




def 		lowerCAmelCase_ (						lowerCamelCase						,  lowerCamelCase						,  lowerCamelCase						,  lowerCamelCase						,  lowerCamelCase						,  ):
				__magic_name__						:						Optional[Any]										=[redshift, radiation_density, matter_density, dark_energy]
				if any(p < 0 for p in parameters ):
								raise ValueError("""All input parameters must be positive""" )

				if any(p > 1 for p in parameters[1:4] ):
								raise ValueError("""Relative densities cannot be greater than one""" )
				else:
								__magic_name__						:						List[Any]										=1 - (matter_density + radiation_density + dark_energy)

								__magic_name__						:						str										=(
								    radiation_density * (redshift + 1) ** 4
								    + matter_density * (redshift + 1) ** 3
								    + curvature * (redshift + 1) ** 2
								    + dark_energy
								)

								__magic_name__						:						List[Any]										=hubble_constant * e_a ** (1 / 2)
								return hubble


if __name__ == "__main__":
							import doctest

							# run doctest
							doctest.testmod()

							# demo LCDM approximation
							UpperCAmelCase_		:					Union[str, Any]          =  0.3

							print(
							    hubble_parameter(
							        hubble_constant=68.3,
							        radiation_density=1e-4,
							        matter_density=matter_density,
							        dark_energy=1 - matter_density,
							        redshift=0,
							    )
							)










UpperCAmelCase_		:					Tuple          =  0  # The first color of the flag.
UpperCAmelCase_		:					Any          =  1  # The second color of the flag.
UpperCAmelCase_		:					str          =  2  # The third color of the flag.
UpperCAmelCase_		:					Tuple          =  (red, white, blue)




def 		lowerCAmelCase_ (						lowerCamelCase ):
				if not sequence:
								return []
				if len(lowerCamelCase ) == 1:
								return list(lowerCamelCase )
				__magic_name__						:						int										=0
				__magic_name__						:						str										=len(lowerCamelCase ) - 1
				__magic_name__						:						Optional[Any]										=0
				while mid <= high:
								if sequence[mid] == colors[0]:
												__magic_name__					,			__magic_name__						:						Tuple										=sequence[mid], sequence[low]
												low += 1
												mid += 1
								elif sequence[mid] == colors[1]:
												mid += 1
								elif sequence[mid] == colors[2]:
												__magic_name__					,			__magic_name__						:						Optional[Any]										=sequence[high], sequence[mid]
												high -= 1
								else:
												__magic_name__						:						Optional[int]										=F"The elements inside the sequence must contains only {colors} values"
												raise ValueError(lowerCamelCase )
				return sequence


if __name__ == "__main__":
							import doctest

							doctest.testmod()

							UpperCAmelCase_		:					List[Any]          =  input("Enter numbers separated by commas:\n").strip()
							UpperCAmelCase_		:					Optional[int]          =  [int(item.strip()) for item in user_input.split(",")]
							print(F"""{dutch_national_flag_sort(unsorted)}""")




