Title: Voter impersonation (United States) - Wikipedia
Headings: Voter impersonation (United States)
Voter impersonation (United States)
Contents
Voter ID laws
Estimates of frequency
Outdated voter registration
Reporting and investigation
Pew report (2012)
Old Dominion University study (2014)
University of California, San Diego, study (2017)
Fish v. Kobach (2018)
History
In-person voter fraud (1968-1982)
Voter fraud claims in the 2016 presidential election
Voter fraud commission (2017)
Voter fraud claims in the 2020 presidential election
References
Sources

Content: In April 2020, a voter fraud study covering 20 years by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found the level of fraud "exceedingly rare" since it occurs only in "0.00006 percent" of instances nationally, and, in one state, "0.000004 percent — about five times less likely than getting hit by lightning in the United States." Contents
1 Voter ID laws
2 Estimates of frequency
3 Outdated voter registration
4 Reporting and investigation
4.1 Pew report (2012)
4.2 Old Dominion University study (2014)
4.3 University of California, San Diego, study (2017)
4.4 Fish v. Kobach (2018)
5 History
5.1 In-person voter fraud (1968-1982)
5.2 Voter fraud claims in the 2016 presidential election
5.2.1 Voter fraud commission (2017)
5.3 Voter fraud claims in the 2020 presidential election
6 References
7 Sources
Voter ID laws
Main article: Voter identification laws in the United States
Voter ID laws target "in-person" voting fraud to deter impersonation by requiring some form of official ID. In many states, voters have other options besides "in-person" voting, such as absentee voting, or requesting an absentee ballot (which includes online voting and voting by mail). Absentee voting fraud, for example, which is more common, is not "deterred by ID laws". A 2015 article by University of Virginia Law School 's Michael Gilbert in the Columbia Law Review described how voter ID laws are controversial in the United States in terms of both politics and public law. Gilbert contends that voter ID laws "increase the risk of vote fraud". Those who support voter ID claim to want to protect election integrity by preventing voter fraud. Opponents claim that voter ID laws, "like poll taxes and literacy tests before them, intentionally depress turnout by lawful voters." Critics of voter ID laws have argued that voter impersonation is illogical from the perspective of the perpetrator, as if they are caught, they will face harsh criminal penalties, including up to 5 years in prison and a fine of up to $10,000 for citizens and possible deportation for non-citizens.