Objective: The main study objective was to identify perceived barriers to achieving glycemic control among the Arab population in Israel, by both members of the Arab community with type 2 diabetes and by primary care teams working with the Arab community. Methods: A series of six focus groups using qualitative research methodology were conducted in two phases among people with diabetes and primary care professionals treating them. Results: The perception of the disease among people with diabetes was one of low severity. Barriers to adopting a healthy lifestyle and to self-management included awareness of the need, financial considerations regarding medication, and traditional gender roles. Food preparation in family life was identified as a strong cultural determinant. The health literacy needs for more in-depth and accessible educational programs were identified. Primary care staff viewed the needs similarly, with the exception of the need for in-depth instructional materials. Conclusion and practice implications: The understanding of the significance of healthy lifestyles and self-management was essential for developing culturally appropriate implementation programs and policy. Consultation with, and involvement of patient groups in needs assessment and planning is essential and should be established in policy that promotes best practice and health promotion in chronic illness.