Avis juridique important

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31996L0079

Directive 96/79/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1996 on the protection of occupants of motor vehicles in the event of a frontal impact and amending Directive 70/156/EEC

Official Journal L 018 , 21/01/1997 P. 0007 - 0050

DIRECTIVE 96/79/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 16 December 1996 on the protection of occupants of motor vehicles in the event of a frontal impact and amending Directive 70/156/EEC THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 100a thereof,Having regard to Council Directive 70/156/EEC of 6 February 1970 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers (1), and in particular Article 13 (4) thereof,Having regard to the proposal from the Commission (2),Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee (3),Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 189b of the Treaty (4),Whereas the total harmonization of technical requirements for motor vehicles is necessary in order fully to achieve the internal market;Whereas, in order to reduce the number of road accident casualties in Europe, it is necessary to introduce legislative measures for improving the protection of occupants of motor vehicles in the event of a frontal impact as much as possible; whereas this Directive introduces frontal impact test requirements, including biomechanical criteria, to ensure that a high level of protection in the event of a frontal impact is provided;Whereas the aim of this Directive is to introduce requirements based on the results of research conducted by the European Experimental Vehicles Committee allowing the establishment of test criteria which are more representative of actual road accidents;Whereas lead times are required by vehicle manufacturers for the implementation of acceptable test criteria;Whereas, to avoid duplication of standards, it is necessary to exempt vehicles which comply with the requirements of this Directive from the need to comply with now superseded requirements in another Directive in respect of the behaviour of the steering wheel and column in an impact;Whereas this Directive will be one of the separate directives which must be complied with in order to ensure the conformity of vehicles with the requirements of the EC type-approval procedure established by Directive 70/156/EEC; whereas, therefore, the provisions of Directive 70/156/EEC relating to vehicle systems, components and separate technical units apply to this Directive;Whereas the procedure for determining the seating reference point in motor vehicles is given in Annex III to Council Directive 77/649/EEC of 27 September 1977 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the field of vision of motor vehicle drivers (5); whereas it is therefore unnecessary to repeat it in this Directive; whereas reference should be made in this Directive to Council Directive 74/297/EEC of 4 June 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the interior fittings of motor vehicles (the behaviour of the steering mechanism in the event of an impact) (6); whereas reference is made to the United States of America Code of Federal Regulations (7),HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:Article 1For the purposes of this Directive, 'vehicle` shall have the meaning given to it in Article 2 of Directive 70/156/EEC.Article 21. No Member State may, on grounds concerning the protection of occupants of vehicles in the event of a frontal impact:- refuse, in respect of a vehicle type, to grant EC type-approval or national type-approval, or- prohibit the registration, sale or entry into service of a vehicle,if it complies with the requirements of this Directive.2. With effect from 1 October 1998, Member States:- may no longer grant EC type-approval for a vehicle type in accordance with Article 4 of Directive 70/156/EEC,- may refuse national type-approval for a vehicle type,unless the vehicle satisfies the requirements of this Directive.3. Paragraph 2 shall not apply to vehicle types approved before 1 October 1998 pursuant to Directive 74/297/EEC, or to subsequent extensions to that type-approval.4. Vehicles type-approved in accordance with this Directive shall be regarded as satisfying the requirements of paragraph 5.1 of Annex I to Directive 74/297/EEC.5. With effect from 1 October 2003, Member States:- shall consider certificates of conformity which accompany new vehicles in accordance with Directive 70/156/EEC to be no longer valid for the purposes of Article 7 (1) of that Directive, and- may refuse the registration, sale or entry into service of new vehicles which are not accompanied by a certificate of conformity in accordance with Directive 70/156/EEC,if the requirements of this Directive, including paragraphs 3.2.1.2 and 3.2.1.3 of Annex II, are not fulfilled.Article 3In Part I of Annex IV to Directive 70/156/EEC, the table shall be supplemented as follows:>TABLE>Article 4In the framework of the adaptation of this Directive to technical progress, the Commission shall:(a) review the Directive, within two years from the date mentioned in Article 5 (1), with a view to increasing the test speed and including vehicles of category N1. The review will cover inter alia accident research data, full-scale car-to-car test results, cost-benefit considerations and, in particular, the existing performance requirements (both biomechanical and geometric) and the addition of new requirements relating to footwell intrusion. The review will examine the potential gains in occupant protection and the industrial feasibility of increasing the test speed and extending the scope of the Directive to include vehicles of category N1. The results of this review will be submitted to the European Parliament and the Council in a report drawn up by the Commission;(b) before the end of 1996 review, and, if appropriate, amend Appendix 7 to Annex II so as to take into account assessment tests on the Hybrid III dummy's ankle including vehicle tests;(c) before the end of 1997, review and, if appropriate, amend the limit values for neck injury (as specified in paragraphs 3.2.1.2 and 3.2.1.3 of Annex II) on the basis of the values recorded during type-approval tests and on accident study and biomechanical research data;(d) also make, before the end of 1997, the necessary amendments to the separate Directives so as to ensure the compatibility of the type-approval and extension procedures provided by the directives with those in this Directive.Article 51. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive no later than 1 October 1996. They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof.When Member States adopt these provisions, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such reference shall be laid down by Member States.2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive.3. Member States shall take the measures necessary to ensure that the results of the type-approval tests carried out by their approval authorities are made available to the public.Article 6This Directive shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities.Article 7This Directive is addressed to the Member States.Done at Brussels, 16 December 1996.For the European ParliamentThe PresidentK. HÄNSCHFor the CouncilThe PresidentI. YATES(1) OJ No L 42, 23. 2. 1970, p. 1. Directive as last amended by Commission Directive 95/54/EC (OJ No L 266, 8. 11. 1995, p. 1).(2) OJ No C 396, 31. 12. 1994, p. 34.(3) OJ No C 256, 2. 10. 1995, p. 21.(4) Opinion of the European Parliament of 12 July 1995 (OJ No C 249, 25. 9. 1995, p. 50), Council common position of 28 May 1996 (OJ No C 219, 27. 7. 1996, p. 22) and Decision of the European Parliament of 19 September 1996 (OJ No C 320, 28. 10. 1996, p. 149). Council Decision of 25 October 1996.(5) OJ No L 267, 19. 10. 1977, p. 1. Directive as last amended by Commission Directive 90/630/EEC (OJ No L 341, 6. 12. 1990, p. 20).(6) OJ No L 165, 20. 6. 1974, p. 16. Directive as last amended by Commission Directive 91/662/EEC (OJ No L 366, 31. 12. 1991, p. 1).(7) United States of America Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Chapter V, Part 572.ANNEX I ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS FOR THE TYPE-APPROVAL OF A VEHICLE TYPE 1. APPLICATION FOR EC TYPE-APPROVAL 1.1. Applications for EC type-approval pursuant to Article 3 (4) of Directive 70/156/EEC of a vehicle type with regard to the protection of occupants of motor vehicles in the event of a frontal impact must be submitted by the manufacturer.1.2. A model for the information document is given in Appendix 1.1.3. A vehicle representative of the vehicle type to be approved must be submitted to the technical service responsible for conducting the type-approval tests.1.4. The manufacturer is entitled to submit any data and test results which make it possible to establish with a sufficient degree of confidence that compliance with the requirements can be achieved.2. EC TYPE-APPROVAL 2.1. Where the vehicle type satisfies the relevant requirements, EC type-approval pursuant to Article 4 (3) and, if applicable, Article 4 (4) of Directive 70/156/EEC will be granted.2.2. A model for the type-approval certificate is given in Appendix 2.2.3. A type-approval number in accordance with Annex VII to Directive 70/156/EEC is assigned to each vehicle type approved. The same Member State must not assign the same number to another type of vehicle.2.4. In case of doubt, in order to verify that the vehicle conforms to the requirements of this Directive, account must be taken of any data or test results provided by the manufacturer which may be taken into consideration in establishing the validity of the type-approval test performed by the type-approval authority.3. MODIFICATION OF THE TYPE AND AMENDMENTS TO TYPE-APPROVALS 3.1. In the case of modification of a vehicle type approved pursuant to this Directive, the provisions of Article 5 of Directive 70/156/EEC are applicable.3.2. Any modification of the vehicle affecting the general form of the structure of the vehicle and/or any increase in mass greater than 8 % which, in the judgment of the technical service, would have a marked influence on the results of the tests necessitates a repetition of the test as described in Appendix 1 to Annex II.3.3. If the modifications concern only the interior fittings, if the mass does not differ by more than 8 % and if the number of front seats initially provided in the vehicle remains the same, the following will need to be carried out:3.3.1. a simplified test as provided for in Appendix 4 to Annex II, and/or3.3.2. a partial test as determined by the technical service in the light of the modifications made.4. CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION 4.1. As a general rule, measures to ensure the conformity of production must be taken in accordance with the provisions laid down in Article 10 of Directive 70/156/EEC.Appendix 1 Information document No . . . pursuant to Annex I to Directive 70/156/EEC (1) relating to the EC type-approval of a vehicle with regard to the protection of occupants of motor vehicles in the event of a frontal impact >START OF GRAPHIC>The following information, if applicable, must be supplied in triplicate and include a list of contents. Any drawings must be supplied in appropriate scale and in sufficient detail on size A4 or on a folder of A4 format. Photographs, if any, must show sufficient detail.If the systems, components or separate technical units have electronic controls, information concerning their performance must be supplied.0. General0.1. Make (trade name of manufacturer):0.2. Type and general commercial description(s):0.3. Means of identification of type, if marked on the vehicle (b):0.3.1. Location of that marking:0.4. Category of vehicle (c):0.5. Name and address of manufacturer:0.8. Address(es) of assembly plant(s):1. General construction characteristics of the vehicle1.1. Photographs and/or drawings of a representative vehicle:1.6. Position and arrangement of the engine:2. Masses and dimensions (e) (in kg and mm) (refer to drawing where applicable)2.4. Range of vehicle dimensions (overall):2.4.2. Chassis with bodywork:2.4.2.1. Length (j):2.4.2.2. Width (k):2.4.2.6. Ground clearance (as defined in paragraph 4.5.4 of Section A of Annex II to Directive 70/156/EEC):2.4.2.7. Distance between axles:2.6. Mass of the vehicle with bodywork in running order, or mass of the chassis with cab if the manufacturer does not fit the bodywork (including coolant, oils, fuel, tools, spare wheel and driver) (o) (maximum and minimum for each version):2.6.1. Distribution of this mass among the axles and, in the case of a semi-trailer or centre-axle trailer, load on the coupling point (maximum and minimum for each version):7. Steering7.2. Mechanism and control:7.2.6. Range and method of adjustment, if any, of the steering control:9. Bodywork9.1. Type of bodywork:9.2. Materials used and methods of construction:9.10. Interior fittings:9.10.3. Seats:9.10.3.1. Number:9.10.3.2. Position and arrangement:9.10.3.5. Coordinates or drawing of the 'R' point (*):9.10.3.5.1. Driver's seat:9.10.3.6. Design seat-back angle:9.10.3.6.1. Driver's seat:9.10.3.6.2. All other seating positions (*):9.10.3.7. Range of seat adjustment:9.10.3.7.1. Driver's seathorizontallyvertically9.10.3.7.2. All other seating positions (*)horizontallyvertically9.12. Safety belts and/or other restraint systems9.12.1. Number and position of safety belts and restraint systems and seats on which they can be used:(R = right-hand seat, c = centre seat, L = left-hand seat)R/C/LComplete EC type-approval markVariant, if applicableFirst row of seatsSecond row of seats, etc.Optional extras (e.g. for height-adjusting seats, pre-loading device, etc.)9.12.2. Front seat airbags:- driver's side yes/no/optional (1)- passenger side yes/no/optional (1)- centre yes/no/optional (1)9.12.3. Number and position of safety-belt anchorages and proof of compliance with Directive 76/115/EEC, as amended (i.e. type-approval number or test report) (**):Date, file(*) Only the front passenger seat.(**) Only the outboard front seats.(1) Delete where not applicable.>END OF GRAPHIC>(1) The item numbers and footnotes used in this information document correspond to those set out in Annex I to Directive 70/156/EEC. Items not relevant for the purposes of this Directive are omitted.Appendix 2 MODEL (maximum format: A4 (210 × 297 mm) EC TYPE-APPROVAL CERTIFICATE >START OF GRAPHIC>Stamp of type-approval authorityCommunication concerning the- type-approval (1)- extension of type-approval (1)- refusal of type-approval (1)- withdrawal of type-approval (1)of a type of vehicle/component/separate technical unit (1) with regard to Directive . . ./. . ./EC, as last amended by Directive . . ./. . ./EC.Type-approval number: .Reason for extension: .PART I0.1. Make (trade name of manufacturer):0.2. Type and general commercial description(s):0.3. Means of identification of type, if marked on the vehicle/component/separate technical unit (1) (2):0.3.1. Location of that marking:0.4. Category of vehicle (3):0.5. Name and address of manufacturer:0.7. In the case of components and separate technical units, location and method of affixing of the EC type-approval mark:0.8. Address(es) of assembly plant(s):PART II1. Additional information (where applicable): (see Addendum)2. Technical service responsible for carrying out the tests:3. Date of test report:4. Number of test report:5. Remarks (if any): (see Addendum)6. Place:(1) Delete where not applicable.(2) If the means of identification of type contain characters not relevant to a description of the vehicle, component or separate technical unit types covered by this type-approval certificate, such characters shall be presented in the documentation by the symbol '?' (e.g. ABC??123??).(3) As defined in Annex II A to Directive 70/156/EEC.7. Date:8. Signature:9. The index to the type-approval file sent to the competent authority, which may be obtained on request, is attached.>END OF GRAPHIC>Addendum to EC type-approval certificate No . . . concerning the type-approval of a vehicle with regard to Directive . . ./. . ./EC >START OF GRAPHIC>1. Additional information1.1. Brief description of the vehicle type as regards its structure, dimensions, lines and constituent materials:1.2. Description of the protective system installed in the vehicle:1.3. Description of the interior arrangements or fittings that might affect the tests:1.4. Location of engine: forward/rear/central (1)1.5. Drive: front-wheel/rear-wheel (1)1.6. Mass of vehicle submitted for testingFront axle:Rear axle:Total:5. Remarks: (e.g. valid for left-hand drive and right-hand drive vehicles)6. Front seat airbags:- driver's side yes/no (1)- passenger side yes/no (1)- centre yes/no (1)(1) Delete where not applicable.>END OF GRAPHIC>ANNEX II TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 1. SCOPE 1.1. This Directive applies to power-driven vehicles of category M1 of a total permissible mass not exceeding 2,5 tonnes, with the exception of multi-stage built vehicles produced in quantities not exceeding those fixed for a small series; heavier vehicles and multi-stage built vehicles may be approved at the request of the manufacturer.2. DEFINITIONS For the purposes of this Directive:2.1. 'protective system` means interior fittings and devices intended to restrain the occupants and contribute towards ensuring compliance with the requirements set out in paragraph 3 below;2.2. 'type of protective system` means a category of protective devices which do not differ in such essential respects as:- their technology,- their geometry,- their constituent materials;2.3. 'vehicle width` means the distance between two planes parallel to the longitudinal median plane and touching the vehicle on either side of the said plane but excluding the rear-view mirrors, side marker lamps, tyre pressure indicators, direction indicator lamps, position lamps, flexible mud-guards and the deflected part of the tyre side-walls immediately above the point of contact with the ground;2.4. 'overlap` means the percentage of the vehicle width directly in line with the barrier face;2.5. 'deformable barrier face` means a crushable section mounted on the front of a rigid block;2.6. 'vehicle type` means a category of power-driven vehicles which do not differ in such essential respects as:2.6.1. the length and width of the vehicle, insofar as they have a negative effect on the results of the impact test prescribed in this Directive;2.6.2. the structure, dimensions, lines and materials of the part of the vehicle forward of the transverse plane through the 'R` point of the driver's seat insofar as they have a negative effect on the results of the impact test prescribed in this Directive;2.6.3. the lines and inside dimensions of the passenger compartment and the type of protective system, insofar as they have a negative effect on the results of the impact test prescribed in this Directive;2.6.4. the location (front, rear or centre) and the orientation (transversal or longitudinal) of the engine;2.6.5. the unladen mass, insofar as it has a negative effect on the results of the impact test prescribed in this Directive;2.6.6. the optional arrangements or fittings provided by the manufacturer, insofar as they have a negative effect on the results of the impact test prescribed in this Directive;2.7. 'passenger compartment` means the space for occupant accommodation, bounded by the roof, floor, side walls, doors, outside glazing and front bulkhead and the plane of the rear compartment bulkhead or the plane of the rear-seat back support;2.8. 'R` point means a reference point defined for each seat by the manufacturer in relation to the vehicle's structure;2.9. 'H` point means a reference point determined for each seat by the technical service responsible for approval;2.10. 'unladen kerb mass` means the mass of the vehicle in running order, unoccupied and unladen but complete with fuel, coolant, lubricant, tools and a spare wheel (if these are provided as standard equipment by the vehicle manufacturer);2.11. 'airbag` means a device installed to supplement safety belts and restraint systems in motor vehicles, i.e. systems which, in the event of a severe impact affecting the vehicle, automatically deploy a flexible structure intended to limit, by compression of the gas contained within it, the gravity of the contacts of one or more parts of the body of an occupant of the vehicle with the interior of the passenger compartment.3. REQUIREMENTS 3.1. General specification applicable to all tests3.1.1. The 'H` point for each seat is determined in accordance with the procedure described in Annex II to Directive 77/649/EEC.3.2. Specifications3.2.1. The performance criteria recorded, in accordance with Appendix 5, on the dummies in the front outboard seats must meet the following conditions:3.2.1.1. the head performance criterion (HPC) must not exceed 1 000 and the resultant head acceleration shall not exceed 80 g for more than 3 ms. The latter must be calculated cumulatively, excluding rebound movement of the head;3.2.1.2. the neck injury criteria (NIC) must not exceed the values shown in Figures 1 and 2 (1);3.2.1.3. the neck bending moment about the y axis must not exceed 57 Nm in extension (2);3.2.1.4. the thorax compression criterion (ThCC) must not exceed 50 mm;3.2.1.5. the viscous criterion (V*C) for the thorax must not exceed 1,0 m/s;3.2.1.6. the femur force criterion (FFC) must not exceed the force-time performance criterion shown in Figure 3 of this Annex;3.2.1.7. the tibia compression force criterion (TCFC) must not exceed 8 kN;3.2.1.8. the tibia index (TI), measured at the top and bottom of each tibia, must not exceed 1,3 at either location;3.2.1.9. the movement of the sliding knee joints must not exceed 15 mm.3.2.2. Residual steering wheel displacement, measured at the centre of the steering wheel hub, must not exceed 80 mm in the upwards vertical direction and 100 mm in the rearward horizontal direction.3.2.3. During the test no door may open.3.2.4. During the test no locking of the locking systems of the front doors may occur.3.2.5. After the impact, it must be possible, without the use of tools, except for those necessary to support the weight of the dummy:3.2.5.1. to open at least one door, if there is one, per row of seats and, where there is no such door, to move the seats or tilt their backrests as necessary to allow the evacuation of all the occupants; this is, however, only applicable to vehicles having a roof of rigid construction;3.2.5.2. to release the dummies from their restraint system which, if locked, must be capable of being released by a maximum force of 60 N on the centre of the release control;3.2.5.3. to remove the dummies from the vehicle without adjustment of the seats.3.2.6. In the case of a vehicle propelled by liquid fuel, no more than slight leakage of liquid from the entire fuel system may occur during or after the impact. If after the impact there is continuous leakage of liquid from any part of the fuel system, the rate of of leakage must not exceed 5 × 10-4 kg/s; if the liquid from the fuel-feed system mixes with liquids from the other systems and the various liquids cannot easily be separated and identified, all the liquids collected are taken into account in evaluating the continuous leakage.Figure 1 Neck tension criterion >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>Figure 2 Neck shear criterion >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>Figure 3 Femur force criterion >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>(1) Until the date mentioned in Article 2 (2), the values obtained for the neck shall not be pass/fail criteria for the purposes of granting type-approval. The results obtained shall be recorded in the test report and be collected by the approval authority. After this date, the value(s) specified in this paragraph shall apply as pass/fail criteria unless or until alternative values are adopted in accordance with the provisions of Article 4 (c).Appendix 1 TEST PROCEDURE 1. INSTALLATION AND PREPARATION OF THE VEHICLE 1.1. Testing groundThe test area must be large enough to accommodate the run-up track, barrier and technical installations necessary for the test. The last part of the track, for at least 5 m before the barrier, must be horizontal, flat and smooth.1.2. BarrierThe front face of the barrier consists of a deformable structure as defined in Appendix 6 of this Annex. The front face of the deformable structure is perpendicular ± 1° to the direction of travel of the test vehicle. The barrier is secured to a mass of not less than 7 × 104 kg, the front face of which is vertical ± 1°. This mass is anchored in the ground or placed on the ground with, if necessary, additional arresting devices to restrict its movement.1.3. Orientation of the barrierThe orientation of the barrier is such that the first contact of the vehicle with the barrier is on the steering-column side. Where there is a choice between carrying out the test with a right-hand or left-hand drive vehicle, the test must be carried out with the less favourable hand of drive as determined by the technical service responsible for the tests.1.3.1. Alignment of the vehicle to the barrierThe vehicle must overlap the barrier face by 40 % ± 20 mm.1.4. State of vehicle1.4.1. General specificationThe test vehicle must be representative of the series production, include all the equipment normally fitted and be in normal running order. Some components may be replaced by equivalent masses where this substitution clearly has no noticeable effect on the results measured under paragraph 6.1.4.2. Mass of the vehicle1.4.2.1. For the test, the mass of the vehicle submitted must be the unladen kerb mass.1.4.2.2. The fuel tank must be filled with water up to 90 % of the mass of a full load of fuel as specified by the manufacturer with a ± 1 % tolerance.1.4.2.3. All the other systems (brakes, cooling, etc.) may be empty; in this case the mass of the liquids must be offset.1.4.2.4. If the mass of the measuring apparatus on board the vehicle exceeds the 25 kg allowed, it may be offset by reductions which have no noticeable effect on the results measured under paragraph 6 below.1.4.2.5. The mass of the measuring apparatus must not change each axle reference load by more than 5 %, each variation not exceeding 20 kg.1.4.2.6. The mass of the vehicle resulting from the provisions of paragraph 1.4.2.1 above must be indicated in the report.1.4.3. Passenger compartment adjustments1.4.3.1. Position of steering wheelThe steering wheel, if adjustable, must be placed in the normal position indicated by the manufacturer or, failing that, midway between the limits of its range(s) of adjustment. At the end of propelled travel, the steering wheel must be left free, with its spokes in the position which according to the manufacturer corresponds to straight-ahead travel of the vehicle.1.4.3.2. GlazingThe movable glazing of the vehicle must be in the closed position. For test measurement purposes and in agreement with the manufacturer, it may be lowered, provided that the position of the operating handle corresponds to the closed position.1.4.3.3. Gear-change leverThe gear-change lever must be in the neutral position.1.4.3.4. PedalsThe pedals must be in their normal position of rest. If adjustable, they must be set in their mid position unless another position is specified by the manufacturer.1.4.3.5. DoorsThe doors must be closed, but not locked.1.4.3.6. Opening roofIf an opening or removable roof is fitted, it must be in place and in the closed position. For test measurement purposes and in agreement with the manufacturer, it may be open.1.4.3.7. Sun-visorThe sun-visors must be in the stowed position.1.4.3.8. Rear-view mirrorThe interior rear-view mirror must be in the normal position of use.1.4.3.9. Arm-restsArm-rests at the front and rear, if movable, must be in the lowered position, unless this is prevented by the position of the dummies in the vehicles.1.4.3.10. Head restraintsHead restraints adjustable for height must be in their uppermost position.1.4.3.11. Seats1.4.3.11.1. Position of front seatsSeats adjustable longitudinally must be placed so that their 'H` point, (see 3.1.1) is in the middle position of travel or in the nearest locking position thereto, and at the height position defined by the manufacturer (if independently adjustable for height).In the case of a bench seat, the reference must be to the 'H` point of the driver's place.1.4.3.11.2. Position of the front seat-backsIf adjustable, the seat-backs must be adjusted so that the resulting inclination of the torso of the dummy is as close as possible to that recommended by the manufacturer for normal use or, in the absence of any particular recommendation by the manufacturer, to 25 ° towards the rear from the vertical.1.4.3.11.3. Rear seatsIf adjustable, the rear seats or rear bench seats must be placed in the rearmost position.2. DUMMIES 2.1. Front seats2.1.1. A dummy corresponding to the specifications for Hybrid III (1) fitted with a 45 ° ankle and meeting the specifications for its adjustment is installed in each of the front outboard seats in accordance with the conditions set out in Appendix 3. The dummy is equipped for recording the data necessary to determine the performance criteria with measuring systems corresponding to the specifications in Appendix 5. The ankle of the dummy must be certified in accordance with the procedures in Appendix 7 to Annex II.2.1.2. The car will be tested with restraint systems, as provided by the manufacturer.3. PROPULSION AND COURSE OF VEHICLE 3.1. The vehicle must be propelled either by its own engine or by any other propelling device.3.2. At the moment of impact the vehicle must no longer be subject to the action of any additional steering or propelling device.3.3. The course of the vehicle must be such that it satisfies the requirements of 1.2 and 1.3.1.4. TEST SPEED Vehicle speed at the moment of impact must be 56 - 0 + 1 km/h. However, if the test was performed at a higher speed and the vehicle met the requirements, the test is considered satisfactory.5. MEASUREMENTS TO BE MADE ON DUMMY IN FRONT SEATS 5.1. All the measurements necessary for the verification of the performance criteria must be made with data channels corresponding to the specifications of Appendix 5.5.2. The different parameters are recorded through independent data channels of the following CFC (Channel Frequency Class):5.2.1. Measurements in the head of the dummyThe acceleration (a) referring to the centre of gravity is calculated from the triaxial components of the acceleration measured with a CFC of 1 000.5.2.2. Measurements in the neck of the dummy5.2.2.1. The axial tensile force and the fore/aft shear force at the neck/head interface are measured with a CFC of 1 000.5.2.2.2. The bending moment about a lateral axis at the neck/head interface is measured with a CFC of 600.5.2.3. Measurements in the thorax of the dummyThe chest deflection between the sternum and the spine is measured with a CFC of 180.5.2.4. Measurements in the femur and tibia of the dummy5.2.4.1. The axial compressive force and the bending moments are measured with a CFC of 600.5.2.4.2. The displacement of the tibia with respect to the femur is measured at the knee sliding joint with a CFC of 180.6. MEASUREMENTS TO BE MADE ON THE VEHICLE 6.1. To enable the simplified test described in Appendix 4 to be carried out, the deceleration curve of the structure must be determined on the basis of the value of the longitudinal accelerometers at the base of the 'B` pillar on the struck side of the vehicle with a CFC of 180 by means of data channels corresponding to the requirements set out in Appendix 5.6.2. The speed curve which will be used in the test procedure described in Appendix 4 must be obtained from the longitudinal accelerometer at the 'B` pillar on the side struck.(1) The technical specifications and detailed drawings of Hybrid III, corresponding to the principal dimensions of a 50th percentile male of the United States of America, and the specifications for its adjustment for this test are deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations and may be consulted on request at the secretariat of the Economic Commission for Europe, Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland.Appendix 2 DETERMINATION OF PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 1. HEAD PERFORMANCE CRITERION (HPC) 1.1. This criterion is considered to be satisfied when, during the test, there is no contact between the head and any vehicle component.1.2. If that is not the case, a calculation of the value of HPC is made, on the basis of the acceleration (a), measured according to section 5.2.1 of Appendix 1 to this Annex, by the following expression:HPC = (t2-t1) [ >NUM>1 >DEN>t2-t1 ∫ t2 t1 adt]2,5in which:1.2.1. the term 'a` is the resultant acceleration measured according to paragraph 5.2.1 of Appendix 1 to this Annex and is measured in units of gravity, g (1 g = 9,81 m/s²);1.2.2. if the beginning of the head contact can be determined satisfactorily, t1 and t2 are the two time instants, expressed in seconds, defining an interval between the beginning of the head contact and the end of the recording for which the value of HPC is maximum;1.2.3. if the beginning of the head contact cannot be determined, t1 and t2 are the two time instants, expressed in seconds, defining a time interval between the beginning and the end of the recording for which the value of HPC is maximum.1.2.4. Values of HPC for which the time interval (t1 - t2) is greater than 36 ms are ignored for the purposes of calculating the maximum value.1.3. The value of the resultant head acceleration during forward impact which is exceeded for 3 ms cumulatively is calculated from the resultant head acceleration measured according to paragraph 5.2.1 of Appendix 1 to this Annex.2. NECK INJURY CRITERIA (NIC) 2.1. These criteria are determined by the compressive axial force, the axial tensile force and the fore/aft shear forces at the head/neck interface, expressed in kN and measured according to paragraph 5.2.2 of Appendix 1 to this Annex and by the duration of these forces expressed in ms.2.2. The neck bending moment criterion is determined by the bending moment, expressed in Nm, about a lateral axis at the head/neck interface and measured according to paragraph 5.2.2 of Appendix 1 to this Annex.2.3. The neck flexion bending moment, expressed in Nm, must be recorded.3. THORAX COMPRESSION CRITERION (ThCC) AND VISCOUS CRITERION (V*C) 3.1. The thorax compression criterion is determined by the absolute value of the thorax deformation, expressed in mm and measured according to paragraph 5.2.3 of Appendix 1 to this Annex.3.2. The viscous criterion (V*C) is calculated as the instantaneous product of the compression and the rate of deflection of the sternum, measured according to paragraph 6 and also paragraph 5.2.3 of Appendix 1 to this Annex.4. FEMUR FORCE CRITERION (FFC) 4.1. This criterion is determined by the compression load expressed in kN, transmitted axially on each femur of the dummy and measured according to paragraph 5.2.4 of Appendix 1 to this Annex and by the duration of the compressive load expressed in ms.5. TIBIA COMPRESSIVE FORCE CRITERION (TCFC) AND TIBIA INDEX (TI) 5.1. The tibia compressive force criterion is determined by the compressive load (Fz) expressed in kN, transmitted axially on each tibia of the dummy and measured according to paragraph 5.2.4 of Appendix 1 to Annex II.5.2. The tibia index is calculated on the basis of the bending moments (MX and MY) measured according to paragraph 5.1 by the following expression:TI= | >NUM>MR/ >DEN>(MC)R| + |  >NUM>FZ/ >DEN>(FC)Z |where: MX= bending moment about the x axisMY = bending moment about the y axis(MC)R = critical bending moment and shall be taken to be 225 NmFZ = compressive axial force in the z direction(FC)Z = critical compressive force in the z direction and shall be taken to be 35,9 kNMR = √(MX)² + (MY)²The tibia index is calculated for the top and the bottom of each tibia; however, Fz may be measured at either location. The value obtained is used for the top and bottom TI calculations. Moments MX and MY are both measured separately at both locations.6. PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING THE VISCOUS CRITERION (V*C) FOR HYBRID III DUMMY 6.1. The viscous criterion is calculated as the instantaneous product of the compression and the rate of deflection of the sternum. Both are derived from the measurement of sternum deflection.6.2. The sternum deflection response is filtered once at CFC 180. The compression at time t is calculated from this filtered signal as:C(t) = >NUM>D(t) >DEN>0,229The sternum deflection velocity at time t is calculated from the filtered deflection as:V(t) = >NUM>8×(D(t+1) - D(t-1)) - (D(t+2) - D(t-2)) >DEN>12ätwhere D(2) is the deflection at time t in metres and ät is the time interval in seconds between the measurements of deflection. The maximum value of ät is 1,25 × 10-4 seconds. This calculation procedure is shown diagrammatically below.>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>Appendix 3 ARRANGEMENT AND INSTALLATION OF DUMMIES AND ADJUSTMENT OF RESTRAINT SYSTEMS 1. ARRANGEMENT OF DUMMIES 1.1. Separate seatsThe plane of symmetry of the dummy must coincide with the vertical median plane of the seat.1.2. Front bench seat1.2.1. DriverThe plane of symmetry of the dummy must lie in the vertical plane passing through the steering wheel centre and parallel to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. If the seating position is determined by the shape of the bench, such seat must be regarded as a separate seat.1.2.2. Outer passengerThe plane of symmetry of the passenger dummy must be symmetrical with that of the driver dummy relative to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. If the seating position is determined by the shape of the bench, such seat must be regarded as a separate seat.1.3. Bench seat for front passengers (not including driver)The planes of symmetry of the dummy must coincide with the median planes of the seating positions defined by the manufacturer.2. INSTALLATION OF DUMMIES 2.1. HeadThe transverse instrumentation platform of the head must be horizontal within 2,5°. To level the head of the test dummy in vehicles with upright seats with non-adjustable backs, the following sequences must be followed. First adjust the position of the 'H`-point within the limits set forth in paragraph 2.4.3.1 of this Appendix to level the transverse instrumentation platform of the head of the test dummy. If the transverse instrumentation platform of the head is still not level, then adjust the pelvic angle of the test dummy within the limits provided in paragraph 2.4.3.2 of this appendix. If the transverse instrumentation platform of the head is still not level, then adjust the neck bracket of the test dummy the minimum amount necessary to ensure that the transverse instrumentation platform of the head is horizontal within 2,5°.2.2. Arms2.2.1. The upper arms of the driver test dummy must be adjacent to the torso with the centrelines as close to a vertical plane as possible.2.2.2. The upper arms of the passenger test dummy must be in contact with the seat back and the sides of the torso.2.3. Hands2.3.1. The palms of the driver test dummy must be in contact with the outer part of the steering wheel rim at the rim's horizontal centreline. The thumbs must be over the steering wheel rim and must be lightly taped to the steering wheel rim so that if the hand of the test dummy is pushed upward by a force of not less than 9 N and not more than 22 N, the tape releases the hand from the steering wheel rim.2.3.2. The palms of the passenger test dummy must be in contact with the outside of the thighs. The little finger must be in contact with the seat cushion.2.4. Torso2.4.1. In vehicles equipped with bench seats, the upper torso of the driver and passenger test dummies must rest against the seat back. The midsagittal plane of the driver dummy must be vertical and parallel to the vehicle's longitudinal centreline, and pass through the centre of the steering wheel rim. The midsagittal plane of the passenger dummy must be vertical and parallel to the vehicle's longitudinal centreline and the same distance from the vehicle's longitudinal centreline as the midsagittal plane of the driver dummy.2.4.2. In vehicles equipped with individual seats, the upper torso of the driver and passenger test dummies must rest against the seat back. The midsagittal plane of the driver and the passenger dummy must be vertical and must coincide with the longitudinal centreline of the individual seat.2.4.3. Lower torso2.4.3.1. 'H` pointThe 'H` point of the driver and passenger test dummies must coincide, within 13 mm in the vertical dimension and 13 mm in the horizontal dimension, with a point 6 mm below the position of the 'H` point of the machine, except that the length of the thigh and lower leg segments used to calculate the 'H` point must be adjusted to 414 and 401 mm, instead of 432 and 417 mm respectively.2.4.3.2. Pelvic angleAs determined using the pelvic angle gauges (1) inserted into the 'H` point gauging hole of the dummy, the angle measured from the horizontal on the 76,2 mm flat surface of the gauge must be 22,5° ± 2,5°.2.5. Legs2.5.1. The upper legs of the driver and passenger test dummies must rest against the seat cushion to the extent permitted by placement of the feet. The initial distance between the outboard knee clevis flange surfaces must be 270 mm ± 10 mm.2.5.2. To the extent practicable, the left leg of the driver dummy and both legs of the passenger dummy must be in vertical longitudinal planes. To the extent practicable, the right leg of the driver dummy must be in a vertical plane. Final adjustment to accommodate placement of feet in accordance with 2.6 for various passenger compartment configurations is permitted.2.6. Feet2.6.1. The right foot of the driver test dummy must rest on the undepressed accelerator with the rearmost point of the heel on the floor surface in the plane of the pedal. If the foot cannot be placed on the accelerator pedal, it must be positioned perpendicular to the tibia and placed as far forward as possible in the direction of the centreline of the pedal with the rearmost point of the heel resting on the floor surface. The heel of the left foot must be placed as far forward as possible and must rest on the floor. The left foot must be positioned as flat as possible on the toeboard. The longitudinal centreline of the left foot must be placed as parallel as possible to the longitudinal centreline of the vehicle.2.6.2. The heels of both feet of the passenger test dummy must be placed as far forward as possible and must rest on the floor. Both feet must be positioned as flat as possible on the toeboard. The longitudinal centreline of the feet must be placed as parallel as possible to the longitudinal centreline of the vehicle.2.7. The measuring instruments installed must not in any way affect the movement of the dummy during impact.2.8. The temperature of the dummies and the system of measuring instruments must be stabilized before the test and maintained so far as possible within a range between 19 °C and 22 °C.2.9. Dummy clothing2.9.1. The instrumented dummies will be clothed in formfitting cotton stretch garments with short sleeves and mid-calf length trousers specified in FMVSS 208, drawings 78051-292 and 293 or their equivalent.2.9.2. A size 11EE shoe, specified in FMVSS 208, drawings 78051-294 (left) and 78051-295 (right) or their equivalent, will be placed on each foot of the test dummies.3. ADJUSTMENT OF RESTRAINT SYSTEM With the test dummy at its designated seating position as specified by the appropriate requirements of paragraphs 2.1 to 2.6, place the belt around the test dummy and fasten the latch. Remove all slack from the lap belt. Pull the upper torso webbing out of the retractor and allow it to retract; repeat this operation four times. Apply a tension load of between 9 and 18 N to the lap belt. If the belt system is equipped with a tension-relieving device, introduce the maximum amount of slack into the upper torso belt that is recommended by the manufacturer for normal use in the owner's manual for the vehicle. If the belt system is not equipped with a tension-relieving device, allow the excess webbing in the shoulder belt to be retracted by the retracting force of the retractor.(1) Until an international standard has been adopted for this item, gauges conforming to GM drawing 78051-532, referencing part 572, must be used.Appendix 4 TEST PROCEDURE WITH TROLLEY 1. TEST INSTALLATION AND PROCEDURE 1.1. TrolleyThe trolley must be so constructed that no permanent deformation appears after the test. It must be so guided that, during the impact phase, the deviation does not exceed 5° in the vertical plane and 2° in the horizontal plane.1.2. State of the structure1.2.1. GeneralThe structure tested must be representative of the series production of the vehicles concerned. Some components may be replaced or removed where such replacement or removal clearly has no effect on the test results.1.2.2. AdjustmentsAdjustments must conform to those set out in paragraph 1.4.3 of Appendix 1 to this Annex, taking into account what is stated in paragraph 1.2.1 above.1.3. Attachment of the structure1.3.1. The structure must be firmly attached to the trolley in such a way that no relative displacement occurs during the test.1.3.2. The method used to fasten the structure to the trolley must not have the effect of strengthening the seat anchorages or restraint devices, or of producing any abnormal deformation of the structure.1.3.3. The attachment device recommended is that whereby the structure rests on supports placed approximately in the axis of the wheels or, if possible, whereby the structure is secured to the trolley by the fastenings of the suspension system.1.3.4. The angle between the longitudinal axis of the vehicle and the direction of motion of the trolley must be 0° ± 2°.1.4. DummiesThe dummies and their positioning must conform to the specifications in paragraph 2 of Appendix 3.1.5. Measuring apparatus1.5.1. Deceleration of the structureThe position of the transducers measuring the deceleration of the structure during the impact must be parallel to the longitudinal axis of the trolley according to the specifications of Appendix 5 (CFC 180).1.5.2. Measurements to be made on the dummiesAll the measurements necessary for checking the listed criteria are set out in paragraph 5 of Appendix 1.1.6. Deceleration curve of the structureThe deceleration curve of the structure during the impact phase shall be such that the 'variation of speed in relation to time` curve obtained by integration at no point differs by more than ± 1 m/s from the 'variation of speed in relation to time` reference curve of the vehicle concerned as defined in Figure 1 of this Appendix. A displacement with regard to the time axis of the reference curve may be used to obtain the structure velocity inside the corridor.1.7. Reference curve ÄV = f(t) of the vehicle concernedThis reference curve is obtained by integration of the deceleration curve of the vehicle concerned measured in the frontal impact test against a barrier as provided for in paragraph 6 of Appendix 1 to this Annex.1.8. Equivalent methodThe test may be performed by some other method than that of deceleration of a trolley, provided that such method complies with the requirement concerning the range of variation of speed described in paragraph 1.6.Figure 1 Equivalence curve - tolerance band for curve V = f(t) >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>Appendix 5 TECHNIQUE OF MEASUREMENT IN MEASUREMENT TESTS: INSTRUMENTATION 1. DEFINITIONS 1.1. Data channelA data channel comprises all the instrumentation from a transducer (or multiple transducers whose outputs are combined in some specified way) up to and including any analysis procedures that may alter the frequency content or the amplitude content of data.1.2. TransducerThe first device in a data channel used to convert a physical quantity to be measured into a second quantity (such as an electrical voltage) which can be processed by the remainder of the channel.1.3. Channel amplitude class: CACThe designation for a data channel that meets certain amplitude characteristics as specified in this Appendix. The CAC number is numerically equal to the upper limit of the measurement range.1.4. Characteristic frequencies FH, FL, FNThese frequencies are defined in figure 1.1.5. Channel frequency class: CFCThe channel frequency class is designated by a number indicating that the channel frequency response lies within the limits specified in Figure 1. This number and the value of the frequency FH in Hz are numerically equal.1.6. Sensitivity coefficientThe slope of the straight line representing the best fit to the calibration values determined by the method of least square within the channel amplitude class.1.7. Calibration factor of a data channelThe mean value of the sensitivity coefficients evaluated over frequencies which are evenly spaced on a logarithmic scale between FL and 0,4 FH.1.8. Linearity errorThe ratio, in per cent, of the maximum difference between the calibration value and the corresponding value read on the straight line defined in 1.6 at the upper limit of the channel amplitude class.1.9. Cross sensitivityThe ratio of the output signal to the input signal, when an excitation is applied to the transducer perpendicular to the measurement axis. It is expressed as a percentage of the sensitivity along the measurement axis.1.10. Phase delay timeThe phase delay time of a data channel is equal to the phase delay (in radians) of a sinusoidal signal, divided by the angular frequency of that signal (in radians/s).1.11. EnvironmentThe aggregate, at a given moment, of all external conditions and influences to which the data channel is subjected.2. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 2.1. Linearity errorThe absolute value of the linearity error of a data channel at any frequency in the CFC, must be equal to or less than 2,5 % of the value of the CAC, over the whole measurement range.2.2. Amplitude against frequencyThe frequency response of a data channel must lie within the limiting curves given in Figure 1. The zero dB line is determined by the calibration factor.2.3. Phase delay timeThe phase delay time between the input and the output signals of a data channel must be determined and must not vary by more than 0,1 FH s between 0,03 FH and FH.2.4. Time base2.4.1. A time base must be recorded and must at least give 10 ms with an accuracy of 1 %.2.4.2. Relative time delayThe relative time delay between the signal of two or more data channels, regardless of their frequency class, must not exceed 1 ms excluding delay caused by phase shift.Two or more data channels of which the signals are combined must have the same frequency class and must not have relative time delay greater than 0,1 FHs.This requirement applies to analogue signals as well as to synchronization pulses and digital signals.2.5. Transducer cross sensitivityThe transducer cross sensitivity must be less than 5 % in any direction.2.6. Calibration2.6.1. GeneralA data channel should be calibrated at least once a year against reference equipment traceable to known standards. The methods used to carry out a comparison with reference equipment must not introduce an error greater than 1 % of the CAC. The use of the reference equipment is limited to the frequency range for which it has been calibrated. Subsystems of a data channel may be evaluated individually and the results factored into the accuracy of the total data channel. This can be done for example by an electrical signal of known amplitude simulating the output signal of the transducer which allows a check to be made on the gain factor of the data channel, excluding the transducer.2.6.2. Accuracy of reference equipment for calibrationThe accuracy of the reference equipment must be certified or endorsed by an official metrology service.2.6.2.1. Static calibration2.6.2.1.1. AccelerationsThe errors must be less than ± 1,5 % of the CAC.2.6.2.1.2. ForcesThe errors must be less than ± 1 % of the CAC.2.6.2.1.3. DisplacementsThe errors must be less than ± 1 % of the CAC.2.6.2.2. Dynamic calibration2.6.2.2.1. AccelerationsThe error in the reference accelerations expressed as a percentage of the CAC must be less than ± 1,5 % below 400 Hz, less than ± 2 % between 400 Hz and 900 Hz, and less than ± 2,5 % above 900 Hz.2.6.2.3. TimeThe relative error in the reference time must be less than 10-5.2.6.3. Sensitivity coefficient and linearity errorThe sensitivity coefficient and the linearity error must be determined by measuring the output signal of the data channel against a known input signal for various values of this signal. The calibration of the data channel must cover the whole range of the amplitude class.For bi-directional channels, both the positive and negative values must be used.If the calibration equipment cannot produce the required input owing to the excessively high values of the quantity to be measured, calibrations must be carried out within the limits of the calibration standards and these limits must be recorded in the test report.A total data channel must be calibrated at a frequency or at a spectrum of frequencies having a significant value between FL and 0,4 FH.2.6.4. Calibration of the frequency responseThe response curves of phase and amplitude against frequency are determined by measuring the output signals of the data channel in terms of phase and amplitude against a known input signal, for various values of this signal varying between FL and 10 times the CFC or 3 000 Hz, whichever is lower.2.7. Environmental effectsA regular check should be made to identify any environmental influence (such as electric or magnetic flux, cable velocity, etc.). This can be done for instance by recording the output of spare channels equipped with dummy transducers. If significant output signals are obtained corrective action should be taken, for instance by replacement of cables.2.8. Choice and designation of the data channelThe CAC and CFC define a data channel.The CAC must be 1, 2 or 5 to a power of ten.3. MOUNTING OF TRANSDUCERS Transducers should be rigidly secured so that their recordings are affected by vibration as little as possible. Any mounting having a lowest resonance frequency equal to at least 5 times the frequency FH of the data channel considered will be considered valid. Acceleration transducers in particular should be mounted in such a way that the initial angle of the real measurement axis to the corresponding axis of the reference axis system is not greater than 5° unless an analytical or experimental assessment of the effect of the mounting on the collected data is made. When multi-axial accelerations at a point are to be measured, each acceleration transducer axis should pass within 10 mm of that point, and the centre of seismic mass of each accelerometer should be within 30 mm of that point.4. RECORDING 4.1. Analogue magnetic recorderTape speed should be stable to within not more than 0,5 % of the tape speed used. The signal-to-noise ratio of the recorder should not be less than 42 dB at the maximum tape speed. The total harmonic distortion should be less than 3 % and the linearity error should be less than 1 % of the measurement range.4.2. Digital magnetic recorderTape speed should be stable to within not more than 10 % of the tape speed used.4.3. Paper tape recorderIn case of direct data recording the paper speed in mm/s should be at least one and a half times the number expressing FH in Hz. In other cases the paper speed should be such that equivalent resolution is obtained.5. DATA PROCESSING 5.1. FilteringFiltering corresponding to the frequencies of the data channel class may be carried out during either recording or processing of data. However, before recording, analogical filtering at a higher level than CFC should be effected in order to use at least 50 % of the dynamic range of the recorder and to reduce the risk of high frequencies saturating the recorder or causing aliasing errors in the digitalizing process.5.2. Digitalizing5.2.1. The sampling frequency should be equal to at least 8 FH. In the case of analogue recording, when the recording and reading speeds are different, the sampling frequency can be divided by the speed ratio.5.2.2. Amplitude resolutionThe size of digital words should be at least 7 bits and a parity bit.6. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS The results should be presented on A4 size paper (210 × 297 mm). Results presented as diagrams should have axes scaled with a measurement unit corresponding to a suitable multiple of the chosen unit (for example, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 mm). SI units should be used, except for vehicle velocity, where km/h may be used, and for accelerations due to impact where g, with g = 9,81 m/s², may be used.Figure 1 Frequency response curve >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>Appendix 6 DEFINITION OF THE DEFORMABLE BARRIER1. COMPONENT AND MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS The dimensions of the barrier are illustrated in Figure 1 of this Appendix. The dimensions of the individual components of the barrier are listed separately below.>TABLE>>TABLE>>TABLE>>TABLE>>TABLE>1.6. AdhesiveThe adhesive to be used throughout should be a two-part polyurethane (such as Ciba-Geigy XB5090/1 resin with XB5304 hardener, or equivalent).2. ALUMINIUM HONEYCOMB CERTIFICATION A complete testing procedure for certification of aluminium honeycomb is given in NHTSA TP-214D. The following is a summary of the procedure that should be applied to materials for the frontal impact barrier, these materials having a crush strength of 0,342 MPa and 1,711 MPa respectively.2.1. Sample locationsTo ensure uniformity of crush strength across the whole of the barrier face, eight samples must be taken from four locations evenly spaced across the honeycomb block. For a block to pass certification, seven of these eight samples must meet the crush strength requirements of the following sections.The location of the samples depends on the size of the honeycomb block. First, four samples, each measuring 300 mm × 300 mm × 50 mm thick must be cut from the block of barrier face material. Please refer to Figure 2 for an illustration of how to locate these sections within the honeycomb block. Each of these larger samples must be cut into samples for certification testing (150 mm × 150 mm × 50 mm). Certification must be based on the testing of two samples from each of these four locations. The other two should be made available to the applicant, upon request.2.2. Sample sizeSamples of the following size must be used for testing:Length: 150 mm ± 6 mmWidth: 150 mm ± 6 mmThickness: 50 mm ± 2 mmThe walls of incomplete cells around the edge of the sample must be trimmed as follows:in the 'W` direction, the fringes must be no greater than 1,8 mm (see Figure 3),in the 'L` direction, half the length of one bonded cell wall (in the ribbon direction) must be left at either end of the specimen (see Figure 3).2.3. Area measurementThe length of the sample must be measured in three locations, 12,7 mm from each end and in the middle, and recorded as L1, L2 and L3 (Figure 3). In the same manner, the width must be measured and recorded as W1, W2 and W3 (Figure 3). These measurements must be taken on the centreline of the thickness. The crush area must then be calculated as:A = >NUM>(L1+L2+L3) >DEN>3 ×  >NUM>(W1+W2+W3) >DEN>32.4. Crush rate and distanceThe sample must be crushed at a rate of not less than 5,1 mm/min and not more than 7,6 mm/min. The minimum crush distance is 16,5 mm.2.5. Data collectionForce versus deflection data are to be collected in either analogue or digital form for each sample tested. If analogue data are collected then a means of converting this to digital must be available. All digital data must be collected at a rate of no less than 5 Hz (5 points per second).2.6. Crush strength determinationIgnore all data prior to 6,4 mm of crush and after 16,5 mm of crush. Divide the remaining data into three sections or displacement intervals (n = 1,2,3) (see Figure 4) as follows:(1) 06,4-09,7 mm inclusive,(2) 09,7-13,2 mm exclusive,(3) 13,2-16,5 mm inclusive.Find the average for each section as follows:F(n) = >NUM>[F(n)1 + F(n)2 + . . . F(n)m] >DEN>m ; m= 1, 2, 3where m represents the number of data points measured in each of the three intervals. Calculate the crush strength of each section as follows:S(n) = >NUM>F(n) >DEN>A ; n= 1, 2, 32.7. Sample crush strength specificationFor a honeycomb sample to pass this certification, the following condition must be met:0,308 MPa ≤ S(n) ≤ 0,342 MPa for 0,342 MPa material1,540 MPa ≤ (S(n) ≤ 1,711 MPa for 1,711 MPa material n = 1,2,3.2.8. Block crush strength specificationEight samples are to be tested from four locations, evenly spaced across the block. For a block to pass certification, seven of the eight samples must meet the crush strength specification of the previous section.3. ADHESIVE BONDING PROCEDURE 3.1. Immediately before bonding, aluminium sheet surfaces to be bonded must be thoroughly cleaned using a suitable solvent, such as 1-1-1 Trichloroethane. This is to be carried out at least twice or as required to eliminate grease or dirt deposits. The cleaned surfaces must then be abraded using 120 grit abrasive paper. Metallic/silicon carbide abrasive paper is not to be used. The surfaces must be thoroughly abraded and the abrasive paper changed regularly during the process to avoid clogging, which may lead to a polishing effect. Following abrading, the surfaces must be thoroughly cleaned again, as above. In total, the surfaces must be solvent cleaned at least four times. All dust and deposits left as a result of the abrading process must be removed, as these will adversely affect bonding.3.2. The adhesive should be applied to one surface only, using a ribbed rubber roller. In cases where honeycomb is to be bonded to aluminium sheet, the adhesive should be applied to the aluminium sheet only. A maximum of 0,5 kg/m² must be applied evenly over the surface, giving a maximum film thickness of 0,5 mm.4. CONSTRUCTION 4.1. The main honeycomb block must be bonded to the backing sheet with adhesive such that the cell axes are perpendicular to the sheet. The cladding must be bonded to the front surface of the honeycomb block. The top and bottom surfaces of the cladding sheet must not be bonded to the main honeycomb block but should be positioned closely to it. The cladding sheet must be adhesively bonded to the backing sheet at the mounting flanges.4.2. The bumper element must be adhesively bonded to the front of the cladding sheet such that the cell axes are perpendicular to the sheet. The bottom of the bumper element must be flush with the bottom surface of the cladding sheet. The bumper facing sheet must be adhesively bonded to the front of the bumper element.4.3. The bumper element must then be divided into three equal sections by means of two horizontal slots. These slots must be cut through the entire depth of the bumper section and extend the whole width of the bumper. The slots must be cut using a saw; their width must be the width of the blade used and must not exceed 4,0 mm.4.4. Clearance holes for mounting the barrier are to be drilled in the mounting flanges (shown in Figure 5). The holes must be of 9,5 mm diameter. Five holes must be drilled in the top flange at a distance of 40 mm from the top edge of the flange and five in the bottom flange, 40 mm from the bottom edge of that flange. The holes must be at 100 mm, 300 mm, 500 mm, 700 mm, 900 mm from either edge of the barrier. All holes must be drilled to ± 1 mm of the nominal distances.5. MOUNTING 5.1. The deformable barrier must be rigidly fixed to the edge of a mass of not less than 7 × 104 kg or to some structure attached thereto. The attachment of the barrier face must be such that the vehicle must not contact any part of the structure more than 75 mm from the top surface of the barrier (excluding the upper flange) during any stage of the impact (1). The front face of the surface to which the deformable barrier is attached must be flat and continuous over the height and width of the face and must be vertical ± 1° and perpendicular ± 1° to the axis of the run-up track. The attachment surface must not be displaced by more than 10 mm during the test. If necessary, additional anchorage or arresting devices must be used to prevent displacement of the concrete block. The edge of the deformable barrier must be aligned with the edge of the concrete block appropriate for the side of the vehicle to be tested.5.2. The deformable barrier must be fixed to the concrete block by means of ten bolts, five in the top mounting flange and five in the bottom. These bolts must be of at least 8 mm diameter. Steel clamping strips must be used for both the top and bottom mounting flanges (see Figures 1 and 5). These strips must be 60 mm high and 1 000 mm wide and have a thickness of at least 3 mm. Five clearance holes of 9,5 mm diameter must be drilled in both strips to correspond with those in the mounting flange on the barrier (see paragraph 4). None of the fixtures must fail in the impact test.Figure 1 Deformable barrier for frontal impact testing >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>Figure 2 Locations of samples for certification >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>Figure 3 Honeycomb axes and measured dimensions >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>Figure 4 Crush force and displayment >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>Figure 5 Positions of holes for barrier mounting >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>(1) In accordance with the certification procedure described in paragraph 2.(2) A mass, the end of which is between 925 mm and 1 000 mm high and at least 1 000 mm deep, is considered to satisfy this requirement.Appendix 7 CERTIFICATION PROCEDURE FOR THE DUMMY LOWER LEG AND FOOT 1. TIBIA IMPACT TEST 1.1. The objective of this test is to measure the response of Hybrid III tibia skin and insert to well-defined, hard-faced pendulum impacts.1.2. Left and right Hybrid III leg assemblies, from the knee clevis joint down, shall be used. Each shall be attached rigidly to the test fixture.1.3. Test procedure1.3.1. Each leg assembly shall be maintained (soaked) for 4 hours prior to the test at a temperature of 22 ± 3 °C and a relative humidity of 40 ± 30 %. The soak period shall not include the time required to reach steady state conditions.1.3.2. Align the impactor accelerometer with its sensitive axis parallel to the impactor longitudinal centre line.1.3.3. Clean the impact surface of the skin and also the impactor face with isopropyl alcohol or equivalent prior to the test.1.3.4. Mount the leg assembly to the fixture at the knee clevis joint, as shown in Figure 1. The text fixture shall be rigidly secured to prevent movement during impact. The test fixture shall be constructed such that there is no contact with any part of the leg assembly, other than at the fixing point, during the test. The line between the knee clevis joint and the centre of the ankle joint shall be vertical ± 5 °. Adjust the knee and ankle joint to 1,5 ± 0,5 g range before each test.1.3.5. The rigid impactor shall have a mass of 5,0 ± 0,2 kg including instrumentation. The impact face shall be a half cylinder with its principal axis horizontal ± 1 ° and perpendicular to the direction of impact. The radius of the impact surface shall be 40 ± 2 mm and the width of the impact surface shall be at least 80 mm. The impactor shall strike the tibia at a point midway between the knee clevis joint and the ankle pivot along the centre line to the tibia. The impactor shall strike the tibia so that the horizontal centre line of the impactor falls within 0,5 ° of a horizontal line parallel to the femur load cell simulator at time-zero. The impactor shall be guided to exclude significant lateral, vertical or rotational movement at time-zero.1.3.6. Allow a period of at least 30 minutes between successive tests on the same leg.1.3.7. The data acquisition system, including transducers, shall conform to the specifications for CFC 600, as described in Appendix 5 to this Annex.1.4. Performance specification1.4.1. When each tibia is impacted at 2,1 ± 0,3 m/s in accordance with paragraph 1.3, the impact force, which is the product of the pendulum mass and the deceleration, shall be 2,3 ± 0,3 kN.2. UPPER FOOT IMPACT TEST 2.1. The objective of this test is to measure the response of the Hybrid III foot and ankle to well-defined, hard-faced pendulum impacts.2.2. The complete Hybrid III lower leg assembly, left (86-5001-001) and right (86-5001-002), equipped with the foot and ankle assembly, left (78051-614) and right (78051-615), shall be used, including the knee assembly. The load cell simulator (78051-319 Rev A) shall be used to secure the knee-cap assembly (78051-16 Rev B) to the test fixture.2.3. Test procedure2.3.1. Each leg assembly shall be maintained (soaked) for 4 hours prior to the test at a temperature of 22 ± 3 °C and a relative humidity of 40 ± 30 %. The soak period shall not include the time required to reach steady state conditions.2.3.2. Clean the impact surface of the skin and also the impactor face with isopropyl alcohol or equivalent prior to the test.2.3.2a. Align the impactor accelerometer with its sensitive axis parallel to the direction of impact at contact with the foot.2.3.3. Mount the leg assembly to the fixture shown in Figure 1a. The test fixture shall be secured rigidly to prevent movement during the impact test. The centre line of the femur load cell simulator (78051-319) shall be vertical ± 0,5 °. Adjust the mount such that the line joining the knee clevis joint and the ankle attachment bolt is horizontal ± 3 ° with the heel resting on two sheets of low-friction (PTFE) material. Ensure that the tibia flesh is located towards the knee end of the tibia. Adjust the ankle such that the plane of the underside of the foot is vertical ± 3 °. Adjust the knee and ankle joint to 1,5 ± 0,5 g range before each test.2.3.4. The rigid impactor comprises a horizontal cylinder diameter 50 ± 2 mm and a pendulum support arm diameter 19 ± 1 mm (Figure 3a). The cylinder has a mass of 1,25 ± 0,02 kg including instrumentation and any part of the support arm within the cylinder. The pendulum arm has a mass of 285 ± 5 g. The mass of any rotating part of the axle to which the support arm is attached should not be greater than 100 g. The length between the central horizontal axis of the impactor cylinder and the axis of rotation of the whole pendulum shall be 1 250 ± 1 mm. The impact cylinder is mounted with its longitudinal axis horizontal and perpendicular to the direction of impact. The pendulum shall impact the underside of the foot, at a distance of 185 ± 2 mm from the base of the heel resting on the rigid horizontal platform, so that the longitudinal centre line of the pendulum arm falls within 1° of a vertical line at impact. The impactor shall be guided to exclude significant lateral, vertical or rotational movement at time-zero.2.3.5. Allow a period of at least 30 minutes between successive tests on the same leg.2.3.6. The data acquisition system, including transducers, shall conform to the specifications for CFC 600, as described in Appendix 5 to this Annex.2.4. Performance specification2.4.1. When the ball of each foot is impacted at 6,7 ± 0,2 m/s in accordance with paragraph 2.3, the maximum tibia bending moment about the y-axis (My) shall be between 100 Nm and 140 Nm.3. LOWER FOOT IMPACT TEST 3.1. The objective of this test is to measure the response of the Hybrid III foot skin and insert to well-defined, hard-faced pendulum impacts.3.2. The complete Hybrid III lower leg assembly, left (86-5001-001) and right (86-5001-002), equipped with the foot and ankle assembly, left (78051-614) and right (78051-615), shall be used, including the knee assembly. The load cell simulator (78051-319 Rev A) shall be used to secure the knee-cap assembly (78051-16 Rev B) to the test fixture.3.3. Test procedure3.3.1. Each leg assembly shall be maintained (soaked) for 4 hours prior to the test at a temperature of 22 ± 3 °C and a relative humidity of 40 ± 30 %. The soak period shall not include the time required to reach steady state conditions.3.3.2. Align the impactor accelerometer with its sensitive axis parallel to the impactor longitudinal centre line.3.3.3. Clean the impact surface of the skin and also the impactor face with isopropyl alcohol or equivalent prior to the test.3.3.4. Mount the leg assembly to the fixture shown in Figure 1b. The test fixture shall be secured rigidly to prevent movement during the impact test. The centre line of the femur load cell simulator (78051-319) shall be vertical ± 0,5 °. Adjust the mount such that the line joining the knee clevis joint and the ankle attachment bolt is horizontal ± 3 ° with the heel resting on two sheets of low-friction (PTFE) material. Ensure that the tibia flesh is located towards the knee end of the tibia. Adjust the ankle such that the plane of the underside of the foot is vertical ± 3 °. Adjust the knee and ankle joint to 1,5 ± 0,5 g range before each test.3.3.5. The rigid impactor comprises a horizontal cylinder diameter 50 ± 2 mm and a pendulum support arm diameter 19 ± 1 mm (Figure 3a). The cylinder has a mass of 1,25 ± 0,02 kg including instrumentation and any part of the support arm within the cylinder. The pendulum arm has a mass of 285 ± 5 g. The mass of any rotating part of the axle to which the support arm is attached should not be greater than 100 g. The length between the central horizontal axis of the impactor cylinder and the axis of rotation of the whole pendulum shall be 1 250 ± 1 mm. The impact cylinder is mounted with its longitudinal axis horizontal and perpendicular to the direction of impact. The pendulum shall impact the underside of the foot, at a distance of 62 ± 2 mm from the base of the heel resting on the rigid horizontal platform, so that the longitudinal centre line of the pendulum arm falls within 1° of a vertical line at impact. The impactor shall be guided to exclude significant lateral, vertical or rotational movement at time-zero.3.3.6. Allow a period of at least 30 minutes between successive tests on the same leg.3.3.7. The data acquisition system, including transducers, shall conform to the specifications for CFC 600, as described in Appendix 5 to this Annex.3.4. Performance specification3.4.1. When the heel of each foot is impacted at 4,4 ± 0,2 m/s in accordance with paragraph 3.3, the maximum impactor acceleration shall be 340 ± 50 g.Figure 1 Tibia impact test - test set-up specifications >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>Figure 1a Upper foot impact test - test set-up specifications >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>Figure 1b Lower foot impact test - test set-up specifications >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>Figure 2 Upper foot impact test - test set-up specifications >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>Figure 3 Lower foot impact test - test set-up specifications >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>Figure 3a Pendulum impactor >REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>


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31973L0350

Commission Directive 73/350/EEC of 7 November 1973 adapting to technical progress the Council Directive of 6 February 1970 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the permissible sound level and the exhaust system of motor vehicles

Official Journal L 321 , 22/11/1973 P. 0033 - 0036 Finnish special edition: Chapter 15 Volume 1 P. 0158  Greek special edition: Chapter 13 Volume 2 P. 0087  Swedish special edition: Chapter 15 Volume 1 P. 0158  Spanish special edition: Chapter 13 Volume 3 P. 0039  Portuguese special edition Chapter 13 Volume 3 P. 0039

COMMISSION DIRECTIVE  of 7 November 1973  adapting to technical progress the Council Directive of 6 February 1970 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the permissible sound level and the exhaust system of motor vehicles  (73/350/EEC)   THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,  Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community;  Having regard to the Council Directive of 6 February 1970 (1) on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers (70/156/EEC), as amended by the Act (2) annexed to the Treaty concerning the Accession of new Member States to the EEC and EAEC signed in Brussels on 22 January 1972, and in particular to Articles 11, 12 and 13 thereof;  Having regard to the Council Directive of 6 February 1970 (3) on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the permissible sound level and the exhaust system of motor vehicles (70/157/EEC), as amended by the Act annexed to the Treaty concerning the Accession of new Member States to the EEC and EAEC signed in Brussels on 22 January 1972, and in particular to Article 3 thereof;  Whereas a vehicle must be designed and built in such a way that its sound level does not exceed the prescribed limits ; whereas this principle applies especially to exhaust systems (silencers);  Whereas in the light of technical progress it is now possible to test exhaust systems under conditions which correspond to their normal operating state in road traffic ; whereas in consequence methods shall be adopted which enable new types of silencers to be tested under these conditions ; whereas the testing of silencers may be effected by continuous road-testing or by special bench tests ; whereas since all the effects of continuous on-the-road, operation cannot always be produced, it is necessary where there is any doubt, to have recourse to the test bench;  Whereas the provisions of this Directive are in conformity with the Opinion of the Committee on the adaptation to technical progress of the Directives on the removal of technical barriers to trade in the motor vehicle sector,  HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:    Article 1 In the Annex to the Council Directive of 6 February 1970 (70/157/EEC), heading II, entitled "exhaust system (silencers)", is replaced by the text contained in the Annex to the present Directive.  (1)OJ No L 42, 23.2.1970, p. 1. (2)OJ No L 73, 27.3.1972, pp. 115 and 157. (3)OJ No L 42, 23.2.1970, p. 16.    Article 2 1. With effect from 1 March 1974 the Member States shall not, on grounds relating to the permissible sound level and the exhaust system:    - refuse EEC type-approval, or the delivery of the document referred to in Article 10 (1), second indent, of the Council Directive of 6 February 1970 (70/156/EEC) or the national type-approval for any type of motor vehicle       - or prohibit the entry into service of vehicles,         if the sound level and the exhaust system of this type of vehicle or of these vehicles comply with the provisions of the Council Directive of 6 February 1970 (70/157/EEC) as last amended by this Directive.  2. With effect from 1 October 1974 the Member States:    - shall no longer issue the document envisaged in Article 10 (1), second indent, of the Council Directive of 6 February 1970 (70/156/EEC) for a type of vehicle the sound level and the exhaust system of which do not comply with the provisions of the Council Directive of 6 February 1970 (70/157/EEC) as last amended by this Directive,       - may refuse the national type-approval of a type of vehicle the sound level and the exhaust system of which do not comply with the provisions of the Council Directive of 6 February 1970 (70/157/EEC) as last amended by this Directive.         3. With effect from 1 October 1975 the Member States may prohibit the first entry into service of vehicles the sound level and exhaust system of which do not comply with the provisions of the Council Directive of 6 February 1970 (70/157/EEC) as last amended by this Directive.  4. The Member States shall adopt and publish the provisions necessary in order to comply with this Directive before 1 March 1974 and shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof.   Article 3 This Directive is addressed to all the Member States.     Done at Brussels, 7 November 1973.  For the Commission  The President  François-Xavier ORTOLI     ANNEX II. EXHAUST SYSTEM (SILENCERS)      II.1. If a vehicle is fitted with devices designed to reduce exhaust noise (silencers), the requirements contained in this heading II shall be met. If the engine air intake is fitted with an air filter which is necessary in order to conform to the permissible noise level, this filter shall be considered to form part of the silencer and the requirements of this heading II shall also apply to this filter.       II.2. A diagram of the exhaust system shall be appended to the type-approval certificate for the vehicle.       II.3. The silencer shall bear a clearly legible, indelible indication of its mark and type.       II.4. Fibrous absorbing materials shall not be used in the construction of silencers unless suitable measures are undertaken at the design or production stages to ensure that the efficiency to comply with the limits imposed in Heading I is achieved on the road. Such a silencer shall be considered to be efficient on the road if:      II.4.1. the silencer on the prototype vehicle tested in accordance with the requirements of items 1.3 and 1.4 has been put into a normal state for road use before the noise level measurements are taken.  This can be carried out:      II.4.1.1. by continuous operation on the road for 10 000 km;        II.4.1.1.1. about one half of this operation shall consist in town driving and the other half in longdistance runs at high speed ; the continuous operation on the road may be replaced by a corresponding programme of track tests;               II.4.1.1.2. Care must be taken to alternate several times between the two ranges of road speed;               II.4.1.1.3. The complete test programme must include a minimum of 10 breaks of at least three hours' duration in order to reproduce the effects of cooling and of any condensation which may occur;                          II.4.1.2. or by bench tests under the following conditions:        II.4.1.2.1. using standard parts and observing the vehicle manufacturer's instructions, the silencer shall be fitted to the engine, which itself is coupled to a dynamometer;               II.4.1.2.2. The tests shall be performed in six six-hours periods with a break of at least 12 hours between each period in order to reproduce the effects of cooling and of any condensation which may occur;               II.4.1.2.3. During each six-hours period the engine shall be run successively under the following conditions:          1. five-minute sequence at idling speed;                   2. one-hour sequence under 1/4 load at 3/4 of the peak power speed;                   3. one-hour sequence under 1/2 load at 3/4 of the peak power speed;                   4. ten-minute sequence under full load at 3/4 of the peak power speed;                   5. fifteen-minute sequence under 1/2 load at peak power speed;                   6. thirty-minute sequence under 1/4 load at peak power speed;                     The phrase "peak power speed" means that to be quoted by the manufacturer.  Total length of the 6 sequences : 3 hours.  Each period shall comprise two sets of the six sequences above;                II.4.1.2.4. During the tests the silencer shall not be cooled by any forced draught simulating the slipstream about the vehicle.  Nevertheless cooling may be authorized at the request of the manufacturer in order not to exceed the temperature recorded at the silencer inlet when the vehicle is travelling at maximum speed;           II.4.1.3. or by the removal of the fibrous matter from the silencer.           II.4.1.4. After the conditioning of the silencer as described under Item II.4.1, the noise measurement shall be carried out in conformity with the requirements of Item I.4.1, above. The measured noise level shall not exceed that laid down in Item I.1 for the category to which the vehicle belongs.                   II.5. In cases where Article 8 (3) of the Council Directive concerning "type-approval" must be applied, the method of testing specified in Item II.4.1.2 above shall be the valid method.       II.6. Suitable attachments shall ensure that the fibrous absorbing materials remain in position throughout the operating life of the silencer.


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31978L0665

Commission Directive 78/665/EEC of 14 July 1978 adapting to technical progress Directive 70/220/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to measures to be taken against pollution of the air by gases from positive ignition engines installed in motor vehicles

Official Journal L 223 , 14/08/1978 P. 0048 - 0056 Finnish special edition: Chapter 15 Volume 2 P. 0103  Greek special edition: Chapter 13 Volume 7 P. 0172  Swedish special edition: Chapter 15 Volume 2 P. 0103  Spanish special edition: Chapter 13 Volume 9 P. 0021  Portuguese special edition Chapter 13 Volume 9 P. 0021

COMMISSION DIRECTIVE  of 14 July 1978  adapting to technical progress Directive 70/220/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to measures to be taken against pollution of the air by gases from positive ignition engines installed in motor vehicles  (78/665/EEC)  THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,  Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community,  Having regard to Council Directive 70/156/EEC of 6 February 1970 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers (1), as amended by the Act of Accession, and in particular Articles 11, 12 and 13 thereof,  Having regard to Council Directive 70/220/EEC of 20 March 1970 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to measures to be taken against pollution of the air by gases from positive-ignition engines of motor vehicles (2), as amended by the Act of Accession, and in particular Article 5 thereof,  Whereas the first European Community programme of action on the environment approved on 22 November 1973 provides that Directives may be amended in order to take account of the most recent scientific progress and more specifically as regards the pollution of air by gases from spark-ignition engines;  Whereas the maximum permissible limits for carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons emitted by sparkignition engines fitted to motor vehicles were laid down in Directive 70/220/EEC ; whereas these limits were initially reduced by Council Directive 74/290/EEC of 28 May 1974 (3), and permissible limits for nitrogen oxide emissions were added by Commission Directive 77/102/EEC of 30 November 1976 (4);  Whereas the requirements relating to the protection of public health and the environment require a further short term reduction in these limits ; whereas the technical advances made in engine design now enable a reduction of this type to be made without running counter to Community policy aims in other fields and in particular that of the rational use of energy;  Whereas the measures provided for in this Directive are in accordance with the opinion of the Committee on the Adaptation to Technical Progress of the Directives aimed at the Removal of Technical Barriers to Trade in the Motor-Vehicle Sector,  HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:    Article 1 Annexes I, II, III, V and VII to Directive 70/220/EEC, as amended by Directive 74/290/EEC and by Directive 77/102/EEC, are hereby amended in accordance with the Annex to this Directive.  (1)OJ No L 42, 23.2.1970, p. 1. (2)OJ No L 76, 6.4.1970, p. 1. (3)OJ No L 159, 15.6.1974, p. 61. (4)OJ No L 32, 3.2.1977, p. 32.    Article 2 1. From 1 April 1979, the Member States shall neither, on grounds relating to air pollution by gases from an engine:    - refuse to grant EEC type-approval, or to issue the documents referred to in the last indent of Article 10 (1) of Directive 70/156/EEC, or to grant national type-approval of a type of motor vehicle, nor       - prohibit the entry into service of such vehicles,         where the level of gaseous pollutants emitted from this type of motor vehicle or from such vehicles meets the requirements of Directive 70/220/EEC, as last amended by this Directive.  2. From 1 October 1979, Member States:    - shall no longer issue the document provided for in the last indent of Article 10 (1) of Directive 70/156/EEC in respect of a type of motor vehicle which emits gaseous pollutants at levels which do not meet the requirements of Directive 70/220/EEC, as last amended by this Directive,       - may refuse national type-approval of a type of motor vehicle which emits gaseous pollutants at levels which do not meet the requirements of Directive 70/220/EEC, as last amended by this Directive.         3. From 1 October 1981, Member States may prohibit the entry into service of vehicles which emit gaseous pollutants at levels which do not meet the requirements of Directive 70/220/EEC, as last amended by this Directive.  4. Before 1 January 1979, Member States shall put into force the provisions required in order to comply with this Directive and shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof.   Article 3 This Directive is addressed to the Member States.     Done at Brussels, 14 July 1978.  For the Commission  Étienne DAVIGNON  Member of the Commission      ANNEX AMENDMENTS TO THE ANNEXES TO DIRECTIVE 70/220/EEC, AS AMENDED BY DIRECTIVES 74/290/EEC AND 77/102/EEC  I. General provisions relating to units of measurement.  The provisions of Directive 70/220/EEC shall be aligned with Directive 71/354/EEC, as last amended by Directive 76/770/EEC, relating to units of measurement.  In the Annexes to Directive 70/220/EEC:    - the words "reference weight" and "maximum weight" shall be replaced by the words "reference mass" and "maximum mass";       - the pressure values indicated in millimetres of mercury and in millimetres water gauge shall be replaced by the values indicated in millibars in accordance with the formula:    - 1 mm Hg = 1 733322 mbar,       - 1 mm H2O = 0 70980665 mbar;       - the power values shall be indicated in kilowatts instead of horsepower or chevaux vapeur in accordance with the formula:    - 1 CV = 0 7735498 kW,       - 1 hp = 0 77457 kW.          II. Individual provisions    ANNEX I DEFINITIONS, APPLICATION FOR EEC TYPE-APPROVAL AND TEST     SPECIFICATIONS  Point 1.2 to read:  "1.2. Reference mass  "Reference mass" means the mass of the vehicle in running order less the uniform mass of the driver of 75 kg and increased by a uniform mass of 100 kg."  Add a new point 1.2.1 as follows:  "1.2.1. "Mass of the vehicle in running order" means the mass defined under point 2.6 of Annex I to Directive 70/156/EEC."  In point 3.2.1.1.4 the table shall be replaced by the following: >PIC FILE= "T0013491">   Point 3.2.1.1.4.1 to read:  "3.2.1.1.4.1. However, until 1 October 1981, for type-approval in respect of emissions of vehicles of category M1 equipped with automatic transmissions, the limits L3 for nitrogen-oxide emissions given in the table in point 3.2.1.1.4 shall be multiplied by the factor 1 725.  Concerning vehicles other than those of category M1, the limits for nitrogen-oxide emissions remain those given in point 3.2.1.1.4 of Directive 77/102/EEC, multiplied by the factor 1 725."  Point 3.2.1.2.2 to read:  "3.2.1.2.2. The carbon monoxide content by volume of the exhaust gases emitted with the engine idling must not exceed 3 75 %. When a check is made in accordance with the provisions of Annex IV, under operating conditions not in conformity with the standards recommended by the manufacturer (configuration of the adjustment components), the maximum content measured by volume shall not exceed 4 75 %." >PIC FILE= "T0013492">    Point 5.1.1.1.1 to read:  "5.1.1.1.1. For vehicles of category M1 equipped with automatic transmissions which have been granted type-approval in respect of emissions before 1 October 1981, the limits L3 for nitrogen-oxide emissions given in the table in point 5.1.1.1 of this Directive shall be multiplied by the factor 1 725.  Concerning vehicles other than those of category M1, the limits for nitrogen-oxide emissions remain those given in point 5.1.1.1 of Directive 77/102/EEC, multiplied by the factor 1 725."   ANNEX II ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGINE AND INFORMATION CONCERNING THE CONDUCT OF TESTS  Add the following new items:  "3.2.1.3.6. Idling system. Description of settings and relevant requirements in order to comply with point 3.2.1.2.2 of Annex I (configuration of adjustment components)."  "8.1.1. Carbon monoxide content by volume in the exhaust gas, with the engine idling ... % (manufacturer's standard)."   ANNEX III TYPE 1 TEST  To point 1.3.1 add the following sentence:  "The second, third and fourth gears may also be used when the driving instructions recommend starting in second gear on level ground, or when first gear is therein defined as a gear reserved for cross-country driving, crawling or towing."  To point 2.1.4 add the following sentence:  "This requirement also applies, in particular, to the settings for idling (rotational speed and carbon monoxide content of the exhaust gases), for the automatic choke and for the exhaust-gas cleaning system."  Point 2.1.5 to read:  "2.1.5. The intake system of the vehicle tested shall be fitted, beyond the throttle, with a connection making it possible to measure accurately the vacuum in the intake pipe."  Point 2.1.7 (new) to read:  "2.1.7. Vehicles designed to operate with catalytic convertors shall be tested with the catalyst removed although these devices may be fitted to vehicles produced to the type approved."  Point 3.2.4 to read:  "3.2.4. A cooling condenser shall be installed between the tail pipe and the inlet valve to the bag or bags, so that the temperature of the gases at the condenser outlet is not reduced below 5 ºC. The cooling system should be such as to avoid any condensed water entrainment by the gases flowing through it, and the humidity of the gases in the collecting bag or bags must be less than 90 % at 20 ºC."  In point 3.2.5, for the last sentence, read:  "The volume of the section of the sampling tube leading into the bag shall be less than 0 703 m3."  Point 4.1.2 to read:  "4.1.2. The brake is adjusted in the following way:"  The existing points 4.1.2, 4.1.3 and 4.1.4 become points 4.1.2.1, 4.1.2.2 and 4.1.2.3.  Point 4.1.2.4 (new) to read:  "4.1.2.4. Other methods of measuring the power necessary for propelling the vehicle (e.g. drive-line torque measurement, deceleration measurement, etc.) will also be permitted."  Point 4.1.2.5 (new) to read:  "4.1.2.5. The brake can only be adjusted on the basis of road tests if the conditions of air pressure and temperature, on the road and at the location of the dynamometer bench, do not differ by more than ± 15 mbar and ± 8 ºC."  Point 4.1.3 (new) to read:  "4.1.3. If the preceding method is not applicable, the bench is regulated in order to absorb the power exerted by the driving wheels at a constant speed of 50 km/h in accordance with the provisions of the table in point 4.2. This power is determined according to the method indicated in Annex VII."  Point 4.1.3.1 (new) to read:  "4.1.3.1. In the case of vehicles other than those of category M1, vehicles with a reference mass of more than 1 700 kg, or vehicles all of whose wheels are driven, the power values given in the table shall be multiplied by the factor 1 73."  In point 4.2 the table shall be replaced by the following: >PIC FILE= "T0013475">   To point 4.4 add the following sentence:  "For vehicles with a reference mass of more than 1 700 kg whose engine is fitted with a device for the dilution of exhaust gases (an air pump, for example), a back-pressure not exceeding 10 mbar is allowed."    ANNEX V TYPE III TEST  In point 2.2 the table shall be replaced by the following: >PIC FILE= "T0013476">   Delete point 2.3.  Point 2.4 : Re-number as 2.3.    A new Annex VII as follows is added:  "ANNEX VII   METHOD OF CALIBRATING THE DYNAMOMETER    1. This Annex describes the method to be used to determine the relationship between the indicated power of the dynamometer and the actual power absorbed by the dynamometer.  The actual power absorbed by the dynamometer (Pa) is the power absorbed by the brake, plus the power absorbed due to friction within the dynamometer, but not the power loss due to the friction between the tyre and roller.       2. This method disregards the variations in the internal friction of the roller(s), which are due to the load applied by the vehicle.       3. According to this method the power absorbed is determined on the basis of the deceleration times of the roller(s). The difference between the deceleration time of the driven roller and that of the free roller can be disregarded in the case of two-roller dynamometers, i.e. the time to be taken into consideration is that of the driven roller.       4. The following procedure will be used:      4.1. Use a flywheel or any other means of simulating the inertia of the mass of the vehicle. Select for this purpose the inertial mass with which the dynamometer is most commonly used.           4.2. Bring the dynamometer up to speed by placing the vehicle on the rollers, or by any other method.           4.3. A fifth wheel, revolution counter or any other suitable device may be used to measure the speed(s) of the roller(s).           4.4. Bring the roller(s) to a speed of 50 km/h and apply a suitable power to the dynamometer in accordance with the table in point 4.2 of Annex III.            4.5. Note the power indicated (Pi).           4.6. Bring the roller(s) to a speed of at least 60 km/h.           4.7. Disengage the device used to bring the dynamometer up to speed (there must be no vehicle on the roller(s)).           4.8. Note the times taken for the speed of the roller(s) to decrease from 55 to 45 km/h.           4.9. The power Pa is to be calculated using the formula: >PIC FILE= "T0013477">   where:  Pa = power absorbed by the dynamometer in kW,  M1 = equivalent inertia of the driven roller in kg,  V1 = initial speed in m/s (55 km/h = 15 728 m/s),  V2 = final speed in m/s (45 km/h = 12 750 m/s),  t = time needed by the roller(s) to slow down from 55 to 45 km/h.           4.10. Repeat operations 4.4 to 4.9 a sufficient number of times to cover the range of powers set out in Annexes III and V.           4.11. Diagram showing the indicated power as a function of the power absorbed at 50 km/h. >PIC FILE= "T0013478">   The existing Annex VII becomes Annex VIII.                     ANNEX VIII The title to read:   "MODEL Annex to the EEC vehicle type-approval certificate concerning pollution of the air by gases from positive-ignition engines   Articles 4 (2) and 10 of Council Directive 70/156/EEC of 6 February 1970 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers)  Having regard to the modifications in accordance with Directive 78/665/EEC"  Point 5 to read: >PIC FILE= "T0013493">