authoritative if you state facts or opinions in third person.
 You're telling a story, but the purpose of the story is to make a specific point. Introduce your main idea in your thesis statement, and make sure that all of your story elements tie back to your thesis statement.



What did you learn? How is your essay an exploration of the things that you learned?

How have you changed? How is the "you" that started the essay different from the "you" now? Related to, but different from, the "what did you learn?" question.
 You will use words to evoke emotions in your reader, so choose your words deliberately.
Research the topic.
Analyze well-written essays.
Brainstorm your own ideas.
Pick your thesis statement.
Plan your essay.
Write the body of your essay.
Come up with a compelling title and introduction.
Conclude your essay.
Wait a day or so and re-read your essay.
Correct errors related to grammar, punctuation and spelling.
Check your statements.
Remove any repetitive or unnecessary words.
Avoid colloquial (informal) writing.
Analyze how your essay flows.
Cut information that's not specifically related to your topic.
Have someone read your paper aloud to you, or record yourself reading it aloud and play it back.
Rewrite any problematic body passages.
Compose your essay with a clear purpose.
Write your essay as though you are conducting a debate.
Collect facts from good sources to justify your opinions.
Discuss conflicting opinions.
Tie all your ideas together in a gripping conclusion.
Choose a subject for your essay.
Select your strategy and structure.
Keep your views unbiased.
Use the facts to tell the story.
Tell your story vividly and accurately.
Include all of the elements of good storytelling.
Have a clear point of view.
Make a point.
Choose your language carefully.
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