; (4) $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; (5) $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; (6) $88,000,000 for fiscal year 2029; (7) $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; (8) $73,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; (9) $53,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and (10) $42,000,000 for fiscal year 2033. 103. Office of Science (a) Research (1) In general The Secretary of Energy, acting through the Director of the Office of Science (referred to in this section as the Director ), shall carry out use-inspired fundamental research activities in each of the areas described in this subsection. (2) Department of Energy frontier research centers The Director shall carry out research activities relating to the establishment of new energy frontier research centers focused on materials research and early-stage application of sorbents, solvents, membranes, and related direct air capture components. (3) Grants and cooperative agreements The Director shall make grants and enter into cooperative agreements to carry out materials research relating to sorbents, solvents, membranes, and related direct air capture components. (4) Soil carbon (A) In general The Director shall carry out research activities relating to plant-root-fungi interactions, deep inversion of soils, and other topics. (B) Collaboration The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with— (i) the Director of the National Science Foundation; and (ii) the Director of the Agricultural Research Service. (5) Algal biomass capture The Director shall carry out research activities relating to— (A) microalgae growth; (B) dewatering; and (C) conversion, including bioreactors and nonphotosynthetic pathways. (6) Carbon mineralization (A) In general The Director shall carry out research activities relating to— (i) mineralization kinetics; (ii) geomechanics; (iii) rock physics; (iv) utilization-oriented carbonation