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Content: to disobey the church meant denial of the sacraments. Furthermore,
          during the civil war (1858-1860) the conservative government in Mexico
          City annulled the liberal laws and Constitution; the liberal government,
          headquartered in Veracruz, promised to punish those who obeyed the
          conservatives and issued more extreme measures against its enemies,
          especially the church. Prevailing over the French-imposed rule of the Austrian Archduke MAXIMILIAN
          in 1867, the liberals at last had the opportunity to implement their
        program. They achieved only partial success: the principle, but not the
        reality,
          of legal equality for all was established; the decade of conflict
          undermined the effort to establish a parliamentary system and paved
          the way for executive dominance; the political and economic power of
          the        church was largely eliminated, but charities and schools
          suffered; restrictions on the church belied the principle of separation
          of church
          and stale; the hope that reducing village lands to individual ownership would
          create a
          large number of small landowners, which in turn would encourage rural
          democracy and economic prosperity, largely went awry—privatization
          facilitated acquisition of village lands by outsiders and by some enterprising
          villagers;