Introduction: The main objective of this study is to describe qualitatively and quantitatively the different immune lymphocyte phenotypes of patients with renal disease after treatment with anti-CD20. Material and methods: Two cohorts of transplanted and autoimmune kidney patients were compared: (1) Those who began treatment with Rituximab, matched (for sex, age and general clinical parameters) with (2) Non-treated control kidney patients. Different analyses were performed: (A) B-lymphocyte subpopulations; (B) T-cell subpopulations; (C) serum levels of BAFF, APRIL, Rituximab and anti-Rituximab; (D) rs396991 polymorphism of CD16a and at different time points for each type of analysis: (i) at baseline, (ii) day 15, (iii) at three and (iv) six months post-antiCD20. Results: (A) A depletion of all B cell subsets analysed was observed preferentially decreasing the CD40(+)memory B-cells, switched memory cells and plasmablasts. (B) A significant decreased percentage of CD4(+)T-lymphocytes was observed. A significant decrease of the percentage of memory T-cells and an increase in naive T-cells was also observed. (C) A significant increase for APRIL was observed, as well as a positive correlation between the APRIL levels, and the differential of B-cells. (D) The presence of CD16a Valine-variant induced greater changes in the variations of total T-cell and T-naive subpopulations. Conclusion: Our results highlight that the treatment of renal disease with Rituximab affects T-cells, particularly naive/memory balance, while APRIL could be also a secondary marker of this treatment. The sequential analysis of phenotypic alterations of B- and T -cells could help patient management, although further studies to identify periods of remission or clinical relapse are warranted. (C) 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.