Title: Smart growth - Wikipedia
Headings: Smart growth
Smart growth
Contents
Basic concept
Basic principles
History
Rationale for smart growth
Environmental protection
Public health
Reaction to existing subsidies
Electrical subsidies
Elements
Compact neighborhoods
Transit-oriented development
Pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly design
Others
Policy tools
Zoning ordinances
Urban growth boundaries
Transfer of development rights
Provision of social infrastructure
Environmental impact assessments
Communities implementing smart growth
Smart growth, urban sprawl and automobile dependency
Paradox of intensification
Proponents
Criticism
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Content: Contents
1
Basic concept
2
Basic principles
3
History
4
Rationale for smart growth
4.1
Environmental protection
4.2
Public health
4.3
Reaction to existing subsidies
4.3.1
Electrical subsidies
5
Elements
5.1
Compact neighborhoods
5.2
Transit-oriented development
5.3
Pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly design
5.4
Others
6
Policy tools
6.1
Zoning ordinances
6.2
Urban growth boundaries
6.3
Transfer of development rights
6.4
Provision of social infrastructure
6.5
Environmental impact assessments
7
Communities implementing smart growth
8
Smart growth, urban sprawl and automobile dependency
8.1
Paradox of intensification
8.2
Proponents
9
Criticism
10
See also
11
References
11.1
Further reading
12
External links
Basic concept
San Diego, California
Smart growth is a theory of land development that accepts that growth and development will continue to occur, and so seeks to direct that growth in an intentional, comprehensive way. Its proponents include urban planners, architects, developers, community activists, and historic preservationists. The term "smart growth" is an attempt to reframe the conversation from "growth" versus "no growth" (or NIMBY) to good/smart growth versus bad/dumb growth. Proponents seek to distinguish smart growth from urban sprawl, which they claim causes most of the problems that fuel opposition to urban growth, such as traffic congestion and environmental degradation. Smart growth principles are directed at developing sustainable communities that provide a greater range of transportation and housing choices and prioritize infill and redevelopment in existing communities rather than development of " greenfield " farmland or natural lands. Some of the fundamental aims for the benefits of residents and the communities are increasing family income and wealth, providing safe walking routes to schools, fostering livable, safe and healthy places, stimulating economic activity (both locally and regionally), and developing, preserving and investing in built and natural resources. Smart growth "principles" describe the elements of community that are envisioned and smart growth "regulations" describe the various approaches to implementation, that is, how federal, state, and municipal governments choose to fulfill smart growth principles. Some of these regulatory approaches such as urban growth boundaries predate the use of the term "smart growth". One of the earliest efforts to establish smart growth forward as an explicit regulatory framework were put forth by the American Planning Association (APA). In 1997, the APA introduced a project called Growing Smart and published the "Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook: