Despite the gradual adoption of technology in the rail industry, such as automatic warning systems (AWS), train driving still remains a relatively complex form of human performance. In this paper we examine the key contextual and psychological factors that influence train driving performance and driving-related incidents. We argue that goal conflicts such as on time running and safe train management can contribute to poor driving performance and increased risk of incidents for disinhibited drivers. By drawing on a well-established model of disinhibition, namely, the response modulation model of Patterson and Newman (1993), we explain how impulsive behavior and negative emotions can arise in individuals with high threat sensitivity and low working memory when facing approach-avoidance conflict (a form of goal conflict). Disinhibited train drivers, we propose, have difficulty switching attention between competing tasks, which contributes to poor driving performance and increased risk of incidents. We also present the results from an experimental study involving 56 experienced train drivers that provides evidence in support of this proposition. Finally, we believe that the methods and measures used in this study could eventually improve the way train drivers are selected and trained. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.