; Whereas subtle or implicit racism in all sectors of the medical service profession continues to cause disproportionate physical and psychological harm to members of racial and ethnic minority groups; Whereas examples of subtle or implicit racism in the medical service profession include that— (1) the history and persistence of racist and nonscientific medical beliefs, which are associated with ongoing racial inequities in treatment and health outcomes; (2) implicit racial and ethnic biases within the health care system, which have an explicit impact on the quality of care experienced by members of racial and ethnic minority groups, such as the undertreatment of pain in Black patients; (3) nearly 1/5 of Hispanic or Latino Americans avoid medical care due to concern about being discriminated against or treated poorly; (4) the United States health care system and other economic and social structures remain fraught with biases based on race, ethnicity, sex (including sexual orientation and gender identity), and class that lead to health inequities; (5) women of color, including Black, Native American, Hispanic or Latina, Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander women, have faced and continue to face attacks on their prenatal, maternal, and reproductive health and rights; and (6) through the early 1980s, physicians routinely sterilized members of racial and ethnic minority groups, specifically American Indian and Alaska Native women (with 1/4 of childbearing-aged American Indian and Alaska Native women being sterilized by the Indian Health Service) and African-American and Latina women, performing excessive and medically unnecessary procedures without their informed consent; Whereas structural racism perpetuates racial and ethnic inequities in the social determinants of health, which produces unintended negative health outcomes for members of racial and ethnic minority groups