The terrestrial dayglow displays prominent emission features from the 0-0 and 1-1 bands of the O-2 Atmospheric band system in the 760-780nm region. We present an analysis of observations in this wavelength region recorded by the Space Shuttle during the Arizona Airglow Experiment. A major conclusion is that the dominant product of O(D-1)+O-2 energy transfer is O-2(b, v=1), a result that corroborates our previous laboratory studies. Moreover, critical to the interpretation of dayglow is the possible interference by N-2 and N-2(+) bands in the 760-780nm region, where the single-most important component is the N-2 1PG 3-1 band that overlaps with the O-2(b-X) 0-0 band. When present, this background must be accounted for to reveal the O-2(b-X) 0-0 and 1-1 bands for altitudes at which the O-2 and N-2/N-2(+) emissions coincide. Finally, we exploit the very different collisional behavior of the two lowest O-2(b) vibrational levels to outline a remote sensing technique that provides information on Atmospheric composition and temperature from space-based observations of the 0-0 and 1-1 O-2 atmospheric bands.