ObjectivesThe Meaningful Use initiative has made nearly $30 billion available through incentive programs to encourage provider adoption and use of electronic health records. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of outpatient physicians' participation in Meaningful Use on the quality of care provided to Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) enrollees. DesignRetrospective cohort study. SettingOne hundred percent inpatient and outpatient Medicare FFS claims covering the period January 2010 through December 2012. Participants303,110 Medicare FFS enrollees from New York State. MeasurementsHospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs), diabetic retinopathy screening, diabetic nephropathy screening, colorectal cancer screening, and influenza vaccinations. ResultsPhysician participation in the Meaningful Use initiative was not associated with reductions in ACSC-related hospitalizations (0.0 percentage points, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.0-0.1) or ED visits (0.0 percentage points, 95% CI: 0.0-0.1) relative to the comparison group. Meaningful Use participation was associated with higher odds of colorectal cancer screening (odds ratio (OR): 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1-1.4) relative to the comparison group, but not for diabetic retinopathy screening (OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.2), diabetic nephropathy screening (OR: 1.0, 95% CI: 0.8-1.2), or influenza vaccinations (OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.2). Similar results were found in secondary analyses of dually-eligible beneficiaries participating in both Medicare and Medicaid. ConclusionPhysician participation in Meaningful Use was not associated with substantial improvements on six quality measures.