Title: Tribal sovereignty in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: Tribal sovereignty in the United States
Tribal sovereignty in the United States
Contents
Native American sovereignty and the Constitution
Early history
The Marshall Trilogy, 1823–1832
Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
United States v. Kagama (1886)
Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883
The General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), 1887
Twentieth-century developments
Revenue and Indian Citizenship acts, 1924
Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe (1956)
Indian Reorganization Act, 1934
Public Law 280, 1953
Tribal governments today
Tribal courts
Nation to nation: tribes and the federal government
Tribal state relations: sovereign within a sovereign
List of cases
See also
Notes
References
External links

Content: Thus it required the federal government no longer interact with the various tribes through treaties, but rather through statutes: That hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty: Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe. — Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
The 1871 Act also made it a federal crime to commit murder, manslaughter, rape, assault with intent to kill, arson, burglary, and larceny within any Territory of the United States. United States v. Kagama (1886)
The 1871 Act was affirmed in 1886 by the US Supreme Court, in United States v. Kagama, which affirmed that the Congress has plenary power over all Native American tribes within its borders by rationalization that "The power of the general government over these remnants of a race once powerful ... is necessary to their protection as well as to the safety of those among whom they dwell". The Supreme Court affirmed that the US Government "has the right and authority, instead of controlling them by treaties, to govern them by acts of Congress, they being within the geographical limit of the United States. ... The Indians owe no allegiance to a State within which their reservation may be established, and the State gives them no protection." Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883
See also: United States Indian Police
On April 10, 1883, five years after establishing Indian police powers throughout the various reservations, the Indian Commissioner approved rules for a "court of Indian offenses". The court provided a venue for prosecuting criminal charges, but afforded no relief for tribes seeking to resolve civil matters.