





def    A				(							UpperCAmelCase				):
					if not all(char in "01" for char in bin_string				):
										raise ValueError("Non-binary value was passed to the function"				)
					if not bin_string:
										raise ValueError("Empty string was passed to the function"				)
					_snake_case       :					Optional[Any]				       =   ""
					while len(UpperCAmelCase				) % 3 != 0:
										_snake_case       :					List[str]				       =   "0" + bin_string
					_snake_case       :					Union[str, Any]				       =   [
					    bin_string[index : index + 3]
					    for index in range(len(UpperCAmelCase				)				)
					    if index % 3 == 0
					]
					for bin_group in bin_string_in_3_list:
										_snake_case       :					Union[str, Any]				       =   0
										for index, val in enumerate(UpperCAmelCase				):
															oct_val += int(2 ** (2 - index) * int(UpperCAmelCase				)				)
										oct_string += str(UpperCAmelCase				)
					return oct_string


if __name__ == "__main__":
							from doctest import testmod

							testmod()






import math

from numpy import inf
from scipy.integrate import quad







def    A				(							UpperCAmelCase				):
					if num <= 0:
										raise ValueError("math domain error"				)

					return quad(UpperCAmelCase  ,  0  ,  UpperCAmelCase  ,  args=(UpperCAmelCase)				)[0]







def    A				(							UpperCAmelCase  ,  UpperCAmelCase				):
					return math.pow(UpperCAmelCase  ,  z - 1				) * math.exp(-x				)


if __name__ == "__main__":
							from doctest import testmod

							testmod()