Petersen, 35, who has spent the last two years with Lancashire, is charged with multiple breaches of Cricket South Africa's (CSA) anti-corruption code.
In January, as part of the same investigation, former Proteas spinner Gulam Bodi was banned for 20 years after admitting charges of contriving or attempting to fix matches.
Then in August, CSA banned former wicketkeeper Thami Tsolekile for 12 years for his part in the scandal, while Pumelela Matshikwe, Ethy Mbhalati and Jean Symes received lesser bans for accepting money from Bodi.
Petersen, who has 14 days to respond, has been charged with:
Born in Port Elizabeth, Petersen featured in 36 Tests, 21 one-day internationals and two Twenty20 internationals for South Africa.
He previously played for English county sides Glamorgan, Essex and Somerset, before joining Lancashire as a non-overseas player under the Kolpak ruling after he retired from internationals.
Petersen said in September that he might not return to Lancashire for 2017 for family reasons.
Ex-South Africa batsman Alviro Petersen has been charged with match-fixing, following a lengthy investigation into the domestic Ram Slam T20 Challenge Series competition in 2015.