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Content: The 1857 Constitution enshrined the reformers' aspirations. Many Mexicans suffered terribly during the years of turmoil. The contradictory
          demands of church and state were impossible to obey. For example, the
          liberal government required officeholders to take an oath of loyalty
          to the 1857 Constitution, while church authorities forbade the faithful
          to take the oath. To disobey the government meant the loss of employment; to disobey the church meant denial of the sacraments. Furthermore,
          during the civil war (1858-1860) the conservative government in Mexico
          City annulled the liberal laws and Constitution; the liberal government,
          headquartered in Veracruz, promised to punish those who obeyed the
          conservatives and issued more extreme measures against its enemies,
          especially the church. Prevailing over the French-imposed rule of the Austrian Archduke MAXIMILIAN
          in 1867, the liberals at last had the opportunity to implement their
        program. They achieved only partial success: