Title: Sea level rise - Wikipedia
Headings: Sea level rise
Sea level rise
Contents
Past changes
Measurement
Satellites
Tide gauges
Contributions
Ocean heating
Main article: Ocean heat content
Antarctica
East Antarctica
West Antarctica
Greenland
Glaciers
Main article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Sea ice
Land water storage
Projections
Projections for the 21st century
Long-term sea level rise
Further information: Long-term effects of global warming
By region
Effects
Further information: Regional effects of global warming
Coastal areas
Present effects
Future effects
Island nations
Ecosystems
Adaptation
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

Content: implement managed retreat, accommodate coastal change, or protect against sea level rise through hard-construction practices like seawalls or soft approaches such as dune rehabilitation and beach nourishment. Sometimes these adaptation strategies go hand in hand, but at other times choices have to be made among different strategies. For some human environments, such as so called sinking cities, adaptation to sea level rise may be compounded by other environmental issues such as subsidence. Natural ecosystems typically adapt to rising sea levels by moving inland; however, they might not always be able to do so, due to natural or artificial barriers. Contents
1 Past changes
2 Measurement
2.1 Satellites
2.2 Tide gauges
3 Contributions
3.1 Ocean heating
3.2 Antarctica
3.2.1 East Antarctica
3.2.2 West Antarctica
3.3 Greenland
3.4 Glaciers
3.5 Sea ice
3.6 Land water storage
4 Projections
4.1 Projections for the 21st century
4.2 Long-term sea level rise
5 By region
6 Effects
6.1 Coastal areas
6.1.1 Present effects
6.1.2 Future effects
6.2 Island nations
6.3 Ecosystems
7 Adaptation
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Past changes
Changes in sea level since the end of the last glacial episode
Understanding past sea level is important for the analysis of current and future changes. In the recent geological past, changes in land ice and thermal expansion from increased temperatures are the dominant reasons of sea level rise. The last time the Earth was 2 °C (3.6 °F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures, sea levels were at least 5 metres (16 ft) higher than now: this was when warming because of changes in the amount of sunlight due to slow changes in the Earth's orbit caused the last interglacial. The warming was sustained over a period of thousands of years and the magnitude of the rise in sea level implies a large contribution from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets.