Title: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy
Headings: 
The Executive Branch
The President and the Bureaucracy
Foundations of the Modern Presidency
The Electoral College
Removal of the President
Organization of the Presidency
Bureaucracy

Content: � Presidents possess legislative authority not only to use the veto but also to recommend proposals to Congress. � For all these reasons, a more activist presidency has evolved during the modern era. Your textbook discusses reasons why presidential powers have evolved over time. � There are three key theories of presidential power that account for this, as well as a historical progression of expansion of power at the federal level: 1) The Whig theory of presidential power holds that the presidency is a limited or constrained office whose occupant was confined to the exercise of expressly granted constitutional authority. � Most of the early presidents of this country followed this theory in how they exercised the power of the presidency. 2) The stewardship theory of presidential power calls for a strong, assertive presidential role that, in the words of Theodore Roosevelt, directs the president �to do anything that the needs of the Nation demanded unless such action was forbidden by the Constitution or by the laws. �� Most presidents since the turn of the 20th Century have been more of this model than previous presidents. 3) The prerogative theory of presidential power, which is not mentioned in the text, carries the role of the president into more assertive and aggressive areas, often going outside the Constitution and the nation�s laws. � This theory of �paramount necessity� as defined by Abraham Lincoln and used by Franklin Roosevelt and Richard Nixon pushes the direction of the presidential exercise of power into imperial or dictatorial areas, raising legal and ethical questions regarding its use.