Title: Crop Yields Increase - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Crop Yields Increase
Crop Yields Increase
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4.7 Conclusion
PESTICIDES
Introduction
Maize water use and yield in the solar corridor system: a simulation study
Abstract
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26.2 The benefits and costs to the farmer
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15.4.8 Herbicides
Bioremediation Techniques for Agricultural Pollutants
Abstract
Plant Nutrient Sulfur in The Tropics and Subtropics
A EFFECT ON PROTEIN QUALITY
Advances in Agronomy
4.1 Imbalance Between Quantity of Arable Land Water Resources
Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) Production Under Organic and Traditional Farming
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Conservation Practices for Climate Change Adaptation
7.1.1 Conservation agriculture: Tillage (no-till/minimum tillage)

Content: The spectrum of compounds applied over this time has changed substantially, with, for example, the older organochlorine insecticides being phased out and with completely new types of chemical structures being regularly introduced. Though increasingly strict registration criteria, coupled with market forces, are leading to the discontinuation of the use of many older compounds, it is likely that several hundred active ingredients will remain available. In the European Union, for example, perhaps 300 of approximately 850 formerly approved compounds will still be marketed after the current review process. The soil is the ultimate sink for much of the pesticide that is applied to crops or indeed to uncropped land such as railway tracks. Compounds such as nematicides (for control of plant-parasitic nematode worms) are usually incorporated into the topsoil. Many herbicides used in arable crops are applied either to bare soil prior to emergence of the sown crop or to the seed bed immediately postgermination, and so most of the compounds directly reach the soil surface. In contrast, insecticides and fungicides are usually applied later in the season when the crop may have closed its canopy, and so most compound will be intercepted by the crop foliage; even so, some spray will drift down, and wash-off by rain may subsequently move more compound to the soil. The rates at which pesticides are applied vary widely: a typical arable field in the UK in 2003 received approximately 4 kg ha−1 of pesticide active ingredients in total per annum, though an intensively sprayed crop such as potatoes averages 15 kg ha −1.