Title: Motivation and Motivation Theory - levels, system, model, hierarchy, workplace, business, system, Historical development, Major content theories
Headings: MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS.
ALDERFER'S ERG THEORY.
MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY.
MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY.
MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
EXPECTANCY THEORY.
EQUITY THEORY.
GOAL-SETTING THEORY.
REINFORCEMENT THEORY.
FURTHER READING:

Content: Frederick Herzberg developed the motivator-hygiene theory. This theory is  closely related to Maslow's hierarchy of needs but relates more  specifically to how individuals are motivated in the workplace. Based on  his research, Herzberg argued that meeting the lower-level needs (hygiene  factors) of individuals would not motivate them to exert effort, but would  only prevent them from being dissatisfied. Only if higher-level needs  (motivators) were met would individuals be motivated. The implication for managers of the motivator-hygiene theory is that  meeting employees lower-level needs by improving pay, benefits, safety,  and other job-contextual factors will prevent employees from becoming  actively dissatisfied but will not motivate them to exert additional  effort toward better performance. To motivate workers, according to the  theory, managers must focus on changing the intrinsic nature and content  of jobs themselves by "enriching" them to increase  employees' autonomy and their opportunities to take on additional  responsibility, gain recognition, and develop their skills and careers. MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY. McClelland's theory suggests that individuals learn needs from  their culture. Three of the primary needs in this theory are the need for  affiliation (n Aff), the need for power (n Pow), and the need for  achievement (n Ach). The need for affiliation is a desire to establish  social relationships with others.