In humans, alterations in thyroid hormone signalling are associated with mood and anxiety disorders, but the neural mechanisms underlying such association are poorly understood. The present study investigates the involvement of neuronal thyroid hormone receptor a (TR alpha) in anxiety, using mouse genetics and Cre/loxP technology to specifically alter TRa signalling in neurons. We evaluated the behaviour of mice expressing a dominant negative, neuron-specific mutation of TRa (TR alpha(AMI)/Cre3 mice), using the elevated plus maze, light-dark box and open-field tests. In a first experiment, mice were housed individually, and the behaviour of TR alpha(AmI)/Cre3 mice differed significantly from that of control littermates in these 3 tests, suggesting heightened anxiety. In a second experiment, designed to evaluate the robustness of the results with the same 3 tests, mice were housed in groups. In these conditions, the behaviour of TR alpha(AmI)/Cre3 mice differed from that of control littermates only in the light-dark box. Thus, TR alpha(AMI)/Cre3 mice appear to be more likely to develop anxiety under stressful housing conditions than control mice. These results suggest that in adult mice, thyroid hormone signalling in neurons, via TRa, is involved in the control of anxiety behaviour. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.