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Content: Psychology Exam 1-4 Flashcards | Quizlet
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Psychology Exam 1-4
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Terms in this set (207)
mind
the brain and its activities, including though, emotion, and behavior
psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
introspection
personal observation of your own thoughts, feelings, and behavior
philosophy
the discipline that systematically examines basic concepts, including the source of knowledge
physical science
any science that studies nonliving matter, including physics, chemistry, astronomy, and geology
ancient physicians
the brain is the source of the mind
ancient greek philosophers
provided natural, not supernatural, explanations for their observations
Descartes
mind-body dualism
British empiricists
knowledge is the result of experience
17th and 18th century physical scientists
discoveries about sensation and movement showed that the mind was physical
Von Helmholtz
studies of reaction time reinforced the idea of the mind as physical
structuralism
an approach in which the mind is broken into the smallest elements of mental experience
Gestalt psychology
An approach to psychology that saw experience as different than the sum of its elements
functionalism
an approach to psychology that saw behavior as purposeful and contributing to survival
behaviorism
an approach to psychology that features the study and careful measurement of observable behaviors
humanistic psychology
an approach to psychology that saw people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve
Wilhelm Wundt
structuralism- behavior can be broken down into its components
Max Wertheimer
Gestalt psychology- breaking behavior into components loses meaning
William James
Functionalism- behavior is purposeful and contributes to survival
Ivan Pavlov
Behaviorism- experience is the primary source of behavior
Ulric Neisser
cognitive revolution- private mental processing can be studied scientifically
Sigmund Freud
Freud's psychodynamic theory- ideas about the unconscious mind, the role of experience in abnormal behavior
Abraham Maslow
Humanism- people are naturally good and are motivated to improve
biological psychology
the psychological perspective that focuses on the relationships between mind, behavior, and their underlying biological processes, including genetics, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology; also known as behavioral neuroscience
evolutionary psychology
1) the psychological perspective that investigates how physical structure and behavior have been shaped by their contributions to survival and reproduction
2) the psychological perspective that assumes our current behavior exists because it provided survival and reproductive advantages to our ancestors
cognitive psychology
the psychological perspective that investigates information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
social psychology
the psychological perspective that examines the effects of the social environment on the behavior of individuals
culture
the practices, values, and goals shared by groups of people
developmental psychology
the psychological perspective that examines the normal changes in behavior that occur across the lifespan
clinical psychology
the psychological perspective that seeks to explain, define, and treat abnormal behaviors
individual differences
an approach to psychology that investigates variations in behavior from one person to the next
personality
an individual's characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving
bachelor's degree
rehabilitation, research assistance, management, sales, service, public affairs, education, human resources, probation, journalism
Master's degree
community college teaching, marriage and family counseling, health, education
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
University teaching and research, therapy, business, government, education
Medical doctor (MD)
psychiatry
science
a method for learning about reality through systematic observation and experimentation
objectivity
the practice of basing conclusions on facts without influence of personal emotion and bias
double-blind procedure
a research design that controls for placebo effects in which neither the participant nor the experimenter observing the participant knows whether the participant was given an active substance or treatment or a placebo
placebo
an inactive substance or treatment that cannot be distinguished from a real, active substance or treatment
critical thinking
the ability to think clearly, rationally, and independently
theory
a set of facts and relationships between facts that can explain and predict related phenomena
hypothesis
a proposed explanation for a situation, usually taking the form "if A happens then B will be the result"
falsifiable
a characteristic of a scientific hypothesis meaning that situations in which the hypothesis might be false can be imagined
testable
a feature of a hypothesis that means it can be evaluated using known scientific methods
peer review
the process of having other experts examine research prior to its publication
replication
repeating an experiment and producing the same results
descriptive methods
research methods designed for making careful, systematic observations
case study
an in-depth analysis of the behavior of one person or a small number of people 
strengths- can explore new and unusual phenomena; can falsify hypothesis
weaknesses- limited generalization
naturalistic observation
an in-depth study of a phenomenon in its natural setting
strengths- provides insight into natural, real-world behaviors
weaknesses- participants act differently when watched; ethical issues
survey
a descriptive method in which participants are asked the same questions
strengths- provides large amounts of data quickly and inexpensively
weaknesses- requires large representative sample; people wish to appear socially appropriate and may lie
sample
a subset of a population being studied
correlation
a measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables
strengths- allows us to predict behavior; stimulate development of hypotheses; address some difficult ethical situations
weaknesses- cannot be used to discuss causality
variable
a factor that has a range of values
measure
a method for describing a variable's quantity
third variable
a variable that is responsible for a correlation observed between two other variables of interest
experiment
a research method that tests hypotheses and allows researchers to make conclusions about causality 
strengths- control of situations and strong hypothesis testing; allow for judgements of causality
weaknesses- artificiality, ethical concerns, time-consuming
independent variable
an experimental variable controlled and manipulated by the experimenter;