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Content: Edited by Shinobu Kitayama and Dov Cohen, 136–174. New York: Guilford. This chapter identifies how cultural modes of being (i.e., a focus on the individual as the primary actor versus a focus on the individual as a member of groups that act) are manifested in different approaches to agency, self-representations, and cognitive processes. It also examines research on the possible origins of these two modes of being. Oyserman, Daphna, Heather M. Coon, and Markus Kemmelmeier. 2002. Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin128:3–72.