Title: Marshall Plan - Wikipedia
Headings: Marshall Plan
Marshall Plan
Contents
Development and deployment
Wartime destruction
Initial post-war events
Slow recovery
Need to rebuild Germany
Soviet negotiations
Marshall's speech
Rejection by Stalin
Initial reactions
Compulsory Eastern Bloc rejection
Yugoslavia
Szklarska Poręba meeting
Passage in Congress
Negotiations
Implementation
Technical Assistance Program
United Kingdom
West Germany and Austria
Expenditures
Loans and grants
Funding for CIA fronts
Effects and legacy
Repayment
Areas without the Plan
Aid to Asia
Canada
World total
Opinion
Domestic campaign for support
Change in American ideology
Polling data
Criticism
Laissez-faire criticism
Modern criticism
In popular culture
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

Content: Secretary Marshall became convinced Stalin had no interest in helping restore economic health in Western Europe. European Recovery Program expenditures by country
President Harry Truman signed the Marshall Plan on April 3, 1948, granting $5 billion in aid to 16 European nations. During the four years the plan was in effect, the United States donated $17 billion (equivalent to $202.18 billion in 2019) in economic and technical assistance to help the recovery of the European countries that joined the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation. The $17 billion was in the context of a US GDP of $258 billion in 1948, and on top of $17 billion in American aid to Europe between the end of the war and the start of the Plan that is counted separately from the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan was replaced by the Mutual Security Plan at the end of 1951; that new plan gave away about $7.5 billion annually until 1961 when it was replaced by another program. The ERP addressed each of the obstacles to postwar recovery. The plan looked to the future and did not focus on the destruction caused by the war. Much more important were efforts to modernize European industrial and business practices using high-efficiency American models, reducing artificial trade barriers, and instilling a sense of hope and self-reliance. By 1952, as the funding ended, the economy of every participant state had surpassed pre-war levels;