of any other definition in law or treaty, the term import means to land on, bring into, or introduce into any place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. (q) Petroleum The term petroleum means oil removed from the earth or the oil derived from tar sands or shale. (r) Production greenhouse gas emissions The term production greenhouse gas emissions means the quantity of greenhouse gases, expressed in metric tons of CO 2 -e, emitted to the atmosphere resulting from, nonexclusively, the production, manufacture, assembly, transportation, or financing of a product. (s) Upstream greenhouse gas emissions The term upstream greenhouse gas emissions means the quantity of greenhouse gases, expressed in metric tons of CO 2 -e, emitted to the atmosphere resulting from, nonexclusively, the extraction, processing, transportation, financing, or other preparation of a covered fuel for use. 9902. Carbon fee (a) Carbon fee There is hereby imposed a carbon fee on any covered entity’s emitting use, or sale or transfer for an emitting use, of any covered fuel. (b) Amount of the carbon fee The carbon fee imposed by this section is an amount equal to— (1) the greenhouse gas content of the covered fuel, multiplied by (2) the carbon fee rate. (c) Carbon fee rate For purposes of this section— (1) In general The carbon fee rate, with respect to any use, sale, or transfer during a calendar year, shall be— (A) in the case of calendar year 2023, $15 per metric ton of CO 2 -e, and (B) except as provided in paragraph (2), in the case of any calendar year thereafter— (i) the carbon fee rate in effect under this subsection for the preceding calendar year, plus (ii) $10 per metric ton of CO 2 -e. (2) Exceptions (A) Increased carbon fee rate after missed annual emissions reduction target In the case of any year immediately following a year for which the Secretary determines under section 9903(b) that the actual emissions of greenhouse gases from covered fuels exceeded the emissions reduction target for the previous year, paragraph