Title: Delmar Cengage Learning Companions -    Nursing Fundamentals: Caring & Clinical Decision Making
Headings: 
Online Companion: Nursing Fundamentals: Caring & Clinical Decision Making
Content: How have non-nursing theories influenced nursing theory? Nurses have borrowed theory from biological, physical, and behavioral science disciplines and applied them to nursing situations to derive nursing theory. Two examples are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs and Von Bartlaffny’s general systems theory. What is the relationship between nursing theories, nursing practice, and nursing research? Phenomena are identified from nursing practice. Nursing theories describe these phenomena or provide a framework to deal with these questions or problems. Nursing research is used to describe the phenomena or address the questions and problems. The results of nursing research are then applied to nursing practice. What are the “Ways of Knowing” in nursing? The ways of knowing are empirical (scientific) knowledge, aesthetic (creative) knowledge, personal knowledge, and ethical knowledge (Carper, 1978).