Title: School integration in the United States - Wikipedia
Headings: School integration in the United States
School integration in the United States
Contents
Background
Early history of integrated schools
The Jim Crow South
Black schools
Legal action
Initial responses to school integration
Criticism
Praise
Implementation
Brown II
Integration in response to Brown
Opposition to integration
Integration of Southern universities
University of Texas System 1950-1956
University of Georgia 1961
Georgia Tech 1961
University of Mississippi 1962
University of Alabama 1956/1963
Impact on Hispanic populations
Impact on modern schools
Educational implications
Social implications
See also
References
Footnotes
Sources
Further reading
Books
Articles
External links

Content: After the Civil War, the first legislation providing rights to African Americans was passed. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, also known as the Reconstruction Amendments, which were passed between 1865 and 1870, abolished slavery, guaranteed citizenship and protection under the law, and prohibited racial discrimination in voting, respectively. The Jim Crow South
Despite these Reconstruction amendments, blatant discrimination took place through what would come to be known as Jim Crow laws. As a result of these laws, African Americans were required to sit on different park benches, use different drinking fountains, and ride in different railroad cars than their white counterparts, among other segregated aspects of life. Though the Civil Rights Act of 1875 prohibited discrimination in public accommodations, in 1896 the Supreme Court ruled in the landmark case Plessy v. Ferguson that racially segregated public facilities such as schools, parks, and public transportation were legally permissible as long as they were equal in quality. This separate but equal doctrine legalized segregation in schools. Black schools
Main article: Black school
This institutionalized discrimination led to the creation of black schools —or segregated schools for African-American children. With the help of philanthropists such as Julius Rosenwald and black leaders such as Booker T. Washington, black schools began to establish themselves as esteemed institutions. These schools soon assumed prominent places in black communities, with teachers being seen as highly respected community leaders.