Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, fatal lung disease. While it has been suggested that T cells may contribute to IPF pathogenesis, these studies have focused primarily on T cells outside of the pulmonary interstitium. Thus, the role of T cells in the diseased lung tissue remains unclear. Objective: To identify whether specific CD4(+) T cell subsets are differentially represented in lung tissue from patients with IPF. Methods: CD4(+) T cell subsets were measured in lung tissue obtained from patients with IPF at the time of lung transplantation, and from age- and gender-matched organ donors with no known lung disease. Subsets were identified by their surface expression of CCR4, CCR6, and CXCR3 chemokine receptors. CD4(+) T cell subsets were correlated with measurements of lung function obtained prior to transplantation. Results: Compared to controls, IPF patients had a higher proportion of lung CD4(+) T cells, a higher proportion of CCR4(+) CD4(+) T cells, and a lower proportion of CCR6(+) CD4(+) T cells. The increase in CCR4(+) CD4(+) T cells in IPF lung tissue was not due to increased Tregs. Intriguingly, the increase in the ratio of CCR4(+) cells to CCR6(+) cells correlated significantly with better lung function. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a new paradigm that not all T cell infiltrates in IPF lungs are detrimental, but instead, specialized subsets may actually be protective. Thus, augmentation of the chemokines that recruit protective T cells, while blocking chemokines that recruit detrimental T cells, may constitute a novel approach to IPF therapy.