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Content: -they employ people who have more specialized expertise than congress
-they have more time and flexibility to update legislation by taking new conditions into account
Rulemaking
-one of the most important things bureaucracies do is issue rules
-creates regulations through government agencies
-force of the law
"quasi-legislation"
another name for rulemaking
Rules drawn by governing agencies provide what? more detailed and specific indications of what a policy actually will mean
the EPA
-example of a rule drawn by governing agencies
-Clean Air Act allows it to assess whether current or projected levels or air pollutants pose a threat to public health, to identify whether motor vehicle emissions are contributing to such pollution, and to create rules designed to regulate these emissions. Means of implementation
creating regulations through rule-making
-include policy enforcement and delivering services
Policy Enforcement
-bureaucrats have considerable power in enforcing laws
-Coast Guard, DNR, food inspections, airport security
Delivering Services
-Product safety
-Protects workplace
-Registers us to vote
-Provides clean air/water
-Maintains buildings
-Delivers mail
-Provides education
-Public Parks
Evolution of Bureaucracy
1800's - Patronage, "spoils system"
1883 - Pendleton Civil Service Act - established Merit System, OPM - office of personnel and management
Spoils System
-Government jobs were given out based on political connections
-The president could fill federal jobs with political friends and supporters. Civil Service Act of 1883
-established the Merit System
-Requires that appointees to public office be qualified for the job appointed to
Merit System
-a product of civil service reform, in which appointees to positions in public bureaucracies must objectively be deemed qualified for those positions
Office of Personnel and Management
OPM
- created to manage recruiting, testing, training, and the retirement system
-part of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
Types of Government Organizations
1 - Departments
2 - Independent Agencies
3 - Independent Regulatory Commissions
4 - Government Corporations
Departments
-largest units of executive branch
-15 departments
- Carries out vital government functions
-Each department is broken down into agencies, bureaus, offices, and services
-Heads of departments form president's Cabinet
-Appointed by the president, confirmed by the Senate
-Can be removed by president
-14 secretaries, Attorney General
Independent Agencies
-Narrowly defined functions or policy areas
-Varying degrees of independence
-Each stands alone, not part of a department
Independent Agencies and Departments - Similarities
-Heads are appointed by the president
How are Independent Agencies Different from Departments? -Smaller in size and jurisdiction
-Specific responsibilities (not broad)
-Heads do not sit on Cabinet
Examples of Independent Agencies
-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
-General Services Administration
-National Aeronautics and Space Admin (NASA)
-National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
-Small Business Administration (SBA)
Independent Regulatory Commissions (IRC)
-each regulates some aspect of the economy
-headed by multi-member commissions for fixed terms
-independent of presidential control
When does the president get involved in Independent Regulatory Commissions? -the president can appoint members if vacancy occurs, but cannot remove them. Examples of Independent Regulatory Commissions
-Federal Communications Commissions (FCC)
-Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
-Federal Trade Commissions (FTC)
-Federal Election Commission (FEC)
-Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
-Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
Government Corporations
-business owned by government
-perform services that could be provided by private sector
-similar to a business
-more freedom from rules and regulations of agencies and IRC's
How are Government Corporations Similar to Businesses? -can charge for services
-can make a profit
Examples of Government Corporations
-US Postal Service
-AMTRAK
-Corporation of Public Broadcasting (PBS, NPR)
Promoting and Ensuring Public Welfare
-executive branch agency
-National Park Service
-Department of Health and Human Services
Bureaucratic Clientele
-being connected to specific groups or segment of society. Examples of Bureaucratic Clientele
-Department of Veterans Affairs
-Department of Agriculture
-Department of Education
Regulatory Agencies
-agencies whose main job is to control some specific conduct in society through the insurance of rules and penalties if those rules are violated
-some are bureaus within departments
Agencies of the Department of Health and Human Services
-FDA: regulatory agency
-NIH: