/******************************************************************************
 *
 * Project:  PROJ
 * Purpose:  Test ISO19111:2019 implementation
 * Author:   Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys dot com>
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2018, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys dot com>
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
 * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
 * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
 * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
 * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
 * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
 * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
 * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
 * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 ****************************************************************************/

#include "gtest_include.h"

// to be able to use internal::replaceAll
#define FROM_PROJ_CPP

#include "proj/common.hpp"
#include "proj/coordinateoperation.hpp"
#include "proj/coordinatesystem.hpp"
#include "proj/crs.hpp"
#include "proj/datum.hpp"
#include "proj/io.hpp"
#include "proj/metadata.hpp"
#include "proj/util.hpp"

#include "proj/internal/internal.hpp"
#include "proj/internal/io_internal.hpp"

using namespace osgeo::proj::common;
using namespace osgeo::proj::crs;
using namespace osgeo::proj::cs;
using namespace osgeo::proj::datum;
using namespace osgeo::proj::io;
using namespace osgeo::proj::internal;
using namespace osgeo::proj::metadata;
using namespace osgeo::proj::operation;
using namespace osgeo::proj::util;

namespace {
struct UnrelatedObject : public IComparable {
    UnrelatedObject() = default;

    bool _isEquivalentTo(const IComparable *, Criterion,
                         const DatabaseContextPtr &) const override {
        assert(false);
        return false;
    }
};

static nn<std::shared_ptr<UnrelatedObject>> createUnrelatedObject() {
    return nn_make_shared<UnrelatedObject>();
}
} // namespace

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4326_get_components) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
    ASSERT_EQ(crs->identifiers().size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->identifiers()[0]->code(), "4326");
    EXPECT_EQ(*(crs->identifiers()[0]->codeSpace()), "EPSG");
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->nameStr(), "WGS 84");

    auto datum = crs->datum();
    ASSERT_EQ(datum->identifiers().size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(datum->identifiers()[0]->code(), "6326");
    EXPECT_EQ(*(datum->identifiers()[0]->codeSpace()), "EPSG");
    EXPECT_EQ(datum->nameStr(), "World Geodetic System 1984");

    auto ellipsoid = datum->ellipsoid();
    EXPECT_EQ(ellipsoid->semiMajorAxis().value(), 6378137.0);
    EXPECT_EQ(ellipsoid->semiMajorAxis().unit(), UnitOfMeasure::METRE);
    EXPECT_EQ(ellipsoid->inverseFlattening()->value(), 298.257223563);
    ASSERT_EQ(ellipsoid->identifiers().size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(ellipsoid->identifiers()[0]->code(), "7030");
    EXPECT_EQ(*(ellipsoid->identifiers()[0]->codeSpace()), "EPSG");
    EXPECT_EQ(ellipsoid->nameStr(), "WGS 84");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, GeographicCRS_isEquivalentTo) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(
        crs.get(),
        IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT_EXCEPT_AXIS_ORDER_GEOGCRS));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->shallowClone()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));

    EXPECT_FALSE(crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(crs->isEquivalentTo(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(crs->isEquivalentTo(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979.get(),
                                     IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    EXPECT_FALSE(crs->isEquivalentTo(GeographicCRS::OGC_CRS84.get(),
                                     IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(
        GeographicCRS::OGC_CRS84.get(),
        IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT_EXCEPT_AXIS_ORDER_GEOGCRS));
    EXPECT_TRUE(GeographicCRS::OGC_CRS84->isEquivalentTo(
        crs.get(),
        IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT_EXCEPT_AXIS_ORDER_GEOGCRS));

    EXPECT_FALSE(
        GeographicCRS::create(
            PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
            EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE))
            ->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));

    EXPECT_FALSE(
        GeographicCRS::create(
            PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
            EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE))
            ->isEquivalentTo(
                GeographicCRS::create(PropertyMap(),
                                      GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(
                                          PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
                                          optional<std::string>(),
                                          PrimeMeridian::GREENWICH),
                                      EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(
                                          UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE))
                    .get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, GeographicCRS_datum_ensemble) {
    auto ensemble_vdatum = DatumEnsemble::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<DatumNNPtr>{GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
                                GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326},
        PositionalAccuracy::create("100"));
    {
        auto crs = GeographicCRS::create(
            PropertyMap()
                .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unnamed")
                .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "MY_CODESPACE")
                .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, "MY_ID"),
            nullptr, ensemble_vdatum,
            EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
        WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019));
        crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
        auto expected =
            "GEOGCRS[\"unnamed\",\n"
            "    ENSEMBLE[\"unnamed\",\n"
            "        MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984\"],\n"
            "        MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984\"],\n"
            "        ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
            "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
            "        ENSEMBLEACCURACY[100]],\n"
            "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
            "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
            "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
            "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
            "            ORDER[1],\n"
            "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
            "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
            "            ORDER[2],\n"
            "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
            "    ID[\"MY_CODESPACE\",\"MY_ID\"]]";

        EXPECT_EQ(f->toString(), expected);
    }

    {
        auto crs = GeographicCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unnamed"), nullptr,
            ensemble_vdatum,
            EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
        WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019));
        crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
        auto expected = "GEOGCRS[\"unnamed\",\n"
                        "    ENSEMBLE[\"unnamed\",\n"
                        "        MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
                        "            ID[\"EPSG\",6326]],\n"
                        "        MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
                        "            ID[\"EPSG\",6326]],\n"
                        "        ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
                        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
                        "            ID[\"EPSG\",7030]],\n"
                        "        ENSEMBLEACCURACY[100]],\n"
                        "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                        "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
                        "        ID[\"EPSG\",8901]],\n"
                        "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
                        "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
                        "            ORDER[1],\n"
                        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]],\n"
                        "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
                        "            ORDER[2],\n"
                        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]]]";

        EXPECT_EQ(f->toString(), expected);
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, GeographicCRS_ensemble_exception_in_create) {
    EXPECT_THROW(GeographicCRS::create(PropertyMap(), nullptr, nullptr,
                                       EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(
                                           UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE)),
                 Exception);

    auto ensemble_vdatum = DatumEnsemble::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<DatumNNPtr>{
            VerticalReferenceFrame::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "vdatum1")),
            VerticalReferenceFrame::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "vdatum2"))},
        PositionalAccuracy::create("100"));
    EXPECT_THROW(GeographicCRS::create(PropertyMap(), nullptr, ensemble_vdatum,
                                       EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(
                                           UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE)),
                 Exception);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4326_as_WKT2) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(WKTFormatter::create());
    crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
    EXPECT_EQ(f->toString(),
              "GEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
              "    DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
              "        ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
              "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
              "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
              "            ORDER[1],\n"
              "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
              "            ORDER[2],\n"
              "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "    ID[\"EPSG\",4326]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4326_as_WKT2_2019) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019));
    crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
    EXPECT_EQ(f->toString(),
              "GEOGCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
              "    DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
              "        ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
              "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
              "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
              "            ORDER[1],\n"
              "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
              "            ORDER[2],\n"
              "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "    ID[\"EPSG\",4326]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4326_as_WKT2_SIMPLIFIED) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_SIMPLIFIED));
    crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
    EXPECT_EQ(f->toString(),
              "GEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
              "    DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
              "        ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
              "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east],\n"
              "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "    ID[\"EPSG\",4326]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4326_as_WKT2_SIMPLIFIED_single_line) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_SIMPLIFIED));
    f->setMultiLine(false);
    crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
    EXPECT_EQ(
        f->toString(),
        "GEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",DATUM[\"World Geodetic System "
        "1984\",ELLIPSOID[\"WGS "
        "84\",6378137,298.257223563]],"
        "CS[ellipsoidal,2],AXIS[\"latitude\",north],AXIS[\"longitude\",east],"
        "UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],ID[\"EPSG\",4326]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4326_as_WKT2_2019_SIMPLIFIED) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019_SIMPLIFIED));
    crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
    EXPECT_EQ(f->toString(),
              "GEOGCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
              "    DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
              "        ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
              "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east],\n"
              "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
              "    ID[\"EPSG\",4326]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4326_as_WKT1_GDAL) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
    auto wkt = crs->exportToWKT(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get());
    EXPECT_EQ(wkt, "GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                   "    DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",\n"
                   "        SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
                   "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],\n"
                   "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],\n"
                   "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                   "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
                   "    UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                   "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
                   "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4326_as_WKT1_GDAL_with_axis) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
    auto wkt = crs->exportToWKT(
        &(WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL)
              ->setOutputAxis(WKTFormatter::OutputAxisRule::YES)));
    EXPECT_EQ(wkt, "GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                   "    DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",\n"
                   "        SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
                   "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],\n"
                   "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],\n"
                   "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                   "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
                   "    UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                   "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
                   "    AXIS[\"Latitude\",NORTH],\n"
                   "    AXIS[\"Longitude\",EAST],\n"
                   "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4326_from_db_as_WKT1_GDAL_with_axis) {
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326");
    auto wkt = crs->exportToWKT(
        &(WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL)
              ->setOutputAxis(WKTFormatter::OutputAxisRule::YES)));
    EXPECT_EQ(wkt, "GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                   "    DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",\n"
                   "        SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
                   "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],\n"
                   "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],\n"
                   "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                   "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
                   "    UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                   "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
                   "    AXIS[\"Latitude\",NORTH],\n"
                   "    AXIS[\"Longitude\",EAST],\n"
                   "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4326_as_WKT1_ESRI_with_database) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(WKTFormatter::create(
        WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, DatabaseContext::create()));
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(f.get()),
              "GEOGCS[\"GCS_WGS_1984\",DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_"
              "1984\",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
              "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4901_as_WKT1_ESRI_with_PRIMEM_unit_name_morphing) {
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4901");
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(WKTFormatter::create(
        WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, DatabaseContext::create()));
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(f.get()),
              "GEOGCS[\"GCS_ATF_Paris\",DATUM[\"D_ATF\","
              "SPHEROID[\"Plessis_1817\",6376523.0,308.64]],"
              "PRIMEM[\"Paris_RGS\",2.33720833333333],"
              "UNIT[\"Grad\",0.0157079632679489]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4326_as_WKT1_ESRI_without_database) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI));
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(f.get()),
              "GEOGCS[\"GCS_WGS_1984\",DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_"
              "1984\",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
              "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4326_as_PROJ_string) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs +type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4979_as_WKT2_SIMPLIFIED) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979;
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_SIMPLIFIED));
    crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
    EXPECT_EQ(f->toString(),
              "GEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
              "    DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
              "        ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
              "    CS[ellipsoidal,3],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
              "            UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
              "            UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"ellipsoidal height\",up,\n"
              "            UNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
              "    ID[\"EPSG\",4979]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4979_as_WKT2_2019_SIMPLIFIED) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979;
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019_SIMPLIFIED));
    crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
    EXPECT_EQ(f->toString(),
              "GEOGCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
              "    DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
              "        ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
              "    CS[ellipsoidal,3],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
              "            UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
              "            UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"ellipsoidal height\",up,\n"
              "            UNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
              "    ID[\"EPSG\",4979]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4979_as_WKT1_GDAL_with_axis_not_strict_mode) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979;
    auto wkt = crs->exportToWKT(
        &(WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL)
              ->setStrict(false)
              .setOutputAxis(WKTFormatter::OutputAxisRule::YES)));
    // WKT1 only supports 2 axis for GEOGCS. So this is an extension of
    // WKT1 as it
    // and GDAL doesn't really export such as beast, although it can import it
    // so allow it only in non-strict more
    EXPECT_EQ(wkt, "GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                   "    DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",\n"
                   "        SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
                   "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],\n"
                   "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],\n"
                   "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                   "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
                   "    UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                   "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
                   "    AXIS[\"Latitude\",NORTH],\n"
                   "    AXIS[\"Longitude\",EAST],\n"
                   "    AXIS[\"Ellipsoidal height\",UP],\n"
                   "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4979\"]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4979_as_WKT1_GDAL) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979;
    EXPECT_THROW(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4979_as_WKT1_GDAL_with_ellipsoidal_height_as_vertical_crs) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979;
    auto wkt = crs->exportToWKT(
        &(WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL,
                               DatabaseContext::create())
              ->setAllowEllipsoidalHeightAsVerticalCRS(true)));

    // For LAS 1.4 WKT1...
    EXPECT_EQ(wkt, "COMPD_CS[\"WGS 84 + Ellipsoid (metre)\",\n"
                   "    GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                   "        DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",\n"
                   "            SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
                   "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],\n"
                   "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],\n"
                   "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                   "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
                   "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                   "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
                   "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]],\n"
                   "    VERT_CS[\"Ellipsoid (metre)\",\n"
                   "        VERT_DATUM[\"Ellipsoid\",2002],\n"
                   "        UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                   "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
                   "        AXIS[\"Ellipsoidal height\",UP]]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4979_as_WKT1_ESRI) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979;
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI));
    const auto wkt = "GEOGCS[\"WGS_1984_3D\",DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\","
                     "SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\",6378137.0,298.257223563]],"
                     "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                     "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433],"
                     "LINUNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(f.get()), wkt);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, geographic3D_crs_as_WKT1_ESRI_database) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7087");
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, dbContext));
    const auto wkt = "GEOGCS[\"RGTAAF07_(lon-lat)_3D\","
                     "DATUM[\"D_Reseau_Geodesique_des_Terres_Australes_et_"
                     "Antarctiques_Francaises_2007\","
                     "SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137.0,298.257222101]],"
                     "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                     "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433],"
                     "LINUNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(f.get()), wkt);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, geographic3D_NAD83_as_WKT1_ESRI_database) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
        "GEOGCS[\"GCS_North_American_1983\",DATUM[\"D_North_American_1983\","
        "SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137.0,298.257222101]],"
        "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
        "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
        "VERTCS[\"NAD_1983\",DATUM[\"D_North_American_1983\","
        "SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137.0,298.257222101]],"
        "PARAMETER[\"Vertical_Shift\",0.0],"
        "PARAMETER[\"Direction\",1.0],UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, dbContext));
    const auto wkt = "GEOGCS[\"GCS_NAD83\",DATUM[\"D_North_American_1983\","
                     "SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137.0,298.257222101]],"
                     "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                     "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433],"
                     "LINUNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(f.get()), wkt);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, GeographicCRS_is2DPartOf3D) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326->is2DPartOf3D(
        NN_NO_CHECK(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979.get())));
    EXPECT_FALSE(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326->is2DPartOf3D(
        NN_NO_CHECK(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326.get())));
    EXPECT_FALSE(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979->is2DPartOf3D(
        NN_NO_CHECK(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326.get())));
    EXPECT_FALSE(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979->is2DPartOf3D(
        NN_NO_CHECK(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979.get())));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4807_as_WKT2) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807;
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2));
    crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
    EXPECT_EQ(
        f->toString(),
        "GEODCRS[\"NTF (Paris)\",\n"
        "    DATUM[\"Nouvelle Triangulation Francaise (Paris)\",\n"
        "        ELLIPSOID[\"Clarke 1880 (IGN)\",6378249.2,293.466021293627,\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "    PRIMEM[\"Paris\",2.5969213,\n"
        "        ANGLEUNIT[\"grad\",0.015707963267949]],\n"
        "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
        "            ORDER[1],\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"grad\",0.015707963267949]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
        "            ORDER[2],\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"grad\",0.015707963267949]],\n"
        "    ID[\"EPSG\",4807]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4807_as_WKT2_SIMPLIFIED) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807;
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_SIMPLIFIED));
    crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
    EXPECT_EQ(f->toString(),
              "GEODCRS[\"NTF (Paris)\",\n"
              "    DATUM[\"Nouvelle Triangulation Francaise (Paris)\",\n"
              "        ELLIPSOID[\"Clarke 1880 "
              "(IGN)\",6378249.2,293.466021293627]],\n"
              "    PRIMEM[\"Paris\",2.5969213],\n"
              "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east],\n"
              "        UNIT[\"grad\",0.015707963267949],\n"
              "    ID[\"EPSG\",4807]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4807_as_WKT1_GDAL) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807;
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL));
    crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
    EXPECT_EQ(
        f->toString(),
        "GEOGCS[\"NTF (Paris)\",\n"
        "    DATUM[\"Nouvelle_Triangulation_Francaise_Paris\",\n"
        "        SPHEROID[\"Clarke 1880 (IGN)\",6378249.2,293.466021293627,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7011\"]],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6807\"]],\n"
        "    PRIMEM[\"Paris\",2.33722917,\n" /* WKT1_GDAL weirdness: PRIMEM is
                                                converted to degree */
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8903\"]],\n"
        "    UNIT[\"grad\",0.015707963267949,\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9105\"]],\n"
        "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4807\"]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4807_as_WKT1_ESRI_with_database) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807;
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(WKTFormatter::create(
        WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, DatabaseContext::create()));
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(f.get()),
              "GEOGCS[\"GCS_NTF_Paris\","
              "DATUM[\"Nouvelle_Triangulation_Francaise_(Paris)\","
              "SPHEROID[\"Clarke_1880_IGN\",6378249.2,293.466021293627]],"
              "PRIMEM[\"Paris\",2.33722917],UNIT[\"Grad\",0.015707963267949]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4807_as_WKT1_ESRI_without_database) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807;
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI));
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(f.get()),
              "GEOGCS[\"GCS_NTF_Paris\",DATUM[\"D_Nouvelle_Triangulation_"
              "Francaise_Paris\",SPHEROID[\"Clarke_1880_IGN\",6378249.2,293."
              "466021293627]],PRIMEM[\"Paris\",2.33722917],UNIT[\"Grad\",0."
              "015707963267949]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4807_as_PROJ_string) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807;
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +no_defs +type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4267) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267;
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "GEODCRS[\"NAD27\",\n"
              "    DATUM[\"North American Datum 1927\",\n"
              "        ELLIPSOID[\"Clarke 1866\",6378206.4,294.978698213898,\n"
              "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
              "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
              "            ORDER[1],\n"
              "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
              "            ORDER[2],\n"
              "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "    ID[\"EPSG\",4267]]");
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=longlat +datum=NAD27 +no_defs +type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4267_as_WKT1_ESRI_with_database) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267;
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(WKTFormatter::create(
        WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, DatabaseContext::create()));
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(f.get()),
              "GEOGCS[\"GCS_North_American_1927\","
              "DATUM[\"D_North_American_1927\",SPHEROID[\"Clarke_1866\","
              "6378206.4,294.978698213898]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
              "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4269) {
    auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269;
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
              "GEODCRS[\"NAD83\",\n"
              "    DATUM[\"North American Datum 1983\",\n"
              "        ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
              "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
              "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
              "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
              "            ORDER[1],\n"
              "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
              "            ORDER[2],\n"
              "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
              "    ID[\"EPSG\",4269]]");
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=longlat +datum=NAD83 +no_defs +type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4268_geogcrs_deprecated_as_WKT1_GDAL) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4268");
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL));
    auto wkt = crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("GEOGCS[\"NAD27 Michigan (deprecated)\"") == 0) << wkt;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, ESRI_104971_as_WKT1_ESRI_with_database) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "ESRI");
    auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("104971");
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(WKTFormatter::create(
        WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, DatabaseContext::create()));
    // Check that the _(Sphere) suffix is preserved
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(f.get()),
              "GEOGCS[\"Mars_2000_(Sphere)\",DATUM[\"Mars_2000_(Sphere)\","
              "SPHEROID[\"Mars_2000_(Sphere)\",3396190.0,0.0]],"
              "PRIMEM[\"Reference_Meridian\",0.0],"
              "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs,
     implicit_compound_ESRI_104024_plus_115844_as_WKT1_ESRI_with_database) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto obj = createFromUserInput("ESRI:104024+115844", dbContext);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 3U);
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(WKTFormatter::create(
        WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, DatabaseContext::create()));
    f->setAllowLINUNITNode(false);
    // Situation where there is no EPSG official name
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(f.get()),
              "GEOGCS[\"California_SRS_Epoch_2017.50_(NAD83)\","
              "DATUM[\"California_SRS_Epoch_2017.50_(NAD83)\","
              "SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137.0,298.257222101]],"
              "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
              "VERTCS[\"California_SRS_Epoch_2017.50_(NAD83)\","
              "DATUM[\"California_SRS_Epoch_2017.50_(NAD83)\","
              "SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137.0,298.257222101]],"
              "PARAMETER[\"Vertical_Shift\",0.0],"
              "PARAMETER[\"Direction\",1.0],UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, implicit_compound_ESRI_104971_to_3D_as_WKT1_ESRI_with_database) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "ESRI");
    auto crs = factory->createGeographicCRS("104971")->promoteTo3D(
        std::string(), dbContext);
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(WKTFormatter::create(
        WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, DatabaseContext::create()));
    f->setAllowLINUNITNode(false);
    // Situation where there is no ESRI vertical CRS, but the GEOGCS does exist
    // This will be only partly recognized by ESRI software.
    // See https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/issues/2757
    const char *wkt = "GEOGCS[\"Mars_2000_(Sphere)\","
                      "DATUM[\"Mars_2000_(Sphere)\","
                      "SPHEROID[\"Mars_2000_(Sphere)\",3396190.0,0.0]],"
                      "PRIMEM[\"Reference_Meridian\",0.0],"
                      "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                      "VERTCS[\"Mars_2000_(Sphere)\","
                      "DATUM[\"Mars_2000_(Sphere)\","
                      "SPHEROID[\"Mars_2000_(Sphere)\",3396190.0,0.0]],"
                      "PARAMETER[\"Vertical_Shift\",0.0],"
                      "PARAMETER[\"Direction\",1.0],"
                      "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(f.get()), wkt);

    auto obj2 = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(obj2);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs2 != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(crs2->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 3U);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, IAU_1000_as_WKT2) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "IAU_2015");
    auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("1000");
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019, dbContext));
    auto wkt = crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
    // Check that IAU_2015 is split into a authority name and version
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("ID[\"IAU\",1000,2015]") != std::string::npos) << wkt;

    auto obj = createFromUserInput(wkt, dbContext);
    auto crs2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs2 != nullptr);
    auto wkt2 = crs2->exportToWKT(f.get());
    // Check that IAU_2015 is split into a authority name and version
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt2.find("ID[\"IAU\",1000,2015]") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt2;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, IAU_1000_as_PROJJSON) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "IAU_2015");
    auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("1000");
    auto projjson = crs->exportToJSON(JSONFormatter::create(dbContext).get());
    // Check that IAU_2015 is split into a authority name and version
    EXPECT_TRUE(projjson.find("\"authority\": \"IAU\",") != std::string::npos)
        << projjson;
    EXPECT_TRUE(projjson.find("\"code\": 1000,") != std::string::npos)
        << projjson;
    EXPECT_TRUE(projjson.find("\"version\": 2015") != std::string::npos)
        << projjson;

    auto obj = createFromUserInput(projjson, dbContext);
    auto crs2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs2 != nullptr);
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019, dbContext));
    auto wkt2 = crs2->exportToWKT(f.get());
    // Check that IAU_2015 is split into a authority name and version
    EXPECT_TRUE(wkt2.find("ID[\"IAU\",1000,2015]") != std::string::npos)
        << wkt2;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_2008_projcrs_deprecated_as_WKT1_GDAL) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("2008");
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL));
    auto wkt = crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        wkt.find("PROJCS[\"NAD27(CGQ77) / SCoPQ zone 2 (deprecated)\"") == 0)
        << wkt;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_27561_projected_with_geodetic_in_grad_as_PROJ_string_and_WKT1) {
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
        "PROJCRS[\"NTF (Paris) / Lambert Nord France\",\n"
        "  BASEGEODCRS[\"NTF (Paris)\",\n"
        "    DATUM[\"Nouvelle Triangulation Francaise (Paris)\",\n"
        "      ELLIPSOID[\"Clarke 1880 "
        "(IGN)\",6378249.2,293.4660213,LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1.0]]],\n"
        "    PRIMEM[\"Paris\",2.5969213,ANGLEUNIT[\"grad\",0.015707963268]]],\n"
        "  CONVERSION[\"Lambert Nord France\",\n"
        "    METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (1SP)\",ID[\"EPSG\",9801]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural "
        "origin\",55,ANGLEUNIT[\"grad\",0.015707963268]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural "
        "origin\",0,ANGLEUNIT[\"grad\",0.015707963268]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural "
        "origin\",0.999877341,SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1.0]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",600000,LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1.0]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",200000,LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1.0]]],\n"
        "  CS[cartesian,2],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"easting (X)\",east,ORDER[1]],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"northing (Y)\",north,ORDER[2]],\n"
        "    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1.0],\n"
        "  ID[\"EPSG\",27561]]");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=lcc +lat_1=49.5 +lat_0=49.5 +lon_0=0 +k_0=0.999877341 "
              "+x_0=600000 +y_0=200000 +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +units=m "
              "+no_defs +type=crs");

    auto nn_crs = NN_CHECK_ASSERT(crs);
    EXPECT_TRUE(nn_crs->isEquivalentTo(nn_crs.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(nn_crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(
        nn_crs->DerivedCRS::isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));

    auto wkt1 = crs->exportToWKT(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL,
                             DatabaseContext::create())
            .get());
    EXPECT_EQ(
        wkt1,
        "PROJCS[\"NTF (Paris) / Lambert Nord France\",\n"
        "    GEOGCS[\"NTF (Paris)\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"Nouvelle_Triangulation_Francaise_Paris\",\n"
        "            SPHEROID[\"Clarke 1880 (IGN)\",6378249.2,293.4660213]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Paris\",2.33722917000759],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"grad\",0.015707963268]],\n"
        "    PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic_1SP\"],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",55],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",0],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.999877341],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",600000],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",200000],\n"
        "    UNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],\n"
        "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"27561\"]]");

    auto wkt1_esri = crs->exportToWKT(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                             DatabaseContext::create())
            .get());
    EXPECT_EQ(wkt1_esri, "PROJCS[\"NTF_Paris_Lambert_Nord_France\","
                         "GEOGCS[\"GCS_NTF_Paris\","
                         "DATUM[\"Nouvelle_Triangulation_Francaise_(Paris)\","
                         "SPHEROID[\"Clarke_1880_IGN\",6378249.2,293.4660213]],"
                         "PRIMEM[\"Paris\",2.33722917000759],"
                         "UNIT[\"Grad\",0.015707963268]],"
                         "PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic\"],"
                         "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",600000.0],"
                         "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",200000.0],"
                         "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",0.0],"
                         "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_1\",55.0],"
                         "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",0.999877341],"
                         "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",55.0],"
                         "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_3040_projected_northing_easting_as_PROJ_string) {
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
        "PROJCRS[\"ETRS89 / UTM zone 28N (N-E)\",\n"
        "  BASEGEODCRS[\"ETRS89\",\n"
        "    DATUM[\"European Terrestrial Reference System 1989\",\n"
        "      ELLIPSOID[\"GRS "
        "1980\",6378137,298.257222101,LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1.0]]]],\n"
        "  CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 28N\",\n"
        "    METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\",ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural "
        "origin\",0,ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.01745329252]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural "
        "origin\",-15,ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.01745329252]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural "
        "origin\",0.9996,SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1.0]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000,LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1.0]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1.0]]],\n"
        "  CS[cartesian,2],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"northing (N)\",north,ORDER[1]],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"easting (E)\",east,ORDER[2]],\n"
        "    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1.0],\n"
        "  ID[\"EPSG\",3040]]");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=utm +zone=28 +ellps=GRS80 +units=m +no_defs +type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_2222_projected_unit_foot_as_PROJ_string_and_WKT1) {
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
        "PROJCRS[\"NAD83 / Arizona East (ft)\",\n"
        "  BASEGEODCRS[\"NAD83\",\n"
        "    DATUM[\"North American Datum 1983\",\n"
        "      ELLIPSOID[\"GRS "
        "1980\",6378137,298.257222101,LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1.0]]]],\n"
        "  CONVERSION[\"SPCS83 Arizona East zone (International feet)\",\n"
        "    METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\",ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural "
        "origin\",31,ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.01745329252]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural "
        "origin\",-110.166666666667,ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.01745329252]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural "
        "origin\",0.9999,SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1.0]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",700000,LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048]],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048]]],\n"
        "  CS[cartesian,2],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"easting (X)\",east,ORDER[1]],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"northing (Y)\",north,ORDER[2]],\n"
        "    LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048],\n"
        "  ID[\"EPSG\",2222]]");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=tmerc +lat_0=31 +lon_0=-110.166666666667 +k=0.9999 "
              "+x_0=213360 +y_0=0 +datum=NAD83 +units=ft +no_defs +type=crs");

    auto wkt1 = crs->exportToWKT(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL,
                             DatabaseContext::create())
            .get());
    EXPECT_EQ(wkt1,
              "PROJCS[\"NAD83 / Arizona East (ft)\",\n"
              "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
              "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
              "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101]],\n"
              "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
              "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
              "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
              "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]]],\n"
              "    PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",31],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-110.166666666667],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9999],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",700000],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
              "    UNIT[\"foot\",0.3048],\n"
              "    AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
              "    AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],\n"
              "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"2222\"]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projected_with_parameter_unit_different_than_cs_unit_as_WKT1) {
    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
        "PROJCRS[\"unknown\","
        "    BASEGEODCRS[\"unknown\","
        "        DATUM[\"Unknown based on GRS80 ellipsoid\","
        "            ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0]],"
        "    CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 32N\","
        "        METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\"],"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0],"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",9],"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996],"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000,LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],"
        "    CS[Cartesian,2],"
        "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east],"
        "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north],"
        "    LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219]]");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto wkt1 = crs->exportToWKT(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL,
                             DatabaseContext::create())
            .get());
    EXPECT_EQ(wkt1,
              "PROJCS[\"unknown\",\n"
              "    GEOGCS[\"unknown\",\n"
              "        DATUM[\"Unknown based on GRS80 ellipsoid\",\n"
              "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101]],\n"
              "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
              "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
              "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]]],\n"
              "    PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",9],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",1640416.66666667],\n"
              "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
              "    UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219],\n"
              "    AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
              "    AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_32661_projected_north_pole_north_east) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32661");
    auto proj_crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(crs);
    ASSERT_TRUE(proj_crs != nullptr);

    auto proj_string =
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=stere "
        "+lat_0=90 +lon_0=0 +k=0.994 +x_0=2000000 +y_0=2000000 "
        "+ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1";

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, NN_NO_CHECK(proj_crs));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              proj_string);

    auto opNormalized = op->normalizeForVisualization();
    auto proj_string_normalized =
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
        "+step "
        "+proj=stere +lat_0=90 +lon_0=0 +k=0.994 +x_0=2000000 +y_0=2000000 "
        "+ellps=WGS84";
    EXPECT_EQ(
        opNormalized->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        proj_string_normalized);

    EXPECT_EQ(opNormalized->sourceCRS()->domains().size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(opNormalized->sourceCRS()->remarks(),
              "Axis order reversed compared to EPSG:4326");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_5041_projected_north_pole_east_north) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5041");
    auto proj_crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(crs);
    ASSERT_TRUE(proj_crs != nullptr);
    auto proj_string =
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=stere "
        "+lat_0=90 +lon_0=0 +k=0.994 +x_0=2000000 +y_0=2000000 "
        "+ellps=WGS84";

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, NN_NO_CHECK(proj_crs));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              proj_string);

    auto opNormalized = op->normalizeForVisualization();
    auto proj_string_normalized =
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
        "+step "
        "+proj=stere +lat_0=90 +lon_0=0 +k=0.994 +x_0=2000000 +y_0=2000000 "
        "+ellps=WGS84";
    EXPECT_EQ(
        opNormalized->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        proj_string_normalized);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_32761_projected_south_pole_north_east) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32761");
    auto proj_crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(crs);
    ASSERT_TRUE(proj_crs != nullptr);
    auto proj_string =
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=stere "
        "+lat_0=-90 +lon_0=0 +k=0.994 +x_0=2000000 +y_0=2000000 "
        "+ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1";

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, NN_NO_CHECK(proj_crs));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              proj_string);

    auto opNormalized = op->normalizeForVisualization();
    auto proj_string_normalized =
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
        "+step "
        "+proj=stere +lat_0=-90 +lon_0=0 +k=0.994 +x_0=2000000 +y_0=2000000 "
        "+ellps=WGS84";
    EXPECT_EQ(
        opNormalized->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        proj_string_normalized);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_5042_projected_south_pole_east_north) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5042");
    auto proj_crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(crs);
    ASSERT_TRUE(proj_crs != nullptr);
    auto proj_string =
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=stere "
        "+lat_0=-90 +lon_0=0 +k=0.994 +x_0=2000000 +y_0=2000000 "
        "+ellps=WGS84";

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, NN_NO_CHECK(proj_crs));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              proj_string);

    auto opNormalized = op->normalizeForVisualization();
    auto proj_string_normalized =
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
        "+step "
        "+proj=stere +lat_0=-90 +lon_0=0 +k=0.994 +x_0=2000000 +y_0=2000000 "
        "+ellps=WGS84";
    EXPECT_EQ(
        opNormalized->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        proj_string_normalized);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_5482_projected_south_pole_south_west) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5482");
    auto proj_crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(crs);
    ASSERT_TRUE(proj_crs != nullptr);
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4764"),
        NN_NO_CHECK(proj_crs));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    auto proj_string = "+proj=pipeline "
                       "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
                       "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
                       "+step +proj=stere +lat_0=-90 +lon_0=180 +k=0.994 "
                       "+x_0=5000000 +y_0=1000000 +ellps=GRS80 "
                       "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1";
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              proj_string);

    auto opNormalized = op->normalizeForVisualization();
    auto proj_string_normalized =
        "+proj=pipeline "
        "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
        "+step +proj=stere +lat_0=-90 +lon_0=180 +k=0.994 "
        "+x_0=5000000 +y_0=1000000 +ellps=GRS80";
    EXPECT_EQ(
        opNormalized->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        proj_string_normalized);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, geodetic_crs_both_datum_datum_ensemble_null) {
    EXPECT_THROW(GeodeticCRS::create(
                     PropertyMap(), nullptr, nullptr,
                     CartesianCS::createGeocentric(UnitOfMeasure::METRE)),
                 Exception);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, geodetic_crs_both_datum_datum_ensemble_non_null) {
    auto ensemble = DatumEnsemble::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<DatumNNPtr>{GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
                                GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326},
        PositionalAccuracy::create("100"));
    EXPECT_THROW(GeodeticCRS::create(
                     PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326, ensemble,
                     CartesianCS::createGeocentric(UnitOfMeasure::METRE)),
                 Exception);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static GeodeticCRSNNPtr createGeocentric() {
    PropertyMap propertiesCRS;
    propertiesCRS.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
        .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 4328)
        .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "WGS 84");
    return GeodeticCRS::create(
        propertiesCRS, GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
        CartesianCS::createGeocentric(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, geocentricCRS_as_WKT2) {
    auto crs = createGeocentric();

    auto expected = "GEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                    "    DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
                    "        ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
                    "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                    "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                    "    CS[Cartesian,3],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(X)\",geocentricX,\n"
                    "            ORDER[1],\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(Y)\",geocentricY,\n"
                    "            ORDER[2],\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(Z)\",geocentricZ,\n"
                    "            ORDER[3],\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
                    "    ID[\"EPSG\",4328]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()), expected);
    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get()),
        expected);

    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->shallowClone()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, geocentricCRS_as_WKT2_simplified) {
    auto crs = createGeocentric();

    auto expected = "GEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                    "    DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
                    "        ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
                    "    CS[Cartesian,3],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(X)\",geocentricX],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(Y)\",geocentricY],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(Z)\",geocentricZ],\n"
                    "        UNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
                    "    ID[\"EPSG\",4328]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create(
                                   WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_SIMPLIFIED)
                                   .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, geocentricCRS_as_WKT1_GDAL) {
    auto crs = createGeocentric();
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL));
    crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
    EXPECT_EQ(f->toString(),
              "GEOCCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
              "    DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",\n"
              "        SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
              "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],\n"
              "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],\n"
              "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
              "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
              "    UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
              "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
              "    AXIS[\"Geocentric X\",OTHER],\n"
              "    AXIS[\"Geocentric Y\",OTHER],\n"
              "    AXIS[\"Geocentric Z\",NORTH],\n"
              "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4328\"]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, EPSG_4978_as_WKT1_GDAL_with_database) {
    auto crs = GeodeticCRS::EPSG_4978;
    auto wkt = crs->exportToWKT(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL,
                             DatabaseContext::create())
            .get());
    EXPECT_EQ(wkt, "GEOCCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                   "    DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",\n"
                   "        SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
                   "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],\n"
                   "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],\n"
                   "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                   "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
                   "    UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                   "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
                   "    AXIS[\"Geocentric X\",OTHER],\n"
                   "    AXIS[\"Geocentric Y\",OTHER],\n"
                   "    AXIS[\"Geocentric Z\",NORTH],\n"
                   "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4978\"]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, geocentricCRS_as_PROJ_string) {
    auto crs = createGeocentric();
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=geocent +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs +type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, geocentricCRS_non_meter_unit_as_PROJ_string) {
    auto crs = GeodeticCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
        CartesianCS::createGeocentric(
            UnitOfMeasure("kilometre", 1000.0, UnitOfMeasure::Type::LINEAR)));

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, crs);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=cart "
              "+ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=m +z_in=m "
              "+xy_out=km +z_out=km");

    EXPECT_THROW(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                 FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, geocentricCRS_unsupported_unit_as_PROJ_string) {
    auto crs = GeodeticCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
        CartesianCS::createGeocentric(
            UnitOfMeasure("my unit", 500.0, UnitOfMeasure::Type::LINEAR)));

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, crs);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=cart "
              "+ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=m +z_in=m "
              "+xy_out=500 +z_out=500");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, geodeticcrs_identify_no_db) {
    {
        auto res =
            GeodeticCRS::create(
                PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326, nullptr,
                CartesianCS::createGeocentric(UnitOfMeasure::METRE))
                ->identify(nullptr);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 0U);
    }
    {
        auto res = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326->identify(nullptr);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first.get(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326.get());
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        // Using virtual method
        auto res = static_cast<const CRS *>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326.get())
                       ->identify(nullptr);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first.get(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326.get());
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        auto res =
            GeographicCRS::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "WGS 84"),
                GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326, nullptr,
                EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE))
                ->identify(nullptr);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first.get(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326.get());
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        auto res =
            GeographicCRS::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "WGS84"),
                GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326, nullptr,
                EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE))
                ->identify(nullptr);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first.get(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326.get());
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 90);
    }
    {
        // Long Lat order
        auto res =
            GeographicCRS::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "WGS 84"),
                GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326, nullptr,
                EllipsoidalCS::createLongitudeLatitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE))
                ->identify(nullptr);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first.get(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326.get());
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 25);
    }

    {
        // WKT1 identification
        auto obj =
            WKTParser()
                .attachDatabaseContext(DatabaseContext::create())
                .createFromWKT(
                    "GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\","
                    "6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeodeticCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(nullptr);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first.get(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326.get());
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, geodeticcrs_identify_db) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");

    {
        // No match
        auto res =
            GeographicCRS::create(
                PropertyMap(),
                GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(
                    PropertyMap(),
                    Ellipsoid::createFlattenedSphere(
                        PropertyMap(), Length(6378137), Scale(10)),
                    optional<std::string>(), PrimeMeridian::GREENWICH),
                EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE))
                ->identify(nullptr);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 0U);
    }
    {
        // Identify by datum code
        auto res =
            GeodeticCRS::create(
                PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326, nullptr,
                CartesianCS::createGeocentric(UnitOfMeasure::METRE))
                ->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 4978);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }
    {
        // Identify by datum code
        auto res =
            GeographicCRS::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unnamed"),
                GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326, nullptr,
                EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE))
                ->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 4326);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }
    {
        // Identify by datum code (as a fallback)
        auto res =
            GeographicCRS::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "foobar"),
                GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326, nullptr,
                EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE))
                ->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 4326);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }
    {
        // Perfect match, and ID available. Hardcoded case
        auto res = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first.get(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326.get());
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        // Perfect match, but no ID available. Hardcoded case
        auto res =
            GeographicCRS::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "WGS 84"),
                GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326, nullptr,
                EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE))
                ->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first.get(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326.get());
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        // Perfect match, but no ID available
        auto res =
            GeographicCRS::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "NTF (Paris)"),
                GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807->datum(), nullptr,
                EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::GRAD))
                ->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 4807);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        // Perfect match, and ID available
        auto res = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 4807);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        // The object has an unexisting ID
        auto res =
            GeographicCRS::create(
                PropertyMap()
                    .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "NTF (Paris)")
                    .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
                    .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 1),
                GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807->datum(), nullptr,
                EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::GRAD))
                ->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 0U);
    }
    {
        // The object has a unreliable ID
        auto res =
            GeographicCRS::create(
                PropertyMap()
                    .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "NTF (Paris)")
                    .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
                    .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 4326),
                GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807->datum(), nullptr,
                EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::GRAD))
                ->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 4326);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 25);
    }
    {
        // Approximate match by name
        auto res =
            GeographicCRS::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "WGS84"),
                GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326, nullptr,
                EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE))
                ->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 4326);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 90);
    }
    {
        // Long Lat order
        auto res =
            GeographicCRS::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "WGS 84"),
                GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326, nullptr,
                EllipsoidalCS::createLongitudeLatitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE))
                ->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 3U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 4326);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 25);
    }
    {
        // Identify by ellipsoid code
        auto res =
            GeographicCRS::create(
                PropertyMap(),
                GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
                                               optional<std::string>(),
                                               PrimeMeridian::GREENWICH),
                EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE))
                ->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_GT(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 4326);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 60.0);
    }
    {
        // Identify by ellipsoid code (as a fallback)
        auto res =
            GeographicCRS::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unnamed"),
                GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
                                               optional<std::string>(),
                                               PrimeMeridian::GREENWICH),
                EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE))
                ->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_GT(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 4326);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 60.0);
    }
    {
        // Identify by ellipsoid description
        auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
            "+proj=longlat +a=6378521.049 +rf=298.257222100883 +axis=neu "
            "+type=crs");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeodeticCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto factoryAll = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryAll);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.size(), 5U);
    }
    {
        // Identify by name, without any code
        auto wkt =
            "GEODCRS[\"GCS_Datum_Lisboa_Bessel\",\n"
            "    DATUM[\"D_Datum_Lisboa_Bessel\",\n"
            "        ELLIPSOID[\"Bessel 1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128,\n"
            "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
            "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
            "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
            "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
            "        AXIS[\"geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,\n"
            "            ORDER[1],\n"
            "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
            "        AXIS[\"geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,\n"
            "            ORDER[2],\n"
            "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]]";
        auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeodeticCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

        auto allFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(allFactory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        ASSERT_TRUE(!res.front().first->identifiers().empty());
        EXPECT_EQ(*res.front().first->identifiers()[0]->codeSpace(), "ESRI");
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->identifiers()[0]->code(), "104105");
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        // Identification by non-existing code
        auto res =
            GeographicCRS::create(
                PropertyMap()
                    .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "foobar")
                    .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
                    .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, "i_dont_exist"),
                GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(
                    PropertyMap(),
                    Ellipsoid::createFlattenedSphere(
                        PropertyMap(), Length(6378137), Scale(10)),
                    optional<std::string>(), PrimeMeridian::GREENWICH),
                nullptr,
                EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE))
                ->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 0U);
    }
    {
        // Test identification from PROJ string
        auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
            "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +type=crs");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        ASSERT_TRUE(!res.front().first->identifiers().empty());
        EXPECT_EQ(*res.front().first->identifiers()[0]->codeSpace(), "EPSG");
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->identifiers()[0]->code(), "4326");
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }

    {
        // Test identification from PROJ string with just the ellipsoid
        auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
            "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +type=crs");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factory);
        bool foundGDA2020 = false;
        for (const auto &pair : res) {
            // one among many others...
            if (pair.first->getEPSGCode() == 7844) {
                foundGDA2020 = true;
                EXPECT_EQ(pair.second, 60);
            }
        }
        EXPECT_TRUE(foundGDA2020);
    }

    {
        // Identify by code, but datum name is an alias of the official one
        auto wkt = "GEOGCRS[\"GDA2020\",\n"
                   "    DATUM[\"GDA2020\",\n"
                   "        ELLIPSOID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
                   "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
                   "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                   "        ANGLEUNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                   "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
                   "        AXIS[\"geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,\n"
                   "            ORDER[1],\n"
                   "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                   "        AXIS[\"geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,\n"
                   "            ORDER[2],\n"
                   "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                   "    ID[\"EPSG\",7844]]";
        auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeodeticCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

        auto allFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(allFactory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        ASSERT_TRUE(!res.front().first->identifiers().empty());
        EXPECT_EQ(*res.front().first->identifiers()[0]->codeSpace(), "EPSG");
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->identifiers()[0]->code(), "7844");
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);

        EXPECT_TRUE(crs->_isEquivalentTo(res.front().first.get(),
                                         IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT,
                                         dbContext));
        EXPECT_TRUE(res.front().first->_isEquivalentTo(
            crs.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT, dbContext));
    }

    {
        // Identify by name, but datum name is an alias of the official one
        auto wkt = "GEOGCRS[\"GDA2020\",\n"
                   "    DATUM[\"GDA2020\",\n"
                   "        ELLIPSOID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
                   "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
                   "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                   "        ANGLEUNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                   "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
                   "        AXIS[\"geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,\n"
                   "            ORDER[1],\n"
                   "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                   "        AXIS[\"geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,\n"
                   "            ORDER[2],\n"
                   "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]]";
        auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeodeticCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

        auto allFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(allFactory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        ASSERT_TRUE(!res.front().first->identifiers().empty());
        EXPECT_EQ(*res.front().first->identifiers()[0]->codeSpace(), "EPSG");
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->identifiers()[0]->code(), "7844");
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);

        EXPECT_TRUE(crs->_isEquivalentTo(res.front().first.get(),
                                         IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT,
                                         dbContext));
        EXPECT_TRUE(res.front().first->_isEquivalentTo(
            crs.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT, dbContext));
    }

    {
        // Identify "a" ESRI WKT representation of GDA2020. See #1911
        auto wkt = "GEOGCS[\"GDA2020\",DATUM[\"D_GDA2020\","
                   "SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137.0,298.257222101]],"
                   "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                   "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.017453292519943295]]";
        auto obj =
            WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wkt);
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

        auto allFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(allFactory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        ASSERT_TRUE(!res.front().first->identifiers().empty());
        EXPECT_EQ(*res.front().first->identifiers()[0]->codeSpace(), "EPSG");
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->identifiers()[0]->code(), "7844");
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        // Identify with DatumEnsemble
        auto wkt =
            "GEOGCRS[\"WGS 84\","
            "  ENSEMBLE[\"World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble\","
            "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (Transit)\","
            "       ID[\"EPSG\",1166]],"
            "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G730)\","
            "       ID[\"EPSG\",1152]],"
            "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G873)\","
            "       ID[\"EPSG\",1153]],"
            "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1150)\","
            "       ID[\"EPSG\",1154]],"
            "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1674)\","
            "       ID[\"EPSG\",1155]],"
            "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1762)\","
            "       ID[\"EPSG\",1156]],"
            "     ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,"
            "      LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,ID[\"EPSG\",9001]],"
            "      ID[\"EPSG\",7030]],"
            "     ENSEMBLEACCURACY[2]],"
            "  PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"
            "    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,ID[\"EPSG\",9102]],"
            "    ID[\"EPSG\",8901]],"
            "  CS[ellipsoidal,2,"
            "    ID[\"EPSG\",6422]],"
            "  AXIS[\"Geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,"
            "    ORDER[1]],"
            "  AXIS[\"Geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,"
            "    ORDER[2]],"
            "  ANGLEUNIT[\"degree (supplier to define representation)\","
            "0.0174532925199433,ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]]";
        auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeodeticCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

        auto allFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(allFactory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 4326);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100.0);
    }
    {
        // Identify with DatumEnsemble and unknown CRS name
        auto wkt =
            "GEOGCRS[\"unknown\","
            "  ENSEMBLE[\"World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble\","
            "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (Transit)\","
            "       ID[\"EPSG\",1166]],"
            "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G730)\","
            "       ID[\"EPSG\",1152]],"
            "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G873)\","
            "       ID[\"EPSG\",1153]],"
            "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1150)\","
            "       ID[\"EPSG\",1154]],"
            "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1674)\","
            "       ID[\"EPSG\",1155]],"
            "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1762)\","
            "       ID[\"EPSG\",1156]],"
            "     ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,"
            "      LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,ID[\"EPSG\",9001]],"
            "      ID[\"EPSG\",7030]],"
            "     ENSEMBLEACCURACY[2]],"
            "  PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"
            "    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,ID[\"EPSG\",9102]],"
            "    ID[\"EPSG\",8901]],"
            "  CS[ellipsoidal,2,"
            "    ID[\"EPSG\",6422]],"
            "  AXIS[\"Geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,"
            "    ORDER[1]],"
            "  AXIS[\"Geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,"
            "    ORDER[2]],"
            "  ANGLEUNIT[\"degree (supplier to define representation)\","
            "0.0174532925199433,ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]]";
        auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeodeticCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

        auto allFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(allFactory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 4326);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70.0);
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static ProjectedCRSNNPtr createProjected() {
    PropertyMap propertiesCRS;
    propertiesCRS.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
        .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 32631)
        .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "WGS 84 / UTM zone 31N");
    return ProjectedCRS::create(
        propertiesCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_derivingConversion) {
    auto crs = createProjected();
    auto conv = crs->derivingConversion();
    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->sourceCRS() != nullptr);
    ASSERT_TRUE(conv->targetCRS() != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(conv->targetCRS().get(), crs.get());

    // derivingConversion() returns a copy of the internal conversion
    auto targetCRSAsProjCRS =
        std::dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(conv->targetCRS());
    ASSERT_TRUE(targetCRSAsProjCRS != nullptr);
    EXPECT_NE(targetCRSAsProjCRS->derivingConversion(), conv);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_shallowClone) {
    {
        auto crs = createProjected();
        EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
        EXPECT_TRUE(!crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
        auto clone = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(crs->shallowClone());
        EXPECT_TRUE(clone->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
        EXPECT_EQ(clone->derivingConversion()->targetCRS().get(), clone.get());
    }

    {
        ProjectedCRSPtr clone;
        {
            auto crs = ProjectedCRS::create(
                PropertyMap(), createGeocentric(),
                Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
                CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
            clone = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(crs->shallowClone());
        }
        EXPECT_EQ(clone->baseCRS()->exportToPROJString(
                      PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=geocent +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs +type=crs");
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_as_WKT2) {
    auto crs = createProjected();

    auto expected =
        "PROJCRS[\"WGS 84 / UTM zone 31N\",\n"
        "    BASEGEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
        "            ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
        "    CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 31N\",\n"
        "        METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\",\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",3,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996,\n"
        "            SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000,\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]],\n"
        "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east,\n"
        "            ORDER[1],\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north,\n"
        "            ORDER[2],\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "    ID[\"EPSG\",32631]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()), expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_as_WKT2_2019) {
    auto crs = createProjected();

    auto expected =
        "PROJCRS[\"WGS 84 / UTM zone 31N\",\n"
        "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
        "            ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "        ID[\"EPSG\",4326]],\n"
        "    CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 31N\",\n"
        "        METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\",\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",3,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996,\n"
        "            SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000,\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]],\n"
        "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east,\n"
        "            ORDER[1],\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north,\n"
        "            ORDER[2],\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "    ID[\"EPSG\",32631]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get()),
        expected);
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_as_WKT2_simplified) {
    auto crs = createProjected();

    auto expected =
        "PROJCRS[\"WGS 84 / UTM zone 31N\",\n"
        "    BASEGEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
        "            ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "    CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 31N\",\n"
        "        METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\"],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",3],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0]],\n"
        "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "    ID[\"EPSG\",32631]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create(
                                   WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_SIMPLIFIED)
                                   .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_as_WKT2_2019_simplified) {
    auto crs = createProjected();

    auto expected =
        "PROJCRS[\"WGS 84 / UTM zone 31N\",\n"
        "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
        "            ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "    CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 31N\",\n"
        "        METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\"],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",3],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0]],\n"
        "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "    ID[\"EPSG\",32631]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019_SIMPLIFIED)
                .get()),
        expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_as_WKT1_GDAL) {
    auto crs = createProjected();

    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"WGS 84 / UTM zone 31N\",\n"
                    "    GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                    "        DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",\n"
                    "            SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
                    "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],\n"
                    "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],\n"
                    "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                    "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
                    "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                    "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
                    "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]],\n"
                    "    PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
                    "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],\n"
                    "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",3],\n"
                    "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],\n"
                    "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],\n"
                    "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
                    "    UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                    "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
                    "    AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
                    "    AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],\n"
                    "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"32631\"]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        expected);

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  &(WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL)
                        ->setOutputAxis(WKTFormatter::OutputAxisRule::YES))),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_as_WKT1_ESRI) {
    auto crs = createProjected();

    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_31N\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_WGS_1984\","
                    "DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\",6378137.0,"
                    "298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                    "PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",500000.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",3.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",0.9996],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs,
     projectedCRS_3D_as_WKT1_GDAL_with_ellipsoidal_height_as_vertical_crs) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto crs = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG")
                   ->createProjectedCRS("32631")
                   ->promoteTo3D(std::string(), dbContext);
    auto wkt = crs->exportToWKT(
        &(WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL, dbContext)
              ->setAllowEllipsoidalHeightAsVerticalCRS(true)));

    // For LAS 1.4 WKT1...
    EXPECT_EQ(wkt,
              "COMPD_CS[\"WGS 84 / UTM zone 31N + Ellipsoid (metre)\",\n"
              "    PROJCS[\"WGS 84 / UTM zone 31N\",\n"
              "        GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
              "            DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",\n"
              "                SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
              "                    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],\n"
              "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],\n"
              "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
              "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
              "            UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
              "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
              "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]],\n"
              "        PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
              "        PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],\n"
              "        PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",3],\n"
              "        PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],\n"
              "        PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],\n"
              "        PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
              "        UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
              "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],\n"
              "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"32631\"]],\n"
              "    VERT_CS[\"Ellipsoid (metre)\",\n"
              "        VERT_DATUM[\"Ellipsoid\",2002],\n"
              "        UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
              "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
              "        AXIS[\"Ellipsoidal height\",UP]]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_with_other_deprecated_crs_of_same_name_as_WKT1_ESRI) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    // EPSG:3800 is the non-deprecated version of EPSG:3774
    // This used to cause an issue when looking for the ESRI CRS name
    auto crs =
        AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG")->createProjectedCRS("3800");

    auto esri_wkt =
        "PROJCS[\"NAD_1927_3TM_120\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_North_American_1927\","
        "DATUM[\"D_North_American_1927\","
        "SPHEROID[\"Clarke_1866\",6378206.4,294.978698213898]],"
        "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
        "PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],"
        "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
        "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
        "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",-120.0],"
        "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",0.9999],"
        "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",0.0],UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, dbContext)
                .get()),
        esri_wkt);

    auto obj =
        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(esri_wkt);
    auto crs2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs2 != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(crs2->nameStr(), "NAD27 / Alberta 3TM ref merid 120 W");

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs2->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, dbContext)
                .get()),
        esri_wkt);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_with_ESRI_code_as_WKT1_ESRI) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto crs = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "ESRI")
                   ->createProjectedCRS("102113");

    // Comes literally from the text_definition column of
    // projected_crs table
    auto esri_wkt =
        "PROJCS[\"WGS_1984_Web_Mercator\","
        "GEOGCS[\"GCS_WGS_1984_Major_Auxiliary_Sphere\","
        "DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984_Major_Auxiliary_Sphere\","
        "SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984_Major_Auxiliary_Sphere\",6378137.0,0.0]],"
        "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
        "PROJECTION[\"Mercator\"],PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
        "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",0.0],"
        "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_1\",0.0],UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, dbContext)
                .get()),
        esri_wkt);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_from_WKT1_ESRI_as_WKT1_ESRI) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    // Comes literally from the text_definition column of
    // projected_crs table
    auto esri_wkt =
        "PROJCS[\"WGS_1984_Web_Mercator\","
        "GEOGCS[\"GCS_WGS_1984_Major_Auxiliary_Sphere\","
        "DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984_Major_Auxiliary_Sphere\","
        "SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984_Major_Auxiliary_Sphere\",6378137.0,0.0]],"
        "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
        "PROJECTION[\"Mercator\"],PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
        "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",0.0],"
        "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_1\",0.0],UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";

    auto obj =
        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(esri_wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, dbContext)
                .get()),
        esri_wkt);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_from_WKT1_ESRI_as_WKT1_ESRI_s_jtsk03_krovak_east_north) {
    // EPSG:8353
    auto wkt = "PROJCS[\"S-JTSK_[JTSK03]_Krovak_East_North\","
               "GEOGCS[\"S-JTSK_[JTSK03]\",DATUM[\"S-JTSK_[JTSK03]\","
               "SPHEROID[\"Bessel_1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128]],"
               "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
               "PROJECTION[\"Krovak\"],"
               "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
               "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
               "PARAMETER[\"Pseudo_Standard_Parallel_1\",78.5],"
               "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",0.9999],"
               "PARAMETER[\"Azimuth\",30.2881397527778],"
               "PARAMETER[\"Longitude_Of_Center\",24.8333333333333],"
               "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Center\",49.5],"
               "PARAMETER[\"X_Scale\",-1.0],"
               "PARAMETER[\"Y_Scale\",1.0],"
               "PARAMETER[\"XY_Plane_Rotation\",90.0],"
               "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";

    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto expected_wkt2 =
        "PROJCRS[\"S-JTSK [JTSK03] / Krovak East North\",\n"
        "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"S-JTSK [JTSK03]\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"System of the Unified Trigonometrical Cadastral "
        "Network [JTSK03]\",\n"
        "            ELLIPSOID[\"Bessel 1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",1201]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
        "    CONVERSION[\"unnamed\",\n"
        "        METHOD[\"Krovak (North Orientated)\",\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",1041]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of projection centre\",49.5,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8811]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of origin\",24.8333333333333,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8833]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Co-latitude of cone axis\",30.2881397527778,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",1036]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of pseudo standard parallel\",78.5,\n"
        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8818]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor on pseudo standard "
        "parallel\",0.9999,\n"
        "            SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8819]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",0,\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]],\n"
        "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east,\n"
        "            ORDER[1],\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north,\n"
        "            ORDER[2],\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019, dbContext)
                .get()),
        expected_wkt2);

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, dbContext)
                .get()),
        wkt);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_from_EPSG_as_WKT1_ESRI_s_jtsk03_krovak_east_north) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factoryEPSG = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto crs = factoryEPSG->createProjectedCRS("8353");

    auto wkt = "PROJCS[\"S-JTSK_[JTSK03]_Krovak_East_North\","
               "GEOGCS[\"S-JTSK_[JTSK03]\",DATUM[\"S-JTSK_[JTSK03]\","
               "SPHEROID[\"Bessel_1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128]],"
               "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
               "PROJECTION[\"Krovak\"],"
               "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
               "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
               "PARAMETER[\"Pseudo_Standard_Parallel_1\",78.5],"
               "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",0.9999],"
               "PARAMETER[\"Azimuth\",30.2881397527778],"
               "PARAMETER[\"Longitude_Of_Center\",24.8333333333333],"
               "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Center\",49.5],"
               "PARAMETER[\"X_Scale\",-1.0],"
               "PARAMETER[\"Y_Scale\",1.0],"
               "PARAMETER[\"XY_Plane_Rotation\",90.0],"
               "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, dbContext)
                .get()),
        wkt);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_as_PROJ_string) {
    auto crs = createProjected();

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, crs);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=utm "
              "+zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=utm +zone=31 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs +type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_3D_is_WKT1_equivalent_to_WKT2) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();

    // "Illegal" WKT1 with a Projected 3D CRS
    auto wkt1 = "PROJCS[\"WGS 84 / UTM zone 16N [EGM08-1]\","
                "GEOGCS[\"WGS 84 / UTM zone 16N [EGM08-1]\","
                "DATUM[\"WGS84\",SPHEROID[\"WGS84\",6378137.000,298.257223563,"
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],"
                "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0000000000000000,"
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],"
                "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.01745329251994329547,"
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9102\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"32616\"]],"
                "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.00000000000000000000,"
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],"
                "PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],"
                "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0.0000000000000000],"
                "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-87.0000000002777938],"
                "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996000000000000],"
                "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000.000],"
                "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0.000],"
                "AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],"
                "AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],"
                "AXIS[\"Height\",UP],"
                "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"32616\"]]";

    auto obj = WKTParser()
                   .setStrict(false)
                   .attachDatabaseContext(dbContext)
                   .createFromWKT(wkt1);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019));
    auto wkt2 = crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
    auto obj2 =
        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wkt2);
    auto crs2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj2);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs2 != nullptr);

    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(
        crs2.get(),
        IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT_EXCEPT_AXIS_ORDER_GEOGCRS));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_Krovak_EPSG_5221_as_PROJ_string) {
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    auto crs = factory->createProjectedCRS("5221");
    // 30deg 17' 17.30311'' = 30.28813975277777776
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        crs->baseCRS(), crs);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=bessel +pm=ferro "
              "+step +proj=krovak +lat_0=49.5 +lon_0=42.5 "
              "+alpha=30.2881397527778 +k=0.9999 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 "
              "+ellps=bessel +pm=ferro");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_Krovak_with_approximate_alpha_as_PROJ_string) {
    // 30deg 17' 17.303''   = 30.288139722222223 as used in GDAL WKT1
    auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=krovak +lat_0=49.5 +lon_0=42.5 +alpha=30.28813972222222 "
        "+k=0.9999 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +ellps=bessel +pm=ferro +units=m +no_defs "
        "+type=crs");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        crs->baseCRS(), NN_NO_CHECK(crs));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=pipeline "
              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
              "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=bessel +pm=ferro "
              "+step +proj=krovak +lat_0=49.5 +lon_0=42.5 "
              "+alpha=30.2881397222222 +k=0.9999 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 "
              "+ellps=bessel +pm=ferro");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_identify_no_db) {
    {
        // Hard-coded case: WGS 84 / UTM. No name
        auto res = ProjectedCRS::create(
                       PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
                       Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 1, true),
                       CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE))
                       ->identify(nullptr);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 32601);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
        EXPECT_TRUE(res.front().first->isEquivalentTo(
            AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
                ->createProjectedCRS("32601")
                .get(),
            IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    }
    {
        // Hard-coded case: WGS 84 / UTM (south). Exact name.
        // Using virtual method
        auto crs = ProjectedCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                              "WGS 84 / UTM zone 60S"),
            GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
            Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 60, false),
            CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
        auto res = static_cast<const CRS *>(crs.get())->identify(nullptr);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 32760);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
        EXPECT_TRUE(res.front().first->isEquivalentTo(
            AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
                ->createProjectedCRS("32760")
                .get(),
            IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    }
    {
        // Hard-coded case: NAD27 / UTM. Approximate name.
        auto res = ProjectedCRS::create(
                       PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                                         "NAD27_UTM_zone_11N"),
                       GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267,
                       Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 11, true),
                       CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE))
                       ->identify(nullptr);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 26711);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 90);
        EXPECT_TRUE(res.front().first->isEquivalentTo(
            AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
                ->createProjectedCRS("26711")
                .get(),
            IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    }
    {
        // Hard-coded case: NAD83 / UTM
        auto res = ProjectedCRS::create(
                       PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269,
                       Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 11, true),
                       CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE))
                       ->identify(nullptr);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 26911);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
        EXPECT_TRUE(res.front().first->isEquivalentTo(
            AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
                ->createProjectedCRS("26911")
                .get(),
            IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    }
    {
        // Tolerance on axis order
        auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
            "+proj=utm +zone=31 +datum=WGS84 +type=crs");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(nullptr);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 32631);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
        EXPECT_TRUE(res.front().first->isEquivalentTo(
            crs.get(),
            IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT_EXCEPT_AXIS_ORDER_GEOGCRS));
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_identify_db) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factoryEPSG = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    auto factoryIGNF = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "IGNF");
    auto factoryAnonymous = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
    {
        // Identify by existing code
        auto crs = factoryEPSG->createProjectedCRS("2172");
        {
            auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
            ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
            EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 2172);
            EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
        }
        {
            auto res = crs->identify(factoryAnonymous);
            ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        }
        {
            auto res = crs->identify(factoryIGNF);
            ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 0U);
        }
    }
    {
        // Identify by existing code
        auto crs = factoryIGNF->createProjectedCRS("ETRS89UTM28");
        {
            auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
            ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
            EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 25828);
            EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
        }
    }
    {
        // Non-existing code
        auto sourceCRS = factoryEPSG->createProjectedCRS("2172");
        auto crs = ProjectedCRS::create(
            PropertyMap()
                .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                     "Pulkovo 1942(58) / Poland zone II")
                .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
                .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 1),
            sourceCRS->baseCRS(), sourceCRS->derivingConversion(),
            sourceCRS->coordinateSystem());
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 2172);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }
    {
        // Existing code, but not matching content
        auto sourceCRS = factoryEPSG->createProjectedCRS("2172");
        auto crs = ProjectedCRS::create(
            PropertyMap()
                .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                     "Pulkovo 1942(58) / Poland zone II")
                .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
                .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 32631),
            sourceCRS->baseCRS(), sourceCRS->derivingConversion(),
            sourceCRS->coordinateSystem());
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 2172);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }
    {
        // Identify by exact name
        auto sourceCRS = factoryEPSG->createProjectedCRS("2172");
        auto crs = ProjectedCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                              "Pulkovo 1942(58) / Poland zone II"),
            sourceCRS->baseCRS(), sourceCRS->derivingConversion(),
            sourceCRS->coordinateSystem());
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 2172);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        // Identify by equivalent name
        auto sourceCRS = factoryEPSG->createProjectedCRS("2172");
        auto crs = ProjectedCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                              "Pulkovo_1942_58_Poland_zone_II"),
            sourceCRS->baseCRS(), sourceCRS->derivingConversion(),
            sourceCRS->coordinateSystem());
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 2172);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 90);
    }
    {
        // Identify by properties
        auto sourceCRS = factoryEPSG->createProjectedCRS("2172");
        auto crs = ProjectedCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "i am a faked name"),
            sourceCRS->baseCRS(), sourceCRS->derivingConversion(),
            sourceCRS->coordinateSystem());
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 2172);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }
    {
        // Identify by name, but objects aren't equivalent
        auto sourceCRS = factoryEPSG->createProjectedCRS("3375");
        auto crs = ProjectedCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                              "Pulkovo 1942(58) / Poland zone II"),
            sourceCRS->baseCRS(), sourceCRS->derivingConversion(),
            sourceCRS->coordinateSystem());
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 2172);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 25);
    }
    {
        // Identify from a PROJ string
        auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
            "+type=crs +proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
            "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=omerc "
            "+no_uoff +lat_0=4 +lonc=102.25 +alpha=323.025796466667 "
            "+gamma=323.130102361111 +k=0.99984 +x_0=804671 +y_0=0 "
            "+ellps=GRS80");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 3375);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }
    {
        // Identify from a PROJ string (with "wrong" axis order for the geodetic
        // part)
        auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
            "+proj=omerc +no_uoff +lat_0=4 +lonc=102.25 "
            "+alpha=323.025796466667 +gamma=323.130102361111 +k=0.99984 "
            "+x_0=804671 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +type=crs");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 3375);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }
    {
        // Identify from a WKT1 string wit explicit correct axis order
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCS[\"ETRS89 / UTM zone 32N (N-E)\",GEOGCS[\"ETRS89\","
            "DATUM[\"European_Terrestrial_Reference_System_1989\","
            "SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101]],"
            "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
            "PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],"
            "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",9],"
            "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],"
            "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],"
            "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],"
            "UNIT[\"metre\",1],"
            "AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 3044);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        // Identify from a WKT1 string wit wrong axis order
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCS[\"ETRS89 / UTM zone 32N (N-E)\",GEOGCS[\"ETRS89\","
            "DATUM[\"European_Terrestrial_Reference_System_1989\","
            "SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101]],"
            "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
            "PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],"
            "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",9],"
            "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],"
            "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],"
            "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],"
            "UNIT[\"metre\",1],"
            "AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST], AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 3044);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 50);
    }
    {
        // Identify from a WKT1 string, without explicit axis
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCS[\"ETRS89 / UTM zone 32N (N-E)\",GEOGCS[\"ETRS89\","
            "DATUM[\"European_Terrestrial_Reference_System_1989\","
            "SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101]],"
            "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
            "PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],"
            "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",9],"
            "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],"
            "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],"
            "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],"
            "UNIT[\"metre\",1]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 3044);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        // Identify from a WKT ESRI with bad PROJCS and GEOGCS names.
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCS[\"Lambert Conformal Conic\",GEOGCS[\"grs80\","
            "DATUM[\"D_North_American_1983\","
            "SPHEROID[\"Geodetic_Reference_System_1980\","
            "6378137,298.257222101]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],"
            "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.017453292519943295]],"
            "PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic\"],"
            "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",34.33333333333334],"
            "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_2\",36.16666666666666],"
            "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",33.75],"
            "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-79],"
            "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",609601.22],"
            "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],UNIT[\"Meter\",1]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 32119);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }
    {
        // No equivalent CRS to input one in result set
        auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
            "+proj=tmerc +datum=WGS84 +type=crs");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 0U);
    }
    {
        // ESRI:103729 definition as a PROJ string
        auto obj =
            PROJStringParser()
                .attachDatabaseContext(dbContext)
                .createFromPROJString(
                    "+proj=lcc +lat_0=43.5 +lon_0=-93.95 "
                    "+lat_1=43.5666666666667 "
                    "+lat_2=43.8 +x_0=152400.30480061 +y_0=30480.0609601219 "
                    "+a=6378521.049 +rf=298.257222100883 +units=us-ft "
                    "+type=crs");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto factoryAll = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryAll);
        EXPECT_GE(res.size(), 1U);
        bool found = false;
        for (const auto &pair : res) {
            if (pair.first->identifiers()[0]->code() == "103729") {
                found = true;
                EXPECT_EQ(pair.second, 70);
                break;
            }
        }
        EXPECT_TRUE(found);
    }
    {
        // EPSG:2327 as PROJ.4 string (so with easting, northing order whereas
        // official CRS is northing, easting)
        auto obj =
            PROJStringParser()
                .attachDatabaseContext(dbContext)
                .createFromPROJString(
                    "+proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=75 +k=1 +x_0=13500000 +y_0=0 "
                    "+a=6378140 +b=6356755.288157528 +units=m +type=crs");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 2327);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }
    {
        // EPSG:6646 as PROJ.4 string, using clrk80 which is pretty generic
        auto obj = PROJStringParser()
                       .attachDatabaseContext(dbContext)
                       .createFromPROJString(
                           "+proj=tmerc +lat_0=29.02626833333333 +lon_0=46.5 "
                           "+k=0.9994 +x_0=800000 +y_0=0 +ellps=clrk80 "
                           "+units=m +type=crs");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 6646);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }
    {
        // Identify from a WKT ESRI that has the same name has ESRI:102039
        // but uses us-ft instead of metres!
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCS[\"USA_Contiguous_Albers_Equal_Area_Conic_USGS_version\","
            "GEOGCS[\"GCS_North_American_1983\","
            "DATUM[\"D_North_American_1983\",SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\","
            "6378137.0,298.257222101]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
            "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],PROJECTION[\"Albers\"],"
            "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",-96.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_1\",29.5],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_2\",45.5],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",23.0],"
            "UNIT[\"Foot_US\",0.3048006096012192]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto factoryAll = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryAll);
        EXPECT_GE(res.size(), 1U);
        bool found = false;
        for (const auto &pair : res) {
            if (pair.first->identifiers()[0]->code() == "102039") {
                found = true;
                EXPECT_EQ(pair.second, 50);
                break;
            }
        }
        EXPECT_TRUE(found);
    }
    {
        // Identify a ESRI WKT where the EPSG system has Northing/Easting order
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCS[\"NZGD2000_New_Zealand_Transverse_Mercator_2000\","
            "    GEOGCS[\"GCS_NZGD2000\","
            "        DATUM[\"New_Zealand_Geodetic_Datum_2000\","
            "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.2572221010042,"
            "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],"
            "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6167\"]],"
            "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],"
            "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
            "        PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],"
            "        PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],"
            "        PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",173],"
            "        PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],"
            "        PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",1600000],"
            "        PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",10000000],"
            "        UNIT[\"metre\",1,"
            "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto factoryAll = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryAll);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 2193);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 90);
    }
    {
        // Special case for https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/issues/2086
        // The name of the CRS to identify is
        // NAD_1983_HARN_StatePlane_Colorado_North_FIPS_0501
        // whereas it should be
        // NAD_1983_HARN_StatePlane_Colorado_North_FIPS_0501_Feet
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCS[\"NAD_1983_HARN_StatePlane_Colorado_North_FIPS_0501\","
            "GEOGCS[\"GCS_North_American_1983_HARN\","
            "DATUM[\"D_North_American_1983_HARN\",SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\","
            "6378137.0,298.257222101]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
            "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
            "PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic\"],"
            "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",3000000.000316083],"
            "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",999999.999996],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",-105.5],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_1\",39.71666666666667],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_2\",40.78333333333333],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",39.33333333333334],"
            "UNIT[\"Foot_US\",0.3048006096012192]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto factoryAll = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryAll);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 2876);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        // Test case of https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/issues/2099
        // The name of the CRS to identify is
        // JGD2011_Japan_Zone_2
        // whereas the official ESRI alias is
        // JGD_2011_Japan_Zone_2
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCS[\"JGD2011_Japan_Zone_2\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_JGD_2011\","
            "DATUM[\"D_JGD_2011\","
            "SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137.0,298.257222101]],"
            "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
            "PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],"
            "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",131],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",0.9999],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",33],UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto factoryAll = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryAll);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 6670);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 90);
    }
    {
        // Test case of https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/issues/2116
        // The NAD_1983_CSRS_Prince_Edward_Island has entries in the alias
        // table under the ESRI authority for deprecated EPSG:2292 and
        // non-deprecated EPSG:2954
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCS[\"NAD_1983_CSRS_Prince_Edward_Island\","
            "GEOGCS[\"GCS_North_American_1983_CSRS\","
            "DATUM[\"D_North_American_1983_CSRS\","
            "SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137.0,298.257222101]],"
            "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
            "PROJECTION[\"Double_Stereographic\"],"
            "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",400000.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",800000.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",-63.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",0.999912],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",47.25],UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto factoryAll = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryAll);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 2954);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        // Test identification of LCC_2SP with switched standard parallels.
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCS[\"foo\",\n"
            "    GEOGCS[\"RGF93\",\n"
            "        DATUM[\"Reseau_Geodesique_Francais_1993\",\n"
            "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101]],\n"
            "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
            "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
            "    PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic_2SP\"],\n"
            "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",46.5],\n"
            "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",3],\n"
            "    PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",44],\n"
            "    PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_2\",49],\n"
            "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",700000],\n"
            "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",6600000],\n"
            "    UNIT[\"metre\",1]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 2154);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }
    {
        // Test identification of LKS92_Latvia_TM (#2214)
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCS[\"LKS92_Latvia_TM\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_LKS92\","
            "DATUM[\"D_Latvia_1992\","
            "SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137,298.257222101]],"
            "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.017453292519943295]],"
            "PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],"
            "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",24],"
            "PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],"
            "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],"
            "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",-6000000],"
            "UNIT[\"Meter\",1]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 3059);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 90);
    }
    {
        // Test identification of CRS where everything but datum names matches
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCS[\"WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_31N\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_WGS_1984\","
            "DATUM[\"wrong_datum_name\","
            "SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\",6378137.0,298.257223563]],"
            "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
            "PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],"
            "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",500000.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",3.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",0.9996],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",0.0],"
            "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 32631);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 60);
    }
    {
        // Test case of https://github.com/qgis/QGIS/issues/36111
        // The name of the CRS to identify is
        // ETRS89_LAEA_Europe
        // We identify it through a registered EPSG alias "ETRS89 / LAEA Europe"
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCS[\"ETRS89_LAEA_Europe\","
            "GEOGCS[\"GCS_ETRS_1989\",DATUM[\"D_ETRS_1989\","
            "SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137.0,298.257222101]],"
            "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
            "PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Azimuthal_Equal_Area\"],"
            "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",4321000.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",3210000.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",10.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",52.0],"
            "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto factoryAll = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryAll);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 3035);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 90);
    }
    {
        // Test case of https://github.com/qgis/QGIS/issues/32255
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCS[\"RGF93_Lambert_93\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_RGF_1993\","
            "DATUM[\"D_RGF_1993\","
            "SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137.0,298.257222101]],"
            "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
            "PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic\"],"
            "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",700000.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",6600000.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",3.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_1\",44.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_2\",49.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",46.5],UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto factoryAll = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryAll);
        bool found = false;
        for (const auto &candidate : res) {
            if (candidate.first->getEPSGCode() == 2154) {
                found = true;
                EXPECT_EQ(candidate.second, 90);
            }
        }
        EXPECT_TRUE(found);
    }
    {
        // Identify with DatumEnsemble
        auto wkt =
            "PROJCRS[\"WGS 84 / UTM zone 31N\","
            "  BASEGEOGCRS[\"WGS 84\","
            "    ENSEMBLE[\"World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble\","
            "       MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (Transit)\","
            "         ID[\"EPSG\",1166]],"
            "       MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G730)\","
            "         ID[\"EPSG\",1152]],"
            "       MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G873)\","
            "         ID[\"EPSG\",1153]],"
            "       MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1150)\","
            "         ID[\"EPSG\",1154]],"
            "       MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1674)\","
            "         ID[\"EPSG\",1155]],"
            "       MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1762)\","
            "         ID[\"EPSG\",1156]],"
            "       ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,"
            "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],"
            "       ENSEMBLEACCURACY[2]]],"
            "  CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 31N\","
            "    METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\","
            "      ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],"
            "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,"
            "      ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,ID[\"EPSG\",9102]]],"
            "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",3,"
            "      ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,ID[\"EPSG\",9102]]],"
            "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996,"
            "      SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1,ID[\"EPSG\",9201]]],"
            "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000,"
            "      LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],"
            "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,"
            "      LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]],"
            "  CS[Cartesian,2],"
            " AXIS[\"Easting (E)\",east,"
            "   ORDER[1]],"
            "  AXIS[\"Northing (N)\",north,"
            "    ORDER[2]],"
            "  LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]";
        auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

        auto allFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(allFactory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 32631);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100.0);
    }
    {
        // Identify with DatumEnsemble and unknown CRS name
        auto wkt =
            "PROJCRS[\"unknown\","
            "  BASEGEOGCRS[\"unknown\","
            "    ENSEMBLE[\"World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble\","
            "       MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (Transit)\","
            "         ID[\"EPSG\",1166]],"
            "       MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G730)\","
            "         ID[\"EPSG\",1152]],"
            "       MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G873)\","
            "         ID[\"EPSG\",1153]],"
            "       MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1150)\","
            "         ID[\"EPSG\",1154]],"
            "       MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1674)\","
            "         ID[\"EPSG\",1155]],"
            "       MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1762)\","
            "         ID[\"EPSG\",1156]],"
            "       ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,"
            "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],"
            "       ENSEMBLEACCURACY[2]]],"
            "  CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 31N\","
            "    METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\","
            "      ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],"
            "    PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,"
            "      ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,ID[\"EPSG\",9102]]],"
            "    PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",3,"
            "      ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,ID[\"EPSG\",9102]]],"
            "    PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996,"
            "      SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1,ID[\"EPSG\",9201]]],"
            "    PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000,"
            "      LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],"
            "    PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,"
            "      LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]],"
            "  CS[Cartesian,2],"
            " AXIS[\"Easting (E)\",east,"
            "   ORDER[1]],"
            "  AXIS[\"Northing (N)\",north,"
            "    ORDER[2]],"
            "  LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]";
        auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 32631);
        EXPECT_GE(res.front().second, 70.0);
    }
    {
        // Identify a ESRI WKT where the datum name doesn't start with D_
        auto wkt = "PROJCS[\"S-JTSK_[JTSK03]_Krovak_East_North\","
                   "GEOGCS[\"S-JTSK_[JTSK03]\","
                   "    DATUM[\"S-JTSK_[JTSK03]\","
                   "        SPHEROID[\"Bessel_1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128]],"
                   "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                   "    UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                   "PROJECTION[\"Krovak\"],"
                   "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
                   "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
                   "PARAMETER[\"Pseudo_Standard_Parallel_1\",78.5],"
                   "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",0.9999],"
                   "PARAMETER[\"Azimuth\",30.2881397527778],"
                   "PARAMETER[\"Longitude_Of_Center\",24.8333333333333],"
                   "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Center\",49.5],"
                   "PARAMETER[\"X_Scale\",-1.0],"
                   "PARAMETER[\"Y_Scale\",1.0],"
                   "PARAMETER[\"XY_Plane_Rotation\",90.0],"
                   "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
        EXPECT_EQ(WKTParser().guessDialect(wkt),
                  WKTParser::WKTGuessedDialect::WKT1_ESRI);
        auto obj =
            WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wkt);
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto factoryAll = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryAll);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 8353);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        // Identify from a pseudo WKT ESRI with has an AUTHORITY node that
        // points to another object.
        // Cf
        // https://lists.osgeo.org/pipermail/qgis-user/2023-January/052299.html
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCS[\"ETRS_1989_UTM_Zone_32N_6Stellen\","
            "GEOGCS[\"GCS_ETRS_1989\",DATUM[\"D_ETRS_1989\","
            "SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137.0,298.257222101]],"
            "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
            "PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],"
            "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",500000.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",9.0],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",0.9996],"
            "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",0.0],"
            "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0],"
            "AUTHORITY[\"ESRI\",\"102328\"]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto allFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(allFactory);
        ASSERT_GE(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 25832);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }
    {
        // Identify a projected CRS whose base CRS is not a geographic CRS but
        // a geodetic CRS with a spherical -ocentric coordinate system.
        // Cf https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/issues/3828
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
            "    BASEGEODCRS[\"Mercury (2015) / Ocentric\",\n"
            "        DATUM[\"Mercury (2015)\",\n"
            "            ELLIPSOID[\"Mercury "
            "(2015)\",2440530,1075.12334801762,\n"
            "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
            "            ANCHOR[\"Hun Kal: 20 W.0\"]],\n"
            "        PRIMEM[\"Reference Meridian\",0,\n"
            "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
            "        ID[\"IAU\",19902,2015]],\n"
            "    CONVERSION[\"Equirectangular, clon = 0\",\n"
            "        METHOD[\"Equidistant Cylindrical\",\n"
            "            ID[\"EPSG\",1028]],\n"
            "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\",0,\n"
            "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
            "            ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
            "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
            "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
            "            ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
            "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",0,\n"
            "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
            "            ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
            "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
            "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
            "            ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]],\n"
            "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
            "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east,\n"
            "            ORDER[1],\n"
            "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
            "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north,\n"
            "            ORDER[2],\n"
            "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto allFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
        auto res = crs->identify(allFactory);
        ASSERT_GE(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->identifiers()[0]->code(), "19912");
        EXPECT_EQ(*(res.front().first->identifiers()[0]->codeSpace()),
                  "IAU_2015");
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 90);
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projectedCRS_identify_wrong_auth_name_case) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factoryAnonymous = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
    auto obj =
        WKTParser()
            .attachDatabaseContext(dbContext)
            .setStrict(false)
            .createFromWKT(
                "PROJCS[\"World_Cylindrical_Equal_Area\","
                "GEOGCS[\"GCS_WGS_1984\","
                "DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\","
                "6378137.0,298.257223563]],"
                "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                "PROJECTION[\"Cylindrical_Equal_Area\"],"
                "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
                "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
                "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",0.0],"
                "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_1\",0.0],UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0],"
                "AUTHORITY[\"Esri\",54034]]"); // should be ESRI all caps
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
    auto res = crs->identify(factoryAnonymous);
    ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
    const auto &ids = res.front().first->identifiers();
    ASSERT_EQ(ids.size(), 1U);
    EXPECT_EQ(*(ids.front()->codeSpace()), "ESRI");
    EXPECT_EQ(ids.front()->code(), "54034");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, mercator_1SP_as_WKT1_ESRI) {

    auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=merc +lon_0=110 +k=0.997 +x_0=3900000 +y_0=900000 "
        "+ellps=bessel +type=crs");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"unknown\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_unknown\","
                    "DATUM[\"D_Unknown_based_on_Bessel_1841_ellipsoid\","
                    "SPHEROID[\"Bessel_1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128]],"
                    "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                    "PROJECTION[\"Mercator\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",3900000.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",900000.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",110.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_1\",4.45405154589748],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, Plate_Carree_as_WKT1_ESRI) {

    auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+title=my Plate carree +proj=eqc +type=crs");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"my_Plate_carree\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_unknown\","
                    "DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\","
                    "6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                    "PROJECTION[\"Plate_Carree\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, Equidistant_Cylindrical_as_WKT1_ESRI) {

    auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString("+proj=eqc +type=crs");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"unknown\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_unknown\","
                    "DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\","
                    "6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                    "PROJECTION[\"Equidistant_Cylindrical\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_1\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, Hotine_Oblique_Mercator_Azimuth_Natural_Origin_as_WKT1_ESRI) {

    auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=omerc +no_uoff +gamma=295 +alpha=295 +type=crs");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"unknown\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_unknown\","
                    "DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\","
                    "6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                    "PROJECTION["
                    "\"Hotine_Oblique_Mercator_Azimuth_Natural_Origin\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",1.0],"
                    // we renormalize angles to [-180,180]
                    "PARAMETER[\"Azimuth\",-65.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Longitude_Of_Center\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Center\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, Rectified_Skew_Orthomorphic_Natural_Origin_as_WKT1_ESRI) {

    auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=omerc +no_uoff +gamma=3 +alpha=2 +type=crs");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"unknown\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_unknown\","
                    "DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\","
                    "6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                    "PROJECTION["
                    "\"Rectified_Skew_Orthomorphic_Natural_Origin\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",1.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Azimuth\",2.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Longitude_Of_Center\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Center\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"XY_Plane_Rotation\",3.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, Hotine_Oblique_Mercator_Azimuth_Center_as_WKT1_ESRI) {

    auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=omerc +gamma=2 +alpha=2 +type=crs");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"unknown\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_unknown\","
                    "DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\","
                    "6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                    "PROJECTION["
                    "\"Hotine_Oblique_Mercator_Azimuth_Center\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",1.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Azimuth\",2.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Longitude_Of_Center\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Center\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, Rectified_Skew_Orthomorphic_Center_as_WKT1_ESRI) {

    auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=omerc +gamma=3 +alpha=2 +type=crs");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"unknown\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_unknown\","
                    "DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\","
                    "6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                    "PROJECTION["
                    "\"Rectified_Skew_Orthomorphic_Center\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",1.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Azimuth\",2.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Longitude_Of_Center\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Center\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"XY_Plane_Rotation\",3.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, Gauss_Kruger_as_WKT1_ESRI) {

    auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+title=my Gauss Kruger +proj=tmerc +type=crs");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"my_Gauss_Kruger\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_unknown\","
                    "DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\",6378137.0,"
                    "298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                    "PROJECTION[\"Gauss_Kruger\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",1.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, Stereographic_North_Pole_as_WKT1_ESRI) {

    auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=stere +lat_0=90 +lat_ts=70 +type=crs");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"unknown\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_unknown\","
                    "DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\","
                    "6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                    "PROJECTION[\"Stereographic_North_Pole\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_1\",70.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, Stereographic_South_Pole_as_WKT1_ESRI) {

    auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=stere +lat_0=-90 +lat_ts=-70 +type=crs");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"unknown\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_unknown\","
                    "DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\","
                    "6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                    "PROJECTION[\"Stereographic_South_Pole\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_1\",-70.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, Krovak_North_Orientated_as_WKT1_ESRI) {

    auto obj =
        PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString("+proj=krovak +type=crs");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"unknown\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_unknown\","
                    "DATUM[\"D_Unknown_based_on_Bessel_1841_ellipsoid\","
                    "SPHEROID[\"Bessel_1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128]],"
                    "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                    "PROJECTION[\"Krovak\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Pseudo_Standard_Parallel_1\",78.5],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",0.9999],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Azimuth\",30.2881397527778],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Longitude_Of_Center\",24.8333333333333],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Center\",49.5],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"X_Scale\",-1.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Y_Scale\",1.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"XY_Plane_Rotation\",90.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, Krovak_as_WKT1_ESRI) {

    auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=krovak +axis=swu +type=crs");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"unknown\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_unknown\","
                    "DATUM[\"D_Unknown_based_on_Bessel_1841_ellipsoid\","
                    "SPHEROID[\"Bessel_1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128]],"
                    "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                    "PROJECTION[\"Krovak\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Pseudo_Standard_Parallel_1\",78.5],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",0.9999],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Azimuth\",30.2881397527778],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Longitude_Of_Center\",24.8333333333333],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Center\",49.5],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"X_Scale\",1.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Y_Scale\",1.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"XY_Plane_Rotation\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, LCC_1SP_as_WKT1_ESRI) {

    auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=lcc +lat_1=1 +lat_0=1 +k=0.9 +type=crs");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"unknown\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_unknown\","
                    "DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\","
                    "6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                    "PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_1\",1.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Scale_Factor\",0.9],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",1.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, LCC_2SP_as_WKT1_ESRI) {

    auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=lcc +lat_0=1.5 +lat_1=1 +lat_2=2 +type=crs");
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"unknown\",GEOGCS[\"GCS_unknown\","
                    "DATUM[\"D_WGS_1984\",SPHEROID[\"WGS_1984\","
                    "6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
                    "PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_1\",1.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_2\",2.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",1.5],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, ESRI_WKT1_to_ESRI_WKT1) {

    auto in_wkt =
        "PROJCS[\"NAD_1983_CORS96_StatePlane_North_Carolina_FIPS_3200_Ft_US\","
        "GEOGCS[\"GCS_NAD_1983_CORS96\",DATUM[\"D_NAD_1983_CORS96\","
        "SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137.0,298.257222101]],"
        "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
        "PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic\"],"
        "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",2000000.0],"
        "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
        "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",-79.0],"
        "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_1\",34.33333333333334],"
        "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_2\",36.16666666666666],"
        "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",33.75],"
        "UNIT[\"Foot_US\",0.3048006096012192]]";

    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(in_wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto expected =
        "PROJCS[\"NAD_1983_CORS96_StatePlane_North_Carolina_FIPS_3200_Ft_US\","
        "GEOGCS[\"GCS_NAD_1983_CORS96\",DATUM[\"D_NAD_1983_CORS96\","
        "SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137.0,298.257222101]],"
        "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0.0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
        "PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic\"],"
        "PARAMETER[\"False_Easting\",2000000.0],"
        "PARAMETER[\"False_Northing\",0.0],"
        "PARAMETER[\"Central_Meridian\",-79.0],"
        "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_1\",34.3333333333333],"
        "PARAMETER[\"Standard_Parallel_2\",36.1666666666667],"
        "PARAMETER[\"Latitude_Of_Origin\",33.75],"
        "UNIT[\"Foot_US\",0.304800609601219]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(datum, cs_with_MERIDIAN) {
    std::vector<CoordinateSystemAxisNNPtr> axis{
        CoordinateSystemAxis::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Easting"), "X",
            AxisDirection::SOUTH, UnitOfMeasure::METRE,
            Meridian::create(Angle(90))),
        CoordinateSystemAxis::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Northing"), "Y",
            AxisDirection::SOUTH, UnitOfMeasure::METRE,
            Meridian::create(Angle(180.0)))};
    auto cs(CartesianCS::create(PropertyMap(), axis[0], axis[1]));

    auto expected = "CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
                    "    AXIS[\"easting (X)\",south,\n"
                    "        MERIDIAN[90,\n"
                    "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                    "        ORDER[1],\n"
                    "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
                    "    AXIS[\"northing (Y)\",south,\n"
                    "        MERIDIAN[180,\n"
                    "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
                    "        ORDER[2],\n"
                    "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]";

    auto formatter = WKTFormatter::create();
    formatter->setOutputId(false);
    EXPECT_EQ(cs->exportToWKT(formatter.get()), expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, scope_area_bbox_remark) {
    auto in_wkt = "GEODETICCRS[\"JGD2000\","
                  "DATUM[\"Japanese Geodetic Datum 2000\","
                  "  ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101]],"
                  "CS[Cartesian,3],"
                  "  AXIS[\"(X)\",geocentricX],"
                  "  AXIS[\"(Y)\",geocentricY],"
                  "  AXIS[\"(Z)\",geocentricZ],"
                  "  LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1.0],"
                  "SCOPE[\"Geodesy, topographic mapping and cadastre\"],"
                  "AREA[\"Japan\"],"
                  "BBOX[17.09,122.38,46.05,157.64],"
                  "VERTICALEXTENT[-10000,10000],"
                  "TIMEEXTENT[2002-04-01,2011-10-21],"
                  "ID[\"EPSG\",4946],\n"
                  "REMARK[\"some_remark\"]]";
    auto crs =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeodeticCRS>(WKTParser().createFromWKT(in_wkt));
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    ASSERT_EQ(crs->domains().size(), 1U);
    auto domain = crs->domains()[0];
    EXPECT_TRUE(domain->scope().has_value());
    EXPECT_EQ(*(domain->scope()), "Geodesy, topographic mapping and cadastre");
    ASSERT_TRUE(domain->domainOfValidity() != nullptr);
    EXPECT_TRUE(domain->domainOfValidity()->description().has_value());
    EXPECT_EQ(*(domain->domainOfValidity()->description()), "Japan");
    ASSERT_EQ(domain->domainOfValidity()->geographicElements().size(), 1U);
    auto geogElement = domain->domainOfValidity()->geographicElements()[0];
    auto bbox = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicBoundingBox>(geogElement);
    ASSERT_TRUE(bbox != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(bbox->southBoundLatitude(), 17.09);
    EXPECT_EQ(bbox->westBoundLongitude(), 122.38);
    EXPECT_EQ(bbox->northBoundLatitude(), 46.05);
    EXPECT_EQ(bbox->eastBoundLongitude(), 157.64);

    ASSERT_EQ(domain->domainOfValidity()->verticalElements().size(), 1U);
    auto verticalElement = domain->domainOfValidity()->verticalElements()[0];
    EXPECT_EQ(verticalElement->minimumValue(), -10000);
    EXPECT_EQ(verticalElement->maximumValue(), 10000);
    EXPECT_EQ(*(verticalElement->unit()), UnitOfMeasure::METRE);

    ASSERT_EQ(domain->domainOfValidity()->temporalElements().size(), 1U);
    auto temporalElement = domain->domainOfValidity()->temporalElements()[0];
    EXPECT_EQ(temporalElement->start(), "2002-04-01");
    EXPECT_EQ(temporalElement->stop(), "2011-10-21");

    auto got_wkt = crs->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get());
    auto expected =
        "GEODCRS[\"JGD2000\",\n"
        "    DATUM[\"Japanese Geodetic Datum 2000\",\n"
        "        ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "    CS[Cartesian,3],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(X)\",geocentricX,\n"
        "            ORDER[1],\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(Y)\",geocentricY,\n"
        "            ORDER[2],\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(Z)\",geocentricZ,\n"
        "            ORDER[3],\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "    SCOPE[\"Geodesy, topographic mapping and cadastre\"],\n"
        "    AREA[\"Japan\"],\n"
        "    BBOX[17.09,122.38,46.05,157.64],\n"
        "    VERTICALEXTENT[-10000,10000,\n"
        "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "    TIMEEXTENT[2002-04-01,2011-10-21],\n"
        "    ID[\"EPSG\",4946],\n"
        "    REMARK[\"some_remark\"]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(got_wkt, expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, usage) {
    auto in_wkt = "GEODETICCRS[\"JGD2000\","
                  "DATUM[\"Japanese Geodetic Datum 2000\","
                  "  ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101]],"
                  "CS[Cartesian,3],"
                  "  AXIS[\"(X)\",geocentricX],"
                  "  AXIS[\"(Y)\",geocentricY],"
                  "  AXIS[\"(Z)\",geocentricZ],"
                  "  LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1.0],"
                  "USAGE[SCOPE[\"scope\"],AREA[\"area.\"]]]";
    auto crs =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeodeticCRS>(WKTParser().createFromWKT(in_wkt));
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto got_wkt = crs->exportToWKT(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get());
    auto expected = "GEODCRS[\"JGD2000\",\n"
                    "    DATUM[\"Japanese Geodetic Datum 2000\",\n"
                    "        ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]],\n"
                    "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                    "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
                    "        ID[\"EPSG\",8901]],\n"
                    "    CS[Cartesian,3],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(X)\",geocentricX,\n"
                    "            ORDER[1],\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(Y)\",geocentricY,\n"
                    "            ORDER[2],\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(Z)\",geocentricZ,\n"
                    "            ORDER[3],\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
                    "    USAGE[\n"
                    "        SCOPE[\"scope\"],\n"
                    "        AREA[\"area.\"]]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(got_wkt, expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, multiple_ID) {

    PropertyMap propertiesCRS;
    propertiesCRS.set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "WGS 84");
    auto identifiers = ArrayOfBaseObject::create();
    identifiers->add(Identifier::create(
        "codeA", PropertyMap().set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "authorityA")));
    identifiers->add(Identifier::create(
        "codeB", PropertyMap().set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "authorityB")));
    propertiesCRS.set(IdentifiedObject::IDENTIFIERS_KEY, identifiers);
    auto crs = GeodeticCRS::create(
        propertiesCRS, GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
        CartesianCS::createGeocentric(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    auto got_wkt = crs->exportToWKT(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_SIMPLIFIED).get());
    auto expected = "GEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                    "    DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
                    "        ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563]],\n"
                    "    CS[Cartesian,3],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(X)\",geocentricX],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(Y)\",geocentricY],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(Z)\",geocentricZ],\n"
                    "        UNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
                    "    ID[\"authorityA\",\"codeA\"],\n"
                    "    ID[\"authorityB\",\"codeB\"]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(got_wkt, expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static VerticalCRSNNPtr createVerticalCRS() {
    PropertyMap propertiesVDatum;
    propertiesVDatum.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
        .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 5101)
        .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Ordnance Datum Newlyn");
    auto vdatum = VerticalReferenceFrame::create(propertiesVDatum);
    PropertyMap propertiesCRS;
    propertiesCRS.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
        .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 5701)
        .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "ODN height");
    return VerticalCRS::create(
        propertiesCRS, vdatum,
        VerticalCS::createGravityRelatedHeight(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, verticalCRS_as_WKT2) {
    auto crs = createVerticalCRS();
    auto expected = "VERTCRS[\"ODN height\",\n"
                    "    VDATUM[\"Ordnance Datum Newlyn\"],\n"
                    "    CS[vertical,1],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
                    "    ID[\"EPSG\",5701]]";

    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->shallowClone()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()), expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, verticalCRS_as_WKT1_GDAL) {
    auto crs = createVerticalCRS();
    auto expected = "VERT_CS[\"ODN height\",\n"
                    "    VERT_DATUM[\"Ordnance Datum Newlyn\",2005,\n"
                    "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5101\"]],\n"
                    "    UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                    "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
                    "    AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
                    "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5701\"]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, verticalCRS_as_WKT1_ESRI) {
    auto crs = createVerticalCRS();
    auto expected = "VERTCS[\"ODN_height\",VDATUM[\"Ordnance_Datum_Newlyn\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Vertical_Shift\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Direction\",1.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI).get()),
        expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, verticalCRS_as_WKT1_ESRI_context) {
    auto crs = createVerticalCRS();
    auto expected = "VERTCS[\"Newlyn\",VDATUM[\"Ordnance_Datum_Newlyn\"],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Vertical_Shift\",0.0],"
                    "PARAMETER[\"Direction\",1.0],"
                    "UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI,
                                       DatabaseContext::create())
                      .get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, verticalCRS_down_as_WKT1_ESRI) {
    auto wkt = "VERTCS[\"Caspian\",VDATUM[\"Caspian_Sea\"],"
               "PARAMETER[\"Vertical_Shift\",0.0],"
               "PARAMETER[\"Direction\",-1.0],UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]";

    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI).get()),
        wkt);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, verticalCRS_ESRI_115834_as_WKT1_ESRI_with_database) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "ESRI");
    auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("115834");
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(WKTFormatter::create(
        WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, DatabaseContext::create()));
    // Check that the parentheses in the VERTCS and DATUM names are preserved
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(f.get()),
              "VERTCS[\"NAD83(CSRS)v5\","
              "DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_of_1983_(CSRS)_version_5\","
              "SPHEROID[\"GRS_1980\",6378137.0,298.257222101]],"
              "PARAMETER[\"Vertical_Shift\",0.0],"
              "PARAMETER[\"Direction\",1.0],UNIT[\"Meter\",1.0]]");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, verticalCRS_identify_db) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    {
        // Identify by existing code
        auto res = factory->createVerticalCRS("7651")->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 7651);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);

        // Test with null
        EXPECT_TRUE(
            factory->createVerticalCRS("7651")->identify(nullptr).empty());
    }
    {
        // Non-existing code
        auto sourceCRS = factory->createVerticalCRS("7651");
        auto crs = VerticalCRS::create(
            PropertyMap()
                .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, sourceCRS->nameStr())
                .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
                .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 1),
            sourceCRS->datum(), sourceCRS->datumEnsemble(),
            sourceCRS->coordinateSystem());
        auto res = crs->identify(factory);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.size(), 0U);
    }
    {
        // Existing code, but not matching content
        auto sourceCRS = factory->createVerticalCRS("7651");
        auto crs = VerticalCRS::create(
            PropertyMap()
                .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, sourceCRS->nameStr())
                .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
                .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 7652),
            sourceCRS->datum(), sourceCRS->datumEnsemble(),
            sourceCRS->coordinateSystem());
        auto res = crs->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 7652);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 25);
    }
    {
        // Identify by exact name
        auto sourceCRS = factory->createVerticalCRS("7651");
        auto crs = VerticalCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, sourceCRS->nameStr()),
            sourceCRS->datum(), sourceCRS->datumEnsemble(),
            sourceCRS->coordinateSystem());
        auto res = static_cast<const CRS *>(crs.get())->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 7651);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        // Identify by equivalent name
        auto sourceCRS = factory->createVerticalCRS("7651");
        auto crs = VerticalCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Kumul_34_height"),
            sourceCRS->datum(), sourceCRS->datumEnsemble(),
            sourceCRS->coordinateSystem());
        auto res = crs->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 7651);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 90);
    }
    {
        // Identify by name, but objects aren't equivalent
        auto sourceCRS = factory->createVerticalCRS("7652");
        auto crs = VerticalCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Kumul_34_height"),
            sourceCRS->datum(), sourceCRS->datumEnsemble(),
            sourceCRS->coordinateSystem());
        auto res = crs->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 7651);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 25);
    }
    {
        auto sourceCRS = factory->createVerticalCRS("7651");
        auto crs = VerticalCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "no match"),
            sourceCRS->datum(), sourceCRS->datumEnsemble(),
            sourceCRS->coordinateSystem());
        auto res = crs->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 0U);
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, verticalCRS_datum_ensemble) {
    auto ensemble = DatumEnsemble::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<DatumNNPtr>{
            VerticalReferenceFrame::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "vdatum1")),
            VerticalReferenceFrame::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "vdatum2"))},
        PositionalAccuracy::create("100"));
    auto crs = VerticalCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unnamed"), nullptr,
        ensemble, VerticalCS::createGravityRelatedHeight(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
    WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019));
    f->simulCurNodeHasId();
    crs->exportToWKT(f.get());
    auto expected = "VERTCRS[\"unnamed\",\n"
                    "    ENSEMBLE[\"unnamed\",\n"
                    "        MEMBER[\"vdatum1\"],\n"
                    "        MEMBER[\"vdatum2\"],\n"
                    "        ENSEMBLEACCURACY[100]],\n"
                    "    CS[vertical,1],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(f->toString(), expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, VerticalCRS_ensemble_exception_in_create) {
    EXPECT_THROW(VerticalCRS::create(PropertyMap(), nullptr, nullptr,
                                     VerticalCS::createGravityRelatedHeight(
                                         UnitOfMeasure::METRE)),
                 Exception);

    auto ensemble_hdatum = DatumEnsemble::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<DatumNNPtr>{GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
                                GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326},
        PositionalAccuracy::create("100"));
    EXPECT_THROW(VerticalCRS::create(PropertyMap(), nullptr, ensemble_hdatum,
                                     VerticalCS::createGravityRelatedHeight(
                                         UnitOfMeasure::METRE)),
                 Exception);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(datum, vdatum_with_anchor) {
    PropertyMap propertiesVDatum;
    propertiesVDatum.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
        .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 5101)
        .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Ordnance Datum Newlyn");
    auto vdatum = VerticalReferenceFrame::create(
        propertiesVDatum, optional<std::string>("my anchor"),
        optional<RealizationMethod>(RealizationMethod::LEVELLING));
    EXPECT_TRUE(vdatum->realizationMethod().has_value());
    EXPECT_EQ(*(vdatum->realizationMethod()), RealizationMethod::LEVELLING);

    auto expected = "VDATUM[\"Ordnance Datum Newlyn\",\n"
                    "    ANCHOR[\"my anchor\"],\n"
                    "    ID[\"EPSG\",5101]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(vdatum->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()), expected);

    EXPECT_TRUE(vdatum->isEquivalentTo(vdatum.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(vdatum->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static CompoundCRSNNPtr createCompoundCRS() {
    PropertyMap properties;
    properties.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "codespace")
        .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, "code")
        .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "horizontal + vertical");
    return CompoundCRS::create(
        properties,
        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{createProjected(), createVerticalCRS()});
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static DerivedProjectedCRSNNPtr createDerivedProjectedCRS() {

    auto derivingConversion = Conversion::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unnamed"),
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "PROJ unimplemented"),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{});

    return DerivedProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "derived projectedCRS"),
        createProjected(), derivingConversion,
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
}

static DerivedProjectedCRSNNPtr createDerivedProjectedCRSNorthingEasting() {

    auto derivingConversion = Conversion::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unnamed"),
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "PROJ unimplemented"),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{});

    return DerivedProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "derived projectedCRS"),
        createProjected(), derivingConversion,
        CartesianCS::createNorthingEasting(UnitOfMeasure::FOOT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static DerivedVerticalCRSNNPtr createDerivedVerticalCRS() {

    auto derivingConversion = Conversion::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unnamed"),
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "PROJ unimplemented"),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{});

    return DerivedVerticalCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Derived vertCRS"),
        createVerticalCRS(), derivingConversion,
        VerticalCS::createGravityRelatedHeight(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, compoundCRS_valid) {
    // geographic 2D + vertical
    CompoundCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, createVerticalCRS()});

    // projected 2D + vertical
    CompoundCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{createProjected(), createVerticalCRS()});

    // derived projected 2D + vertical
    CompoundCRS::create(PropertyMap(),
                        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{createDerivedProjectedCRS(),
                                              createVerticalCRS()});

    // derived projected 2D + derived vertical
    CompoundCRS::create(PropertyMap(),
                        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{createDerivedProjectedCRS(),
                                              createDerivedVerticalCRS()});
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, compoundCRS_invalid) {
    EXPECT_THROW(CompoundCRS::create(PropertyMap(), {}),
                 InvalidCompoundCRSException);

    // Only one component
    EXPECT_THROW(CompoundCRS::create(PropertyMap(),
                                     std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{createProjected()}),
                 InvalidCompoundCRSException);

    // Two geographic
    EXPECT_THROW(
        CompoundCRS::create(PropertyMap(),
                            std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
                                                  GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326}),
        InvalidCompoundCRSException);

    // geographic 3D + vertical
    EXPECT_THROW(
        CompoundCRS::create(PropertyMap(),
                            std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979,
                                                  createVerticalCRS()}),
        InvalidCompoundCRSException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, compoundCRS_as_WKT2) {
    auto crs = createCompoundCRS();
    auto expected =
        "COMPOUNDCRS[\"horizontal + vertical\",\n"
        "    PROJCRS[\"WGS 84 / UTM zone 31N\",\n"
        "        BASEGEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
        "                ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
        "        CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 31N\",\n"
        "            METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\",\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",3,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996,\n"
        "                SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]],\n"
        "        CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"(E)\",east,\n"
        "                ORDER[1],\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"(N)\",north,\n"
        "                ORDER[2],\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "    VERTCRS[\"ODN height\",\n"
        "        VDATUM[\"Ordnance Datum Newlyn\"],\n"
        "        CS[vertical,1],\n"
        "            AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "    ID[\"codespace\",\"code\"]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()), expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, compoundCRS_isEquivalentTo) {

    auto crs = createCompoundCRS();
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->shallowClone()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
    auto otherCompoundCRS = CompoundCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, ""),
        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, createVerticalCRS()});
    EXPECT_FALSE(crs->isEquivalentTo(otherCompoundCRS.get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, compoundCRS_as_WKT1_GDAL) {
    auto crs = createCompoundCRS();
    auto expected =
        "COMPD_CS[\"horizontal + vertical\",\n"
        "    PROJCS[\"WGS 84 / UTM zone 31N\",\n"
        "        GEOGCS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",\n"
        "                SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
        "                    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
        "            UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]],\n"
        "        PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",3],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"32631\"]],\n"
        "    VERT_CS[\"ODN height\",\n"
        "        VERT_DATUM[\"Ordnance Datum Newlyn\",2005,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5101\"]],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5701\"]],\n"
        "    AUTHORITY[\"codespace\",\"code\"]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, compoundCRS_as_PROJ_string) {
    auto crs = createCompoundCRS();
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=utm +zone=31 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +vunits=m +no_defs "
              "+type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, compoundCRS_no_name_provided) {
    auto crs = CompoundCRS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{createProjected(), createVerticalCRS()});
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->nameStr(), "WGS 84 / UTM zone 31N + ODN height");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, compoundCRS_identify_db) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    {
        // Identify by existing code
        auto res = factory->createCompoundCRS("8769")->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 8769);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);

        // Test with null
        EXPECT_TRUE(
            factory->createCompoundCRS("8769")->identify(nullptr).empty());
    }
    {
        // Non-existing code
        auto sourceCRS = factory->createCompoundCRS("8769");
        auto crs = CompoundCRS::create(
            PropertyMap()
                .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, sourceCRS->nameStr())
                .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
                .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 1),
            sourceCRS->componentReferenceSystems());
        auto res = crs->identify(factory);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.size(), 0U);
    }
    {
        // Existing code, but not matching content
        auto sourceCRS = factory->createCompoundCRS("8769");
        auto crs = CompoundCRS::create(
            PropertyMap()
                .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, sourceCRS->nameStr())
                .set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
                .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 8770),
            sourceCRS->componentReferenceSystems());
        auto res = crs->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 8770);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 25);
    }
    {
        // Identify by exact name
        auto sourceCRS = factory->createCompoundCRS("8769");
        auto crs = CompoundCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, sourceCRS->nameStr()),
            sourceCRS->componentReferenceSystems());
        auto res = static_cast<const CRS *>(crs.get())->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 8769);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    {
        EXPECT_TRUE(Identifier::isEquivalentName(
            "NAD83_Ohio_North_ftUS_NAVD88_height_ftUS",
            "NAD83 / Ohio North (ftUS) + NAVD88 height (ftUS)"));

        // Identify by equivalent name
        auto sourceCRS = factory->createCompoundCRS("8769");
        auto crs = CompoundCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                              "NAD83_Ohio_North_ftUS_NAVD88_height_ftUS"),
            sourceCRS->componentReferenceSystems());
        auto res = crs->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 8769);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 90);
    }
    {
        // Identify by name, but objects aren't equivalent
        auto sourceCRS = factory->createCompoundCRS("8770");
        auto crs = CompoundCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                              "NAD83_Ohio_North_ftUS_NAVD88_height_ftUS"),
            sourceCRS->componentReferenceSystems());
        auto res = crs->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 8769);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 25);
    }
    {
        auto sourceCRS = factory->createCompoundCRS("8769");
        auto crs = CompoundCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unrelated name"),
            sourceCRS->componentReferenceSystems());
        auto res = crs->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 8769);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }
    {
        auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
            "+proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=72.05 +k=1 +x_0=3500000 "
            "+y_0=-5811057.63 +ellps=krass "
            "+towgs84=23.57,-140.95,-79.8,0,-0.35,-0.79,-0.22 "
            "+geoidgrids=egm08_25.gtx +units=m +no_defs +type=crs");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        // Just check we don't get an exception
        crs->identify(factory);
    }
    // Identify from ESRI WKT
    {
        auto sourceCRS = factory->createCompoundCRS("7405");
        auto wkt = sourceCRS->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, dbContext)
                .get());
        auto obj =
            WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wkt);
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 7405);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
    }
    // Identify a CompoundCRS whose horizontal and vertical parts are known
    // but not the composition.
    {
        auto obj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+5703", dbContext);
        auto sourceCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(sourceCRS != nullptr);
        auto wkt = sourceCRS->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_ESRI, dbContext)
                .get());
        auto obj2 =
            WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wkt);
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(obj2);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factory);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().first->getEPSGCode(), 0);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
        const auto &components = res.front().first->componentReferenceSystems();
        EXPECT_EQ(components[0]->getEPSGCode(), 4326);
        EXPECT_EQ(components[1]->getEPSGCode(), 5703);
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, boundCRS_to_WKT2) {

    auto projcrs = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "my PROJCRS"),
        GeographicCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "my GEOGCRS"),
            GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
            EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE)),
        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    auto crs = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        projcrs, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->baseCRS()->nameStr(), projcrs->nameStr());

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->hubCRS()->nameStr(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326->nameStr());

    ASSERT_TRUE(crs->transformation()->sourceCRS() != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->transformation()->sourceCRS()->nameStr(),
              projcrs->baseCRS()->nameStr());

    ASSERT_TRUE(crs->transformation()->targetCRS() != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->transformation()->targetCRS()->nameStr(),
              GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326->nameStr());

    auto values = crs->transformation()->parameterValues();
    ASSERT_EQ(values.size(), 7U);
    {
        const auto &opParamvalue =
            nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<OperationParameterValue>(values[0]);
        ASSERT_TRUE(opParamvalue);
        const auto &paramName = opParamvalue->parameter()->nameStr();
        const auto &parameterValue = opParamvalue->parameterValue();
        EXPECT_TRUE(opParamvalue->parameter()->getEPSGCode() == 8605);
        EXPECT_EQ(paramName, "X-axis translation");
        EXPECT_EQ(parameterValue->type(), ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE);
        auto measure = parameterValue->value();
        EXPECT_EQ(measure.unit(), UnitOfMeasure::METRE);
        EXPECT_EQ(measure.value(), 1.0);
    }
    {
        const auto &opParamvalue =
            nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<OperationParameterValue>(values[1]);
        ASSERT_TRUE(opParamvalue);
        const auto &paramName = opParamvalue->parameter()->nameStr();
        const auto &parameterValue = opParamvalue->parameterValue();
        EXPECT_TRUE(opParamvalue->parameter()->getEPSGCode() == 8606);
        EXPECT_EQ(paramName, "Y-axis translation");
        EXPECT_EQ(parameterValue->type(), ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE);
        auto measure = parameterValue->value();
        EXPECT_EQ(measure.unit(), UnitOfMeasure::METRE);
        EXPECT_EQ(measure.value(), 2.0);
    }
    {
        const auto &opParamvalue =
            nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<OperationParameterValue>(values[2]);
        ASSERT_TRUE(opParamvalue);
        const auto &paramName = opParamvalue->parameter()->nameStr();
        const auto &parameterValue = opParamvalue->parameterValue();
        EXPECT_TRUE(opParamvalue->parameter()->getEPSGCode() == 8607);
        EXPECT_EQ(paramName, "Z-axis translation");
        EXPECT_EQ(parameterValue->type(), ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE);
        auto measure = parameterValue->value();
        EXPECT_EQ(measure.unit(), UnitOfMeasure::METRE);
        EXPECT_EQ(measure.value(), 3.0);
    }
    {
        const auto &opParamvalue =
            nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<OperationParameterValue>(values[3]);
        ASSERT_TRUE(opParamvalue);
        const auto &paramName = opParamvalue->parameter()->nameStr();
        const auto &parameterValue = opParamvalue->parameterValue();
        EXPECT_TRUE(opParamvalue->parameter()->getEPSGCode() == 8608);
        EXPECT_EQ(paramName, "X-axis rotation");
        EXPECT_EQ(parameterValue->type(), ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE);
        auto measure = parameterValue->value();
        EXPECT_EQ(measure.unit(), UnitOfMeasure::ARC_SECOND);
        EXPECT_EQ(measure.value(), 4.0);
    }
    {
        const auto &opParamvalue =
            nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<OperationParameterValue>(values[4]);
        ASSERT_TRUE(opParamvalue);
        const auto &paramName = opParamvalue->parameter()->nameStr();
        const auto &parameterValue = opParamvalue->parameterValue();
        EXPECT_TRUE(opParamvalue->parameter()->getEPSGCode() == 8609);
        EXPECT_EQ(paramName, "Y-axis rotation");
        EXPECT_EQ(parameterValue->type(), ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE);
        auto measure = parameterValue->value();
        EXPECT_EQ(measure.unit(), UnitOfMeasure::ARC_SECOND);
        EXPECT_EQ(measure.value(), 5.0);
    }
    {
        const auto &opParamvalue =
            nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<OperationParameterValue>(values[5]);
        ASSERT_TRUE(opParamvalue);
        const auto &paramName = opParamvalue->parameter()->nameStr();
        const auto &parameterValue = opParamvalue->parameterValue();
        EXPECT_TRUE(opParamvalue->parameter()->getEPSGCode() == 8610);
        EXPECT_EQ(paramName, "Z-axis rotation");
        EXPECT_EQ(parameterValue->type(), ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE);
        auto measure = parameterValue->value();
        EXPECT_EQ(measure.unit(), UnitOfMeasure::ARC_SECOND);
        EXPECT_EQ(measure.value(), 6.0);
    }
    {
        const auto &opParamvalue =
            nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<OperationParameterValue>(values[6]);
        ASSERT_TRUE(opParamvalue);
        const auto &paramName = opParamvalue->parameter()->nameStr();
        const auto &parameterValue = opParamvalue->parameterValue();
        EXPECT_TRUE(opParamvalue->parameter()->getEPSGCode() == 8611);
        EXPECT_EQ(paramName, "Scale difference");
        EXPECT_EQ(parameterValue->type(), ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE);
        auto measure = parameterValue->value();
        EXPECT_EQ(measure.unit(), UnitOfMeasure::PARTS_PER_MILLION);
        EXPECT_EQ(measure.value(), 7.0);
    }

    auto expected =
        "BOUNDCRS[SOURCECRS[" +
        projcrs->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()) + "],\n" +
        "TARGETCRS[" +
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()) +
        "],\n"
        "    ABRIDGEDTRANSFORMATION[\"Transformation from myGEOGCRS to "
        "WGS84\",\n"
        "        METHOD[\"Position Vector transformation (geog2D "
        "domain)\",\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",9606]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"X-axis translation\",1,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8605]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Y-axis translation\",2,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8606]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Z-axis translation\",3,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8607]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"X-axis rotation\",4,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8608]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Y-axis rotation\",5,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8609]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Z-axis rotation\",6,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8610]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Scale difference\",1.000007,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8611]]]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        replaceAll(
            replaceAll(crs->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()), " ", ""),
            "\n", ""),
        replaceAll(replaceAll(expected, " ", ""), "\n", ""));

    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->shallowClone()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, boundCRS_with_usage) {

    auto wkt =
        "BOUNDCRS[\n"
        "    SOURCECRS[\n"
        "        PROJCRS[\"Monte Mario / Italy zone 2\",\n"
        "            BASEGEOGCRS[\"Monte Mario\",\n"
        "                DATUM[\"Monte Mario\",\n"
        "                    ELLIPSOID[\"International 1924\",6378388,297,\n"
        "                        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "                PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",4265]],\n"
        "            CONVERSION[\"unnamed\",\n"
        "                METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\",\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],\n"
        "                PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
        "                PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",15,\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
        "                PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996,\n"
        "                    SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
        "                PARAMETER[\"False easting\",2520000,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
        "                PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]],\n"
        "            CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"x\",east,\n"
        "                    ORDER[1],\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"y\",north,\n"
        "                    ORDER[2],\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",3004]]],\n"
        "    TARGETCRS[\n"
        "        GEOGCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
        "                ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "            CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,\n"
        "                    ORDER[1],\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,\n"
        "                    ORDER[2],\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",4326]]],\n"
        "    ABRIDGEDTRANSFORMATION[\"Transformation from Monte Mario to "
        "WGS84\",\n"
        "        METHOD[\"Position Vector transformation (geog2D domain)\",\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",9606]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"X-axis translation\",-50.2,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8605]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Y-axis translation\",-50.4,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8606]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Z-axis translation\",84.8,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8607]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"X-axis rotation\",-0.69,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8608]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Y-axis rotation\",-2.012,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8609]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Z-axis rotation\",0.459,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8610]],\n"
        "        PARAMETER[\"Scale difference\",0.99997192,\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8611]]],\n"
        "    USAGE[\n"
        "        SCOPE[\"unknown\"],\n"
        "        AREA[\"Italy - Sicily onshore\"],\n"
        "        BBOX[36.59,12.36,38.35,15.71]]]";
    auto crs =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt));
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->nameStr(), "Monte Mario / Italy zone 2");

    auto got_wkt = crs->exportToWKT(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get());
    EXPECT_EQ(got_wkt, wkt);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, boundCRS_crs_link) {

    {
        std::weak_ptr<CRS> oriBaseCRS;
        {
            auto baseCRSIn = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267->shallowClone();
            oriBaseCRS = baseCRSIn.as_nullable();
            EXPECT_EQ(oriBaseCRS.use_count(), 1);
            {
                auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
                    baseCRSIn, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
                EXPECT_EQ(oriBaseCRS.use_count(), 3);
            }
            EXPECT_EQ(oriBaseCRS.use_count(), 1);
        }
        EXPECT_TRUE(oriBaseCRS.expired());
    }

    {
        CRSPtr baseCRS;
        {
            auto baseCRSIn = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267->shallowClone();
            CRS *baseCRSPtr = baseCRSIn.get();
            auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
                baseCRSIn, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
            baseCRS = boundCRS->baseCRS().as_nullable();
            EXPECT_TRUE(baseCRS.get() == baseCRSPtr);
        }
        EXPECT_TRUE(baseCRS->isEquivalentTo(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267.get()));
        EXPECT_TRUE(baseCRS->canonicalBoundCRS() == nullptr);
    }

    {
        CRSPtr baseCRS;
        {
            auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
                GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267->shallowClone(),
                std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
            baseCRS = boundCRS->baseCRSWithCanonicalBoundCRS().as_nullable();
        }
        EXPECT_TRUE(baseCRS->isEquivalentTo(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267.get()));
        EXPECT_TRUE(baseCRS->canonicalBoundCRS() != nullptr);

        EXPECT_TRUE(
            baseCRS
                ->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
                    nullptr,
                    CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER)
                ->isEquivalentTo(baseCRS->canonicalBoundCRS().get()));
    }

    {
        std::weak_ptr<CRS> oriBaseCRS;
        {
            BoundCRSPtr boundCRSExterior;
            {
                auto baseCRS = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267->shallowClone();
                oriBaseCRS = baseCRS.as_nullable();
                EXPECT_EQ(oriBaseCRS.use_count(), 1);
                auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
                    baseCRS, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
                EXPECT_EQ(oriBaseCRS.use_count(), 3);
                boundCRSExterior = boundCRS->baseCRSWithCanonicalBoundCRS()
                                       ->canonicalBoundCRS();
                EXPECT_EQ(oriBaseCRS.use_count(), 4);
            }
            EXPECT_EQ(oriBaseCRS.use_count(), 2);
            EXPECT_TRUE(!oriBaseCRS.expired());
            EXPECT_TRUE(boundCRSExterior->baseCRS()->isEquivalentTo(
                GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267.get()));
        }
        EXPECT_EQ(oriBaseCRS.use_count(), 0);
        EXPECT_TRUE(oriBaseCRS.expired());
    }

    {
        std::weak_ptr<CRS> oriBaseCRS;
        {
            BoundCRSPtr boundCRSExterior;
            {
                auto baseCRS = createProjected();
                oriBaseCRS = baseCRS.as_nullable();
                EXPECT_EQ(oriBaseCRS.use_count(), 1);
                auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
                    baseCRS, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
                EXPECT_EQ(oriBaseCRS.use_count(), 2);
                boundCRSExterior = boundCRS->baseCRSWithCanonicalBoundCRS()
                                       ->canonicalBoundCRS();
                EXPECT_EQ(oriBaseCRS.use_count(), 3);
            }
            EXPECT_EQ(oriBaseCRS.use_count(), 1);
            EXPECT_TRUE(!oriBaseCRS.expired());
            EXPECT_TRUE(boundCRSExterior->baseCRS()->isEquivalentTo(
                createProjected().get()));
        }
        EXPECT_EQ(oriBaseCRS.use_count(), 0);
        EXPECT_TRUE(oriBaseCRS.expired());
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, boundCRS_to_WKT1) {

    auto projcrs = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "my PROJCRS"),
        GeographicCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "my GEOGCRS"),
            GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
            EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE)),
        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    auto crs = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        projcrs, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
    auto expected = "PROJCS[\"my PROJCRS\",\n"
                    "    GEOGCS[\"my GEOGCRS\",\n"
                    "        DATUM[\"WGS_1984\",\n"
                    "            SPHEROID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
                    "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7030\"]],\n"
                    "            TOWGS84[1,2,3,4,5,6,7],\n"
                    "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],\n"
                    "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                    "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
                    "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                    "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]]],\n"
                    "    PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
                    "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",0],\n"
                    "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",3],\n"
                    "    PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.9996],\n"
                    "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",500000],\n"
                    "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
                    "    UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                    "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
                    "    AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
                    "    AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, boundCRS_geographicCRS_to_PROJ_string) {

    auto basecrs = GeographicCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "my GEOGCRS"),
        GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
        EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));

    auto crs = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        basecrs, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=1,2,3,4,5,6,7 +no_defs +type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, boundCRS_projectedCRS_to_PROJ_string) {

    auto projcrs = ProjectedCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "my PROJCRS"),
        GeographicCRS::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "my GEOGCRS"),
            GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
            EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE)),
        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));

    auto crs = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
        projcrs, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=1,2,3,4,5,6,7 +units=m "
              "+no_defs +type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, boundCRS_identify_db) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factoryEPSG = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    {
        auto obj = PROJStringParser()
                       .attachDatabaseContext(dbContext)
                       .createFromPROJString(
                           "+proj=tmerc +lat_0=-37.76111111111111 "
                           "+lon_0=176.4661111111111 +k=1 "
                           "+x_0=400000 +y_0=800000 +ellps=GRS80 "
                           "+towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 +units=m +type=crs");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        auto boundCRS = dynamic_cast<const BoundCRS *>(res.front().first.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(boundCRS != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(boundCRS->baseCRS()->getEPSGCode(), 2106);
        EXPECT_EQ(boundCRS->transformation()->nameStr(),
                  "NZGD2000 to WGS 84 (1)");
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }

    {
        // WKT has EPSG code but the definition doesn't match with the official
        // one (namely linear units are different)
        // https://github.com/OSGeo/gdal/issues/990
        // Also test that we can handle the synthetic Null geographic offset
        // between NAD83 and WGS84
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "PROJCS[\"NAD83 / Ohio North\",GEOGCS[\"NAD83\","
            "DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\","
            "6378137,298.257222101,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],"
            "TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],"
            "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],"
            "UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433, AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],"
            "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],"
            "PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic_2SP\"],"
            "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",41.7],"
            "PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_2\",40.43333333333333],"
            "PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",39.66666666666666],"
            "PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-82.5],"
            "PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",1968503.937007874],"
            "PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],"
            "UNIT[\"International Foot\",0.3048,AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9002\"]],"
            "AXIS[\"X\",EAST],AXIS[\"Y\",NORTH],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"32122\"]"
            "]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 25);
        auto boundCRS = dynamic_cast<const BoundCRS *>(res.front().first.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(boundCRS != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(boundCRS->baseCRS()->getEPSGCode(), 32122);
        EXPECT_EQ(boundCRS->transformation()->method()->getEPSGCode(), 9603);
    }

    {
        // Identify from a PROJ string with +towgs84
        auto obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
            "+proj=utm +zone=48 +a=6377276.345 +b=6356075.41314024 "
            "+towgs84=198,881,317,0,0,0,0 +units=m +no_defs +type=crs");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        auto boundCRS = dynamic_cast<const BoundCRS *>(res.front().first.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(boundCRS != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(boundCRS->baseCRS()->getEPSGCode(), 3148);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 70);
    }

    {
        // Identify a WKT with datum WGS84 and TOWGS84
        auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(
            "GEOGCS[\"WGS84 Coordinate System\",DATUM[\"WGS 1984\","
            "SPHEROID[\"WGS 1984\",6378137,298.257223563],"
            "TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6326\"]],"
            "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],"
            "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4326\"]]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->identify(factoryEPSG);
        ASSERT_EQ(res.size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(res.front().second, 100);
        auto boundCRS = dynamic_cast<const BoundCRS *>(res.front().first.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(boundCRS != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(boundCRS->baseCRS()->getEPSGCode(), 4326);
        EXPECT_EQ(boundCRS->transformation()->method()->getEPSGCode(), 9606);
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, incompatible_boundCRS_hubCRS_to_WKT1) {

    auto crs = BoundCRS::create(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
        Transformation::createGeocentricTranslations(
            PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
            1.0, 2.0, 3.0, std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>()));

    EXPECT_THROW(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, incompatible_boundCRS_transformation_to_WKT1) {

    auto crs = BoundCRS::create(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
        Transformation::create(PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
                               GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, nullptr, PropertyMap(),
                               std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>(),
                               std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>(),
                               std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>()));

    EXPECT_THROW(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, WKT1_DATUM_EXTENSION_to_WKT1_and_PROJ_string) {
    auto wkt =
        "PROJCS[\"unnamed\",\n"
        "    GEOGCS[\"International 1909 (Hayford)\",\n"
        "        DATUM[\"unknown\",\n"
        "            SPHEROID[\"intl\",6378388,297],\n"
        "            EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"nzgd2kgrid0005.gsb\"]],\n"
        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "    PROJECTION[\"New_Zealand_Map_Grid\"],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",-41],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",173],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",2510000],\n"
        "    PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",6023150],\n"
        "    UNIT[\"Meter\",1],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
        "    AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH]]";

    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        wkt);

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=nzmg +lat_0=-41 +lon_0=173 +x_0=2510000 +y_0=6023150 "
        "+ellps=intl +nadgrids=nzgd2kgrid0005.gsb +units=m +no_defs +type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, WKT1_VERT_DATUM_EXTENSION_to_WKT1) {
    auto wkt = "VERT_CS[\"EGM2008 geoid height\",\n"
               "    VERT_DATUM[\"EGM2008 geoid\",2005,\n"
               "        EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"egm08_25.gtx\"],\n"
               "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"1027\"]],\n"
               "    UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
               "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
               "    AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
               "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"3855\"]]";

    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        wkt);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, WKT1_VERT_DATUM_EXTENSION_to_WKT2) {
    auto wkt = "VERT_CS[\"EGM2008 geoid height\",\n"
               "    VERT_DATUM[\"EGM2008 geoid\",2005,\n"
               "        EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"egm08_25.gtx\"],\n"
               "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"1027\"]],\n"
               "    UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
               "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
               "    AXIS[\"Up\",UP],\n"
               "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"3855\"]]";

    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    auto wkt2 =
        "BOUNDCRS[\n"
        "    SOURCECRS[\n"
        "        VERTCRS[\"EGM2008 geoid height\",\n"
        "            VDATUM[\"EGM2008 geoid\"],\n"
        "            CS[vertical,1],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"up\",up,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",3855]]],\n"
        "    TARGETCRS[\n"
        "        GEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
        "                ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "            CS[ellipsoidal,3],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
        "                    ORDER[1],\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
        "                    ORDER[2],\n"
        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
        "                AXIS[\"ellipsoidal height\",up,\n"
        "                    ORDER[3],\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",4979]]],\n"
        "    ABRIDGEDTRANSFORMATION[\"EGM2008 geoid height to WGS 84 "
        "ellipsoidal height\",\n"
        "        METHOD[\"GravityRelatedHeight to Geographic3D\"],\n"
        "        PARAMETERFILE[\"Geoid (height correction) model "
        "file\",\"egm08_25.gtx\",\n"
        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8666]]]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2).get()),
              wkt2);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, WKT1_VERT_DATUM_EXTENSION_to_PROJ_string) {
    auto wkt = "VERT_CS[\"EGM2008 geoid height\",\n"
               "    VERT_DATUM[\"EGM2008 geoid\",2005,\n"
               "        EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"egm08_25.gtx\"],\n"
               "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"1027\"]],\n"
               "    UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
               "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
               "    AXIS[\"Up\",UP],\n"
               "    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"3855\"]]";

    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+geoidgrids=egm08_25.gtx +geoid_crs=WGS84 +vunits=m +no_defs "
              "+type=crs");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, extractGeographicCRS) {
    EXPECT_EQ(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326->extractGeographicCRS(),
              GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
    EXPECT_EQ(createProjected()->extractGeographicCRS(),
              GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
    EXPECT_EQ(CompoundCRS::create(
                  PropertyMap(), std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
                                                       createVerticalCRS()})
                  ->extractGeographicCRS(),
              GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, extractVerticalCRS) {
    EXPECT_EQ(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326->extractVerticalCRS(), nullptr);
    {
        auto vertcrs = createCompoundCRS()->extractVerticalCRS();
        ASSERT_TRUE(vertcrs != nullptr);
        EXPECT_TRUE(vertcrs->isEquivalentTo(createVerticalCRS().get()));
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static DerivedGeographicCRSNNPtr createDerivedGeographicCRS() {

    auto derivingConversion = Conversion::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Atlantic pole"),
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Pole rotation"),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{
            OperationParameter::create(PropertyMap().set(
                IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Latitude of rotated pole")),
            OperationParameter::create(PropertyMap().set(
                IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Longitude of rotated pole")),
            OperationParameter::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Axis rotation")),
        },
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{
            ParameterValue::create(Angle(52.0)),
            ParameterValue::create(Angle(-30.0)),
            ParameterValue::create(Angle(-25)),
        });

    return DerivedGeographicCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "WMO Atlantic Pole"),
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, derivingConversion,
        EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, derivedGeographicCRS_basic) {

    auto derivedCRS = createDerivedGeographicCRS();
    EXPECT_TRUE(derivedCRS->isEquivalentTo(derivedCRS.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(derivedCRS->isEquivalentTo(
        derivedCRS->baseCRS().get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_FALSE(derivedCRS->baseCRS()->isEquivalentTo(
        derivedCRS.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, derivedGeographicCRS_WKT2) {

    auto expected = "GEODCRS[\"WMO Atlantic Pole\",\n"
                    "    BASEGEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                    "        DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
                    "            ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
                    "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
                    "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                    "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
                    "    DERIVINGCONVERSION[\"Atlantic pole\",\n"
                    "        METHOD[\"Pole rotation\"],\n"
                    "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of rotated pole\",52,\n"
                    "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]],\n"
                    "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of rotated pole\",-30,\n"
                    "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]],\n"
                    "        PARAMETER[\"Axis rotation\",-25,\n"
                    "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]]],\n"
                    "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
                    "            ORDER[1],\n"
                    "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
                    "            ORDER[2],\n"
                    "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]]]";

    auto crs = createDerivedGeographicCRS();
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2).get()),
              expected);

    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->shallowClone()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, derivedGeographicCRS_WKT2_2019) {

    auto expected = "GEOGCRS[\"WMO Atlantic Pole\",\n"
                    "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                    "        DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
                    "            ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
                    "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
                    "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                    "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
                    "    DERIVINGCONVERSION[\"Atlantic pole\",\n"
                    "        METHOD[\"Pole rotation\"],\n"
                    "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of rotated pole\",52,\n"
                    "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]],\n"
                    "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of rotated pole\",-30,\n"
                    "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]],\n"
                    "        PARAMETER[\"Axis rotation\",-25,\n"
                    "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]]],\n"
                    "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
                    "            ORDER[1],\n"
                    "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
                    "            ORDER[2],\n"
                    "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        createDerivedGeographicCRS()->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get()),
        expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, derivedGeographicCRS_WKT1) {

    EXPECT_THROW(
        createDerivedGeographicCRS()->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, derivedGeographicCRS_to_PROJ) {

    auto wkt = "GEODCRS[\"WMO Atlantic Pole\",\n"
               "    BASEGEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
               "        DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
               "            ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
               "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
               "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
               "    DERIVINGCONVERSION[\"unnamed\",\n"
               "        METHOD[\"PROJ ob_tran o_proj=longlat\"],\n"
               "        PARAMETER[\"o_lat_p\",52,\n"
               "            UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
               "        PARAMETER[\"o_lon_p\",-30,\n"
               "            UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
               "        PARAMETER[\"lon_0\",-25,\n"
               "            UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
               "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
               "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
               "            ORDER[1],\n"
               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
               "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
               "            ORDER[2],\n"
               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]]";

    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<DerivedGeographicCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=ob_tran +o_proj=longlat +o_lat_p=52 +o_lon_p=-30 +lon_0=-25 "
        "+datum=WGS84 +no_defs +type=crs");

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        crs->baseCRS(), NN_NO_CHECK(crs));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(
        op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=ob_tran "
        "+o_proj=longlat +o_lat_p=52 +o_lon_p=-30 +lon_0=-25 +ellps=WGS84 "
        "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step "
        "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, derivedGeographicCRS_with_affine_transform_to_PROJ) {

    auto wkt = "GEODCRS[\"WGS 84 Translated\",\n"
               "    BASEGEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
               "        DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
               "            ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
               "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
               "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0]],\n"
               "    DERIVINGCONVERSION[\"Translation\",\n"
               "        METHOD[\"Affine parametric transformation\",\n"
               "            ID[\"EPSG\",9624]],\n"
               "        PARAMETER[\"A0\",0.5,\n"
               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8623]],\n"
               "        PARAMETER[\"A1\",1,\n"
               "            SCALEUNIT[\"coefficient\",1],\n"
               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8624]],\n"
               "        PARAMETER[\"A2\",0,\n"
               "            SCALEUNIT[\"coefficient\",1],\n"
               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8625]],\n"
               "        PARAMETER[\"B0\",2.5,\n"
               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8639]],\n"
               "        PARAMETER[\"B1\",0,\n"
               "            SCALEUNIT[\"coefficient\",1],\n"
               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8640]],\n"
               "        PARAMETER[\"B2\",1,\n"
               "            SCALEUNIT[\"coefficient\",1],\n"
               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8641]]],\n"
               "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
               "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north],\n"
               "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east],\n"
               "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]";

    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<DerivedGeographicCRS>(obj);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->derivingConversion()->validateParameters().empty());
    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        crs->baseCRS(), NN_NO_CHECK(crs));
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              "+proj=affine +xoff=0.5 +s11=1 +s12=0 +yoff=2.5 +s21=0 +s22=1");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static DerivedGeodeticCRSNNPtr createDerivedGeodeticCRS() {

    auto derivingConversion = Conversion::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Some conversion"),
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Some method"),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{});

    return DerivedGeodeticCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Derived geodetic CRS"),
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, derivingConversion,
        CartesianCS::createGeocentric(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, derivedGeodeticCRS_basic) {

    auto derivedCRS = createDerivedGeodeticCRS();
    EXPECT_TRUE(derivedCRS->isEquivalentTo(derivedCRS.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(derivedCRS->isEquivalentTo(
        derivedCRS->baseCRS().get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_FALSE(derivedCRS->baseCRS()->isEquivalentTo(
        derivedCRS.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, derivedGeodeticCRS_WKT2) {

    auto expected = "GEODCRS[\"Derived geodetic CRS\",\n"
                    "    BASEGEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                    "        DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
                    "            ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
                    "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
                    "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                    "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
                    "    DERIVINGCONVERSION[\"Some conversion\",\n"
                    "        METHOD[\"Some method\"]],\n"
                    "    CS[Cartesian,3],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(X)\",geocentricX,\n"
                    "            ORDER[1],\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(Y)\",geocentricY,\n"
                    "            ORDER[2],\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(Z)\",geocentricZ,\n"
                    "            ORDER[3],\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]]";

    auto crs = createDerivedGeodeticCRS();
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2).get()),
              expected);

    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->shallowClone()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, derivedGeodeticCRS_WKT2_2019) {

    auto expected = "GEODCRS[\"Derived geodetic CRS\",\n"
                    "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
                    "        DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
                    "            ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
                    "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
                    "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
                    "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
                    "    DERIVINGCONVERSION[\"Some conversion\",\n"
                    "        METHOD[\"Some method\"]],\n"
                    "    CS[Cartesian,3],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(X)\",geocentricX,\n"
                    "            ORDER[1],\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(Y)\",geocentricY,\n"
                    "            ORDER[2],\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(Z)\",geocentricZ,\n"
                    "            ORDER[3],\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        createDerivedGeodeticCRS()->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get()),
        expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, derivedGeodeticCRS_WKT1) {

    EXPECT_THROW(
        createDerivedGeodeticCRS()->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, derivedProjectedCRS_WKT2_2019) {

    auto expected =
        "DERIVEDPROJCRS[\"derived projectedCRS\",\n"
        "    BASEPROJCRS[\"WGS 84 / UTM zone 31N\",\n"
        "        BASEGEOGCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
        "            DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
        "                ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
        "        CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 31N\",\n"
        "            METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\",\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",3,\n"
        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996,\n"
        "                SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
        "            PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]]],\n"
        "    DERIVINGCONVERSION[\"unnamed\",\n"
        "        METHOD[\"PROJ unimplemented\"]],\n"
        "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east,\n"
        "            ORDER[1],\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
        "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north,\n"
        "            ORDER[2],\n"
        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]]";

    auto crs = createDerivedProjectedCRS();
    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get()),
        expected);

    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->shallowClone()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));

    auto geodCRS = crs->extractGeodeticCRS();
    EXPECT_TRUE(geodCRS != nullptr);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, derivedProjectedCRS_WKT2_2015) {

    auto crs = createDerivedProjectedCRS();
    EXPECT_THROW(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2015).get()),
        FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static DateTimeTemporalCSNNPtr createDateTimeTemporalCS() {
    return DateTimeTemporalCS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        CoordinateSystemAxis::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Time"), "T",
            AxisDirection::FUTURE, UnitOfMeasure::NONE));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static TemporalCRSNNPtr createDateTimeTemporalCRS() {

    auto datum = TemporalDatum::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Gregorian calendar"),
        DateTime::create("0000-01-01"),
        TemporalDatum::CALENDAR_PROLEPTIC_GREGORIAN);

    return TemporalCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Temporal CRS"), datum,
        createDateTimeTemporalCS());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, dateTimeTemporalCRS_WKT2) {

    auto expected = "TIMECRS[\"Temporal CRS\",\n"
                    "    TDATUM[\"Gregorian calendar\",\n"
                    "        TIMEORIGIN[0000-01-01]],\n"
                    "    CS[temporal,1],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"time (T)\",future]]";

    auto crs = createDateTimeTemporalCRS();
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2).get()),
              expected);

    EXPECT_THROW(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        FormattingException);

    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->shallowClone()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(!crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, dateTimeTemporalCRS_WKT2_2019) {

    auto expected = "TIMECRS[\"Temporal CRS\",\n"
                    "    TDATUM[\"Gregorian calendar\",\n"
                    "        CALENDAR[\"proleptic Gregorian\"],\n"
                    "        TIMEORIGIN[0000-01-01]],\n"
                    "    CS[TemporalDateTime,1],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"time (T)\",future]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        createDateTimeTemporalCRS()->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get()),
        expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static TemporalCRSNNPtr createTemporalCountCRSWithConvFactor() {

    auto datum = TemporalDatum::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "GPS time origin"),
        DateTime::create("1980-01-01T00:00:00.0Z"),
        TemporalDatum::CALENDAR_PROLEPTIC_GREGORIAN);

    auto cs = TemporalCountCS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        CoordinateSystemAxis::create(PropertyMap(), "T", AxisDirection::FUTURE,
                                     UnitOfMeasure("milliseconds (ms)", 0.001,
                                                   UnitOfMeasure::Type::TIME)));

    return TemporalCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "GPS milliseconds"),
        datum, cs);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, temporalCountCRSWithConvFactor_WKT2_2019) {

    auto expected = "TIMECRS[\"GPS milliseconds\",\n"
                    "    TDATUM[\"GPS time origin\",\n"
                    "        CALENDAR[\"proleptic Gregorian\"],\n"
                    "        TIMEORIGIN[1980-01-01T00:00:00.0Z]],\n"
                    "    CS[TemporalCount,1],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(T)\",future,\n"
                    "            TIMEUNIT[\"milliseconds (ms)\",0.001]]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        createTemporalCountCRSWithConvFactor()->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get()),
        expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static TemporalCRSNNPtr createTemporalCountCRSWithoutConvFactor() {

    auto datum = TemporalDatum::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "29 December 1979"),
        DateTime::create("1979-12-29T00"),
        TemporalDatum::CALENDAR_PROLEPTIC_GREGORIAN);

    auto cs = TemporalCountCS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        CoordinateSystemAxis::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Time"), "",
            AxisDirection::FUTURE,
            UnitOfMeasure("hour", 0, UnitOfMeasure::Type::TIME)));

    return TemporalCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
                          "Calendar hours from 1979-12-29"),
        datum, cs);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, temporalCountCRSWithoutConvFactor_WKT2_2019) {

    auto expected = "TIMECRS[\"Calendar hours from 1979-12-29\",\n"
                    "    TDATUM[\"29 December 1979\",\n"
                    "        CALENDAR[\"proleptic Gregorian\"],\n"
                    "        TIMEORIGIN[1979-12-29T00]],\n"
                    "    CS[TemporalCount,1],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"time\",future,\n"
                    "            TIMEUNIT[\"hour\"]]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        createTemporalCountCRSWithoutConvFactor()->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get()),
        expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static TemporalCRSNNPtr createTemporalMeasureCRSWithoutConvFactor() {

    auto datum = TemporalDatum::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Common Era"),
        DateTime::create("0000"), TemporalDatum::CALENDAR_PROLEPTIC_GREGORIAN);

    auto cs = TemporalMeasureCS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        CoordinateSystemAxis::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Decimal years"), "a",
            AxisDirection::FUTURE,
            UnitOfMeasure("year", 0, UnitOfMeasure::Type::TIME)));

    return TemporalCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Decimal Years CE"),
        datum, cs);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, temporalMeasureCRSWithoutConvFactor_WKT2_2019) {

    auto expected = "TIMECRS[\"Decimal Years CE\",\n"
                    "    TDATUM[\"Common Era\",\n"
                    "        CALENDAR[\"proleptic Gregorian\"],\n"
                    "        TIMEORIGIN[0000]],\n"
                    "    CS[TemporalMeasure,1],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"decimal years (a)\",future,\n"
                    "            TIMEUNIT[\"year\"]]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        createTemporalMeasureCRSWithoutConvFactor()->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get()),
        expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static EngineeringCRSNNPtr createEngineeringCRS() {

    auto datum = EngineeringDatum::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Engineering datum"));

    return EngineeringCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Engineering CRS"), datum,
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, engineeringCRS_WKT2) {

    auto expected = "ENGCRS[\"Engineering CRS\",\n"
                    "    EDATUM[\"Engineering datum\"],\n"
                    "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east,\n"
                    "            ORDER[1],\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north,\n"
                    "            ORDER[2],\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]]";

    auto crs = createEngineeringCRS();
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->shallowClone()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(!crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2).get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, engineeringCRS_WKT1) {

    auto expected = "LOCAL_CS[\"Engineering CRS\",\n"
                    "    LOCAL_DATUM[\"Engineering datum\",32767],\n"
                    "    UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                    "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
                    "    AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
                    "    AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH]]";
    EXPECT_EQ(
        createEngineeringCRS()->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, engineeringCRS_unknown_equivalence) {

    // Test equivalent of CRS definition got from GPKG (wkt2) and its equivalent
    // from GeoTIFF (wkt1)
    // Cf https://github.com/r-spatial/sf/issues/2049#issuecomment-1486600723
    auto wkt1 = "ENGCRS[\"Undefined Cartesian SRS with unknown unit\",\n"
                "    EDATUM[\"\"],\n"
                "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
                "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east,\n"
                "            ORDER[1],\n"
                "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
                "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north,\n"
                "            ORDER[2],\n"
                "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]]";

    auto wkt2 = "ENGCRS[\"Undefined Cartesian SRS with unknown unit\",\n"
                "    EDATUM[\"Unknown engineering datum\"],\n"
                "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
                "        AXIS[\"x\",unspecified,\n"
                "            ORDER[1],\n"
                "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
                "        AXIS[\"y\",unspecified,\n"
                "            ORDER[2],\n"
                "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]]";

    auto obj1 = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt1);
    auto crs1 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj1);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs1 != nullptr);

    auto obj2 = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt2);
    auto crs2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj2);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs2 != nullptr);

    EXPECT_TRUE(
        crs1->isEquivalentTo(crs2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        crs2->isEquivalentTo(crs1.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static ParametricCSNNPtr createParametricCS() {

    return ParametricCS::create(
        PropertyMap(),
        CoordinateSystemAxis::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "pressure"), "hPa",
            AxisDirection::UP,
            UnitOfMeasure("HectoPascal", 100,
                          UnitOfMeasure::Type::PARAMETRIC)));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static ParametricCRSNNPtr createParametricCRS() {

    auto datum = ParametricDatum::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Parametric datum"));

    return ParametricCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Parametric CRS"), datum,
        createParametricCS());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, default_identify_method) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(createParametricCRS()->identify(nullptr).empty());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, parametricCRS_WKT2) {

    auto expected = "PARAMETRICCRS[\"Parametric CRS\",\n"
                    "    PDATUM[\"Parametric datum\"],\n"
                    "    CS[parametric,1],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"pressure (hPa)\",up,\n"
                    "            PARAMETRICUNIT[\"HectoPascal\",100]]]";
    auto crs = createParametricCRS();
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->shallowClone()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(!crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));

    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2).get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, parametricCRS_WKT1) {

    EXPECT_THROW(
        createParametricCRS()->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, derivedVerticalCRS_basic) {

    auto crs = createDerivedVerticalCRS();
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->shallowClone()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(!crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));

    EXPECT_FALSE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs->baseCRS().get()));
    EXPECT_FALSE(crs->baseCRS()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, DerivedVerticalCRS_WKT2) {

    auto expected = "VERTCRS[\"Derived vertCRS\",\n"
                    "    BASEVERTCRS[\"ODN height\",\n"
                    "        VDATUM[\"Ordnance Datum Newlyn\",\n"
                    "            ID[\"EPSG\",5101]]],\n"
                    "    DERIVINGCONVERSION[\"unnamed\",\n"
                    "        METHOD[\"PROJ unimplemented\"]],\n"
                    "    CS[vertical,1],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]]";

    auto crs = createDerivedVerticalCRS();
    EXPECT_EQ(crs->exportToWKT(
                  WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2).get()),
              expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, DerivedVerticalCRS_WKT1) {

    EXPECT_THROW(
        createDerivedVerticalCRS()->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, DerivedVerticalCRS_WKT1_when_simple_derivation) {

    auto derivingConversion =
        Conversion::createChangeVerticalUnit(PropertyMap().set(
            IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Vertical Axis Unit Conversion"));

    auto crs = DerivedVerticalCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Derived vertCRS"),
        createVerticalCRS(), derivingConversion,
        VerticalCS::createGravityRelatedHeight(UnitOfMeasure::FOOT));

    auto expected = "VERT_CS[\"Derived vertCRS\",\n"
                    "    VERT_DATUM[\"Ordnance Datum Newlyn\",2005,\n"
                    "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5101\"]],\n"
                    "    UNIT[\"foot\",0.3048,\n"
                    "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9002\"]],\n"
                    "    AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP]]";

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static DerivedEngineeringCRSNNPtr createDerivedEngineeringCRS() {

    auto derivingConversion = Conversion::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unnamed"),
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "PROJ unimplemented"),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{});

    return DerivedEngineeringCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Derived EngineeringCRS"),
        createEngineeringCRS(), derivingConversion,
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, DerivedEngineeringCRS_WKT2) {

    auto expected = "ENGCRS[\"Derived EngineeringCRS\",\n"
                    "    BASEENGCRS[\"Engineering CRS\",\n"
                    "        EDATUM[\"Engineering datum\"]],\n"
                    "    DERIVINGCONVERSION[\"unnamed\",\n"
                    "        METHOD[\"PROJ unimplemented\"]],\n"
                    "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east,\n"
                    "            ORDER[1],\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north,\n"
                    "            ORDER[2],\n"
                    "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
                    "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]]";

    auto crs = createDerivedEngineeringCRS();
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->shallowClone()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(!crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->coordinateSystem()->isEquivalentTo(
        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE).get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        crs->datum()->isEquivalentTo(createEngineeringCRS()->datum().get()));

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get()),
        expected);
    EXPECT_THROW(
        createDerivedEngineeringCRS()->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2015).get()),
        FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, DerivedEngineeringCRS_WKT1) {

    EXPECT_THROW(
        createDerivedEngineeringCRS()->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static DerivedParametricCRSNNPtr createDerivedParametricCRS() {

    auto derivingConversion = Conversion::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unnamed"),
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "PROJ unimplemented"),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{});

    return DerivedParametricCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Derived ParametricCRS"),
        createParametricCRS(), derivingConversion, createParametricCS());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, DerivedParametricCRS_WKT2) {

    auto expected = "PARAMETRICCRS[\"Derived ParametricCRS\",\n"
                    "    BASEPARAMCRS[\"Parametric CRS\",\n"
                    "        PDATUM[\"Parametric datum\"]],\n"
                    "    DERIVINGCONVERSION[\"unnamed\",\n"
                    "        METHOD[\"PROJ unimplemented\"]],\n"
                    "    CS[parametric,1],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"pressure (hPa)\",up,\n"
                    "            PARAMETRICUNIT[\"HectoPascal\",100]]]";

    auto crs = createDerivedParametricCRS();
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->shallowClone()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(!crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        crs->coordinateSystem()->isEquivalentTo(createParametricCS().get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        crs->datum()->isEquivalentTo(createParametricCRS()->datum().get()));

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get()),
        expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, DerivedParametricCRS_WKT1) {

    EXPECT_THROW(
        createDerivedParametricCRS()->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static DerivedTemporalCRSNNPtr createDerivedTemporalCRS() {

    auto derivingConversion = Conversion::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unnamed"),
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "PROJ unimplemented"),
        std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{},
        std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>{});

    return DerivedTemporalCRS::create(
        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Derived TemporalCRS"),
        createDateTimeTemporalCRS(), derivingConversion,
        createDateTimeTemporalCS());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, DeriveTemporalCRS_WKT2) {

    auto expected = "TIMECRS[\"Derived TemporalCRS\",\n"
                    "    BASETIMECRS[\"Temporal CRS\",\n"
                    "        TDATUM[\"Gregorian calendar\",\n"
                    "            CALENDAR[\"proleptic Gregorian\"],\n"
                    "            TIMEORIGIN[0000-01-01]]],\n"
                    "    DERIVINGCONVERSION[\"unnamed\",\n"
                    "        METHOD[\"PROJ unimplemented\"]],\n"
                    "    CS[TemporalDateTime,1],\n"
                    "        AXIS[\"time (T)\",future]]";

    auto crs = createDerivedTemporalCRS();
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->shallowClone()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(!crs->isEquivalentTo(createUnrelatedObject().get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->coordinateSystem()->isEquivalentTo(
        createDateTimeTemporalCS().get()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs->datum()->isEquivalentTo(
        createDateTimeTemporalCRS()->datum().get()));

    EXPECT_EQ(
        crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get()),
        expected);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, DeriveTemporalCRS_WKT1) {

    EXPECT_THROW(
        createDerivedTemporalCRS()->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL).get()),
        FormattingException);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, crs_createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
    {
        auto crs_4326 = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326");
        EXPECT_EQ(crs_4326->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
                      dbContext,
                      CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER),
                  crs_4326);
    }
    {
        auto crs_32631 = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32631");
        EXPECT_EQ(crs_32631->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
                      dbContext,
                      CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER),
                  crs_32631);
    }
    {
        // Pulkovo 42 East Germany
        auto crs_5670 = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5670");
        EXPECT_EQ(crs_5670->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
                      dbContext,
                      CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER),
                  crs_5670);
    }
    {
        // Pulkovo 42 Romania
        auto crs_3844 = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("3844");
        EXPECT_EQ(crs_3844->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
                      dbContext,
                      CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER),
                  crs_3844);
    }
    {
        // Pulkovo 42 Poland
        auto crs_2171 = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("2171");
        EXPECT_EQ(crs_2171->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
                      dbContext,
                      CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER),
                  crs_2171);
    }
    {
        // NTF (Paris)
        auto crs_4807 = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4807");
        auto bound = crs_4807->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
            dbContext, CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER);
        EXPECT_NE(bound, crs_4807);
        EXPECT_EQ(bound->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
                      dbContext,
                      CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER),
                  bound);
        auto boundCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(bound);
        ASSERT_TRUE(boundCRS != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            boundCRS->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
            "+towgs84=-168,-60,320,0,0,0,0 +no_defs +type=crs");
    }
    {
        // WGS 84 + EGM2008 height
        auto obj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+3855", dbContext);
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
        auto res = crs->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
            dbContext, CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER);
        EXPECT_NE(res, crs);
        EXPECT_EQ(res->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
                      dbContext,
                      CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER),
                  res);
        auto compoundCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(res);
        ASSERT_TRUE(compoundCRS != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(compoundCRS->exportToPROJString(
                      PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +geoidgrids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif "
                  "+geoid_crs=WGS84 +vunits=m +no_defs +type=crs");
    }
#ifdef disabled_since_epsg_10_035
    // There are now too many transformations from NGF-IGN69 height to WGS 84
    // for createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible() to be able to select a
    // vertical geoidgrid
    {
        // NTF (Paris) / Lambert zone II + NGF-IGN69 height
        auto crs_7421 = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7421");
        auto res = crs_7421->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
            dbContext, CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER);
        EXPECT_NE(res, crs_7421);
        EXPECT_EQ(res->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
                      dbContext,
                      CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER),
                  res);
        auto compoundCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(res);
        ASSERT_TRUE(compoundCRS != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(compoundCRS->exportToPROJString(
                      PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
                  "+proj=lcc +lat_1=46.8 +lat_0=46.8 +lon_0=0 +k_0=0.99987742 "
                  "+x_0=600000 +y_0=2200000 +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
                  "+towgs84=-168,-60,320,0,0,0,0 +units=m "
                  "+geoidgrids=fr_ign_RAF18.tif +vunits=m +no_defs +type=crs");
    }
#endif
    {
        auto crs = createVerticalCRS();
        EXPECT_EQ(crs->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
                      dbContext,
                      CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER),
                  crs);
    }
    {
        auto crs = createCompoundCRS();
        EXPECT_EQ(crs->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
                      dbContext,
                      CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER),
                  crs);
    }
    {
        auto factoryIGNF =
            AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "IGNF");
        auto crs = factoryIGNF->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("TERA50STEREO");
        auto bound = crs->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
            dbContext, CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER);
        EXPECT_NE(bound, crs);
        auto boundCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(bound);
        ASSERT_TRUE(boundCRS != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            boundCRS->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            "+proj=stere +lat_0=-90 +lon_0=140 +k=0.960272946 "
            "+x_0=300000 +y_0=-2299363.482 +ellps=intl "
            "+towgs84=324.8,153.6,172.1,0,0,0,0 +units=m +no_defs +type=crs");
    }
    {
        auto factoryIGNF =
            AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "IGNF");
        auto crs = factoryIGNF->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("PGP50");
        auto bound = crs->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
            dbContext, CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER);
        EXPECT_NE(bound, crs);
        auto boundCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(bound);
        ASSERT_TRUE(boundCRS != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            boundCRS->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
            "+proj=geocent +ellps=intl "
            "+towgs84=324.8,153.6,172.1,0,0,0,0 +units=m +no_defs +type=crs");
    }
    {
        auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"); // NAD83
        auto bound = crs->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
            dbContext, CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER);
        EXPECT_EQ(bound, crs);
    }
    {
        // GDA2020 geocentric
        auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7842");
        const auto time_before =
            ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->elapsed_time();
        crs->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
            dbContext, CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::
                           IF_NO_DIRECT_TRANSFORMATION);
        const auto time_after =
            ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->elapsed_time();
        EXPECT_LE(time_after - time_before, 500);
    }
    {
        // POSGAR 2007: it has 2 helmert shifts to WGS84 (#2356). Don't take
        // an arbitrary one
        auto crs_5340 = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5340");
        EXPECT_EQ(crs_5340->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
                      dbContext,
                      CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER),
                  crs_5340);
    }
    {
        // "MGI 1901 / Balkans zone 7": it has 2 area of validity, one
        // for Bosnia and Herzegovina/Kosovo/Montenegro/Serbia and another
        // one for North macedonie
        auto crs_6316 = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6316");
        EXPECT_EQ(crs_6316->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
                      dbContext,
                      CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER),
                  crs_6316);
    }

    // Check that we get the same result from an EPSG code and a CRS created
    // from its WKT1 representation.
    {
        // Pulkovo 1942 / CS63 zone A2
        auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("2936");

        // Two candidate transformations found, so not picking up any
        EXPECT_EQ(crs->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
                      dbContext,
                      CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER),
                  crs);

        auto wkt = crs->exportToWKT(
            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL, dbContext)
                .get());
        auto obj =
            WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wkt);
        auto crs_from_wkt = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs_from_wkt != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(crs_from_wkt->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
                      dbContext,
                      CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER),
                  crs_from_wkt);
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, crs_stripVerticalComponent) {

    {
        auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979->stripVerticalComponent();
        auto geogCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(crs);
        ASSERT_TRUE(geogCRS != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(geogCRS->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 2U);
    }

    {
        auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326->stripVerticalComponent();
        EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326.get()));
    }

    {
        std::vector<CoordinateSystemAxisNNPtr> axis{
            CoordinateSystemAxis::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Easting"), "E",
                AxisDirection::EAST, UnitOfMeasure::METRE),
            CoordinateSystemAxis::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Northing"), "N",
                AxisDirection::NORTH, UnitOfMeasure::METRE),
            CoordinateSystemAxis::create(
                PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Height"), "z",
                AxisDirection::UP, UnitOfMeasure::METRE)};
        auto cs(CartesianCS::create(PropertyMap(), axis[0], axis[1], axis[2]));
        auto projected3DCrs = ProjectedCRS::create(
            PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
            Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true), cs);
        auto projCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(
            projected3DCrs->stripVerticalComponent());
        ASSERT_TRUE(projCRS != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(projCRS->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 2U);
    }

    {
        auto crs3D =
            createDerivedProjectedCRS()->promoteTo3D(std::string(), nullptr);
        auto derivedProj3D =
            nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<DerivedProjectedCRS>(crs3D);
        ASSERT_TRUE(derivedProj3D != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(derivedProj3D->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 3U);

        auto derivedProj2D = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<DerivedProjectedCRS>(
            derivedProj3D->stripVerticalComponent());
        ASSERT_TRUE(derivedProj2D != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(derivedProj2D->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 2U);
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, crs_alterGeodeticCRS) {

    {
        auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326->alterGeodeticCRS(
            GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
        EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979.get()));
    }

    {
        auto crs =
            createProjected()->alterGeodeticCRS(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
        auto projCRS = dynamic_cast<ProjectedCRS *>(crs.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(projCRS != nullptr);
        EXPECT_TRUE(
            projCRS->baseCRS()->isEquivalentTo(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979.get()));
    }

    {
        auto crs =
            createCompoundCRS()->alterGeodeticCRS(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
        auto compoundCRS = dynamic_cast<CompoundCRS *>(crs.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(compoundCRS != nullptr);
        EXPECT_TRUE(compoundCRS->componentReferenceSystems()[0]
                        ->extractGeographicCRS()
                        ->isEquivalentTo(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979.get()));
    }

    {
        auto crs =
            createVerticalCRS()->alterGeodeticCRS(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
        EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isEquivalentTo(createVerticalCRS().get()));
    }

    {
        auto crs = createDerivedProjectedCRS()->alterGeodeticCRS(
            GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
        auto derivedProjCRS = dynamic_cast<DerivedProjectedCRS *>(crs.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(derivedProjCRS != nullptr);
        EXPECT_TRUE(derivedProjCRS->baseCRS()->baseCRS()->isEquivalentTo(
            GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979.get()));
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, crs_alterCSLinearUnit) {

    {
        auto crs =
            createProjected()->alterCSLinearUnit(UnitOfMeasure("my unit", 2));
        auto projCRS = dynamic_cast<ProjectedCRS *>(crs.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(projCRS != nullptr);
        auto cs = projCRS->coordinateSystem();
        ASSERT_EQ(cs->axisList().size(), 2U);
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[0]->unit().name(), "my unit");
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[0]->unit().conversionToSI(), 2);
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[1]->unit().name(), "my unit");
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[1]->unit().conversionToSI(), 2);
    }

    {
        auto crs = createDerivedProjectedCRS()->alterCSLinearUnit(
            UnitOfMeasure("my unit", 2));
        auto derivedProjCRS = dynamic_cast<DerivedProjectedCRS *>(crs.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(derivedProjCRS != nullptr);
        auto cs = derivedProjCRS->coordinateSystem();
        ASSERT_EQ(cs->axisList().size(), 2U);
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[0]->unit().name(), "my unit");
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[0]->unit().conversionToSI(), 2);
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[1]->unit().name(), "my unit");
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[1]->unit().conversionToSI(), 2);
    }

    {
        auto crs = createDerivedProjectedCRSNorthingEasting();
        auto alteredCRS = crs->alterCSLinearUnit(UnitOfMeasure("my unit", 2));

        auto leftHandedDerivedCRS =
            dynamic_cast<DerivedProjectedCRS *>(alteredCRS.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(leftHandedDerivedCRS != nullptr);
        auto cs = dynamic_cast<CartesianCS *>(
            leftHandedDerivedCRS->coordinateSystem().get());
        ASSERT_EQ(cs->axisList().size(), 2U);
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[0]->unit().name(), "my unit");
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[0]->direction(), AxisDirection::NORTH);
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[0]->unit().conversionToSI(), 2);
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[1]->unit().name(), "my unit");
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[1]->direction(), AxisDirection::EAST);
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[1]->unit().conversionToSI(), 2);
    }

    {
        auto crs = GeodeticCRS::EPSG_4978->alterCSLinearUnit(
            UnitOfMeasure("my unit", 2));
        auto geodCRS = dynamic_cast<GeodeticCRS *>(crs.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(geodCRS != nullptr);
        auto cs =
            dynamic_cast<CartesianCS *>(geodCRS->coordinateSystem().get());
        ASSERT_EQ(cs->axisList().size(), 3U);
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[0]->unit().name(), "my unit");
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[0]->unit().conversionToSI(), 2);
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[1]->unit().name(), "my unit");
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[1]->unit().conversionToSI(), 2);
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[2]->unit().name(), "my unit");
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[2]->unit().conversionToSI(), 2);
    }

    {
        auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979->alterCSLinearUnit(
            UnitOfMeasure("my unit", 2));
        auto geogCRS = dynamic_cast<GeographicCRS *>(crs.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(geogCRS != nullptr);
        auto cs = geogCRS->coordinateSystem();
        ASSERT_EQ(cs->axisList().size(), 3U);
        EXPECT_NE(cs->axisList()[0]->unit().name(), "my unit");
        EXPECT_NE(cs->axisList()[0]->unit().conversionToSI(), 2);
        EXPECT_NE(cs->axisList()[1]->unit().name(), "my unit");
        EXPECT_NE(cs->axisList()[1]->unit().conversionToSI(), 2);
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[2]->unit().name(), "my unit");
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[2]->unit().conversionToSI(), 2);
    }

    {
        auto crs =
            createVerticalCRS()->alterCSLinearUnit(UnitOfMeasure("my unit", 2));
        auto vertCRS = dynamic_cast<VerticalCRS *>(crs.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(vertCRS != nullptr);
        auto cs = vertCRS->coordinateSystem();
        ASSERT_EQ(cs->axisList().size(), 1U);
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[0]->unit().name(), "my unit");
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[0]->unit().conversionToSI(), 2);
    }

    {
        auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT("LOCAL_CS[\"foo\"]");
        auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<EngineeringCRS>(obj);
        auto alteredCRS = crs->alterCSLinearUnit(UnitOfMeasure("my unit", 2));
        auto wkt = alteredCRS->exportToWKT(
            &(WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT1_GDAL)
                  ->setMultiLine(false)));
        EXPECT_EQ(wkt, "LOCAL_CS[\"foo\",UNIT[\"my unit\",2],"
                       "AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH]]");
    }

    {
        auto crs =
            createCompoundCRS()->alterCSLinearUnit(UnitOfMeasure("my unit", 2));
        auto compoundCRS = dynamic_cast<CompoundCRS *>(crs.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(compoundCRS != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(compoundCRS->componentReferenceSystems().size(), 2U);
        for (const auto &subCrs : compoundCRS->componentReferenceSystems()) {
            auto singleCrs = dynamic_cast<SingleCRS *>(subCrs.get());
            ASSERT_TRUE(singleCrs != nullptr);
            auto cs = singleCrs->coordinateSystem();
            ASSERT_GE(cs->axisList().size(), 1U);
            EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[0]->unit().name(), "my unit");
            EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[0]->unit().conversionToSI(), 2);
        }
    }

    {
        auto crs =
            BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
                createProjected(), std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7})
                ->alterCSLinearUnit(UnitOfMeasure("my unit", 2));

        auto boundCRS = dynamic_cast<BoundCRS *>(crs.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(boundCRS != nullptr);
        auto baseCRS = boundCRS->baseCRS();
        auto projCRS = dynamic_cast<ProjectedCRS *>(baseCRS.get());
        ASSERT_TRUE(projCRS != nullptr);
        auto cs = projCRS->coordinateSystem();
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[0]->unit().name(), "my unit");
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[0]->unit().conversionToSI(), 2);
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[1]->unit().name(), "my unit");
        EXPECT_EQ(cs->axisList()[1]->unit().conversionToSI(), 2);
    }

    // Not implemented on parametricCRS
    auto crs =
        createParametricCRS()->alterCSLinearUnit(UnitOfMeasure("my unit", 2));
    EXPECT_TRUE(createParametricCRS()->isEquivalentTo(crs.get()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, alterParametersLinearUnit) {
    {
        auto crs = createProjected()->alterParametersLinearUnit(
            UnitOfMeasure("my unit", 2), false);
        auto wkt =
            crs->exportToWKT(&WKTFormatter::create()->setMultiLine(false));
        EXPECT_TRUE(wkt.find("PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",3") !=
                    std::string::npos)
            << wkt;
        EXPECT_TRUE(
            wkt.find(
                "PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000,UNIT[\"my unit\",2]") !=
            std::string::npos)
            << wkt;
    }
    {
        auto crs = createProjected()->alterParametersLinearUnit(
            UnitOfMeasure("my unit", 2), true);
        auto wkt =
            crs->exportToWKT(&WKTFormatter::create()->setMultiLine(false));
        EXPECT_TRUE(
            wkt.find(
                "PARAMETER[\"False easting\",250000,UNIT[\"my unit\",2]") !=
            std::string::npos)
            << wkt;
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, getNonDeprecated) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");

    {
        // No id
        auto crs = ProjectedCRS::create(
            PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
            Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
            CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
        auto list = crs->getNonDeprecated(dbContext);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 0U);
    }

    {
        // Non-deprecated
        auto crs = factory->createGeodeticCRS("4326");
        auto list = crs->getNonDeprecated(dbContext);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 0U);
    }

    {
        // Non supported CRS type
        auto crs = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
            createProjected(), std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
        auto list = crs->getNonDeprecated(dbContext);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 0U);
    }

    {
        auto crs = factory->createGeodeticCRS("4226");
        auto list = crs->getNonDeprecated(dbContext);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
    }

    {
        auto crs = factory->createProjectedCRS("26591");
        auto list = crs->getNonDeprecated(dbContext);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    }

    {
        auto crs = factory->createVerticalCRS("5704");
        auto list = crs->getNonDeprecated(dbContext);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    }
    {
        auto crs = factory->createCompoundCRS("7401");
        auto list = crs->getNonDeprecated(dbContext);
        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, promoteTo3D_and_demoteTo2D) {
    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    {
        auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
        auto crs3D = crs->promoteTo3D(std::string(), nullptr);
        auto crs3DAsGeog = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(crs3D);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs3DAsGeog != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(crs3DAsGeog->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 3U);
        EXPECT_TRUE(crs3D->promoteTo3D(std::string(), nullptr)
                        ->isEquivalentTo(crs3D.get()));
    }
    {
        auto crs = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
        auto crs3D = crs->promoteTo3D(std::string(), dbContext);
        auto crs3DAsGeog = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(crs3D);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs3DAsGeog != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(crs3DAsGeog->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 3U);
        EXPECT_TRUE(!crs3DAsGeog->identifiers().empty());

        auto demoted = crs3DAsGeog->demoteTo2D(std::string(), dbContext);
        EXPECT_EQ(demoted->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 2U);
        EXPECT_TRUE(!demoted->identifiers().empty());
    }
    {
        auto crs = createProjected();
        auto crs3D = crs->promoteTo3D(std::string(), nullptr);
        auto crs3DAsProjected = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(crs3D);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs3DAsProjected != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(crs3DAsProjected->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 3U);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            crs3DAsProjected->baseCRS()->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(),
            3U);

        // Check that importing an exported Projected 3D CRS as WKT keeps
        // the 3D aspect of the baseCRS (see #2122)
        {
            WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
                WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019));
            crs3DAsProjected->exportToWKT(f.get());
            auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(f->toString());
            auto crsFromWkt = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj);
            ASSERT_TRUE(crsFromWkt != nullptr);
            EXPECT_EQ(crsFromWkt->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 3U);
            EXPECT_EQ(
                crsFromWkt->baseCRS()->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(),
                3U);
        }

        EXPECT_TRUE(crs3D->promoteTo3D(std::string(), nullptr)
                        ->isEquivalentTo(crs3D.get()));

        auto demoted = crs3DAsProjected->demoteTo2D(std::string(), nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(demoted->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 2U);
        EXPECT_EQ(demoted->baseCRS()->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(),
                  2U);
    }
    {
        auto crs = createProjected();
        auto crs3D = crs->promoteTo3D(std::string(), dbContext);
        auto crs3DAsProjected = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(crs3D);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs3DAsProjected != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(crs3DAsProjected->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 3U);
        EXPECT_EQ(
            crs3DAsProjected->baseCRS()->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(),
            3U);
        EXPECT_TRUE(!crs3DAsProjected->baseCRS()->identifiers().empty());

        auto demoted = crs3DAsProjected->demoteTo2D(std::string(), dbContext);
        EXPECT_EQ(demoted->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 2U);
        EXPECT_EQ(demoted->baseCRS()->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(),
                  2U);
        EXPECT_TRUE(!demoted->baseCRS()->identifiers().empty());
    }
    {
        auto crs = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
            createProjected(), std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
        auto crs3D = crs->promoteTo3D(std::string(), dbContext);
        auto crs3DAsBound = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(crs3D);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs3DAsBound != nullptr);
        {
            auto baseCRS =
                nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(crs3DAsBound->baseCRS());
            ASSERT_TRUE(baseCRS != nullptr);
            EXPECT_EQ(baseCRS->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 3U);

            auto hubCRS =
                nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(crs3DAsBound->hubCRS());
            ASSERT_TRUE(hubCRS != nullptr);
            EXPECT_EQ(hubCRS->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 3U);

            auto transfSrcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(
                crs3DAsBound->transformation()->sourceCRS());
            ASSERT_TRUE(transfSrcCRS != nullptr);
            EXPECT_EQ(transfSrcCRS->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 3U);

            auto transfDstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(
                crs3DAsBound->transformation()->targetCRS());
            ASSERT_TRUE(transfDstCRS != nullptr);
            EXPECT_EQ(transfDstCRS->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 3U);
        }

        auto demoted = crs3DAsBound->demoteTo2D(std::string(), nullptr);
        auto crs2DAsBound = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(demoted);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs2DAsBound != nullptr);
        {
            auto baseCRS =
                nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(crs2DAsBound->baseCRS());
            ASSERT_TRUE(baseCRS != nullptr);
            EXPECT_EQ(baseCRS->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 2U);

            auto hubCRS =
                nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(crs2DAsBound->hubCRS());
            ASSERT_TRUE(hubCRS != nullptr);
            EXPECT_EQ(hubCRS->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 2U);

            auto transfSrcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(
                crs2DAsBound->transformation()->sourceCRS());
            ASSERT_TRUE(transfSrcCRS != nullptr);
            EXPECT_EQ(transfSrcCRS->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 2U);

            auto transfDstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(
                crs2DAsBound->transformation()->targetCRS());
            ASSERT_TRUE(transfDstCRS != nullptr);
            EXPECT_EQ(transfDstCRS->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 2U);
        }
    }

    {
        auto compoundCRS = createCompoundCRS();
        auto demoted = compoundCRS->demoteTo2D(std::string(), nullptr);
        EXPECT_TRUE(dynamic_cast<const ProjectedCRS *>(demoted.get()) !=
                    nullptr);
    }

    {
        auto crs = createDerivedGeographicCRS();
        auto crs3D = crs->promoteTo3D(std::string(), dbContext);
        auto crs3DAsDerivedGeog =
            nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<DerivedGeographicCRS>(crs3D);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs3DAsDerivedGeog != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(crs3DAsDerivedGeog->baseCRS()
                      ->coordinateSystem()
                      ->axisList()
                      .size(),
                  3U);
        EXPECT_EQ(crs3DAsDerivedGeog->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(),
                  3U);
        EXPECT_TRUE(crs3DAsDerivedGeog->promoteTo3D(std::string(), nullptr)
                        ->isEquivalentTo(crs3DAsDerivedGeog.get()));

        auto demoted = crs3DAsDerivedGeog->demoteTo2D(std::string(), dbContext);
        EXPECT_EQ(demoted->baseCRS()->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(),
                  2U);
        EXPECT_EQ(demoted->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 2U);
        EXPECT_TRUE(demoted->isEquivalentTo(
            crs.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
        EXPECT_TRUE(demoted->demoteTo2D(std::string(), nullptr)
                        ->isEquivalentTo(demoted.get()));
    }

    {
        auto crs = createDerivedProjectedCRS();
        auto crs3D = crs->promoteTo3D(std::string(), dbContext);
        auto crs3DAsDerivedProj =
            nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<DerivedProjectedCRS>(crs3D);
        ASSERT_TRUE(crs3DAsDerivedProj != nullptr);
        EXPECT_EQ(crs3DAsDerivedProj->baseCRS()
                      ->coordinateSystem()
                      ->axisList()
                      .size(),
                  3U);
        EXPECT_EQ(crs3DAsDerivedProj->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(),
                  3U);
        EXPECT_TRUE(crs3DAsDerivedProj->promoteTo3D(std::string(), nullptr)
                        ->isEquivalentTo(crs3DAsDerivedProj.get()));

        // Check that importing an exported DerivedProjected 3D CRS as WKT keeps
        // the 3D aspect of the baseCRS (see #3340)
        {
            WKTFormatterNNPtr f(
                WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019));
            crs3DAsDerivedProj->exportToWKT(f.get());
            auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(f->toString());
            auto crsFromWkt = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<DerivedProjectedCRS>(obj);
            ASSERT_TRUE(crsFromWkt != nullptr);
            EXPECT_EQ(crsFromWkt->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 3U);
            EXPECT_EQ(
                crsFromWkt->baseCRS()->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(),
                3U);
        }

        auto demoted = crs3DAsDerivedProj->demoteTo2D(std::string(), dbContext);
        EXPECT_EQ(demoted->baseCRS()->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(),
                  2U);
        EXPECT_EQ(demoted->coordinateSystem()->axisList().size(), 2U);
        EXPECT_TRUE(demoted->isEquivalentTo(
            crs.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
        EXPECT_TRUE(demoted->demoteTo2D(std::string(), nullptr)
                        ->isEquivalentTo(demoted.get()));
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, normalizeForVisualization_derivedprojected_operation) {
    auto crs = createDerivedProjectedCRSNorthingEasting();

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, crs);

    auto proj_string =
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=utm +zone=31 "
        "+ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=unimplemented +step +proj=unitconvert "
        "+xy_in=m +xy_out=ft +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1";

    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              proj_string);

    auto opNormalized = op->normalizeForVisualization();
    auto proj_string_normalized =
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step "
        "+proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=unimplemented +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=m +xy_out=ft";
    EXPECT_EQ(
        opNormalized->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        proj_string_normalized);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, normalizeForVisualization_bound) {

    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");

    // NTF (Paris)
    const auto crs_4807 = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4807");
    const auto bound = crs_4807->createBoundCRSToWGS84IfPossible(
        dbContext, CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER);
    EXPECT_NE(crs_4807, bound);

    std::string normalized_proj_string =
        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 +step "
        "+proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=helmert +x=168 +y=60 +z=-320 "
        "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
        "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=unitconvert "
        "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=grad";
    auto orig_proj_string =
        normalized_proj_string + " +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1";

    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, bound);
    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
              orig_proj_string);

    const auto normalizedCrs = bound->normalizeForVisualization();
    auto normalizedCrsAsBound =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(normalizedCrs);
    ASSERT_TRUE(normalizedCrsAsBound != nullptr);

    auto singleCrs =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<SingleCRS>(normalizedCrsAsBound->baseCRS());
    ASSERT_TRUE(singleCrs != nullptr);
    const auto &normalizedAxisList = singleCrs->coordinateSystem()->axisList();
    ASSERT_EQ(normalizedAxisList.size(), 2U);
    EXPECT_EQ(normalizedAxisList[0]->direction(),
              osgeo::proj::cs::AxisDirection::EAST);
    EXPECT_EQ(normalizedAxisList[1]->direction(),
              osgeo::proj::cs::AxisDirection::NORTH);

    auto opNormalized = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, normalizedCrs);
    ASSERT_TRUE(opNormalized != nullptr);
    EXPECT_EQ(
        opNormalized->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
        normalized_proj_string);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, normalizeForVisualization_derivedprojected) {

    auto crs = createDerivedProjectedCRSNorthingEasting();

    {
        const auto &axisList = crs->coordinateSystem()->axisList();
        ASSERT_EQ(axisList.size(), 2U);
        EXPECT_EQ(axisList[0]->direction(),
                  osgeo::proj::cs::AxisDirection::NORTH);
        EXPECT_EQ(axisList[1]->direction(),
                  osgeo::proj::cs::AxisDirection::EAST);
    }

    {
        auto normalized = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<SingleCRS>(
            crs->normalizeForVisualization());
        const auto &normalizedAxisList =
            normalized->coordinateSystem()->axisList();
        ASSERT_EQ(normalizedAxisList.size(), 2U);
        EXPECT_EQ(normalizedAxisList[0]->direction(),
                  osgeo::proj::cs::AxisDirection::EAST);
        EXPECT_EQ(normalizedAxisList[1]->direction(),
                  osgeo::proj::cs::AxisDirection::NORTH);
    }

    {
        auto normalized3D = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<SingleCRS>(
            crs->promoteTo3D(std::string(), nullptr)
                ->normalizeForVisualization());
        const auto &normalized3DAxisList =
            normalized3D->coordinateSystem()->axisList();
        ASSERT_EQ(normalized3DAxisList.size(), 3U);
        EXPECT_EQ(normalized3DAxisList[0]->direction(),
                  osgeo::proj::cs::AxisDirection::EAST);
        EXPECT_EQ(normalized3DAxisList[1]->direction(),
                  osgeo::proj::cs::AxisDirection::NORTH);
        EXPECT_EQ(normalized3DAxisList[2]->direction(),
                  osgeo::proj::cs::AxisDirection::UP);
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projected_normalizeForVisualization_do_not_mess_deriving_conversion) {

    auto authFactory =
        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
    // Something with non standard order
    auto projCRS = authFactory->createProjectedCRS("3035");
    {
        auto src = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
        auto op =
            CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(src, projCRS);
        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
        // Make sure to run that in a scope, so that the object get destroyed
        op->normalizeForVisualization();
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(projCRS->derivingConversion()->targetCRS().get(), projCRS.get());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projected_promoteTo3D_do_not_mess_deriving_conversion) {

    auto projCRS = createProjected();
    {
        // Make sure to run that in a scope, so that the object get destroyed
        projCRS->promoteTo3D(std::string(), nullptr);
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(projCRS->derivingConversion()->targetCRS().get(), projCRS.get());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projected_demoteTo2D_do_not_mess_deriving_conversion) {

    auto projCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(
        createProjected()->promoteTo3D(std::string(), nullptr));
    {
        // Make sure to run that in a scope, so that the object get destroyed
        projCRS->demoteTo2D(std::string(), nullptr);
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(projCRS->derivingConversion()->targetCRS().get(), projCRS.get());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projected_alterGeodeticCRS_do_not_mess_deriving_conversion) {

    auto projCRS = createProjected();
    {
        // Make sure to run that in a scope, so that the object get destroyed
        projCRS->alterGeodeticCRS(NN_NO_CHECK(projCRS->extractGeographicCRS()));
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(projCRS->derivingConversion()->targetCRS().get(), projCRS.get());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projected_alterCSLinearUnit_do_not_mess_deriving_conversion) {

    auto projCRS = createProjected();
    {
        // Make sure to run that in a scope, so that the object get destroyed
        projCRS->alterCSLinearUnit(UnitOfMeasure("my unit", 2));
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(projCRS->derivingConversion()->targetCRS().get(), projCRS.get());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projected_alterParametersLinearUnit_do_not_mess_deriving_conversion) {

    auto projCRS = createProjected();
    {
        // Make sure to run that in a scope, so that the object get destroyed
        projCRS->alterParametersLinearUnit(UnitOfMeasure::METRE, false);
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(projCRS->derivingConversion()->targetCRS().get(), projCRS.get());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, projected_is_equivalent_to_with_proj4_extension) {
    const auto obj1 = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=omerc +lat_0=50 +alpha=50.0 +no_rot +a=6378144.0 +b=6356759.0 "
        "+lon_0=8.0 +type=crs");
    const auto crs1 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj1);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs1 != nullptr);

    const auto wkt = crs1->exportToWKT(
        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get());
    const auto obj_from_wkt = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
    const auto crs_from_wkt =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj_from_wkt);

    // Check equivalence of the CRS from PROJ.4 and WKT
    EXPECT_TRUE(crs1->isEquivalentTo(crs_from_wkt.get(),
                                     IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    ASSERT_TRUE(crs_from_wkt != nullptr);
    // Same as above but with different option order
    const auto obj2 = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=omerc +lat_0=50 +no_rot +alpha=50.0 +a=6378144.0 +b=6356759.0 "
        "+lon_0=8.0 +type=crs");
    const auto crs2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(obj2);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crs2 != nullptr);

    // Check equivalence of the 2 PROJ.4 based CRS
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        crs1->isEquivalentTo(crs2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    // Without +no_rot --> no PROJ.4 extension
    const auto objNoRot = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=omerc +lat_0=50 +alpha=50.0 +a=6378144.0 +b=6356759.0 "
        "+lon_0=8.0 +type=crs");
    const auto crsNoRot = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(objNoRot);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crsNoRot != nullptr);
    EXPECT_FALSE(crs1->isEquivalentTo(crsNoRot.get(),
                                      IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
    EXPECT_FALSE(crsNoRot->isEquivalentTo(crs1.get(),
                                          IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));

    // Change alpha value
    const auto objDifferent = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
        "+proj=omerc +lat_0=50 +alpha=49.0 +no_rot +a=6378144.0 +b=6356759.0 "
        "+lon_0=8.0 +type=crs");
    const auto crsDifferent =
        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ProjectedCRS>(objDifferent);
    ASSERT_TRUE(crsDifferent != nullptr);
    EXPECT_FALSE(crs1->isEquivalentTo(crsDifferent.get(),
                                      IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEST(crs, is_dynamic) {

    EXPECT_FALSE(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326->isDynamic());
    EXPECT_TRUE(
        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326->isDynamic(/*considerWGS84AsDynamic=*/true));

    {
        auto factory =
            AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
        auto crs = factory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326");
        EXPECT_FALSE(crs->isDynamic());
        EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isDynamic(/*considerWGS84AsDynamic=*/true));
    }

    {
        auto drf = DynamicGeodeticReferenceFrame::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "test"),
            Ellipsoid::WGS84, optional<std::string>("My anchor"),
            PrimeMeridian::GREENWICH, Measure(2018.5, UnitOfMeasure::YEAR),
            optional<std::string>("My model"));
        auto crs = GeographicCRS::create(
            PropertyMap(), drf,
            EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
        EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isDynamic());
    }

    EXPECT_FALSE(createVerticalCRS()->isDynamic());

    {
        auto drf = DynamicVerticalReferenceFrame::create(
            PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "test"),
            optional<std::string>("My anchor"), optional<RealizationMethod>(),
            Measure(2018.5, UnitOfMeasure::YEAR),
            optional<std::string>("My model"));
        auto crs = VerticalCRS::create(
            PropertyMap(), drf,
            VerticalCS::createGravityRelatedHeight(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
        EXPECT_TRUE(crs->isDynamic());
    }

    EXPECT_FALSE(createCompoundCRS()->isDynamic());
}
