Title: Pesticide resistance - Wikipedia
Headings: Pesticide resistance
Pesticide resistance
Contents
Causes
Examples
Consequences
Multiple and cross-resistance
Adaptation
Management
Integrated pest management
Status
Glyphosate
B. thuringiensis
See also
References
External links

Content: Although the evolution of pesticide resistance is usually discussed as a result of pesticide use, it is important to keep in mind that pest populations can also adapt to non-chemical methods of control. For example, the northern corn rootworm ( Diabrotica barberi) became adapted to a corn-soybean crop rotation by spending the year when the field is planted with soybeans in a diapause. As of 2014
[update]
, few new weed killers are near commercialization, and none with a novel, resistance-free mode of action. Similarly, as of January 2019
[update]
discovery of new insecticides is more expensive and difficult than ever. Contents
1 Causes
2 Examples
3 Consequences
4 Multiple and cross-resistance
5 Adaptation
6 Management
6.1 Integrated pest management
7 Status
7.1 Glyphosate
7.2 B. thuringiensis
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Causes
Pesticide resistance probably stems from multiple factors: Many pest species produce large numbers of offspring, for example insect pests produce large broods. This increases the probability of mutations and ensures the rapid expansion of resistant populations. Pest species had been exposed to natural toxins long before agriculture began. For example, many plants produce phytotoxins to protect them from herbivores. As a result, coevolution of herbivores and their host plants required development of the physiological capability to detoxify or tolerate poisons.