Title: 
Headings: CHAPTER 8: INTELLIGENCE
CHAPTER
 
8:
 
INTELLIGENCE
 

What
 
is
 
intelligence?
   

How
 
do
 
you
 
measure
 
intelligence?
 

IQ
 
Score
 
=
 
MA
 
/
 
CA
 
x
 
100
 

Stanford-Binet
 

Wechsler
 
Scales
 

Multiple
 
Intelligences
 
(Howard
 
Gardner)
 

Triarchic
 
Theory
 
(Robert
 
Sternberg)
 

Intelligence
 
through
 
adolescence:
 

Intelligence
 
in
 
adulthood:
 

Crystallized
 
intelligence:
  
accumulated
 

Factors
 
Influencing
 
Intelligence
 

The
 
Child’s
 
Influence:
 

The
 
Immediate
 
Environment’s
 
Influence
 

The
 
Society’s
 
Influence
 

Are
 
IQ
 
tests
 
culturally
 
biased?
 

Raven’s
 
Progressive
 
Matrices
 


Content: Originally
 
these
 
tests
 
were
 
not
 
based
 
on
 
any
 
theory
 
of
 
intelligence. They
 
defined
 
intelligence
 
as
 
the
 
ability
 
to
 
do
 
well
 
in
 
school. Stanford-Binet
 
This
 
test
 
was
 
developed
 
to
 
identify
 
children
 
who
 
had
 
serious
 
intellectual
 
difficulties
 
--
 
such
 
that
 
they
 
would
 
not
 
succeed
 
in
 
the
 
public
 
school
 
system
 
and
 
who
 
should
 
not
 
be
 
placed
 
in
 
the
 
same
 
classes
 
with
 
other
 
students. This
 
test
 
measured
 
things
 
that
 
were
 
necessary
 
for
 
school
 
success
 
such
 
as
 
understanding
 
and
 
using
 
language,
 
computational
 
skills,
 
memory,
 
and
 
the
 
ability
 
to
 
follow
 
instructions. Individual
 
responses
 
in
 
four
 
content
 
areas
 
-
 

Verbal
 
reasoning
 


Quantitative
 
reasoning
 


Abstract/visual
 
reasoning
 


Short-term
 
memory
 

Wechsler
 
Scales
 

Wechsler
 
Adult
 
Intelligence
 
Scale-Third
 
Edition
 
(WAIS-III): Used
 
with
 
people
 
17
 
and
 
older
 


Wechsler
 
Intelligence
 
Scale
 
for
 
Children-Third
 
Edition
 
(WISC-III): Used
 
with
 
children
 
6
 
to
 
16
 

Multiple
 
Intelligences
 
(Howard
 
Gardner)
 
Gardner
 
thinks
 
there
 
are
 
eight
 
types
 
of
 
intelligence. He
 
believes
 
each
 
of
 
us
 
have
 
all
 
of
 
the
 
eight
 
types
 
of
 
intelligence
 
to
 
varying
 
degrees. These
 
multiple
 
intelligences
 
are
 
related
 
to
 
how
 
an
 
individual
 
prefers
 
to
 
learn
 
and
 
process
 
information. Verbal
 
skills: