; it mandates accurate and transparent disclosures of sources and amounts to the Department of Education. In 2019, the Department took concrete steps to enforce section 117 by ensuring the integrity of reporting requirements, confirming the correct reporting and categorization of donations, and prohibiting the use of domestic conduits and intermediaries to avoid the disclosures of foreign gifts. (8) Between 2011 and 2021, Russia has given at least $160 million to U.S. universities. China alone has given at least $2.7 billion during the same time frame. And during that span, the State of Qatar has given at least $5 billion to U.S. universities. (9) Each of these nations has a repressive and deeply troubling record on human rights, and all three have engaged in cyber espionage targeting Americans. (10) Russia, China, and Qatar all pose grave threats to U.S. national security interests, yet they have successfully lavished billions of dollars to cultivate strong ties with institutions of higher education and research across the United States. (11) There is also evidence suggesting that Qatar encouraged and potentially facilitated U.S. universities receiving its largess to flout U.S. disclosure requirements under section 117 of the Higher Education Act. (12) Although the Center for International Policy conducted a study in 2020 that concluded that think tanks focused on Federal policy received at least $174 million in funding from foreign governmental entities between 2014 and 2018, there is currently no means to determine the actual level or extent of foreign influence on such think tanks. (13) While the exact amount of foreign funding that U.S. based think tanks receive is unknown, it is clear that the foreign sources would not provide that level of funding unless it impacted think tanks' policy recommendations. (14) One prominent think tank, the East West Institute, received substantial funding from China’s People’s Liberation Army, which conducts cyber espionage attacks, including against Americans. After the East