; or (B) provide quality, durability, resilience, engineering, or other performance metrics equal to or greater than commercially available products. (3) Medium- and high-temperature heat-generation technologies used for the advanced production of low-emissions cement, concrete, and asphalt which may include the following: (A) Alternative fuels. (B) Renewable heat-generation and storage technology. (C) Electrification of heating processes. (D) Other clean heat-generation technologies and sources. (4) Technologies and practices that increase the efficiency of energy use, natural resource consumption, or material demand, which may include the following: (A) Designing products that encourage reuse, refurbishment, remanufacturing, and recycling. (B) Minimizing waste, including waste heat, from low-emissions cement, concrete, and asphalt production processes, including through the reuse of waste as a resource in other industrial processes for mutual benefit. (C) Increasing the overall energy efficiency of low-emissions cement, concrete, and asphalt production processes, including through life cycle assessments. (5) Technologies and approaches to reduce greenhouse gas or directly related copollutant emissions from the advanced production of cement, concrete, and asphalt. (6) High-performance computing to develop advanced materials and production processes that may contribute to the focus areas described in paragraphs (1) through (5), including the following: (A) Modeling, simulation, and optimization of the design of cost-effective and energy-efficient products and processes. (B) The use of digital prototyping and additive production to enhance product design. (7) Advanced sensor technologies and methods to monitor and quantify the performance of low-emissions cement, concrete, and asphalt materials at scale and under a variety of conditions. (8) Technologies that can be retrofitted at cement, concrete, and asphalt plants that represent the most common facility types in the United States and in other countries, with