Title: Freedom Now! Student Work - Tiffany Joseph
Headings: 
Black Women in the Civil Rights Movement: 1960-1970
by Tiffany D. Joseph
Introduction
Chapter 1: Social Movement Theory and the Civil Rights Movement
How Do Social Movements Begin?
Preconditions of Movement Formation
Gender and Social Movement Theory
a) Charismatic Movements
b) Resource Mobilization Theory
c) Political Process Model
Gender, Social Movement Theory, and the Civil Rights Movement
Gender and Social Movement Theory Applications to Civil Rights Organizations
I. NAACP: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
II. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
III. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Chapter 2: Poised for Leadership-The Structural Position of Black Women
What are bridge leaders?
Black Women in U.S. Society
Black Women and Motherhood
Black Women: The Labor Force and Family Structure
Black Women and Education
Black Women Demanding Full Citizenship
Conclusion
Footnotes

Content: During this time in U.S. history, black women felt the race issue was most significant and supported the Civil Rights struggle despite experiences of marginalization and sexism (Standley, 1990). This example of the reluctance of the Civil Rights Movement to properly recognize the contributions of black women was just one of many in which black women were expected to maintain the status quo as it related to gender. From the movement's inception, black women were at the forefront, organizing communities, church congregations, and Civil Rights organizations. However, despite such committed involvement to improving the conditions of black Americans, black female movement participants encountered sexist treatment from their black male counterparts and mainstream society. I will examine the experiences of black women in the Civil Rights Movement from 1960-1970, and argue that although it was a movement for a racial equality, the Civil Rights Movement was also gendered. By gendered, I mean that the mobilization of resources, the structures of organizations, and the experiences of black female activists were all affected by U.S. gender constructions of that decade. Because of their gender, black women were often expected to serve in clerical or domestic positions within Civil Rights organizations and when they deviated from those expectations, they were ostracized and mistreated by men (black and white) within those organizations. Just as the temperament of social movements change over time due to internal and external pressures and circumstances, the Civil Rights Movement experienced ideological changes from 1960-1970 as a result of political differences in the American psyche regarding racial equality. Ideological differences as well as female involvement were significant issues at the March on Washington. John Lewis of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was asked to speak as a student representative at the March (Carson, 1981).