Title: Marshall Plan - Wikipedia
Headings: Marshall Plan
Marshall Plan
Contents
Development and deployment
Wartime destruction
Initial post-war events
Slow recovery
Need to rebuild Germany
Soviet negotiations
Marshall's speech
Rejection by Stalin
Initial reactions
Compulsory Eastern Bloc rejection
Yugoslavia
Szklarska Poręba meeting
Passage in Congress
Negotiations
Implementation
Technical Assistance Program
United Kingdom
West Germany and Austria
Expenditures
Loans and grants
Funding for CIA fronts
Effects and legacy
Repayment
Areas without the Plan
Aid to Asia
Canada
World total
Opinion
Domestic campaign for support
Change in American ideology
Polling data
Criticism
Laissez-faire criticism
Modern criticism
In popular culture
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

Content: that new plan gave away about $7.5 billion annually until 1961 when it was replaced by another program. The ERP addressed each of the obstacles to postwar recovery. The plan looked to the future and did not focus on the destruction caused by the war. Much more important were efforts to modernize European industrial and business practices using high-efficiency American models, reducing artificial trade barriers, and instilling a sense of hope and self-reliance. By 1952, as the funding ended, the economy of every participant state had surpassed pre-war levels; for all Marshall Plan recipients, output in 1951 was at least 35% higher than in 1938. Over the next two decades, Western Europe enjoyed unprecedented growth and prosperity, but economists are not sure what proportion was due directly to the ERP, what proportion indirectly, and how much would have happened without it. A common American interpretation of the program's role in European recovery was expressed by Paul Hoffman, head of the Economic Cooperation Administration, in 1949, when he told Congress Marshall aid had provided the "critical margin" on which other investment needed for European recovery depended. The Marshall Plan was one of the first elements of European integration, as it erased trade barriers and set up institutions to coordinate the economy on a continental level—that is, it stimulated the total political reconstruction of Western Europe. Belgian economic historian Herman Van der Wee concludes the Marshall Plan was a "great success":