for athletes to choose their employer, among other issues related to the athletes’ well-being. (4) The formation of labor organizations representing athletes in professional sports leagues in the United States has helped end exploitative practices by team owners and management, particularly through establishing collective-bargaining agreements that have secured athletes a fair share of the revenues their talent and labor produces, as well as more equitable terms of their employment and protections for their short- and long-term health. (5) College athletes face exploitative and unfair labor practices by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (referred to in this section as the NCAA ) and its member institutions, primarily through the denial of the basic economic and labor rights of such athletes, which the NCAA and its member institutions have justified by defining college athletes as amateurs. (6) The NCAA and its member institutions have denied college athletes a fair wage for their labor by colluding to cap compensation