30 years. (9) In 1998, the enactment of the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998 (title V of Public Law 105–276 ) prohibited public housing authorities from using any Federal capital funding or operating funding to develop net new housing. (10) More than a decade after the enactment of the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998, the number of public housing units nationally began to steadily decline, as more units were torn down than rebuilt. (11) With the exception of an infusion of funding from the economic stimulus legislation in 2009—the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ( Public Law 111–5 )—Federal capital funding has remained relatively level for more than a decade, despite an increasing backlog in unmet capital needs. (12) Today, there are approximately 1.2 million units of public housing across the country receiving Federal funding. The Nation’s largest public housing authority, the New York City Public Housing Authority, houses approximately 362,000 residents in 302 developments across New York City. (13) The Public Housing Capital Fund of the Department of Housing and Urban Development remains the primary source of funding public housing authorities rely on to address necessary infrastructure upgrades and repairs. (14) As of October 2019, the national public housing capital repairs backlog was estimated to stand at more than $70 billion. (15) Federal disinvestment in public housing has forced many residents to live in accelerating substandard living. For example, the New York City Housing Authority has a capital repair backlog currently estimated at more than $40 billion. New York City Housing Authority residents suffer from a consistent lack of hot water, insufficient heat during the winter months, rodent and insect infestations, broken elevators, and widespread and recurring lead and mold problems. (16) Substandard housing conditions, such as poor ventilation, pest infestations, and water leaks, are directly associated with the development and exacerbation of