Title: 
Headings: Health Matters: Human Organ Donations, Sales, and the Black Market
Health
 
Matters:
 
Human
 
Organ
 
Donations,
 
Sales,
 
and
 
the
 
Black
 
Market

Abstract

Introduction
 
and
 
Background

(Harris
 
and
 
Alcorn
 
213,
 
2000-2001).
  
Compare
 
this
 
to
 
the
 
average
 
of
 
75
 

Literature
 
Review

Discussion

Kaserman
 
1993,
 
669-678).
  

States
 
and
 
elsewhere.

Yet
 
this
 
seemingly
 
minor
 
difference
 
in
 
form
 
yields
 
hugely
 
significant
 
results
 

Conclusion
 
and
 
Recommendation

Works
 
Cited


Content: 45
 
percent
 
are
 
whites,
 
29
 
percent
 
blacks,
 
18
 
percent
 
Hispanics,
 
and
 
6
 
percent
 
Asians
 
(U.S.
 
Department
 
of
 
Health
 
&
 
Human
 
Services). Yet
 
donation
 
rates
 
have
 
increased
 
alongside,
 
but
 
not
 
in
 
proportion
 
to,
 
increased
 
population. At
 
the
 
same
 
time,
 
30.7
 
percent
 
of
 
kidney
 
donor
 
recipients
 
have
 
died
 
within
 
five
 
years
 
of
 
receiving
 
their
 
transplant,
 
as
 
well
 
as
 
25.1
 
percent
 
of
 
heart
 
recipients,
 
26.2
 
percent
 
of
 
liver
 
recipients,
 
and
 
45.6
 
percent
 
of
 
lung
 
recipients
 
(U.S.
 
Department
 
of
 
Health
 
&
 
Human
 
Services). The
 
black
 
market
 
for
 
organs
 
refers
 
to
 
the
 
criminal
 
act
 
of
 
offering
 
organs
 
for
 
sale
 
when
 
sale
 
is
 
illegal; such
 
a
 
market
 
exists
 
partially
 
if
 
not
 
primarily
 
as
 
a
 
response
 
to
 
the
 
global
 
supply-side
 
shortage. Hence
 
the
 
black
 
market
 
is
 
a
 
problem
 
in
 
developed
 
and
 
developing
 
nations
 
alike. Problematically,
 
poor
 
citizens
 
within
 
developing
 
countries
 
are
 
often
 
the
 
ones
 
selling
 
organs,
 
especially
 
kidneys,
 
through
 
the
 
black
 
market; even
 
children
 
have
 
sold
 
their
 
organs.4
  
Furthermore
 
the
 
potential
 
long
 
term
 
health
 
risks
 
are
 
seldom
 
fully
 
explained
 
to,
 
or
 
appreciated
 
by,
 
the
 
organ
 
seller. According
 
to
 
one
 
report,
 
individuals
 
are
 
compensated
 
anywhere
 
from
 
$6,000
 
to
 
$10,000
 
plus
 
airfare
 
on
 
the
 
high
 
end
 
($800
 
on
 
the
 
low
 
end)
  
for
 
one
 
of
 
their
 
kidneys,
 
which
 
is
 
then
 
sold
 
by
 
a
 
black
 
market
 
middleman
for
 
anywhere
 
up
 
to
 
$100,000
 
(Corwin
 
2011).5
In
 
the
 
United
 
States,
 
a
 
4
In
 
one
 
documented
 
case,
 
a
 
seventeen-year-old
 
boy
 
in
 
China
 
told
 
a
 
local
 
television
 
station
 
that
 
he
 
sold
 
his
 
kidney
 
for
 
the
 
money
 
to
 
buy
 
an
 
iPad
 
(Patience
 
2011). 5
 
Acc