Title: Breadwinner model - Wikipedia
Headings: Breadwinner model
Breadwinner model
Contents
Rise
Advantages
Disadvantages
Effect on gender identity
Decline of the male breadwinner
Breadwinner mothers
Issues with the decline of the breadwinner model
Global variations
Notes
References

Content: Norwegian government policy has increasingly targeted men as fathers, as a tool of changing gender relations. Recent years have seen a shift in gender norms for the breadwinner role in the U.S. A 2013 Pew Research study found that women were the sole or primary breadwinners in 40% of heterosexual relationships with children. Contents
1 Rise
2 Advantages
3 Disadvantages
3.1 Effect on gender identity
4 Decline of the male breadwinner
5 Breadwinner mothers
6 Issues with the decline of the breadwinner model
7 Global variations
8 Notes
9 References
Rise
In Britain, the breadwinner model developed among the emerging middle-class towards the end of the industrial revolution in the mid-nineteenth-century. Prior to this, in low-income families, a subsistence wage was paid on the basis of the individual worker's output, with all members of the family expected to contribute to the household upkeep. There was another side to the transformation of wage relations in mid-19th-century Britain involving two closely related changes: first, a shift in the prevailing wage form, from a joint to an individual payment; and second, a shift in the predominant subsistence norm of a living wage, from a family group's income to the ideal of an adult male-breadwinner wage. This is the notion that the wage earned by a husband ought to be sufficient to support his family without his wife and young children having to work for pay. The increase in wages among skilled labourers and lower-middle-class workers allowed for a far larger number of families being able to support the entire family unit on one wage, and the breadwinner model became an attainable goal for a far wider proportion of society. Within this model, "The division of labour in parenting tasks can also be classified as 'caring about' (breadwinning) and 'caring for' (nurturing) children".