Title: School integration in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: School integration in the United States
School integration in the United States
Contents
Background
Early history of integrated schools
The Jim Crow South
Black schools
Legal action
Initial responses to school integration
Criticism
Praise
Implementation
Brown II
Integration in response to Brown
Opposition to integration
Integration of Southern universities
University of Texas System 1950-1956
University of Georgia 1961
Georgia Tech 1961
University of Mississippi 1962
University of Alabama 1956/1963
Impact on Hispanic populations
Impact on modern schools
Educational implications
Social implications
See also
References
Footnotes
Sources
Further reading
Books
Articles
External links

Content: The disparity in the average poverty rate in the schools whites attend and blacks attend is the single most important factor in the educational achievement gap between white and black students. Contents
1 Background
1.1 Early history of integrated schools
1.2 The Jim Crow South
1.3 Black schools
2 Legal action
3 Initial responses to school integration
3.1 Criticism
3.2 Praise
4 Implementation
4.1 Brown II
4.2 Integration in response to Brown
4.3 Opposition to integration
4.4 Integration of Southern universities
4.4.1 University of Texas System 1950-1956
4.4.2 University of Georgia 1961
4.4.3 Georgia Tech 1961
4.4.4 University of Mississippi 1962
4.4.5 University of Alabama 1956/1963
4.5 Impact on Hispanic populations
5 Impact on modern schools
5.1 Educational implications
5.2 Social implications
6 Related court cases
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Footnotes
8.2 Sources
9 Further reading
9.1 Books
9.2 Articles
10 External links
Background
Main article: School segregation in the United States
Early history of integrated schools
Some schools in the United States were integrated before the mid-20th century, the first ever being Lowell High School in Massachusetts, which has accepted students of all races since its founding. The earliest known African American student, Caroline Van Vronker, attended the school in 1843. The integration of all American schools was a major catalyst for the civil rights action and racial violence that occurred in the United States during the latter half of the 20th century. After the Civil War, the first legislation providing rights to African Americans was passed. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, also known as the Reconstruction Amendments, which were passed between 1865 and 1870, abolished slavery, guaranteed citizenship and protection under the law, and prohibited racial discrimination in voting, respectively. The Jim Crow South
Despite these Reconstruction amendments, blatant discrimination took place through what would come to be known as Jim Crow laws. As a result of these laws, African Americans were required to sit on different park benches, use different drinking fountains, and ride in different railroad cars than their white counterparts, among other segregated aspects of life. Though the Civil Rights Act of 1875 prohibited discrimination in public accommodations, in 1896 the Supreme Court ruled in the landmark case Plessy v. Ferguson that racially segregated public facilities such as schools, parks, and public transportation were legally permissible as long as they were equal in quality.