Metallurgical processes have been traditionally taught as Extractive Metallurgy of various metals. Some 30 years ago the field of Process Metallurgy was advanced via the special attention given to the analysis and design of metallurgical processes on the basis of understanding and controlling the governing transport phenomena and kinetics. The above paradigm has served well graduates from metallurgical engineering programs in countries with strong metals producing industries like Canada. Over the past 10-15 years, however we have witnessed the total transformation of metallurgy programs to materials science and engineering programs. Design and production of new advanced materials on the basis of processing-structure-property-performance relationships became the new paradigm. It is in this new context that teaching and research in extraction and processing is discussed in this article written on the occasion of the Ralph Lloyd Harris Memorial Symposium.