Title: Kingdom Plantae | collegekarachi
Headings: Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Plantae
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM PLANTAE
A – SUB-DIVISION – BRYOPHYTES (NON-VASCULAR)
B- SUB-DIVISION – TRACHEOPHYTES
SUB –DIVISION BRYOPHYTA (AMPHIBIAN PLANTS) OR (NON-VASCULAR PLANTS)
ADAPTATION OF BRYOPHYTES TO LAND HABITAT
CLASSES OF BRYOPHYTES
1-MUSCI (MOSSES)
2-HEPATICAE (LIVERWORTS)
3- ANTHROCERATAE:- (HORNWORTS)
SUB-DIVISION TRACHEOPHYTA (VASCULAR PLANTS)
CLASSES OF TRACHEOPHYTES
1-PSILOPSIDA
2-LYCOPSIDA (THE CLUB MOSSES)
STEPS OF EVOLUTION
PINUS
HABIT AND HABITAT
MORPHOLOGY
LIFE CYCLE OF PINUS
1. SPOROPHYTIC PHASE
2. GAMETOPHYTE PHASE
POLLINATION
FERTILIZATION
PINUS SEED
STRUCTURE OF OVULE
STRUCTURE OF POLLEN GRAIN

Content: E.g Marchantia
3- ANTHROCERATAE:- (HORNWORTS)
These plants resemble w/t liverworts, but are differentiated by their sporophytes plants. Sporophyte are elongated capsules that grow like horn from mat like gametophyte. Sporophyte has stomata and chloroplast, performs photosynthesis
Sporophyte plant can survive even often the death of gametophyte due to presence of Meristem. Meristem is a specialized tissue, which keeps on adding new cells in sporophyte plant. Hornworts are the most advanced members of bryophytes. E.g Arthroceros
SUB-DIVISION TRACHEOPHYTA (VASCULAR PLANTS)
Main characters are as follow,
Conducting vessels Xylem and Phloem are present in plant body. A protective layer of sterile “Jacket” cells around reproductive organs are present. Multicellular embryos retained within the archegonia. On aerial parts protective covering “Cuticles” is present w/c prevents excessive loss of water during hot climate. In life cycle Sporophyte stage is dominant.