Agricultural environmental pollution in China has been deteriorating in recent years. Chemical pollution issues have become more prominent, which is not favorable for the sustainable development of China's economy. This paper reports on the current status, development, and utilization efficiency of pesticides, chemical fertilizer, plastic film, and total power of agricultural machinery. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the input of chemical polluting factors into agricultural cultivation in China from both horizontal and vertical perspectives is presented. A data envelopment analysis model was used to evaluate comprehensively the utilization efficiency of each factor. Results indicate that the inputs of chemical pollutants into agricultural cultivation in China differed greatly among regions. These inputs increased annually. Usage amounts of pesticides, chemical fertilizer, plastic film, and other chemical pollutants exhibited lower growth rate than the total power consumed by agricultural machinery. Utilization efficiencies of the chemical pollutants were generally low, and most regions had non-effective efficiency and decreasing returns to scale.