Title: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases | Skeletal Muscle | Full Text
Headings: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases
T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases
Abstract
Introduction
T-tubule plasticity
Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Transverse tubule
Molecular mechanisms involved in T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation and maintenance
Table 1 Proteins implicated in triad organization, roles and associated human diseasesa
Caveolin 3
Amphiphysin 2 (BIN1)
Dysferlin
Mitsugumins
Junctophilins
Myotubularin
The RyR-DHPR complex
Conclusion
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In addition to this artificial condition, this vacuolation phenomenon is observed upon muscle fatigue or diseases [ 10, 13 ]. Based on this plasticity and on the large membrane surface of the T-tubules network which corresponds to about 80% of the sarcolemma surface, several functions non-related to EC coupling are proposed for the T-tubules system [ 10, 13 ]. These include: i) water balance and regulation of cell volume, ii) recovery from muscle fatigue, iii) transport pathways including endocytosis, exocytosis and the penetration of foreign DNA. The molecular mechanisms involved in these processes are still to be investigated. Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
The SR represents the main calcium store in striated muscle. It is highly specialized to ensure the simultaneous release of intracellular calcium in the entire cytosol of the muscle cell. The first step of SR biogenesis starts by the formation of tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (30-60 nm in diameter) adjacent to the myofibril [ 14 ]. Subsequently, these tubular branches of ER develop into reticular structures surrounding the myofibrils [ 15 ]. Finally, the newly formed SR engages couplings at the A-I interface with the T-tubule originating from the sarcolemma.