Title: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy
Headings: 
The Executive Branch
The President and the Bureaucracy
Foundations of the Modern Presidency
The Electoral College
Removal of the President
Organization of the Presidency
Bureaucracy

Content: � Over the course of American history, the president�s constitutional powers have been extended in practice beyond the intentions of the Founding Fathers. � Though only Congress can declare war, presidents have made war by sending troops into military action. � Presidents have power over U.S. diplomacy and have surpassed Congress in functioning as the principle architect of foreign policy, using executive agreements as a device to bypass the Senate�s formal treaty making authority. � Even the president�s authority to appoint administrators and the execute laws has exceeded the vision of the Founding Fathers. � The power to execute laws enables presidents to determine how laws will be interpreted and applied. � Presidents possess legislative authority not only to use the veto but also to recommend proposals to Congress. � For all these reasons, a more activist presidency has evolved during the modern era. Your textbook discusses reasons why presidential powers have evolved over time. � There are three key theories of presidential power that account for this, as well as a historical progression of expansion of power at the federal level: 1) The Whig theory of presidential power holds that the presidency is a limited or constrained office whose occupant was confined to the exercise of expressly granted constitutional authority.