Title: African nationalism - Wikipedia
Headings: African nationalism
African nationalism
Contents
History
Tribalism and ethnic nationalism
Women in African nationalism
Women in national organisations
Women as national leaders
Women and Informal Methods of Protest
By country
Gambia
See also
Notes
References
Further reading

Content: African nationalism - Wikipedia
African nationalism
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Not to be confused with black nationalism which defines national identity in purely racial terms. Kenneth Kaunda, a leading Zambian independence activist, pictured at a political rally in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) in 1960. African nationalism is an umbrella term which refers to a group of political ideologies, mainly within Sub-Saharan Africa, which are based on the idea of national self-determination and the creation of nation states. The ideology emerged under European colonial rule during the 19th and 20th centuries and was loosely inspired by nationalist ideas from Europe. Originally, African nationalism was based on demands for self-determination and played an important role in forcing the process of decolonisation of Africa ( c. 1957–66). However, the term refers to a broad range of different ideological and political movements and should not be confused with Pan-Africanism which may seek the federation of several or all nation states in Africa. Contents
1 History
2 Tribalism and ethnic nationalism
3 Women in African nationalism
3.1 Women in national organisations
3.2 Women as national leaders
3.3 Women and Informal Methods of Protest
4 By country
4.1 Gambia
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
History
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Nationalist ideas in Sub-Saharan Africa emerged during the mid-19th century among the emerging black middle classes in West Africa. Early nationalists hoped to overcome ethnic fragmentation by creating nation-states. In its earliest period, it was inspired by African-American and Afro-Caribbean intellectuals from the Back-to-Africa movement who imported nationalist ideals current in Europe and the Americas at the time. The early African nationalists were elitist and believed in the supremacy of Western culture but sought a greater role for themselves in political decision-making.