Title: The End of the Cold War and the Shape of a New Era by Delaney Guhman
Headings: The End of the Cold War and the Shape of a New Era
The End of the Cold War and the Shape of a New Era
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The End of the Cold War and the Shape of a New Era
The United States as Sole Superpower
Ethnic and Other Conflicts: A New Surge
The Former Soviet Union
Anti-American Terrorism and Response
NATO and the Former Soviet Empire
The Great Powers and New Disputes
Growth of Democracy
Democracy and Its Limits
Spread of Democracy
Dismantling the
Soviet Empire
Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s
Endemic Conflicts
The End of The Cold War
Age of Reform
Renewed turmoil in the 1990s
Age of Reform

Content: The End of the Cold War and the Shape of a New Era by Delaney Guhman
The End of the Cold War and the Shape of a New Era
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Published with reusable license by Delaney Guhman
May 2, 2014
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The End of the Cold War and the Shape of a New Era
The United States as Sole Superpower
Ethnic and Other Conflicts: A New Surge
The Former Soviet Union
Anti-American Terrorism and Response
After the fall of the Soviet Union Armenia and Azerbaijan, now nations, conducted low level warfare over territory
Disputes between Czechs and Slovaks resulted in a split of Czechoslovakia
In Yugoslavia, tension divided Slavic groups and minority nationalities like Albanians
In 1991, two prosperous regions of Yugoslavia declared independence: Slovenia and Croatia
During the 1990s many nations such as Italy, Austria and France introduced anti-immigration policies
At the same time in Rwanda, the tribal groups Hutus and Tutsis engaged in a war that resulted in hundreds of thousands killed while the United Nations urged peace
Similar acts of violence and genocide were occurring throughout Africa but the world powers were hesitant to step in
The U.S. military power had no global rival by the 1990s
China increased its military arsenal along with its growing power in the global economy
The United Nations expanded to 25 members but was not close to equal the power of the U.S.
U.S. leaders used their power to intervene, such as in Somalia, but also worried about growing power of smaller nations
American interests had periodically been the target of terrorist attacks since the 1960s
But the attacks on the World Trade Centers on 9/11 created a new level of threat
The attack changed American foreign policy, focused administration on "The War On Terror" and shifted political interests to the Middle East
NATO and the Former Soviet Empire
Conflict spread to Bosnia, where Serbs attacked not only Croats but Muslims
NATO intervened and declared the attacks genocide and created a protected nation in Bosnia-Herzegovina
At the end of the 90s Albanian pressure for independence was met by Serbian resistance and once again NATO intervened
Only military occupation in Serbia kept the peace and eventually the nation of Serbia and Montenegro replaced Yugoslavia
The Great Powers and New Disputes
Growth of Democracy
The collapse of the Soviet Union created, new regional disputes
The United States and the United Nations sought to keep the peace when these disputes became violent
These regional conflicts often constrained the spread of democracy
Democracy and Its Limits
Spread of Democracy
Dismantling the
Soviet Empire
Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s
A dramatic surge of democracy began in the 1970s, spreading worldwide
Fed by the fall of international communism, democracy spread further between 1989 and 2005
The end of the Cold War was associated with the spread of multiparty democracy with reasonably free elections
In China the major democratic demonstration in Beijing in 1989 echoed other democratic movements but was brutally put down
Putin's retreat from full democracy was an important part of democracy's limits
In Latin American, democratic systems struggled against poverty and social unrest
A Venezuelan leader, Hugo Chavez recalled authoritarians in Latin America
By the mid 1970s Spain Portugal and Greece adopted democratic systems
democracy hit Latin America and by the 1990s every nation except Cuba was considered democratic
Democratic systems gained ground in South Korea and Taiwan in the 1980s
In the 1990s democracy won over the apartheid in South Africa and in 1999 Nigeria turned to democracy
Starting in 2004 many countries in the Middle East turned towards democracy
Many soviet controlled nations, such as Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, And East Germany began to change leadership and elect non communist leaders
Many of nations moving towards independence put into place economic policies which caused prices to rise and in areas such as Bulgaria minorities were attacked creating social tension
Gorbachev released the statement "any nation has the right to decide its fate by itself" and the once massive Soviet Union diminished
From 1985 onward the Soviet Union entered a period of intensive reform
The Soviet economy was coming close to collapse due to the forced industrialization that created environmental issues and a deterioration of half of the agricultural land
rates and severity of disease rose along with infant mortality rates impairing both morale and economic performance
Endemic Conflicts
The diminishing of the Soviet Union was marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989
The End of The Cold War
Issues within the Soviet empire forced reforms that led to its downfall. The Iraq-Iran War ended with the Iraq leader Saddam Hussein invading the oil rich country Kuwait
The United State stepped in and defeated Iraq in the Persian Gulf War while leaving Saddam Hussein in power
The tension between Israelis and Palestinians continued with Palestinian suicide bombings and the Israeli government attacking Palestinian cities
India and Pakistan had various border disputes and both nations started conducting nuclear weapons tests
After the leadership of Stalin and Khrushchev, leaders of the Soviet Union became conservative and mediocre people were promoted to top posts
The success of Western Europe's economy pushed communism into a defensive and retreating position throughout Eastern Europe
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the United States invasion of Marxist-controlled island, Grenada, also put military and global power pressure on the Soviet Union. Age of Reform
Renewed turmoil in the 1990s
Mikhail Gorbachev quickly renewed some of the earlier attacks on Stalinist rigidity and replaced some of the old party bureaucrats
Gorbachev urged a reduction in nuclear weapons and in 1987 negotiated an agreement with the U.S. that limited missiles in Europe
In addition to ending the war in Afghanistan Gorbachev proclaimed a policy of glasnost, or openness, to criticize the government
An attempted coup in the summer of 1991 threatened Gorbachev's presidency and democratic decentralization
By the end of 1991 leaders of the major republics declared the end of the Soviet Union
Boris Yeltsin became the president and for years fought for Russian dominance which failed while the economy performed badly
Age of Reform
Gorbachev opened the Soviet Union to the world economy and was open to western culture without abandoning the communist state
The key reform was the perestroika, or economic restructuring, which gave more leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in both agriculture and industry
Gorbachev was elected President of the Soviet Union in 1990 which stirred riots in the south by Muslims and Armenian Christians which were forcibly ended. Following the failure of Boris Yelstin a new president was elected in Russia, named Vladimir Putin who vowed to create a corruption free and efficient government
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