(5) Second occupation of Nicaragua On January 24, 1927, when Nicaragua was embroiled in another civil war that threatened United States business and diplomatic interests in the region, 3,000 United States Marines were deployed to Nicaragua by President Calvin Coolidge with the goal of disarming rebel groups, supervising the highly contentious 1928 Presidential election, and developing and training the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua (Nicaraguan National Guard). While the Marines were successful in disarming various rebel groups throughout the country, Nicaraguan rebel leader César Augusto Sandino and his forces resisted due to Sandino’s ideological opposition to United States interventionism in his country. Sandino’s army and the United States Marines engaged in a 6-year-long military conflict through 1933. A total 136 Marines died and estimates of Nicaraguan casualties, although imprecise, were even larger. Sandino’s willingness to stand up to United States forces attracted sympathy and galvanized anti-American sentiment both in Nicaragua and throughout the Western Hemisphere. Despite Sandino’s resistance, the United States successfully supervised Nicaragua’s November 1928 elections, which saw President José María Moncada ascend to power. After the election, President Herbert Hoover, slowly withdrew troops from Nicaragua until the last Marines left Nicaragua on January 2, 1933. Sandino’s rebel forces continued to engage in periodic guerilla warfare against United States troops until these last Marines were evacuated. Today, Sandino is a popular folk hero amongst the Nicaraguan political left and his name provides the inspiration for the modern-day Sandinista political party that rules Nicaragua. (6) Guatemala air occupation On June 18, 1954, through June 27, 1954, as part of Operation PBSuccess , the United States Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) planned, designed, and led a successful coup in Guatemala, overthrowing the predominantly capitalist government of President Jacobo Árbenz, coinciding in time with