Title: Theories of Motivation in Management
Headings: Theories of Motivation in Management
Theories of Motivation in Management
Theories of Motivation in Management. This article will help you to learn about:
Theories of Motivation in Management # Employee Motivation Theories:
1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory:
Propositions:
Maslow put the following important propositions about human behaviour:
Categories of Needs:
He described five classes of needs as under:
1. Physiological Needs:
These needs have few common features:
2. Safety Needs:
3. Social or Love Needs:
4. Esteem Needs:
5. Self-Actualization Needs:
Evaluation of Maslow’s Theory:
It has the following merits:
Shortcomings:
Many researchers have pointed out some deficiencies in Maslow’s theory as follows:
2. Motivation—Hygiene Theory:
Hygiene Factors:
Motivators:
These maintenance and motivational factors are described in the following Table 12.1:
Features and Implications of Herzberg’s Theory:
Herzberg’s theory led to the following conclusions:
Critical Appraisal of Herzberg’s Theory:
Herzberg’s theory is important in the following way:
In spite of the seemingly value and importance, Herzberg’s theory has also been criticized by behavioural scientists on a number of points:
Theories of Motivation in Management # Work Motivation Theories:
Some of the important theories are explained as under:
(i) Monistic or Economic Theory of Motivation:
The theory assumes that:
(ii) Hierarchy of Needs Theory:
Maslow’s need hierarchy theory covers the following aspects:
According to Maslow, there are five general categories of needs given in an order:
I. Physiological Needs:
II. Security Needs:
III. Belongingness Needs or Social Needs:
IV. Esteem Needs:
Esteem needs are of two types:
V. Self-Actualization Needs:
Criticism of Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory:
Maslow’s need hierarchy theory is criticized on the following grounds:
(iii) Theory of Douglas McGregor:
I. Theory X’:
The important assumptions underlying this theory are as follows:
Conclusion of Theory X:
II. Theory Y:
The important assumptions of Theory Y, described by McGregor are:
Conclusion of Theory Y:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
Criticism:
(iv) Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory:
(A) Traditional:
(B) Herzberg’s Viewpoint:
He asked these people to describe two important incidents at their jobs:
(A) Motivational Factors or Satisfiers:
Some of these factors are:
(B) Hygiene Factors:
Some of the hygiene factors are:
Criticism:
Herzberg theory is criticized on the following reasons:
(v) Equity Theory of Motivation:
This theory of motivation is based on two assumptions about human behaviour:
Major Components of Equity Theory:
Other highlights of the theory are:
Criticism:
Adams theory is criticized on the following reasons:
Theories of Motivation in Management # Motivational Theories in the Workplace
There are many different motivation theories such as:
These all theories are broadly classified into three categories:
1. Theories Based on Human Needs:
(i) Maslow’s Theory:
The following important proposition has been advanced by Abraham Harold Maslow (April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970) about human behaviour in analysing his model:
(a) Man is Wanting Animal:
(b) A Satisfied Need is No More a Motivator:
(c) Needs Have Hierarchy of Importance:
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy:
Maslow has suggested the following hierarchy of needs which an individual attempts to satisfy in an order:
Starting at the bottom and working upwards, the various needs can be understood as follows:
(a) Basic Physiological Needs:
(b) Safety and Security Needs:
(c) Belongingness, Social or Love Needs:
(d) Esteem and Status Needs:
(e) Self-Actualisation or Self-Realisation Needs:
The hierarchy of needs as given by A.H. Maslow and discussed above may be shown by the following diagram:
Lower Order and Higher Order Needs:
(i) Lower Order Needs:
(ii) Higher-Order Needs:
Critical Appraisal of the Model:
The criticisms of the theory include the following:
Extent of Application in Organizations:
(ii) Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory:
Frederick Herzberg- (Hygiene and Motivation Factors):
However, Herzberg’s model is labeled with the following criticism:
Distinction between Maslow’s and Herzberg’s Theories:
Comparison of Herzberg and Maslow Models:
(iii) McClelland’s Need Theory:
They are defined as follows:
a. Need for Achievement:
Through his research, McClelland identified the following three characteristics of high-need achievers:
b. Need for Power:
People who have a high need for power are characterized by:
c. Need for Affiliation:
The people with high need for affiliation have these chara­cteristics:
2. Theories Based on Human Nature:
(i) McGregor’s Participation Theory:
Theory X is based on the following assumptions:
On the contrary, theory Y assumes that:
Comparison of Theories X and Y:
The difference between two sets of assumptions can be visualised as follows:
(ii) Urwick’s Theory Z:
The two propositions in Urwick’s theory are that:
History of Theory Z:
Further abstraction from the list above:
Performance-Related Pay (PRP):
An aside for those reading to understand how to motivate people at work:
Theory Z is based on the following four postulates:
(iii) Argyris’s Theory:
3. Theories Based on Expectancy of Human Beings:
(i) Vroom’s Expectancy Theory:
Thus, the key constructs in the expectancy theory of motivation are:
Thus, Vroom’s Motivation can also be expressed in the form of an equation as follows:
This is affected by such things as:
This is affected by such things as:
So, if he perceives that any one of these is true:
The important ones are:
The theory focuses on three things:
This leads us to a conclusion that:
(ii) The Porter and Lawler Model:
(iii) Clayton Alderfer’s ERG Theory:
The major conclusions of this theory are:
Process Theories of Motivation:
1. Needs-Goal Theory:
2. Vroom Expectancy Theory:
3. Equity Theory:
4. Porter-Lawler Theory:
Porter and Lawler Model of Motivation:
This model is based on four basic assumptions about human behaviour:
The Various Elements of Porter and Lawler Model:
Let us briefly discuss the main elements of the model:
1. Effort:
2. Performance:
3. Satisfaction:
Theories of Motivation in Management # Theories of Motivation:
The theories of motivation are broadly classified into two as content, and process:
1. Content Theories of Motivation:
These theories attempt to identify what things motivate people. Some of these theories are:
(i) Maslow’s Theory of Hierarchy of Needs:
(ii) McClelland’s Theory of Achievement, Power, and Affiliation Needs:
The three needs include:
(iii) Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation:
He concluded that there were two types of motivation:
(iv) McGregor’s X and Y Theory of Motivation:
Theory X is the traditional view of direction and control, based on these assumptions:
Theory Y is based on the integration of individual and organisational goals, assumes:
2. Process Theories of Motivation:
Two major process theories are:
(i) Vroom’s Expectancy – Valence Theory of Motivation:
He explains that motivation depends on two things:
(ii) Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory of Motivation:
Consequences can be thought of as:
(a) Reinforcement:
(b) Punishment:

Content: yet we all supposedly proceed up the hierarchy of needs, one level at a time. Propositions: ADVERTISEMENTS: Maslow put the following important propositions about human behaviour: 1. Man is a wanting being – Maslow says that man is a wanting animal and his needs are never fully satisfied. “ He always wants and wants more. But what he wants depends upon what he already has”. His needs contin­ue to emerge from birth to death. Although his partic­ular need may be satisfied, needs in general cannot be.