Title: Mechanism of diving regulators - Wikipedia
Headings: Mechanism of diving regulators
Mechanism of diving regulators
Contents
Types of diving regulators
Open-circuit scuba regulators
Connection to the high pressure supply
CGA 850 connection
DIN connection
Adapters
Conversion kits
Other connection types
Cylinder valve types
Single-hose demand regulators
First stage
Piston-type first stage
Diaphragm-type first stage
Balancing
Interstage hose
Second-stage
Upstream valves
Downstream valves
Servo-controlled valves
Exhaust valves
Exhaust manifold
Purge button
User adjustable flow modifiers
Twin-hose demand regulators
Constant mass flow regulators
Surface supply regulators
Reclaim regulators
Built-in breathing system regulators
Malfunctions and failure modes
Inlet filter blockage
Sticking valves
Free-flow
Intermediate pressure creep
Regulator freezing
Mechanism of icing
First stage freezing
Interstage gas temperature
Second stage freeze
Surface supplied breathing equipment
Factors increasing the risk of regulator freeze
Precautions to reduce risk of regulator freezing
Mitigation
Procedures for managing a regulator freeze
Gas leaks
Wet breathing
Excessive work of breathing
Juddering, shuddering and moaning
Physical damage to the housing or components
See also
References

Content: There are also European standards for scuba regulator connectors for gases other than air. CGA 850 connection
CGA 850 Yoke connectors (sometimes called A-clamps from their shape) are the most popular regulator connection in North America and several other countries. They clamp the high pressure inlet opening of the regulator against the outlet opening of the cylinder valve, and are sealed by an O-ring in a groove in the contact face of the cylinder valve. The user screws the clamp in place finger-tight to hold the metal surfaces of cylinder valve and regulator first stage in contact, compressing the o-ring between the radial faces of valve and regulator. When the valve is opened, gas pressure presses the O-ring against the outer cylindrical surface of the groove, completing the seal. The diver must take care not to screw the yoke down too tightly, or it may prove impossible to remove without tools. Conversely, failing to tighten sufficiently can lead to O-ring extrusion under pressure and a major loss of breathing gas. This can be a serious problem if it happens when the diver is at depth. Yoke fittings are rated up to a maximum of 240 bar working pressure. The outlet of the CGA 850 valve is on a flat surface on the valve body, inside a concentric face-sealing O-ring groove, with a conical indentation on the opposite surface of the valve body, co-axial with the O-ring groove.