; and (2) subject to subsection (b), issue and update rules relating to administrative sanctions referred to in paragraph (1). (b) Requirements The rules established under subsection (a) shall— (1) take into account the unique aspects of horseracing; (2) be designed to ensure fair and transparent horseraces; and (3) deter safety, performance, and scientific medication control rule violations. (c) Severity The administrative sanctions under subsection (a) may include— (1) lifetime bans from horseracing, disgorgement of purses, monetary fines and penalties, and changes to the order of finish in covered races; and (2) with respect to scientific medication control rule violators, an opportunity to reduce the applicable administrative sanctions that is comparable to the opportunity provided by the Protocol for Olympic Movement Testing of the United States Medication Agency. V General provisions 501. Effective dates (a) RHSO Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c), the provisions of this Act shall take effect on the later of— (1) the date that is 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act; or (2) the date on which 2 or more States have entered into the interstate compact pursuant to section 4. (b) Exceptions Subsections (c), (d), and (e) of section 101, and titles II, III, and IV of this Act shall take effect 90 days after the date described in subsection (a). (c) Immediate upon enactment Sections 1, 2, and 3 and subsections (a) and (b) of section 4 shall take effect immediately upon the date of the enactment of this Act.