Title: Neonicotinoid - Wikipedia
Headings: Neonicotinoid
Neonicotinoid
Contents
History
Market
Agricultural usage
Efficacy
Seed coatings
Regulation
United States
European Union
Studies and national regulations
European ban
Economic impact
Canada
Oceania
Mode of action
Basis of selectivity
Chemical properties
Toxicity
Bees
Birds
Other wildlife
See also
References
External links

Content: During the late 1990s, primarily, imidacloprid became widely used. Beginning in the early 2000s, two other neonicotinoids, clothianidin and thiamethoxam, entered the market. As of 2013
[update]
, virtually all corn planted in the United States was treated with one of these two insecticides. As of 2014
[update]
, about a third of US soybean acreage was planted with neonicotinoid-treated seeds, usually imidacloprid or thiamethoxam. Market
Neonicotinoids have been registered in more than 120 countries. With a global turnover of €1.5 billion in 2008, they represented 24% of the global market for insecticides. After the introduction of the first neonicotinoids in the 1990s, this market has grown from €155 million in 1990 to €957 million in 2008. Neonicotinoids made up 80% of all seed treatment sales in 2008. As of 2011, seven neonicotinoids from different companies are on the market. Name
Company
Products
Turnover in million US$ (2009)
Imidacloprid
Bayer CropScience
Confidor, Admire, Gaucho, Advocate
1,091
Thiamethoxam
Syngenta
Actara, Platinum, Cruiser
627
Clothianidin
Sumitomo Chemical /Bayer CropScience
Poncho, Dantosu, Dantop, Belay
439
Acetamiprid
Nippon Soda
Mospilan, Assail, ChipcoTristar
276
Thiacloprid
Bayer CropScience
Calypso
112
Dinotefuran
Mitsui Chemicals
Starkle, Safari, Venom
79
Nitenpyram
Sumitomo Chemical
Capstar, Guardian
8
Agricultural usage
Efficacy
Imidacloprid is effective against sucking insects, some chewing insects, soil insects and fleas on domestic animals.