Title: Reproducibility
Headings: 
Reproducibility
Reproducibility vs. Repeatability
The Process of Replicating Research
Reproducibility and Generalization - A Cautious Approach
Reproducibility is not Essential
Reproducibility - An Impossible Ideal?
Reproducibility and Specificity - A Geological Example
Reproducibility and Archaeology - The Absurdity of Creationism
Bibliography
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Content: If a type of measuring device has a design flaw, then it is likely that this artefact will be apparent in all models. The Process of Replicating Research
For most of the physical sciences, reproducibility is a simple process and it is easy to replicate methods and equipment. An astronomer measuring the spectrum of a star notes down the instruments and methodology used, and an independent researcher should be able to achieve exactly the same results, Even in biochemistry, where naturally variable living organisms are used, good research shows remarkably little variation. However, the social sciences, ecology and environmental science are a much more difficult case. Organisms can show a huge amount of variation, making it difficult to replicate research exactly and so reproducibility is a process of attempting to make the experiment as reproducible as possible, ensuring that the researcher can defend their position. In addition, these sciences have to make much more use of statistics to dampen down experimental noise caused by physiological and psychological differences between the subjects. This is one of the reasons why most social sciences accept a 95% probability level, which is a contrast to the 99% confidence required by most physical sciences. Reproducibility and Generalization - A Cautious Approach
Observing due caution with the process of generalizing results helps to strengthen the case for experimental reproducibility. In any study, there is a far smaller chance of finding confounding evidence if the claims are narrowly defined than if they are sweeping generalizations. For example, a psychologist who found that aggression in children under the age of five increased if they watched violent TV, could generalize that all children under five would display the same condition.