"""simple docstring"""


def     __UpperCAmelCase					(			lowercase		):







  """simple docstring"""
  if not all(char in """01""" for char in bin_string		):
    raise ValueError("""Non-binary value was passed to the function"""		)
  if not bin_string:
    raise ValueError("""Empty string was passed to the function"""		)
  _UpperCAmelCase						 =      """"""
  while len(lowercase		) % 3 != 0:
    _UpperCAmelCase						 =      """0""" + bin_string
  _UpperCAmelCase						 =      [
      bin_string[index : index + 3]
      for index in range(len(lowercase		)		)
      if index % 3 == 0
  ]
  for bin_group in bin_string_in_3_list:
    _UpperCAmelCase						 =      0
    for index, val in enumerate(lowercase		):
      oct_val += int(2 ** (2 - index) * int(lowercase		)		)
    oct_string += str(lowercase		)
  return oct_string


if __name__ == "__main__":
    from doctest import testmod

    testmod()

"""simple docstring"""


from __future__ import annotations

from random import choice






def     __UpperCAmelCase					(			lowercase		):







  """simple docstring"""
  return choice(lowercase		)






def     __UpperCAmelCase					(			lowercase   ,lowercase		):







  """simple docstring"""
  _UpperCAmelCase						 =      random_pivot(lowercase		)

  # partition based on pivot
  # linear time
  _UpperCAmelCase						 =      [e for e in lst if e < pivot]
  _UpperCAmelCase						 =      [e for e in lst if e > pivot]

  # if we get lucky, pivot might be the element we want.
  # we can easily see this:
  # small (elements smaller than k)
  # + pivot (kth element)
  # + big (elements larger than k)
  if len(lowercase		) == k - 1:
    return pivot
  # pivot is in elements bigger than k
  elif len(lowercase		) < k - 1:
    return kth_number(lowercase   ,k - len(lowercase		) - 1		)
  # pivot is in elements smaller than k
  else:
    return kth_number(lowercase   ,lowercase		)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    import doctest

    doctest.testmod()
