Background and aims: Epidemiological studies have analyzed the association between carotid intimamedia thickness (CIMT) and insulin resistance, glucose levels or glycated hemoglobin with mixed results. We aimed to evaluate the association between CIMT and homeostasis model assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting and post-load plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline. Methods: We included 8028 participants (aged 35-74 years) without diabetes or overt cardiovascular disease who had complete CIMT data at baseline. We built crude and adjusted linear and binary logistic models to evaluate the association between CIMT and (a) HOMA-IR; (b) fasting plasma glucose; (c) post-load plasma glucose; and (d) glycated hemoglobin. We also built post-hoc models, stratified by sex. Results: In the fully-adjusted linear models, only the association between CIMT (in mm) and HOMA-IR remained significant (beta = 0.004; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.001 to 0.006). Consistent with these results, only the association between the highest age- sex- and race-specific CIMT quartile and HOMA-IR was significant in the adjusted logistic model (odds ratio [OR]: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.04-1.17). The association between HOMA-IR and the highest CIMT quartile remained significant in sex- specific analyses (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.02-1.20 for men and OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.02-1.20 for women). We did not find an independent association between CIMT and glucose or glycated hemoglobin. Conclusions: We found a direct association between HOMA-IR and CIMT in a large sample of nondiabetic participants. Mechanisms unrelated to glucose homeostasis, as a direct effect of insulin on atherosclerosis, or medial hypertrophy, may be involved. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.