Title: Chemical control of nematodes: efficiency and side-effects
Headings: Chemical control of nematodes: efficiency and side-effects
Chemical control of nematodes: efficiency and side-effects
S.R. Gowen
Introduction
Chemical control of nematodes
The demand
Efficacy
TABLE 1
Nematicides currently available on world markets
TABLE 2
Examples of recommended nematicidal dosages and treatments for some important crops1
Side-effects
Future developments
References

Content: nematodes living in these spaces are killed. TABLE 1
Nematicides currently available on world markets
Chemical name
Trade name
Formulation
Fumigants
Methyl bromide
Dowfume
Gas
1,3 dichloropropene
Telone/DD-95
Liquid
Ethylene dibromide 1
Dowfume W-85
Liquid
Metam-sodium
Vapam
Liquid
Dazomet
Basamid
Dust (prill)
Methyl isothiocyanate
Di-Trapex
Liquid
Chloropicrin 1
Larvacide
Liquid
Organophosphates
Thionazin
Nemafos
Granular or emulsifiable liquid
Ethoprophos
Mocap
Granular or emulsifiable liquid
Fenamiphos
Nemacur
Granular or emulsifiable liquid
Fensulfothion
Dasanit
Granular
Terbufos
Counter
Granular
Isazofos
Miral
Granular or emulsifiable liquid
Ebufos
Rugby
Granular or emulsifiable liquid
Carbamates
Aldicarb
Temik
Granular
Aldoxycarb
Standak
Flowable
OxamyI
Vydate
Granular or emulsifiable liquid
Carbofuran
Furadan/Curaterr
Granular or flowable
Cleothocarb
Lance
Granular
1 Use restricted. Fumigants perform best in soils that do not have high levels of organic matter (which deactivates the toxicant) and that are free-draining but have adequate moisture. In general, fumigants are most effective in warm soils (12° to 15°C) as dispersion is temperature related. Methyl bromide, the most dangerous of the fumigants still in common use, has to be applied beneath a polyethylene sheet. In some countries this is done with specialized machinery that treats and covers the soil in one operation. The cover is removed some days later and the crop is sown or planted when all traces of the fumigant have dispersed. TABLE 2
Examples of recommended nematicidal dosages and treatments for some important crops1
Crop
Nematode pest
Nematicide
Application rate2
Application techniques
Potato
Globodera spp. Aldicarb
2.24-3.36
Incorporated in row
Oxamyl
4.0-5.5

Carbofuran
4.0-5.5

Tomato, cucurbits
Meloidogyne spp. Aldicarb
3.36
Incorporated in 30-cm bands
Ethoprophos
0.9-2.9
Incorporated in bands
OxamyI
0.6-1.2
Incorporated in bands
Fenamiphos
1.6-3.3
Incorporated in bands
Dazomet
30-50 g/m 2
Incorporated in bands and irrigated Time interval before planting
Citrus
Tylenchulus semipenetrans
Fenamiphos
10.8-21.6
Annual treatment applied along drip-line
Aldicarb
5.5-11.0
Annual treatment applied along drip-line
Grape
Meloidogyne spp.