Title: Anthelmintic drugs and nematicides: studies in Caenorhabditis elegans - WormBook - NCBI Bookshelf
Headings: 
Anthelmintic drugs and nematicides: studies in Caenorhabditis elegans *
1. Introduction to anthelmintics and nematicides
Table
2. Is C. elegans a model ‘parasite’?
3. Approaches for the study of anthelmintics and nematicides in C. elegans
4. Classes of anthelmintic drugs and nematicides
4.1. Piperazine
4.2. Benzimidazoles: thiabendazole and albendazole
4.3. Imidazothiazole: levamisole, and tetrahydropyrimidines: pyrantel and morantel
Table
4.4. Spiroindoles: paraherquamide and derquantel (2-deoxyparaherquamide/PNU 141962)
4.5. Macrocyclic lactones; avermectins and milbemycins; ivermectin and moxidectin
Table
Table
4.6. Cyclooctadepsipeptides: emodepside and PF1022A
4.7. Thiazolide: nitazoxanide
4.8. Amino-acetonitrile derivatives: monepantel
4.9. Aminophenylamidines: amidantel and tribendimidine
4.10. Crystal (Cry) proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis: Cry5B, Cry21A
4.11. Organophosphate and carbamate anticholinesterases: dichlorvos, haloxon, trichlorphon and aldicarb
4.12. Flavonoids: apigenin
4.13. Fluoroalkenyls: fluensulfone
4.14. Spiroindolines: SYN351, SYN876
5. The future
6. References

Content: The simple reason is that the nations that suffer most from these tropical diseases have little money to invest in drug discovery or therapy. It comes as no surprise therefore that the drugs available for human treatment were first developed as veterinary medicines. There is thus a pitifully small repertoire of chemotherapeutic agents available for treatment (see Table 1 ). In some respects, this situation has been exacerbated by the remarkable success of ivermectin over the last thirty years ( Geary, 2005 ), which has decreased motivation for anthelmintic drug discovery programmes ( Geary et al., 1999 ). This prompts concern, as anthelmintic resistance has been widely reported in livestock and it may also only be a matter of time before this phenomenon also occurs widely in parasites of humans ( Osei-Atweneboana et al., 2011; Churcher et al., 2009; Osei-Atweneboana et al.,