Title: What are the risk factors for preterm labor and birth? | NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Headings: What are the risk factors for preterm labor and birth?
What are the risk factors for preterm labor and birth?
Citations

Content: 4
Age of the mother. Women younger than age 18 are more likely to have a preterm delivery. Women older than age 35 are also at risk of having preterm infants because they are more likely to have other conditions (such as high blood pressure and diabetes) that can cause complications requiring preterm delivery. 4
Certain lifestyle and environmental factors, including: 3
Late or no health care during pregnancy
Smoking
Drinking alcohol
Using illegal drugs
Domestic violence, including physical, sexual, or emotional abuse
Lack of social support
Stress
Long working hours with long periods of standing
Exposure to certain environmental pollutants
Citations
Ekwo, E. E., Gosselink, C. A., & Moawad, A. (1992). Unfavorable outcome in penultimate pregnancy and premature rupture of membranes in successive pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 80, 166–172. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ( 2015). Multiple Pregnancy.