Title: Fascial hernia, definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment
Headings: Fascial hernia
Fascial hernia
Fascial hernia
Figure 1. Fascia and muscle compartments of the leg
Figure 2. Fascial hernia
Fascial hernia causes
Fascial hernia symptoms
Fascial hernia diagnosis
Fascial hernia treatment
Fascial hernia repair
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Content: Acquired causes are usually secondary to trauma, occuring as either after direct or indirect trauma. Traumatic examples include penetrating trauma, closed fractures causing a fascial tear (direct trauma), or force applied to contracted muscle causing acute fascial rupture (indirect trauma) 40). In direct trauma, the fascia itself is injured resulting e.g. from fractures, wounds or contusion. Indirect trauma means injury to the contracted muscle that can cause rupture of the fascia 41) . Herniation is potentiated by increases in intracompartmental pressures such as muscle hypertrophy or chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS). For perspective, regular cardiovascular exercise and physical activity can lead to muscle hypertrophy with a 20% increase in muscle volume 42). Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is defined as a reversible form of abnormally increased intramuscular pressure during exercise or physical exertion secondary to noncompliance of osteofascial tissues to exercise-induced increases in muscle volume 43). Acute compartment syndrome is attributed to various causes (i.e., fracture, ischemia, improper casting, etc.) and often presents with extreme pain in a passive state as an emergency. Fasciotomy is the gold standard for relieving symptoms associated with acute compartment syndrome 44).