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Content: Among the most contentious provisions of
        Article 130 was Section 9: " Neither in public nor private assembly,
        nor in acts of worship or religious propaganda shall the ministers of
        the religions ever have the right to criticize the basic laws of the
        country, of the authorities in particular or of the government in
        general; they shall have neither an active nor passive vote, nor the
        right to associate for political purposes." Beginning in 1926 and continuing until the late 1930s, various
        federal and state administrations strenuously enforced these
        constitutional edicts and related laws. Their actions paved the way for
        the second Mexican religious war, the bloody Cristero Rebellion of
        1926-29 in western Mexico (see The Calles Presidency, 1924-28, ch. 1). During this period, the governor of Sonora ordered all churches closed,
        officials in the state of Tabasco required priests to marry if they were
        to officiate at mass, and the Chihuahua government allowed only one
        priest to minister to the entire statewide Roman Catholic population. Church-state conflict officially ended with the administration of
        Manuel Ávila Camacho (1940-46). With the notable exception of Article
        130, Section 9, the government tacitly offered nonenforcement of key
        constitutional provisions in exchange for the Roman Catholic Church's
        cooperation in achieving social peace. Over the next four decades,
        enforcement of Article 130, Section 9, served the interests of both the
        government and the Roman Catholic Church.