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Content: 4][5]They prevailed upon American minister John L. Stevensto call in the U.S. Marinesto protect United States interests, an action that effectively buttressed the rebellion. The insurgents established the Republic of Hawaii, but their ultimate goal was the annexationof the islands to the United States, which occurredin 1898. The 1993 Apology Resolutionby the U.S. Congress concedes that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and [...] the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum". Debates regarding the event play an important role in the Hawaiian sovereignty movement. Contents
1Background
1.1Sugar reciprocity
1.2Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution
1.3Wilcox Rebellion of 1888
1.4Liliʻuokalani attempts to re-write Constitution
2Overthrow
2.1United States involvement
3Aftermath
4Response
4.1United States
4.2International
4.3Hawaiian counter-revolution
5Republic, United States annexation, United States Territory
6See also
7References
8External links
Background[edit]
The Kamehameha Dynastywas the reigning monarchy of the Hawaiian Kingdom, beginning with its founding by Kamehameha Iin 1795, until the death of Kamehameha Vin 1872 and Lunaliloin 1874.[6] On July 6, 1846, U.S. Secretary of StateJohn C. Calhoun, on behalf of President Tyler, formally recognized Hawaii's independence under the reign of Kamehameha III.[7] As a result of the recognition of Hawaiian independence, the Hawaiian Kingdom entered into treaties with the major nations of the world[8]and established over ninety legations and consulates in multiple seaports and cities.[9] The kingdom would continue for another 21 years until its overthrow in 1893 with the fall of the House of Kalākaua. [ 10]
Sugar reciprocity[edit]
Further information: Sugar plantations in Hawaii
Sugar had been a major export from Hawaii since Captain James Cookarrived in 1778.[11] The first permanent plantation in the islands was on Kauaiin 1835. William Hooperleased 980 acres (4 km²) of land from Kamehameha IIIand began growing sugar cane. Within thirty years there would be plantations on four of the main islands. Sugar had completely altered Hawaii's economy. [