Title: History of Germany - Wikipedia
Headings: History of Germany
History of Germany
Contents
Prehistory
Early cultures
Germanic tribes, 750 BC – 768 AD
Migration and conquest
Collision with the Roman Empire
Stem duchies and marches
Frankish Empire
Middle Ages
Foundation of the Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, maps
Otto the Great
Hanseatic League
Eastward expansion
Church and state
Change and reform
Towns and cities
Towns and cities of the Medieval and Early Modern Holy Roman Empire
Women
Learning and culture
influential German speaking authors, artists and scholars of the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance
Early modern Germany
Protestant Reformation
Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648
Culture and literacy
Science
Scientists, scholars and artists of the Early modern period in Germany
1648–1815
Rise of Prussia
Wars
Enlightened absolutism
Smaller states
Nobility
Peasants and rural life
Bourgeois values spread to rural Germany
Enlightenment
Women
French Revolution, 1789–1815
French consulate suzereignity
Imperial French suzereignity
1815–1871
Overview
German Confederation
Society and economy
Population
Industrialization
Urbanization
Railways
Newspapers and magazines
Science and culture during the 18th and 19th century
18th- and 19th-century German artists, scientists and philosophers
Religion
Politics of restoration and revolution
After Napoleon
1848
1850s
Bismarck takes charge (1862–1866)
North German Confederation, 1866–1871
German Empire, 1871–1918
Overview
Bismarck era
The new empire
A federal empire
A three class system
Kulturkampf
Foreign policies and relations
Wilhelminian Era (1888–1918)
Wilhelm II
Alliances and diplomacy
Economy
Women
Colonies
World War I
Causes
Western Front
Eastern Front
1918
Homefront
Revolution 1918
Weimar Republic, 1919–1933
Overview
The early years
Reparations
Economic collapse and political problems, 1929–1933
Science and culture in 19th and 20th century
19th and 20th century German authors, scientists and philosophers
Nazi Germany, 1933–1945
Establishment of the Nazi regime
Antisemitism and the Holocaust
Military
Women
Foreign policy
World War II
Germany during the Cold War, 1945–1990
Expulsion
Post-war chaos
East Germany
West Germany (Bonn Republic)
Economic miracle
Refugee settlements
1948 currency reform
Adenauer
Erhard
Grand coalition
Guest workers
Brandt and Ostpolitik
Economic crisis of 1970s
Kohl
Reunification
Federal Republic of Germany, 1990–present
Schröder
Merkel
Historiography
Sonderweg debate
See also
Notes
Citations
References
Encyclopedia
Journals
Atlas and maps
Further reading
Surveys
Medieval
Reformation
Early Modern to 1815
1815–1890
1890–1933
Nazi era
Since 1945
Primary sources
GDR
Historiography

Content: In the Late Middle Ages, the regional dukes, princes, and bishops gained power at the expense of the emperors. Martin Luther led the Protestant Reformation within the Catholic Church after 1517, as the northern states became Protestant, while the southern states remained Catholic. The two parts of the Holy Roman Empire clashed in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), which was ruinous to the twenty million civilians living in both parts. The Thirty Years' War brought tremendous destruction to Germany; more than 1/4 of the population and 1/2 of the male population in the German states were killed by the catastrophic war. The estates of the Holy Roman Empire attained an high extent of autonomy in the Peace of Westphalia, some of them being capable of their own foreign policies or controlling land outside of the Empire, the most important being Austria, Prussia, Bavaria or Saxony. With the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars from 1803 to 1815, feudalism fell away by reforms and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. Thereafter liberalism and nationalism clashed with reaction. The German revolutions of 1848–49 failed. The Industrial Revolution modernized the German economy, led to the rapid growth of cities and the emergence of the socialist movement in Germany.