Title: Pan-africanism | Encyclopedia.com
Headings: Pan-Africanism
Pan-Africanism
PAN-AFRICANISM.
Origins and Development of Pan-Africanism
Ethiopianism.
Transnational Pan-Africanism
Pan-Africanism in the Early Twentieth Century
Marcus Garvey.
Pan-Africanist literary and cultural movements.
Pan-Africanists and communism.
Pan-Africanism in France.
Women's contributions to Pan-Africanism.
Pan-Africanism after World War II
and Postcolonialism
Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism.
Pan-Africanism in the Late Twentieth Century
The Future of Pan-Africanism
bibliography
PRIMARY SOURCES
SECONDARY SOURCES
Pan-Africanism
Bibliography
Pan-Africanism
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Pan-Africanism
HISTORICAL CONTEXT FOR PAN-AFRICANISM
CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PAN-AFRICANISM
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Pan-Africanism
W. E. B. DU BOIS
MARCUS GARVEY
GEORGE PADMORE
KWAME NKRUMAH
JULIUS NYERERE
C. L. R. JAMES
WALTER RODNEY
PAN-AFRICANISM IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Pan-Africanism

Content: The slogan, "Africa for the Africans," popularized by Marcus Garvey 's (1887 – 1940) Declaration of Negro Rights in 1920, may have originated in West Africa, probably Sierra Leone, around this time. The African-American Martin Delany (1812 – 1885), who developed his own re-emigration scheme, reported in 1861 the slogan after an expedition to Nigeria during 1859 – 1860 and Edward Wilmot Blyden (1832 – 1912) adopted it when he arrived in West Africa in 1850. Blyden, originally from St. Thomas, played a significant role in the emergence of Pan-Africanist ideas around the Atlantic through his public speeches and writings in Africa, Britain, and the United States, and proposed the existence of an "African personality" resembling contemporary European cultural nationalisms. Blyden's ideas informed the notion of race consciousness developed by W. E. B. DuBois (1868 – 1963) at the end of the nineteenth century. The growth of Pan-African sentiments in the late nineteenth century can be seen as both a continuation of ethnic, or "pan-nationalist," thinking and a reaction to the limits of emancipation for former slaves in the diaspora and European colonial expansion in Africa. There are a number of reasons why black internationalism had particular resonance during this period. African contact with Europeans, the slave trade from Africa, and the widespread use of African slaves in the New World colonies were the most salient factors, leading first those in dispersion and then many in Africa to envision the unity of the "race." At the same time, as abolition spread gradually around the Atlantic during the nineteenth century, Europeans increasingly viewed race as a biological and, thus, inherent difference rather than a cultural one. Back-to-Africa movements — particularly the establishment of Sierra Leone by the British in 1787 and Liberia by the American Colonization Society in 1816 — also contributed to the emergence of Pan-Africanism, and were probably the original source of the phrase, "Africa for the Africans." From 1808, English Evangelicals at the CMS Grammar School in Freetown taught their "liberated" students that there were other Africans around the globe, which instilled a sense of a common destiny.