Title: Pan-africanism | Encyclopedia.com
Headings: Pan-Africanism
Pan-Africanism
PAN-AFRICANISM.
Origins and Development of Pan-Africanism
Ethiopianism.
Transnational Pan-Africanism
Pan-Africanism in the Early Twentieth Century
Marcus Garvey.
Pan-Africanist literary and cultural movements.
Pan-Africanists and communism.
Pan-Africanism in France.
Women's contributions to Pan-Africanism.
Pan-Africanism after World War II
and Postcolonialism
Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism.
Pan-Africanism in the Late Twentieth Century
The Future of Pan-Africanism
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PRIMARY SOURCES
SECONDARY SOURCES
Pan-Africanism
Bibliography
Pan-Africanism
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Pan-Africanism
HISTORICAL CONTEXT FOR PAN-AFRICANISM
CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PAN-AFRICANISM
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Pan-Africanism
W. E. B. DU BOIS
MARCUS GARVEY
GEORGE PADMORE
KWAME NKRUMAH
JULIUS NYERERE
C. L. R. JAMES
WALTER RODNEY
PAN-AFRICANISM IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Pan-Africanism

Content: There are a number of reasons why black internationalism had particular resonance during this period. African contact with Europeans, the slave trade from Africa, and the widespread use of African slaves in the New World colonies were the most salient factors, leading first those in dispersion and then many in Africa to envision the unity of the "race." At the same time, as abolition spread gradually around the Atlantic during the nineteenth century, Europeans increasingly viewed race as a biological and, thus, inherent difference rather than a cultural one. Back-to-Africa movements — particularly the establishment of Sierra Leone by the British in 1787 and Liberia by the American Colonization Society in 1816 — also contributed to the emergence of Pan-Africanism, and were probably the original source of the phrase, "Africa for the Africans." From 1808, English Evangelicals at the CMS Grammar School in Freetown taught their "liberated" students that there were other Africans around the globe, which instilled a sense of a common destiny. Many mission-educated Sierra Leoneans like Samuel Crowther (c. 1807 – 1891) and James Johnson (1836 – 1917) moved or, in some cases, moved back to Nigeria, primarily Lagos, beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, where they were joined by returning freed people from Brazil and the Caribbean. These groups quickly coalesced into the Christian, African upper class that produced the leaders of early Nigerian nationalism and Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism was the product of extraordinary, European-educated Africans and African-Americans, in other words, those most exposed to metropolitan culture and the influences of the modern world. Ethiopianism. Apart from the contributions of West Africans and African descendants in the New World, South Africa developed a distinctive form of race consciousness in the form of Ethiopianism.