OBJECTIVE One avenue of intense efforts to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) involves the delivery of neurotrophic factors to restore dopaminergic cell function. A source of neurotrophic factors that could be used is the Schwann cell from the peripheral nervous system. The authors have begun an open-label safety study to examine the safety and feasibility of implanting an autologous peripheral nerve graft into the substantia nigra of PD patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery. METHODS Multistage DBS surgery targeting the subthalamic nucleus was performed using standard procedures in 8 study participants. After the DBS leads were implanted, a section of sural nerve containing Schwann cells was excised and unilaterally delivered into the area of the substantia nigra. Adverse events were continuously monitored. RESULTS Eight of 8 participants were implanted with DBS systems and grafts. Adverse event profiles were comparable to those of standard DBS surgery. Postoperative MR images did not reveal edema, hemorrhage, or significant signal changes in the graft target region. Three participants reported a patch of numbness on the outside of the foot below the sural nerve harvest site. CONCLUSIONS Based on the safety outcome of the procedure, targeted peripheral nerve graft delivery to the substantia nigra at the time of DBS surgery is feasible and may provide a means to deliver neurorestorative therapy.