Title: 3.3 Intergovernmental Relationships - American Government 2e | OpenStax
Headings: 3.3
Intergovernmental Relationships

3.3 Intergovernmental Relationships
Learning Objectives
GRANTS
Link to Learning
UNFUNDED MANDATES
Milestone
The Clery Act

Content: 9.2 The Two-Party System
9.3 The Shape of Modern Political Parties
9.4 Divided Government and Partisan Polarization
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggestions for Further Study
10 Interest Groups and Lobbying
Introduction
10.1 Interest Groups Defined
10.2 Collective Action and Interest Group Formation
10.3 Interest Groups as Political Participation
10.4 Pathways of Interest Group Influence
10.5 Free Speech and the Regulation of Interest Groups
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggestions for Further Study
Delivering Collective Action: Formal Institutions
11 Congress
Introduction
11.1 The Institutional Design of Congress
11.2 Congressional Elections
11.3 Congressional Representation
11.4 House and Senate Organizations
11.5 The Legislative Process
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggestions for Further Study
12 The Presidency
Introduction
12.1 The Design and Evolution of the Presidency
12.2 The Presidential Election Process
12.3 Organizing to Govern
12.4 The Public Presidency
12.5 Presidential Governance: Direct Presidential Action
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggestions for Further Study
13 The Courts
Introduction
13.1 Guardians of the Constitution and Individual Rights
13.2 The Dual Court System
13.3 The Federal Court System
13.4 The Supreme Court
13.5 Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggestions for Further Study
14 State and Local Government
Introduction
14.1 State Power and Delegation
14.2 State Political Culture
14.3 Governors and State Legislatures
14.4 State Legislative Term Limits
14.5 County and City Government
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggestions for Further Study
The Outputs of Government
15 The Bureaucracy
Introduction
15.1 Bureaucracy and the Evolution of Public Administration
15.2 Toward a Merit-Based Civil Service
15.3 Understanding Bureaucracies and their Types
15.4 Controlling the Bureaucracy
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggestions for Further Study
16 Domestic Policy
Introduction
16.1 What Is Public Policy? 16.2 Categorizing Public Policy
16.3 Policy Arenas
16.4 Policymakers
16.5 Budgeting and Tax Policy
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggestions for Further Study
17 Foreign Policy
Introduction
17.1 Defining Foreign Policy
17.2 Foreign Policy Instruments
17.3 Institutional Relations in Foreign Policy
17.4 Approaches to Foreign Policy
Key Terms
Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggestions for Further Study
A | Declaration of Independence
B | The Constitution of the United States
C | Federalist Papers #10 and #51
D | Electoral College Votes by State, 2012–2020
E | Selected Supreme Court Cases
Answer Key
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
References
Index
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to: Explain how federal intergovernmental grants have evolved over time
Identify the types of federal intergovernmental grants
Describe the characteristics of federal unfunded mandates
The national government’s ability to achieve its objectives often requires the participation of state and local governments. Intergovernmental grants offer positive financial inducements to get states to work toward selected national goals. A grant is commonly likened to a “carrot” to the extent that it is designed to entice the recipient to do something. On the other hand, unfunded mandates impose federal requirements on state and local authorities. Mandates are typically backed by the threat of penalties for non-compliance and provide little to no compensation for the costs of implementation. Thus, given its coercive nature, a mandate is commonly likened to a “stick.”