Title: Anthelmintic drugs and nematicides: studies in Caenorhabditis elegans - WormBook - NCBI Bookshelf
Headings: 
Anthelmintic drugs and nematicides: studies in Caenorhabditis elegans *
1. Introduction to anthelmintics and nematicides
Table
2. Is C. elegans a model ‘parasite’?
3. Approaches for the study of anthelmintics and nematicides in C. elegans
4. Classes of anthelmintic drugs and nematicides
4.1. Piperazine
4.2. Benzimidazoles: thiabendazole and albendazole
4.3. Imidazothiazole: levamisole, and tetrahydropyrimidines: pyrantel and morantel
Table
4.4. Spiroindoles: paraherquamide and derquantel (2-deoxyparaherquamide/PNU 141962)
4.5. Macrocyclic lactones; avermectins and milbemycins; ivermectin and moxidectin
Table
Table
4.6. Cyclooctadepsipeptides: emodepside and PF1022A
4.7. Thiazolide: nitazoxanide
4.8. Amino-acetonitrile derivatives: monepantel
4.9. Aminophenylamidines: amidantel and tribendimidine
4.10. Crystal (Cry) proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis: Cry5B, Cry21A
4.11. Organophosphate and carbamate anticholinesterases: dichlorvos, haloxon, trichlorphon and aldicarb
4.12. Flavonoids: apigenin
4.13. Fluoroalkenyls: fluensulfone
4.14. Spiroindolines: SYN351, SYN876
5. The future
6. References

Content: This prompts concern, as anthelmintic resistance has been widely reported in livestock and it may also only be a matter of time before this phenomenon also occurs widely in parasites of humans ( Osei-Atweneboana et al., 2011; Churcher et al., 2009; Osei-Atweneboana et al., 2007 ). Also of importance are species of nematode that infect plants. These plant parasitic nematodes cause major crop losses and are a threat to food security. Chemicals termed nematicides are used to protect crops from infestation. C. elegans has been used to provide insight into mechanisms for controlling these nematodes ( Costa et al.,