BackgroundHigh neonatal mortality in India had previously been attributed to the low proportion of institutional deliveries. However, a significant rise in the proportion of facility-based births over the last decade has not achieved the desired reduction in neonatal mortality possibly as a result of low-skilled care at facilities. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Mobile Nurse Training, a knowledge-based intervention for nurses to improve essential newborn-specific delivery practices. MethodsEighty health centers with obstetric care facilities were selected from eight districts of Bihar. The intervention teams were composed of two trained nurses who conducted a week-long workshop per month at every health facility for 6 months. An independent evaluation team conducted baseline and postintervention assessments at every facility. The assessments included passive observation of newborn-specific delivery practices and recording of results on a preformatted checklist-based tool. ResultsThe intervention was associated with significant increases in the odds of four recommended practices: placing the newborn on mother's abdomen (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 4.2 [95% CI 3.0-5.9]), wiping the eyes with sterile gauze (AOR 2.2 [95% CI 1.4-3.4]), skin-to-skin care (AOR 2.7 [95% CI 2.0-3.5]), and guidance for initiation of breastfeeding (AOR 1.6 [95% CI 1.2-2.1]). The intervention was also found to be positively associated with the summary score for improvements in all newborn-specific delivery practices. One year after the intervention, the summary practice score remained higher than at baseline, but with some decline over time. ConclusionsThe Mobile Nurse Training intervention provides a pathway for improving adherence to recommended newborn-specific delivery practices among institutional birth attendants in rural Bihar.