Title: Pseudoscience | Psychology Wiki | Fandom
Headings: 
Introduction
Identifying pseudoscience
Pseudoscience contrasted with protoscience
Problems of demarcation
Fields often described as pseudoscience
Pseudomathematics
Criticisms of the concept of pseudoscience
References
Further reading
See also
People
Lists
Notes
External links

Content: As such, those labeled as practicing or advocating a "pseudoscience" almost always reject this classification. Introduction
The standards for determining whether any body of knowledge, methodology, field or practice is scientific vary from field to field, but involve certain widely agreed upon principles. Because science is extended for its potential benefit to others, scientific work today is expected to be open to repeated close scrutiny by others. The standards for legitimate scientific investigation include reproducibility and intersubjective verifiability — so that all relevant evidence can be reproduced and/or measured given the same conditions — which allows further investigation to determine whether a hypothesis or theory related to given phenomena is both valid and reliable for use by others, including other scientists and researchers. Scientific methods are expected to be applied throughout, and bias is expected to be controlled or eliminated, either directly, through the manipulation of factors, by double-blind studies, or statistically through fair sampling procedures. All gathered data, including experimental/environmental conditions, are expected to be documented for scrutiny and published for peer review, thereby allowing further experiments or studies to be conducted to confirm or falsify results, as well as to determine other important factors such as statistical significance, confidence intervals, and margins of error. Fulfillment of these requirements allows other researchers and practitioners a reasonable opportunity to assess whether to rely upon those results in their own scientific work or in a particular field of applied science, technology, therapy or other form of practice. In the mid-20th Century Karl Popper suggested the additional criterion of falsifiability. Certain theories cannot be proven false under any circumstance, for example, the theory that God created the universe. Such theories may be true, but are not scientific;