Title: Alternatives to animal testing - Wikipedia
Headings: Alternatives to animal testing
Alternatives to animal testing
Contents
Cell culture and tissue engineering
Skin corrosion and skin irritation
Skin absorption
Phototoxicity
Fungal model for mammalian drug metabolism
Organoids (3D Cell Cultures)
Human-based
Skin irritation
Pyrogenicity
Modular immune in vitro construct
Medical imaging
Computer simulation
Microfluidic chips
Future alternatives
Organs on a chip
Human toxome
Research initiatives
SEURAT-1
Euroecotox
AXLR8
Regulation
European Union
EU Directive 2010/63/EU
Other regulations
Organizations and programs
Scientific congresses
Industry and corporate initiatives
Animal welfare and animal rights organizations
Public campaigns and awards
Education and training
Institutes and national or international organizations
Asia - Oceania
South America
North America
Europe
International
See also
References
External links

Content: Alternatives to animal testing - Wikipedia
Alternatives to animal testing
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"Three Rs concept" redirects here. For other uses, see Three Rs. Animal testing

Main articles
Animal testing
Alternatives to animal testing
Animal testing regulations
History of animal testing
History of model organisms
IACUC
Laboratory animal sources
Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
Testing cosmetics on animals
Toxicology testing
Vivisection
Testing on
Invertebrates
Frogs
primates
Rabbits
Rodents
Issues
Medical research
Animal rights · Animal welfare
Animals (Scientific Procedures)
Great ape research ban
International primate trade
Cases
Brown Dog affair
Cambridge University primates
Pit of despair
Silver Spring monkeys
UCR 1985 laboratory raid
Unnecessary Fuss
Companies
Jackson Laboratory
Charles River Laboratories
Covance · Harlan
Huntingdon Life Sciences
UK lab animal suppliers
Nafovanny · Shamrock Farm
Groups/campaigns
AALAS · AAAS · ALF
Americans for Medical Progress
Boyd Group · Cruelty Free International
Dr. Hadwen Trust
Foundation for Biomedical Research
FRAME
National Anti-Vivisection Society
New England Anti-Vivisection Society
PETA · Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
Primate Freedom Project
Pro-Test
SPEAK campaign · SHAC
Speaking of Research
Understanding Animal Research
Writers/activists
Tipu Aziz
Michael Balls
Neal D. Barnard
Colin Blakemore
Simon Festing
Gill Langley
Ingrid Newkirk
Bernard Rollin
Jerry Vlasak
Syed Ziaur Rahman
Categories
Animal testing
Animal rights
Animal welfare
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Alternatives to animal testing are the development and implementation of test methods that avoid the use of live animals. There is widespread agreement that a reduction in the number of animals used and the refinement of testing to reduce suffering should be important goals for the industries involved. Two major alternatives to in vivo animal testing are in vitro cell culture techniques and in silico computer simulation. However, some claim they are not true alternatives because simulations use data from prior animal experiments and cell cultures often require animal derived products, such as serum or cells. Others say that they cannot replace animals completely as they are unlikely to ever provide enough information about the complex interactions of living systems. Other alternatives include the use of humans for skin irritancy tests and donated human blood for pyrogenicity studies. Another alternative is so-called microdosing, in which the basic behaviour of drugs is assessed using human volunteers receiving doses well below those expected to produce whole-body effects. While microdosing produces important information about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics it does not reveal information about toxicity or toxicology.