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Content: the actual offices, tasks, rules, and principles of organization that are employed by all large-scale institutions to coordinate the work of their personnel
6 primary characterisitcs of bureaucracy
division of labor, allocation of functions, allocation of responsibility, supervision, purchase of full-time employment, identification of career within the organization
the core of bureaucracy is division of labor
bureaucracies become hierarchical in a pyramid shape
bottom-low skilled workers(1 supervisor to many workers)
the provision of government goods as broad as the defense of people to narrow as beef require organization, routines, standards and the authority for someone to cut a check and put it in the mail
bureaucracy
bureaucracies are close to permanent
agencies have certain clienteles; they are very supportive who will fight until the end to keep it alive; opposers usually have huge uphill battles to face while proponents have a few obstacles to sidestep
bureaus are efficient and credible
implementation
the efforts of departments and agencies to translate laws into specific bureaucratic routines
interpretation is a form of implementation
bosses have to interpret legislation, so they are in effect making laws
rule making=quasilegislation
new rules proposed by an agency take effect only after a period of public comment; people react and cause changes
public bureaucrats have more constraints
public figures; public agencies also are less efficient due to these restraints
the norm is for statutory authority to be delegated to the bureaucracy, sometimes with specificity but often in relatively vague terms
bureaucracy is to be guided by legislative intent
poor bureaucratic performance of bad discretion can result in lowering funds
politicians delegate many of the nuts-and-bolts decisions to bureaucratic agencies
bureaucracy fills in the gaps
How is the executive branch organized? cabinet departments, independent agencies, government corporations, and independent regulatory commissions
head of the department is called the secretary; below are several top administrators; below are equally undersecretaries and assistant secretaries
within cabinet departments are bureaus
the highest level of responsibility for specialized programs; bureau=this level of administrative agency
not all government agencies are part of cabinet departments
some are set up outside the department system and usually have broad powers to provide public services that are too expensive or important to be left to private initiatives (NASA, CIA)
government corporations are more like private businesses performing and charging for a market service (USPS)
independent regulatory commissions are given broad discretion to make rules
first-ICC 1887; minilegislatures;