Title: Three Types of Research | Experiment | Statistics
Headings: Three Types of Research
Three Types of Research
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Three Types of Research
Theory and Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen
Effect of Time in Psychology Research
1. Cross-sectional research takes place at a single point in time.
2. Longitudinal research is a study that takes place over a period of time.
Causal Relationships Between Variables
• A causal relationship is when one variable causes a change in another
Correlational Relationships Between Variables
• A positive correlation is a direct relationship where as the amount of one
Validity isn’t determined by a single statistic, but by a body of research that
In some instances where a test measures a trait that is difficult to define, an
• Predictive Validity occurs when the criterion measures are obtained at a
The independent variable: the treatment variable that is manipulated by the
The dependent variable: the response that the experimenter is measuring.
The control group: made up of individuals who are randomly assigned to a
The experimental group: made up of individuals who are randomly assigned to
Experimenters use inferential statistics to determine if the results of an
The key to determining if a treatment had an effect is to measure the statistical
Statistical significance is often represented like this:
• Positive Correlations: Both variables increase or decrease at the same
A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates no correlation.
Limitations of Correlational Studies:
Advantages of Naturalistic Observation:
• Gives the experimenter the opportunity to view the variable of interest in a
Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observation:
• Can be time consuming and expensive.
2. The Survey Method
Advantages of the Survey Method:
Disadvantages of the Survey Method:
• Can be affected by an unrepresentative sample or poor survey questions.
Archival research is performed by analyzing studies conducted by other
• The experimenter cannot introduce changes in participant behavior.
Disadvantages of Archival Research:
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Content: 2. Longitudinal research is a study that takes place over a period of time. o Data is first collected at the outset of the study, and may then be gathered
repeatedly throughout the length of the study. o Some longitudinal studies may occur over a short period of time, such as a
few days, while others may take place over a period of decades. o The effects of aging are often investigated using longitudinal research. Causal Relationships Between Variables
What do we mean when we talk about a “relationship” between variables? In
psychological research, we are referring to a connection between two or more
factors that we can measure or systematically vary. One of the most important distinctions to make when discussing the relationship
between variables is the meaning of causation. • A causal relationship is when one variable causes a change in another
variable. These types of relationships are investigated by experimental
research in order to determine if changes in one variable truly causes
changes in another variable.