


'''simple docstring'''



from math import pi, sqrt, tan



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if side_length < 0:
          raise ValueError('surface_area_cube() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     return 6 * side_length**2



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if length < 0 or breadth < 0 or height < 0:
          raise ValueError('surface_area_cuboid() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     return 2 * ((length * breadth) + (breadth * height) + (length * height))



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if radius < 0:
          raise ValueError('surface_area_sphere() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     return 4 * pi * radius**2



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if radius < 0:
          raise ValueError('surface_area_hemisphere() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     return 3 * pi * radius**2



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if radius < 0 or height < 0:
          raise ValueError('surface_area_cone() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     return pi * radius * (radius + (height**2 + radius**2) ** 0.5)



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if radius_a < 0 or radius_a < 0 or height < 0:
          raise ValueError(
              'surface_area_conical_frustum() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     __lowerCamelCase  :      int														=						(height**2 + (radius_a - radius_a) ** 2) ** 0.5
     return pi * ((slant_height * (radius_a + radius_a)) + radius_a**2 + radius_a**2)



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if radius < 0 or height < 0:
          raise ValueError('surface_area_cylinder() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     return 2 * pi * radius * (height + radius)



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if torus_radius < 0 or tube_radius < 0:
          raise ValueError('surface_area_torus() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     if torus_radius < tube_radius:
          raise ValueError(
              'surface_area_torus() does not support spindle or self intersecting tori'				)
     return 4 * pow(UpperCAmelCase_ ,       2				) * torus_radius * tube_radius



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if length < 0 or width < 0:
          raise ValueError('area_rectangle() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     return length * width



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if side_length < 0:
          raise ValueError('area_square() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     return side_length**2



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if base < 0 or height < 0:
          raise ValueError('area_triangle() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     return (base * height) / 2



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if sidea < 0 or sidea < 0 or sidea < 0:
          raise ValueError('area_triangle_three_sides() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     elif sidea + sidea < sidea or sidea + sidea < sidea or sidea + sidea < sidea:
          raise ValueError('Given three sides do not form a triangle'				)
     __lowerCamelCase  :      List[str]														=						(sidea + sidea + sidea) / 2
     __lowerCamelCase  :      Optional[int]														=						sqrt(
         semi_perimeter
         * (semi_perimeter - sidea)
         * (semi_perimeter - sidea)
         * (semi_perimeter - sidea)				)
     return area



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if base < 0 or height < 0:
          raise ValueError('area_parallelogram() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     return base * height



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if basea < 0 or basea < 0 or height < 0:
          raise ValueError('area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     return 1 / 2 * (basea + basea) * height



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if radius < 0:
          raise ValueError('area_circle() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     return pi * radius**2



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if radius_x < 0 or radius_y < 0:
          raise ValueError('area_ellipse() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     return pi * radius_x * radius_y



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							float ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if diagonal_a < 0 or diagonal_a < 0:
          raise ValueError('area_rhombus() only accepts non-negative values'				)
     return 1 / 2 * diagonal_a * diagonal_a



def      UpperCAmelCase__   (      UpperCAmelCase_       :							int ,       UpperCAmelCase_       :							float				)	->						float:
     if not isinstance(UpperCAmelCase_ ,       UpperCAmelCase_				) or sides < 3:
          raise ValueError(
              'area_reg_polygon() only accepts integers greater than or \
equal to three as number of sides'				)
     elif length < 0:
          raise ValueError(
              'area_reg_polygon() only accepts non-negative values as \
length of a side'				)
     return (sides * length**2) / (4 * tan(pi / sides				))
     return (sides * length**2) / (4 * tan(pi / sides				))


if __name__ == "__main__":
      import doctest

      doctest.testmod(verbose=True)  # verbose so we can see methods missing tests

      print("""[DEMO] Areas of various geometric shapes: \n""")
      print(f'''Rectangle: {area_rectangle(10, 20) = }''')
      print(f'''Square: {area_square(10) = }''')
      print(f'''Triangle: {area_triangle(10, 10) = }''')
      print(f'''Triangle: {area_triangle_three_sides(5, 12, 13) = }''')
      print(f'''Parallelogram: {area_parallelogram(10, 20) = }''')
      print(f'''Rhombus: {area_rhombus(10, 20) = }''')
      print(f'''Trapezium: {area_trapezium(10, 20, 30) = }''')
      print(f'''Circle: {area_circle(20) = }''')
      print(f'''Ellipse: {area_ellipse(10, 20) = }''')
      print("""\nSurface Areas of various geometric shapes: \n""")
      print(f'''Cube: {surface_area_cube(20) = }''')
      print(f'''Cuboid: {surface_area_cuboid(10, 20, 30) = }''')
      print(f'''Sphere: {surface_area_sphere(20) = }''')
      print(f'''Hemisphere: {surface_area_hemisphere(20) = }''')
      print(f'''Cone: {surface_area_cone(10, 20) = }''')
      print(f'''Conical Frustum: {surface_area_conical_frustum(10, 20, 30) = }''')
      print(f'''Cylinder: {surface_area_cylinder(10, 20) = }''')
      print(f'''Torus: {surface_area_torus(20, 10) = }''')
      print(f'''Equilateral Triangle: {area_reg_polygon(3, 10) = }''')
      print(f'''Square: {area_reg_polygon(4, 10) = }''')
      print(f'''Reqular Pentagon: {area_reg_polygon(5, 10) = }''')










snake_case							:       Any										=	{0: [2, 3], 1: [0], 2: [1], 3: [4], 4: []}

snake_case							:       Any										=	{0: [1, 2, 3], 1: [2], 2: [0], 3: [4], 4: [5], 5: [3]}
def 							__lowerCamelCase		(					UpperCAmelCase_		:						dict[int, list[int]]					,    UpperCAmelCase_		:						int					,    UpperCAmelCase_		:						list[bool]		):




      """simple docstring"""





      a		:Any									=			True
      a		:Any									=			[]

      for neighbour in graph[vert]:
            if not visited[neighbour]:
                  order += topology_sort(UpperCAmelCase_					,    UpperCAmelCase_					,    UpperCAmelCase_		)

      order.append(UpperCAmelCase_		)

      return order
def 							__lowerCamelCase		(					UpperCAmelCase_		:						dict[int, list[int]]					,    UpperCAmelCase_		:						int					,    UpperCAmelCase_		:						list[bool]		):




      """simple docstring"""





      a		:Optional[Any]									=			True
      a		:int									=			[vert]

      for neighbour in reversed_graph[vert]:
            if not visited[neighbour]:
                  component += find_components(UpperCAmelCase_					,    UpperCAmelCase_					,    UpperCAmelCase_		)

      return component






def 							__lowerCamelCase		(					UpperCAmelCase_		:						dict[int, list[int]]		):




      """simple docstring"""





      a		:int									=			len(UpperCAmelCase_		) * [False]
      a		:dict[int, list[int]]									=			{vert: [] for vert in range(len(UpperCAmelCase_		)		)}

      for vert, neighbours in graph.items():
            for neighbour in neighbours:
                  reversed_graph[neighbour].append(UpperCAmelCase_		)

      a		:Optional[Any]									=			[]
      for i, was_visited in enumerate(UpperCAmelCase_		):
            if not was_visited:
                  order += topology_sort(UpperCAmelCase_					,    UpperCAmelCase_					,    UpperCAmelCase_		)

      a		:Tuple									=			[]
      a		:int									=			len(UpperCAmelCase_		) * [False]

      for i in range(len(UpperCAmelCase_		)		):
            a		:Union[str, Any]									=			order[len(UpperCAmelCase_		) - i - 1]
            if not visited[vert]:
                  a		:Union[str, Any]									=			find_components(UpperCAmelCase_					,    UpperCAmelCase_					,    UpperCAmelCase_		)
                  components_list.append(UpperCAmelCase_		)

      return components_list





