Family policies in France and various European countries, like pension schemes, involve mechanisms to compensate for inequality between women and men associated with the organization of the family. The compensation is sometimes tied directly to the marriage, or more broadly to the couple, and sometimes to parental investment and time devoted to the maintenance and welfare of family members. In this article, we examine the principles of compensation applied in the legislation of five European countries characterized by different social protection systems. We use the concept of familialization to characterize the rationales underlying women's social rights in different systems, and to understand their processes by connecting the developments in family/social policies with the dual process of de-familialization of parental activities and de-specialization of gender roles.