NFKB1, a component of the canonical NF-kappa B pathway, was recently reported to be mutated in a limited number of CVID patients. CVID-associated mutations in NFKB2 (non-canonical pathway) have previously been shown to impair NK cell cytotoxic activity. Although a biological function of NFKB1 in non-human NK cells has been reported, the role of NFICB1 mutations for human NK cell biology and disease has not been investigated yet. We decided therefore to evaluate the role of monoallelic NFKB1 mutations in human NK cell maturation and functions. We show that NFKB1 mutated NK cells present impaired maturation, defective cytotoxicity and reduced IFN-gamma production upon in vitro stimulation. Furthermore, human IL-2 activated NFKB1 mutated NI(cells fail to up regulate the expression of the activating marker NKp44 and show reduced proliferative capacity. These data suggest that NFKB1 plays an essential novel role for human NK cell maturation and effector functions. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.