Title: Neonicotinoid - Wikipedia
Headings: Neonicotinoid
Neonicotinoid
Contents
History
Market
Agricultural usage
Efficacy
Seed coatings
Regulation
United States
European Union
Studies and national regulations
European ban
Economic impact
Canada
Oceania
Mode of action
Basis of selectivity
Chemical properties
Toxicity
Bees
Birds
Other wildlife
See also
References
External links

Content: Some breakdown products are also toxic to insects. Neonicotinoid use has been linked in a range of studies to adverse ecological effects, including honey-bee colony collapse disorder (CCD) and loss of birds due to a reduction in insect populations. Some scientific findings regarding the harm caused to bees by neonics have been conflicting and controversial, partly because of the sheer number of biological factors that complicate tying CCD with neonicotinoid use, including varroa mite infestation and Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV). This is partly because bees exposed to normal levels of neonicotinoids do not immediately die. Some sources have proposed that neonicotinoids reduce a bee colony's ability to survive the winter. Most academic and governmental bodies agree that neonicotinoids have had a negative influence on bee populations. In 2013, the European Union and a few neighbouring countries restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids; in 2018, the EU banned the three main neonicotinoids ( clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) for all outdoor uses. Several states in the United States have also restricted usage of neonicotinoids out of concern for pollinators and bees. Contents
1 History
2 Market
3 Agricultural usage
3.1 Efficacy
3.2 Seed coatings
4 Regulation
4.1 United States
4.2 European Union
4.2.1 Studies and national regulations
4.2.2 European ban
4.2.3 Economic impact
4.3 Canada
4.4 Oceania
5 Mode of action
5.1 Basis of selectivity
6 Chemical properties
7 Toxicity
7.1 Bees
7.2 Birds
7.3 Other wildlife
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History
The precursor to nithiazine was first synthesized by Henry Feuer, a chemist at Purdue University, in 1970;