Aim: Prolactinomas are thought to arise from clonal expansion of a single mutated cell which is subjected to growth stimuli of several permissive factors, although the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of p16 (540C ->G and 580C ->T) and mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) (SNP309T ->G) gene polymorphisms in tumorigenesis and characteristics of prolactinoma. Patients and Methods: A total of 74 patients with prolactinoma and 100 age-and gender-matched healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. Serum prolactin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). p16 and MDM2 polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment polymorphism and agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: p16 540C. G genotype distribution was found to be: CC: 66.2%, CG: 28.4%, GG: 5.4%; p16 580C ->T genotype distribution was found to be: CC: 82.4%, CT: 17.6%, TT: 0% and MDM2 genotype distribution was found to be: TT: 31.1%, TG: 47.3%, GG: 21.6% in patients with prolactinoma. Tumor diameter before treatment was correlated with prolactin levels before treatment and percentage of prolactin decrease with treatment (r=0.719, pG was significantly higher than in heterozygous genotype (TG) carriers (odds ratio(OR)=0.18, 95% confidence interval(CI)=0.06-0.58; p=0.003). Conclusion: This study showed that p16 and MDM2 polymorphisms do not play a decisive role in tumorigenesis, but some genotypes of these polymorphisms might be associated with follow-up characteristics of prolactinoma.