Title: Freedom Now! Student Work - Tiffany Joseph
Headings: 
Black Women in the Civil Rights Movement: 1960-1970
by Tiffany D. Joseph
Introduction
Chapter 1: Social Movement Theory and the Civil Rights Movement
How Do Social Movements Begin?
Preconditions of Movement Formation
Gender and Social Movement Theory
a) Charismatic Movements
b) Resource Mobilization Theory
c) Political Process Model
Gender, Social Movement Theory, and the Civil Rights Movement
Gender and Social Movement Theory Applications to Civil Rights Organizations
I. NAACP: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
II. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
III. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Chapter 2: Poised for Leadership-The Structural Position of Black Women
What are bridge leaders?
Black Women in U.S. Society
Black Women and Motherhood
Black Women: The Labor Force and Family Structure
Black Women and Education
Black Women Demanding Full Citizenship
Conclusion
Footnotes

Content: However, organizations such as the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense initially had an all-male military-like hierarchal structure in which commands were executed from the top down, not as conducive to female involvement. Instead, black women's involvement was often delegated to membership status vs. formal leadership. Female Panthers were active in the defense brigades, receiving orders from male organization superiors. The shift from nonviolence to armed self-defense also led to the open expression of anti-female sentiment in which black women, especially those in leadership positions, were accused of emasculating black men. In order for black men to reassert their manhood in U.S. society, some men in Black Power organizations felt that black women had to be dominated by and subservient to black men for black liberation to occur. Not only did the movement's transition reflect gendered changes in ideology, but the gender ascriptions to movement strategies were also important. Some Civil Rights activists considered the use of nonviolence as feminine before and after the rise of the Black Power Movement. The militancy and presumed violence of Black Power was perceived as masculine. The ascription of such gender labels on these movement strategies may also explain why black women had more access to leadership positions from 1960-1965 and less access from 1966-1970. To show that the Civil Rights Movement was gendered, I will explore 1) the relationship betwee