Title: Motivation - Basic Concepts and Theories
Headings: Motivation – Basic Concepts and Theories
Motivation – Basic Concepts and Theories
Furthermore, literature distinguishes 2 types of factors that influence motivation:
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
McClelland’s needs
Process cognitive theory
Expectancy theory by Vroom
Reactance theory by Brehm
Equity theory by Adams
Other theories
Our book recommendations on motivation

Content: Herzbergs two-factor model
There are some factors that result in satisfaction and some factors that just prevent dissatisfaction. According to Herzberg, the opposite of Satisfaction is No Satisfaction and the opposite of Dissatisfaction is No Dissatisfaction. Motivators – factors that really motivate people, also called satisfiers, provide intrinsic motivation
Examples for Motivators: recognition, growth and career development opportunities, responsibility, autonomy, self-fulfillment
Hygiene factors – dissatisfiers; their absence would demotivate people, but their presence not necessarily improves motivation; essentially describe the environment, little effect on positive job attitudes
Examples for Hygiene factors: salary, work conditions, relationships with superios and peers, company policy
Process cognitive theory
Emphasis on psychological processes that effect motivation and on basic needs
Concerned with people’s perceptions and the way they interpret and understand it
People will be highly motivated if they can control the means to attain their goals
Expectancy theory by Vroom
Value, instrumentality (belief that if we do one thing it will lead to another), expectancy (probability that action or effort will lead to an outcome). Strength of expectations may be based on past experiences. Motivation is only likely when a clearly perceived relationship exists between performance and an outcome that is seen as a means of satisfying needs. Porter and Lawler developed this theory into a model suggesting that there are two factors determining the effort people put into their jobs: