Title: Classical conditioning - Wikipedia
Headings: Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
Contents
Overview
Definition
Procedures
Pavlov's research
Terminology
Forward conditioning
Simultaneous conditioning
Second-order and higher-order conditioning
Backward conditioning
Temporal conditioning
Zero contingency procedure
Extinction
Phenomena observed
Acquisition
Extinction
External inhibition
Recovery from extinction
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination
Latent inhibition
Conditioned suppression
Conditioned inhibition
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Blocking
Phase 1
Phase 2
Test
Theories
Data sources
Stimulus-substitution theory
Rescorla–Wagner model
Equation
R–W model: acquisition
R–W model: extinction
R–W model: blocking
Theoretical issues and alternatives to the Rescorla–Wagner model
Content of learning
Role of attention in learning
Context
Comparator theory
Computational theory
Element-based models
The SOP model
Applications
Neural basis of learning and memory
Behavioral therapies
Conditioned drug response
Conditioned hunger
Conditioned emotional response
Pavlovian-instrumental transfer
In popular culture
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Content: March 2020)
Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell). It also refers to the learning process that results from this pairing, through which the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response (e.g. salivation) that is usually similar to the one elicited by the potent stimulus. It was first studied by Ivan Pavlov in 1897. It is distinct from operant conditioning (also called instrumental conditioning ), through which the strength of a voluntary behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. Classically conditioned stimuli can enhance operant behavior by independently inducing rewarding choices. Research has shown this to be a beneficial phenomenon in cases where operant behavior is error-prone. Pavlov performed an experiment to condition salivation response in dogs, which brought about classical conditioning. He described classical conditioning as a form of learning in which a conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus in order to produce a behavioral response, the conditioned response. He also identified various types of classical conditioning: forward conditioning, simultaneous conditioning, backward conditioning, and temporal conditioning.