Title: 
Headings: R a cial           3 D iscrimination  i n the Criminal  J ustice System
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3
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Ethical
 
Background



Historical
 
Context



 
Is
 
There
 
Racial
 
Discrimination
  
in
 
the
 
Criminal
 
Justice
 
System?

Police
 
Encounters
 
With
 
Citizens
 
and
 
Police
 
Arrest

Bail

Jury
 
Selection

Case
 
Study
 
3.1
 
In
 
Dallas,
 
Dismissal
 
of
 
Black
 
Jurors
 
Leads
 
to
 
Appeal
  
by
 
Death
 
Row
 
Inmate

Conviction
 
and
 
Sentencing



Imprisonment
 
Disparities

Racial
 
and
 
Ethnic
 
Rates
 
of
 
Incarceration
 
Under
 
Federal
 
and
 
State
 
Jurisdiction,
 
2009



Death
 
Penalty
 
Disparities

Inmates
 
Under
 
Sentence
 
of
 
Death,
 
by
 
Race
 
and
 
Hispanic
 
Origin,
 
2009



Hate
 
Crimes

Hate-Bias
 
Incidents,
 
by
 
Type
 
of
 
Bias
 
Motivation,
 
1997–1999

Motivation
 
and
 
Evidence
 
in
 
Hate
 
Crime

Evidence
 
of
 
motivation

Victims’s
 
account
 
of
 
suspected
 
hate
 
crime
 
motivation,
 
2003–2009

Percent
 
of
 
hate
 
crime
 
victimizations



 
Explanations
 
for
 
Racial
 
Discrimination
  
in
 
the
 
Criminal
 
Justice
 
System

How
 
Do
 
We
 
Explain
 
the
 
Existence
 
of
  
Racial
 
Discrimination
 
in
 
the
 
Criminal
 
Justice
 
System?

Summary

Discussion
 
Questions

Web
 
Resources


Content: During
 
the
 
20th
 
century,
 
legal
 
rights
 
were
 
accorded
 
to
 
African
 
Americans
 
and
 
have
 
been
 
protected
 
by
 
the
 
courts. In
 
the
 
landmark
 
case
 
of
 
Brown
 
v.
 
Board
 
of
 
Education
 
in
 
1954,
 
the
 
Supreme
 
Court
 
struck
 
down
 
the
 
“separate
 
but
 
equal”
 
doctrine,
 
and
 
the
 
civil
 
rights
 
acts
 
passed
 
in
 
the
 
mid-20th
 
century
 
attempted
 
to
 
restate
 
and
 
reinforce
 
a
 
policy
 
against
 
segregation. Today,
 
the
 
black
 
community
 
in
 
the
 
United
 
States
 
is
 
diverse,
 
comprising,
 
for
 
example,
 
Jamaicans,
 
Nigerians,
 
Ethiopians,
 
Somalis,
 
and
 
other
 
African
 
and
 
West
 
Indies
 
nationalities,
 
each
 
with
 
its
 
own
 
culture
 
distinguishable
 
from
 
that
 
of
 
African
 
Americans. Nevertheless,
 
despite
 
this
 
heterogeneity,
 
racist
 
attitudes
 
continue
 
to
 
be
 
manifested
 
based
 
on
 
skin
 
color. The
 
history
 
of
 
Latinos
 
in
 
the
 
United
 
States
 
has
 
been
 
one
 
of
 
contention
 
with
 
the
 
Anglo
 
American
 
culture. Spanish
 
colonies
 
were
 
established
 
in
 
the
 
United
 
States
 
in
 
the
 
late
 
16th
 
century,
 
predating
 
the
 
Anglo
 
American
 
presence; however,
 
in
 
1847,
 
Mexico
 
lost
 
approximately
 
half
 
of
 
its
 
territory
 
to
 
the
 
United
 
States. In
 
recent
 
times,
 
it
 
has
 
been
 
common
 
to
 
associate
 
Latinos
 
with
 
the
 
issue
 
of
 
immigration,
 
and
 
Mexicans
 
in
 
particular
 
are
 
constructed
 
as
 
an
 
illegal
 
immigrant
 
group
 
(De
 
Uriarte
 
in
 
Alvarez
 
2000: 88). Racist
 
stereotyping
 
of
 
Latinos
 
depicts
 
them
 
as
 
sneaky,
 
lazy,
 
and
 
thieving
 
(Levin
 
in
 
Alvarez
 
2000: