drop, high surface area, and high longevity. (D) Manufacturing improvement The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to low-cost manufacturing of direct air capture components and materials. (E) Other activities The Assistant Secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary of Energy. (b) Bioenergy Technologies Office (1) In general The Secretary of Energy shall establish terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal as a research objective in the biomass energy program of the Bioenergy Technologies Office. (2) Objective In carrying out research, development, and demonstration described in paragraph (5), the Secretary of Energy shall seek to advance carbon dioxide removal approaches that generate net-negative emissions based on full lifecycle analysis. (3) Considerations In carrying out the full lifecycle analysis described in paragraph (2), the Bioenergy Technologies Office shall consider— (A) the emissions impacts of biomass harvest and processing, including— (i) unintended disturbances to ecosystem carbon stocks