Title: Urinary tract infections - AMBOSS
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Urinary tract infections
Summary
Etiology
Pathogens
Bacteria
Viruses
Other pathogens
Predisposing factors
Host-dependent factors
Other factors
Classification
According to anatomic location
[7]
[8]
According to predisposing factors
[9]
[10]
[11]
According to source of infection
Clinical features
Diagnostics
Approach
Laboratory tests
[14]
[17]
Urinalysis
Urine culture
Diagnostic imaging
Differential diagnoses
Interstitial cystitis (
painful bladder syndrome
)
[19]
[20]
Asymptomatic bacteriuria
[26]
[27]
Other differential diagnoses
Treatment
Antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated UTIs
Principles of therapy
[14]
[30]
Treatment of acute uncomplicated lower UTIs
Treatment of uncomplicated upper UTIs
Antibiotic therapy for complicated UTIs
Antibiotic therapy for recurrent infections
[26]
[27]
Complications
Prevention
Special patient groups
UTI during pregnancy
UTI in children and adolescents
[40]
[41]
References

Content: hormonal changes during
pregnancy
→ urinary stasis and vesicoureteral reflux → increased risk of UTIs
Postmenopause: ↓
estrogen
→ ↓ vaginal lactobacilli → ↑ vaginal pH → ↑
colonization
by
E. coli
[5]
Chronic
constipation
: common cause of UTIs in children
Prior conditions
Previous UTI
[5]
History of kidney surgery
Immunosuppression
Diabetes mellitus
Other factors
Sexual intercourse
Honeymoon cystitis; : a type of lower UTI that occurs in women after having sexual intercourse for the first time or after a prolonged period of abstinence. Diaphragm and
spermicide
use
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (
CAUTI
)
Caused by indwelling urinary catheters
Most common cause of
nosocomial
urinary tract infection
SEEK PP = S -
S. saprophyticus
, E -
E. coli
, E -
Enterococcus
, K -
Klebsiella
, P -
Proteus
, P -
Pseudomonas
are the bacteria commonly associated with UTIs. Classification
According to anatomic location
[7]
[8]
Upper UTI: : upper urinary tract comprises kidneys and the ureters (
pyelonephritis
)
Lower UTI: : lower urinary tract comprises the bladder (cystitis, the most common location of UTI), urethra (
urethritis
), and
prostate
in males (
prostatitis
)
According to predisposing factors
[9]
[10]
[11]
Uncomplicated UTI: UTI in immunocompetent, premenopausal, nonpregnant women without conditions predisposing them to infection or therapy failure
Complicated UTI: UTIs in men, pregnant or postmenopausal women, children, and individuals with factors predisposing them to infection or therapy failure.