Title: Gram-positive uropathogens: Empirical treatment and emerging antimicrobial resistance
Headings: 
Gram-positive uropathogens: Empirical treatment and emerging antimicrobial resistance
Abstract
Key words
Abbreviations
Introduction
Methods and materials
Data collection
Study design and specimen collection
Bacterial isolation and identification
Antimicrobial sensitivity assessment
Detection of β-lactamase and quinolone-resistant genes
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographics of the study population
Isolation and identification of gram-positive UTI pathogens
Antimicrobial resistance pattern of the UTI gram-positive isolates
Antibiotic resistant genes in gram-positive uropathogens
Discussion
Ethics statement
Acknowledgments
Disclosure
References
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Content: Urinary Tract Infection
Introduction
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases. The major causative agents of UTIs are Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae. The remaining proportions are associated with a variety of organisms, including the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS), and other less frequently isolated organisms [1-3]. Most prevalent gram-positive uropathogenic bacteria include Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Enterococcus facecalis [4-6]. Gram-positive uropathogens were reported in multiple countries in both uncomplicated and complicated UTI [7-9]. There are no such exclusive studies have been done in Bangladeshi population to seek gram-positive UTI etiology. Without proper diagnosis, there is a high possibility of getting wrong and inappropriate medications and subsequent adverse side-effects of the associated treatment. Gram-positive bacteria are found more often as etiologic agents of UTI among pregnant women and the elderly [10]. Further, complicated UTIs often occur in nosocomial and/or institutional settings and these individuals are at greater risk of gram-positive and polymicrobial UTI [4,5]. It accounts for a large proportion of antibiotic consumption and has a large socioeconomic impact and may contribute to bacterial resistance [11,12].