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Content: Fill in the possible genotypes of offspring by combining the alleles of the gametes in the empty boxes
4. Determine the relative proportion of geneotypes and phenotypes in the offspring
Which of the following characteristic apply to epigenetic inheritance
Modification of a gene or chromosomes during gamete formation
Modification of a gene or chromosomes during early embryonic development
In humans, a male always receives an X chromosomes from his___ and a Y chromosome from his___
mother; father
Inheritance is best described as the transmission of___ from parents to offspring
traits
The inheritance pattern observed for genes that are located outside the cell nucleus, in mitochondria or chloroplasts, is called___ inheritance
extranuclear
In recessive inheritance, two affected parents will
always produce affected offspring
dominant allele
trait is displayed
recessive allele
trait is masked
Which of the following are principles of the chromosomes theory of inheritance
-Genes are found within the chromosomes
-Chromosomes are replicated and passed from parent to offspring and from cell to cell
-The nucleus of a diploid cell contains homologous pairs of chromosomes
-Gametes are haploid cells that combine to form a diploid cell during fertilization
- During meiosis, the homologous pairs segregate independently and haploid gametes are produced. Modification of a gene or chromosome during gamete formation or early embryonic development that alters expression and is fixed during the individual's life but does not change the DNA sequence is known as___ inheritance
epigenetic
Recessive X-linked alleles affect
males more than females
Mendel proposed that a unit factor, now called a___ , codees for a character, and each individual carries two variant forms, now called___ , of the unit factor for a given character
gene; alleles
X-Y
humans
X-O
fruit fly
Z-W
bird
haplodiploid
bee
A heterozygous individual will have___ numbers of gametes carring the dominant allele and recessive allele
equal
Which of the following properties of the garden pea were advantageous for Mendel's studies of inheritance
Many varieties with different traits were available
Pea plants can be self-fertilized or cross-fertilized
True-breeding strains were available
What explanation of inheritance suggests that hereditary traits are determined by discrete units that are transmitted from one generation to the next
Particulate inheritance
Mendel's "unit factors" that are passed intact from one generation to the next are now called___
genes
In an incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance, a heterozygous individual shows___ phenotype
intermediate
Normal alleles become abnormal alleles through the process of
mutation
Which of the following organelles contain genes
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
For any given gene, the prevalent allele in a population is known as the___ allele
wild-type
Mendel's proposed his laws of inheritance based on
quantitative experiments
A variety that continues to exhibit the same trait after several generations of self-fertilization is called___ strain
true-breeding
male(in haplodiploid system in bees)
unfertilized haploid egg
female( in haplodiploid system in bees)
fertilized diploid egg
In a single-factor cross, an experimenter follow the
variants of one character
In the X-O sex determination system, which of the following genotypes could be found in a female
XX
XXY
Which phenomenon describes the presence of two genes very close to each other on the same chromosomes, and which are transmitted together as a unit
linkage
The characteristics of an organism that are the result of the expression of its genes is referred to as its
phenotype
The__ chromosome determines maleness in mammals
Y
Pleiotropy occurs because
-a gene may be expressed at different stages of developement
-the expression of a single gene can affect cell function in more than one way
-a gene may be expressed in different cell types in a multicellular organism
In pea plants, round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds, and the round and wrinkled alleles are represented with R and r, respectively. What genotypes will have round seeds
RR and Rr
Mendel postulated that every individual carriers two genes for a given character. Furthermore, the gene for each character in his pea plant exists in two variant forms, and these forms are now called
alleles
Lowercase letters are used to represent___ alleles
recessive
Which of these is commonly used to predict the results of simple genetic crosses
Punnett square
Phenylketonuria
Inability to metabolize phenylalanine
Cystic fibrosis
Inability to regulate ion balance in epithelial cells
Tay-Sachs disease
Inability to metabolic certain lipids
Hemophilia A
Defect in blood clotting
In the X-O system, which operates in many insects, females are XX and males are either
XY or X
A hybridization experiment involves mating
two individuals with different characteristics
The genetic material that resides within chromosomes is
DNA
If an individual is___ for a particular gene, then two chromosomes in a homologous pair will have a different allele at the locus for the gene. heterzygous
According to the chromosome theory of inheritance, the transmission of chromosomes during___ and the process of___ can explain the inheritance patterns of traits
meiosis; fertilization
In pea plants, the allele T codes for tall plants and the allele t codes for short plants. If a plant is short, this would be considered its
phenotype
The pattern of inheritance that deals with genes that segregate and assort independently is described by the term
Mendelian Inheritance
According to Mendel's law of___ , the two alleles of a gene separate during the formation of eggs and sperm so that every gamete receives only one allele
segregation
In Incomplete dominance, what phenotypic ratio is expected from a cross of two heterzygotes
1:2:1
What is represented in pedigree analysis
Inheritance of an inherited trait over several generations in one family
The___ alignment of chromosomes in meiosis I leads to the independent assortment of alleles on different chromosomes
random
After DNA replication in a heterozygote, the two sister chromatids on a single chromosome contain
identical alleles
When F1 individuals self-fertilize, they produce the F2 generation, which refers to the___ generation
second filial
The sex chromosomes refers to a distinctive pair of chromosomes that vary between___ and___
male and female
The paired chromosomes that are the same in both sexes are called
autosomes
In Incomplete dominance, a cross of two heterzygotes produces___ in the offspring
three distinct phenotypes
Meiosis results in the production of four___ daughter cells that each carry a single cop of one of the two original homologues
haploid
A gene found on the X-chromosome is designated as an___ gene
X-linked
In a typical single-factor cross the individuals that are first crossed are
true-breeding and referred to as the P generation
What ratio is obtained in the F2 generation of a two-factor cross when alleles assort independently from one another
9:3:3:1
Which of the following organs are affected by cystic fibrosis
Pancreas
Sweet glands
Lungs
The law of independent assortment states that
alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation
Human traits that follow simple Mendelian patterns are usually studied using
pedigree analysis
When the true-breeding parents vary in only one character, their F1 offspring are called single-character hybrids, or
monohybrids
A___ is an individual with two indentical alleles of a gene
homozygote
The phenomenon in which a mutation in a single gene leads to multiple effects on an individual's phenotype is called
pleiotropy
The offspring of hybridization experiments are referred to as
hybrids
In pea plants, a female gamete is normally fertilized by a male gamete from the same plant.