Title: Classical conditioning - Wikipedia
Headings: Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
Contents
Definition
Procedures
Pavlov's research
Terminology
Forward conditioning
Simultaneous conditioning
Second-order and higher-order conditioning
Backward conditioning
Temporal conditioning
Zero contingency procedure
Extinction
Phenomena observed
Acquisition
Extinction
External inhibition
Recovery from extinction
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination
Latent inhibition
Conditioned suppression
Conditioned inhibition
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Blocking
Phase 1
Phase 2
Test
Theories
Data sources
Stimulus-substitution theory
Rescorla–Wagner model
Equation
R–W model: acquisition
R–W model: extinction
R–W model: blocking
Theoretical issues and alternatives to the Rescorla–Wagner model
Content of learning
Role of attention in learning
Context
Comparator theory
Computational theory
Element-based models
The SOP model
Applications
Neural basis of learning and memory
Behavioral therapies
Conditioned drug response
Conditioned hunger
Conditioned emotional response
Pavlovian-instrumental transfer
In popular culture
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Content: March 2020)
Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell). It also refers to the learning process that results from this pairing, through which the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response (e.g. salivation) that is usually similar to the one elicited by the potent stimulus. Classical conditioning is distinct from operant conditioning (also called instrumental conditioning ), through which the strength of a voluntary behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. However, classical conditioning can affect operant conditioning in various ways; notably, classically conditioned stimuli may serve to reinforce operant responses. Classical conditioning was first studied in detail by Ivan Pavlov, who conducted experiments with dogs and published his findings in 1897. During the Russian physiologist's study of digestion, Pavlov observed that the dogs serving as his subjects drooled when they were being served meat. Classical conditioning is a basic learning process, and its neural substrates are now beginning to be understood. Though it is sometimes hard to distinguish classical conditioning from other forms of associative learning (e.g. instrumental learning and human associative memory ), a number of observations differentiate them, especially the contingencies whereby learning occurs. Together with operant conditioning, classical conditioning became the foundation of behaviorism, a school of psychology which was dominant in the mid-20th century and is still an important influence on the practice of psychological therapy and the study of animal behavior.