; table of contents. Sec. 2. Definitions. Sec. 3. Freight train crew size safety standards. Sec. 4. Safety regulations for train operations. Sec. 5. Yardmasters hours of service. Sec. 6. Hazardous safety or security conditions. Sec. 7. Excepted track and hazardous materials. Sec. 8. Track inspection requirements. Sec. 9. Train approach warning. Sec. 10. Certification of signal employees. Sec. 11. Wayside detections technology. Sec. 12. Certification of train dispatchers. Sec. 13. Equipment inspections. Sec. 14. Inspections. Sec. 15. Rail safety inspections GS classification adjustment. Sec. 16. Minimum amount of federal rail safety inspectors. Sec. 17. Additional funding for rail safety inspectors. Sec. 18. Planning and training grants nonprofit eligibility. Sec. 19. Confidential close call reporting systems. Sec. 20. Earned paid sick time. 2. Definitions In this Act, the following definitions apply: (1) Railroad The term railroad has the meaning given that term in section 10102 of title 49, United States Code. (2) Rail carrier The term rail carrier has the meaning given the term in section 10102 of title 49, United States Code. (3) Secretary Except as provided in section 20, the term Secretary means the Secretary of Transportation. 3. Freight train crew size safety standards (a) Short title This section may be cited as the Safe Freight Act of 2023 . (b) Freight train crew size Subchapter II of chapter 201 of title 49, United States Code, is amended by inserting after section 20153 the following: 20154. Freight train crew size safety standards (a) Minimum crew size No freight train may be operated without a 2-person crew consisting of at least 1 appropriately qualified and certified conductor and 1 appropriately qualified and certified locomotive engineer. (b) Exceptions Except as provided in subsection (c), the requirement under subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to— (1) train operations on track that is not a main line track