Title: Pink tide - Wikipedia
Headings: Pink tide
Pink tide
Contents
Background
History
Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s
Commodities boom and growth
End of commodity boom and decline: 2010s
Economy and social development
Political outcome
Resurgence
Term
Reception
Head of the states and governments
Presidents
Timeline
See also
References

Content: With the exception of Costa Rica virtually all Latin American countries had at least one experience with a United States-supported dictator: Fulgencio Batista in Cuba, Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, the Somoza family in Nicaragua, Tiburcio Carias Andino in Honduras, Carlos Castillo Armas in Guatemala, Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez in El Salvador, Manuel Noriega in Panama, Rojas Pinilla in Colombia , Hugo Banzer in Bolivia, Juan María Bordaberry in Uruguay, Jorge Rafael Videla in Argentina, Augusto Pinochet in Chile, Alfredo Stroessner in Paraguay, François Duvalier in Haiti, Artur da Costa e Silva and his successor Emílio Garrastazu Médici in Brazil Manuel Odria and Alberto Fujimori in Peru and Marcos Pérez Jiménez in Venezuela plus the dominant party system in Mexico , which caused a strong anti-American sentiment in wide sectors of the population. History
Rise of the left: 1990s and 2000s
Following the third wave of democratization in the 1980s, the institutionalization of electoral competition in Latin America opened up the possibility for the left to ascend to power. For much of the region's history, formal electoral contestation excluded leftist movements, first through limited suffrage and later through military intervention and repression during the second half of the 20th century. The collapse of the Soviet Union changed the geopolitical environment as many revolutionary movements vanished and the left embraced the core tenets of capitalism. As a result, the United States no longer perceived leftist governments as a security threat, creating a political opening for the left. In the 1990s, the left exploited this opportunity to solidify their base, run for local offices and gain experience governing on the local level. At the end of the 1990s and early 2000s, the region's initial unsuccessful attempts with the neoliberal policies of privatization, cuts in social spending and foreign investment left countries with high levels of unemployment, inflation and rising inequality. This period saw increasing numbers of people working in the informal economy and suffering material insecurity, and ties between the working classes and the traditional political parties weakening, resulting in a growth of mass protest against the negative social effects of these policies, such as the piqueteros in Argentina, and in Bolivia indigenous and peasant movements rooted among small coca farmers, or cocaleros, whose activism culminated in the Bolivian gas conflict of the early-to-mid 2000s.