; (B) advance research, development, and demonstration activities to— (i) overcome barriers in transformational nonroad vehicle energy technologies, including alternative fuels such as hydrogen, components, and other energy technologies to improve total machine or system efficiency for nonroad mobile equipment; and (ii) increase the fuel economy and use of alternative fuels and alternative energy; (C) support opportunities to transfer relevant research findings and technologies between the nonroad and on-highway equipment and vehicle sectors; and (D) test relevant precommercial technologies. (3) Coordination The Secretary may coordinate the research, development, and demonstration activities under paragraph (1) with activities— (A) that are associated with the development or approval of validation and testing regimes; and (B) related to certification or validation of emerging energy technologies or practices that demonstrate significant environmental or other benefits to domestic non-road transportation industries. (4) Assistance The Secretary may enter into cooperative agreements, contracts, or other agreements with academic, public, private, and nongovernmental entities and facilities to carry out the activities under paragraph (1). (5) Transformational nonroad vehicle technology defined In this section, the term transformational nonroad vehicle technology means an innovative technology that— (A) enables advanced nonroad transportation, nonroad transportation components, and related energy technologies that have the potential to produce significantly lower emissions and greater energy savings than current commercial technologies; (B) enables improved or expanded supply and production of domestic emission reducing fuels and components