; and (D) flights for the purpose of the preservation of life, health, or safety. (c) Penalties (1) In general An airport may impose a noise deterrence penalty on an air carrier or aircraft operator for a violation of the access restriction imposed under subsection (a). (2) Amount of penalty An airport applying penalties under this subsection shall set a base level for a noise deterrence penalty under paragraph (1) at an amount sufficient to deter future violations of the access restriction imposed under subsection (a). (3) Increase in penalty The airport applying penalties under this subsection may increase a penalty for a violation of the access restriction imposed under subsection (a) above the base amount set under paragraph (2) if an aircraft takeoff or landing resulted in noise to residents of any unit of local government exceeding 80 dBA, as evidenced by a noise monitoring device recognized as authoritative by the airport. (4) Considerations for a penalty increase In determining whether to increase the penalty above the base amount set under paragraph (2), an airport may consider the following: (A) The certified noise level and engine model of the aircraft. (B) The time of violation. (C) Repeat violations by the air carrier or aircraft operator. (D) Any other criteria that the airport determines reflects the noise impacts to residents of the unit of local government impacted by the violation of subsection (a). (5) Use of penalty (A) In general Except as provided in subparagraph (C), penalties collected for a violation of the access restriction imposed under subsection (a) shall be remitted to the unit of local government that experienced the impact of the noise deterrence violation. (B) Multiple units of local government If multiple units of local government are impacted by a violation of the access restriction imposed under subsection (a), an airport shall remit the penalty to the jurisdictions impacted in equal parts. (C) Administrative costs An airport may deduct reasonable costs of administering a