Title: 
Headings: 

Content: homicide rate declined
1960-1970: Sharp increase in homicide rate
1991-today: Declines in all crime, including juvenile crime
trends in self-reporting
Appear to be more stable than the UCR and NCVS data
The ecology of crime
Patterns in the crime rate seem to be linked to temporal and ecological factors
These include day, season and climate, temperature, and regional differences
Use of Firearms
Play a dominant role in criminal activity
Instrumental crimes
Committed by indigent people to compensate for the lack of legitimate economic opportunity
Expressive Crimes
Result out of anger and frustration against society, a condition fueled by alcohol and drug abuse, common in impoverished areas
Crime and Unemployment
Four views on this relationship 
Bad economy means higher crime rates
Good economy means higher crime rates
Bad economy means lower crime rates
Crime and the economy are unrelated
Age and Crime
Aging Out of Crime 
People commit less crime as they age
Gender and Crime
Differences in the Crime Rate (Females commit less crime than males)
Emotional, physical, and psychological differences to explain crime rate differences
Masculinity hypothesis
Socialization differences
Socio-political differences (feminist theory)
Race and Crime
Institutional bias
Racial profiling
Racial threat hypothesis
Structural racism
Economic and Social Disparity
Racial and ethnic differentials in crime rates may also be tied to economic and social disparity
Immigration and crime
Immigrants are far less likely than the average U.S. native to commit crime. Significantly lower rates of incarceration and institutionalization among foreign-born adults
Family Dissolution
Chronic offenders/criminal careers
Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin: 1972 study Delinquency in a Birth Cohort: "Chronic 6%" of total sample were responsible for 51.9% of all offenses
Arrests and court experience did little to deter the chronic offender
What Causes Chronicity? Kids exposed to a variety of personal and social problems at an early age are the most at risk to repeat offending; referred to as "early onset." Chronic offender factors include problems in the home and school, early history of arrest, and parental drug involvement
Implications: Mandatory sentences, three-strikes and truth in sentencing policies
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