Title: Motivation and Motivation Theory - levels, system, model, hierarchy, workplace, business, system, Historical development, Major content theories
Headings: MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATION THEORY
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS.
ALDERFER'S ERG THEORY.
MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY.
MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY.
MAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
EXPECTANCY THEORY.
EQUITY THEORY.
GOAL-SETTING THEORY.
REINFORCEMENT THEORY.
FURTHER READING:

Content: The process theories  are concerned with determining how individual behavior is energized,  directed, and maintained in the specifically willed and self-directed  human cognitive processes. Process theories of motivation are based on  early cognitive theories, which posit that behavior is the result of  conscious decision-making processes. The major process theories of  motivation are expectancy theory, equity theory, goal-setting theory, and  reinforcement theory. EXPECTANCY THEORY. In the early 1960s, Victor Vroom applied concepts of behavioral research  conducted in the 1930s by Kurt Lewin and Edward Tolman directly to work  motivation. Basically, Vroom suggested that individuals choose work  behaviors that they believe lead to outcomes they value. In deciding how  much effort to put into a work behavior, individuals are likely to  consider: Their expectancy, meaning the degree to which they believe that putting  forth effort will lead to a given level of performance. Their instrumentality, or the degree to which they believe that a given  level of performance will result in certain outcomes or rewards. Their valence, which is the extent to which the expected outcomes are  attractive or unattractive.