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Content: Article 130 contained the most extensive restrictions on the Roman
        Catholic Church. The article stated that the Roman Catholic Church lacks
        legal status; ecclesiastical marriages have no legal standing; state
        legislatures can determine the maximum number of clergy operating within
        their boundaries; and operation of church buildings requires explicit
        government authorization. Among the most contentious provisions of
        Article 130 was Section 9: " Neither in public nor private assembly,
        nor in acts of worship or religious propaganda shall the ministers of
        the religions ever have the right to criticize the basic laws of the
        country, of the authorities in particular or of the government in
        general; they shall have neither an active nor passive vote, nor the
        right to associate for political purposes." Beginning in 1926 and continuing until the late 1930s, various
        federal and state administrations strenuously enforced these
        constitutional edicts and related laws. Their actions paved the way for
        the second Mexican religious war, the bloody Cristero Rebellion of
        1926-29 in western Mexico (see The Calles Presidency, 1924-28, ch.