1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Withstanding Extreme Agricultural Threats by Harvesting Economic Resilience Act of 2023 or the WEATHER Act of 2023 . 2. Single index insurance policy (a) In general Section 522(c) of the Federal Crop Insurance Act ( 7 U.S.C. 1522(c) ) is amended by adding at the end the following: (20) Single index insurance policy (A) Definitions In this paragraph: (i) Covered crop or commodity The term covered crop or commodity means any crop or commodity (including a specialty crop) on a farm except timber, forest products, animals for sport or show, and pets. (ii) Covered policy The term covered policy means the single index insurance policy described in subparagraph (B)(i). (iii) Covered weather condition (I) In general The term covered weather condition means any of the following weather conditions that are found to be closely correlated with agricultural income losses: (aa) High winds. (bb) Excessive moisture and flooding. (cc) Extreme heat. (dd) Abnormal freeze conditions. (ee) Wildfire. (ff) Hail. (gg) Drought. (hh) Any other severe weather or growing conditions applicable to small-scale farmers, as determined by the Secretary. (II) Data The existence of a weather condition described in subclause (I) shall be determined by indices that prioritize using data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, as available, but may use other federally or State certified weather data sources, public and private satellite data, and weather and climate data and models, if necessary, as determined by the Secretary. (B) Policy (i) In general The Corporation shall carry out research and development, or offer to enter into 1 or more contracts with 1 or more qualified persons to carry out research and development, to develop a single index policy to insure against agricultural income losses due to 1 or more covered weather conditions. (ii) Coverage Research and development on the covered policy under clause (i) shall require that coverage is available in all 50 States (including