Title: Racial Disparity - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Racial Disparity
Racial Disparity
Neurogenic disorders of speech, language, cognition-communication, and swallowing
Management of neurogenic communication and swallowing disorders
Crime and Ethnicity (Including Race)
5 Conclusion
Hypovitaminosis D and Progression of CKD
3 Racial differences in hypovitaminosis D and as an explanatory factor for racial disparities in progression of kidney disease
Neuroendocrine Control of the Menstrual Cycle
Racial Differences in Menstrual Cycle Dynamics
Neuroendocrine Control of the Menstrual Cycle
Racial Differences in Menstrual Cycle Dynamics and Fertility
Head and Neck Cancer Prevention
Racial Disparities in Head and Neck Cancer
Ethnic Minority Mental Health Strengths in the United States
Introduction
Racial Differences in Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Disease in the USA
3 Racial and ethnic disparities in dialysis care
Stress, Health, and Disparities
Persistence in Racial Disparities in Health Over Time
Ethical Decisions in the Neonatal-Perinatal Period
JUSTICE AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEALTH CARE

Content: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767028709
Hypovitaminosis D and Progression of CKD
Rajnish Mehrotra, in Chronic Kidney Disease in Disadvantaged Populations, 2017
3 Racial differences in hypovitaminosis D and as an explanatory factor for racial disparities in progression of kidney disease
Racial disparities in progression of kidney disease are well established in numerous developed countries including the United States and stem primarily from genetic (e.g., high-risk APOL1 gene polymorphisms in African Americans) and socio-economic factors, including challenges in access to care [119–123]. It is also well-established that in the United States, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is substantially higher among African Americans and Hispanics, including among those with CKD [16,42,44,104,124–126]. This represents a combination of reduced production of previtamin D in the skin from reduced efficacy of ultraviolet light with increasing amount of melanin in dark-skinned individuals, and lower intake of dairy products that are fortified with vitamin D. An intriguing question that follows is whether some of the disparities in progression of kidney disease could be explained by a higher prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in racial/ethnic minorities. At this time, there is no definitive evidence for such a link. Cohort studies have demonstrated that accounting for differences in vitamin D levels between African Americans and Whites attenuates the difference in the risk for progression of kidney disease [104]. Furthermore, African Americans have higher serum parathyroid hormone levels than Whites and as administration of supraphysiologic doses of vitamin D is the first-line therapy for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism, African Americans undergoing maintenance dialysis receive significantly higher weekly doses of vitamin D than Whites [127–130]. African Americans undergoing maintenance dialysis have a lower risk for death than Whites and it has been posited that the lower risk for death among Blacks undergoing maintenance dialysis is from the higher cumulative dose of vitamin D that they receive [130]. While plausible, these studies are insufficient to conclude that hypovitaminosis D is a significant contributor to the racial disparities in progression of kidney disease or for the lower risk of death among African Americans. View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128043110000248
Neuroendocrine Control of the Menstrual Cycle
Janet E. Hall, in Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology (Seventh Edition), 2014
Racial Differences in Menstrual Cycle Dynamics
Racial disparities between African-American women and Caucasian women in the incidence of breast cancer, leiomyomas and osteoporosis raise the possibility of a greater lifetime exposure to estrogen in African-American women.