; (B) includes collection of geochemical, rock, soil, or mineral specimens using handtools, hand panning, or nonmotorized sluicing; and (C) does not include— (i) the use of mechanized earth-moving equipment, suction dredging, or explosives; (ii) the use of motor vehicles in areas closed to off-road vehicles; (iii) the construction of roads or drill pads; or (iv) the use of toxic or hazardous materials. (8) The term claim holder means— (A) any person holding a mining claim, millsite, or tunnel site located under the general mining laws or this Act and maintained in compliance with such laws; and (B) any agent of such person. (9) The term control means having the ability, directly or indirectly, to determine (without regard to whether exercised through 1 or more corporate structures) the manner in which an entity conducts mineral activities, through any means, including— (A) ownership interest; (B) authority to commit the real or financial assets of the entity; (C) position as a director, officer, or partner of the entity; or (D) contractual arrangement. (10) The term displaced material means any raw ore or waste dislodged from its location by human disturbance, including from hardrock mineral activities. (11) The term exploration — (A) means creating surface disturbance, other than casual use, to evaluate the type, extent, quantity, or quality of minerals present; (B) includes mineral activities associated with sampling, drilling, and analyzing hardrock mineral values; and (C) does not include extraction of mineral material for commercial use or sale. (12) The term Federal land — (A) means any land, and any interest in land, that is owned by the United States; and (B) does not include— (i) lands in the National Park System; (ii) Indian lands