Title: Neonicotinoid - Wikipedia
Headings: Neonicotinoid
Neonicotinoid
Contents
History
Market
Agricultural usage
Efficacy
Seed coatings
Regulation
United States
European Union
Studies and national regulations
European ban
Economic impact
Canada
Oceania
Mode of action
Basis of selectivity
Chemical properties
Toxicity
Bees
Birds
Other wildlife
See also
References
External links

Content: Most academic and governmental bodies agree that neonicotinoids have had a negative influence on bee populations. In 2013, the European Union and a few neighbouring countries restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids; in 2018, the EU banned the three main neonicotinoids ( clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) for all outdoor uses. Several states in the United States have also restricted usage of neonicotinoids out of concern for pollinators and bees. Contents
1 History
2 Market
3 Agricultural usage
3.1 Efficacy
3.2 Seed coatings
4 Regulation
4.1 United States
4.2 European Union
4.2.1 Studies and national regulations
4.2.2 European ban
4.2.3 Economic impact
4.3 Canada
4.4 Oceania
5 Mode of action
5.1 Basis of selectivity
6 Chemical properties
7 Toxicity
7.1 Bees
7.2 Birds
7.3 Other wildlife
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History
The precursor to nithiazine was first synthesized by Henry Feuer, a chemist at Purdue University, in 1970; Shell researchers found in screening that this precursor showed insecticide potential and refined it to develop nithiazine. In 1984 nithiazine's mode of action was found to be as a postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor agonist, the same as nicotine. Nithiazine does not act as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in contrast to the organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. While nithiazine has the desired specificity (i.e. low mammalian toxicity), it is not photostable—that is, it breaks down in sunlight, thus is not commercially viable. In 1985, Bayer patented imidacloprid as the first commercial neonicotinoid.