Title: Risk Factors for Heart Failure | Circulation: Heart Failure
Headings: Risk Factors for Heart Failure
Risk Factors for Heart Failure
20-Year Population-Based Trends by Sex, Socioeconomic Status, and Ethnicity
Abstract
Background:
Methods:
Results:
Conclusions:
What Is New?
What are the Clinical Implications?
Introduction
Methods
Study Population
Ethical Review
Data and Materials Access
Socioeconomic Status
Ethnicity
Baseline Characteristics
Statistical Analysis
Results
Study Population
Overall Differences and 20-Year Trends by Sex
Overall Differences and 20-Year Trends by Socioeconomic Status
Overall Differences and 20-Year Trends by Ethnicity
Discussion
Conclusions
Nonstandard Abbreviations and Acronyms
Sources of Funding
Disclosures
Footnotes
References

Content: South Asian and black groups are younger at HF onset than whites with higher prevalence of cardiometabolic comorbidities. What are the Clinical Implications? Decreasing prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and increasing prevalence of comorbidities before HF onset indicates a need for earlier patient-centered multimorbidity care. Contemporary tailored HF prevention programs are required to address group differences and to target the worse-off groups to abate the alarming projected increase in HF burden and costs over the next 2 decades. Introduction
Heart failure (HF) is reaching epidemic proportions in aging populations globally, 1 with increasing burden and costs projected over the next 2 decades. 2 HF is a complex clinical syndrome with sex, 3 socioeconomic, 4 and ethnic 5, 6 disparities. HF results from several different etiological pathways, each influenced by wide-ranging individual, clinical, and environmental risk factors. Reasons for group disparities in the burden and outcomes of HF are multifactorial but likely include variations in genetic, environmental, and physiological susceptibility to different pathophysiological mechanisms, increased exposure to risk factors, and decreased access to health care. To stem epidemic growth, public health approaches need to be responsive to social and population dynamics and to target the highest risk groups with tailored prevention strategies that include the most relevant and potentially modifiable risk factors. Yet, contemporary population-based trend data on known risk factors among different population groups with new HF are scarce.