To determine the efficacy of physiotherapy and behavior therapy and to find specific subgroups of women with overactive bladder syndrome that might gain increased benefit from this therapy. Women with ae10 micturitions per 24-h period were included. Six to nine therapy sessions were held within a 14-day interval. Efficacy end point was a reduction in micturitions and in episodes of nocturia. Secondary outcomes included ICIQ-OAB, ICIQ-OABqol and visual analog scales. Follow-up was 6 months. Levene test, Student's t test, PearsonA ' s and Spearman's correlations were utilized as well as the Friedman test and a multivariable-multilevel model. 32 women were included. Mean age was 51 +/- 15.9 (years +/- standard deviation, sd). Mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.4 +/- 4.8 (kg/m(2) +/- sd). There was a 22.9% reduction in the number of micturitions per 24 h (11.7 +/- 1.6 vs. 9.0 +/- 1.3 p < 0.001), a 21.3% reduction during the day (10.3 +/- 1.4 vs. 8.1 +/- 1.1 p < 0.001) and a 34.7% reduction in episodes of nocturia (1.5 +/- 1.0 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.8 p = 0.026). Both ICIQ-OAB (8.7 +/- 2.3 vs. 5.8 +/- 2.7 vs. 6.3 +/- 3.3 p < 0.001) and ICIQ-OABqol (73.4 +/- 25.9 vs. 47.5 +/- 14.5 vs. 47.7 +/- 18.6 p < 0.001) questionnaires as well as VAS (7.5 +/- 1.4 vs. 4.1 +/- 2.4 vs. 4.2 +/- 2.7 p < 0.001) showed significant improvement persisting in the 6-month follow-up. In addition, in a multivariable model controlling for age, women who were overactive bladder syndrome therapy na < ve responded significantly better than those who had already been under therapy (p < 0.001). This study shows the efficacy of physiotherapy and behavior therapy in women with overactive bladder syndrome with a post-therapy effect especially for women with no prior treatment.