Title: School integration in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: School integration in the United States
School integration in the United States
Contents
Background
Early history of integrated schools
The Jim Crow South
Black schools
Legal action
Initial responses to school integration
Criticism
Praise
Implementation
Brown II
Integration in response to Brown
Opposition to integration
Integration of Southern universities
University of Texas System 1950-1956
University of Georgia 1961
Georgia Tech 1961
University of Mississippi 1962
University of Alabama 1956/1963
Impact on Hispanic populations
Impact on modern schools
Educational implications
Social implications
See also
References
Footnotes
Sources
Further reading
Books
Articles
External links

Content: However, despite their important role in black communities, black schools remained underfunded and ill-equipped, particularly in comparison to white schools. For example, between 1902 and 1918, the General Education Board, a philanthropic organization created to strengthen public schools in the South, gave only $2.4 million to black schools compared to $25 million given to white schools. Legal action
Throughout the first half of the 20th century there were several efforts to combat school segregation, but few were successful. However, in a unanimous 1954 decision in the Brown v. Board of Education case, the United States Supreme Court ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional. The NAACP legal team representing Brown, led by Thurgood Marshall, argued that racially separate schools were inherently unequal, as society as a whole looked down upon African Americans and racially segregated schools only reinforced this prejudice. They supported their argument with research from psychologists and social scientists in order to empirically prove that segregated schools inflicted psychological harm on black students. These expert testimonies, coupled with the concrete knowledge that black schools had worse facilities than white schools and that black teachers were paid less than white teachers, contributed to the landmark unanimous decision. Initial responses to school integration
The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas. They then attended after the intervention of President Dwight D. Eisenhower.