China's rapid economic growth causes a sharp increase in the demand for electricity. Electricity price in China is generally controlled at a low level by the government, leading to a substantial electricity subsidy. Electricity subsidy is the focus of energy price reform. It is also most closely linked with residential life and is a very sensitive issue to residents. This paper adopts the price-gap approach to estimate the scale of electricity subsidy and finds that in 2010, residential electricity subsidy in China amounted to 467.17 billion CNY (Chinese yuan), accounting for 1.17 % of GDP in that year. Subsequently, the paper estimates the impacts of residential electricity subsidy reform on the welfare of residents using the compensating variation (CV) measurement. The results show that if residential electricity price rises by 50, 100, 150, and 191 %, the CV should be 288.5, 394.2, 451.1, and 467.2 billion CNY, respectively. The residential electricity subsidy reform also has a moderating role in the rebound effect of electricity consumption. The direct rebound effect in China's residential electricity consumption is 20 %. Electricity subsidy reform will raise terminal electricity price and restrain residential electricity consumption. Therefore, electricity subsidy reform should be an effective measure to mitigate the rebound effect.