Title: How artificial intelligence is transforming the world
Headings: How artificial intelligence is transforming the world
How artificial intelligence is transforming the world
Summary
Darrell M. West
Vice President and Director - Governance Studies
Senior Fellow - Center for Technology Innovation
John R. Allen
President, The Brookings Institution
I. Qualities of artificial intelligence
Intentionality
Intelligence
Adaptability
II. Applications in diverse sectors
Finance
National security
Health care
Criminal justice
Transportation
Smart cities
III. Policy, regulatory, and ethical issues
Data access problems
Biases in data and algorithms
AI ethics and transparency
Legal liability
IV. Recommendations
Improving data access
Increase government investment in AI
Promote digital education and workforce development
Create a federal AI advisory committee
Engage with state and local officials
Regulate broad objectives more than specific algorithms
Take biases seriously
Maintaining mechanisms for human oversight and control
Penalize malicious behavior and promote cybersecurity
V. Conclusion
Footnotes

Content: It is a wide-ranging tool that enables people to rethink how we integrate information, analyze data, and use the resulting insights to improve decisionmaking. Our hope through this comprehensive overview is to explain AI to an audience of policymakers, opinion leaders, and interested observers, and demonstrate how AI already is altering the world and raising important questions for society, the economy, and governance. In this paper, we discuss novel applications in finance, national security, health care, criminal justice, transportation, and smart cities, and address issues such as data access problems, algorithmic bias, AI ethics and transparency, and legal liability for AI decisions. We contrast the regulatory approaches of the U.S. and European Union, and close by making a number of recommendations for getting the most out of AI while still protecting important human values. [ 2]
In order to maximize AI benefits, we recommend nine steps for going forward: Encourage greater data access for researchers without compromising users’ personal privacy,
invest more government funding in unclassified AI research,
promote new models of digital education and AI workforce development so employees have the skills needed in the 21 st -century economy,
create a federal AI advisory committee to make policy recommendations,
engage with state and local officials so they enact effective policies,
regulate broad AI principles rather than specific algorithms,
take bias complaints seriously so AI does not replicate historic injustice, unfairness, or discrimination in data or algorithms,
maintain mechanisms for human oversight and control, and
penalize malicious AI behavior and promote cybersecurity. I. Qualities of artificial intelligence
Although there is no uniformly agreed upon definition, AI generally is thought to refer to “machines that respond to stimulation consistent with traditional responses from humans, given the human capacity for contemplation, judgment and intention.” [ 3] According to researchers Shubhendu and Vijay, these software systems “make decisions which normally require [a] human level of expertise” and help people anticipate problems or deal with issues as they come up. [ 4] As such, they operate in an intentional, intelligent, and adaptive manner. Intentionality
Artificial intelligence algorithms are designed to make decisions, often using real-time data.