; and (C) journalist Martinez Zogo was abducted, tortured, and killed in January 2023; and journalist Jean-Jacques Ola Bebe was killed in February 2023, with no police investigation into his murder; (5) Rwanda, where the media landscape is heavily restricted by censorship and authoritarianism, and where— (A) at least 4 journalists were imprisoned as of December 1, 2023, according to CPJ, 2 of whom, YouTubers Aimbale Karasira Uzaramba and Dieudonné Niyonsenga, have alleged torture in state custody; and (B) journalist John Williams Ntwali, who, after reporting on cases of torture, disappearances, and forced government evictions, was killed in January 2023 under suspicious circumstances, and whose death has never been credibly investigated; (6) Burundi, where journalist Floriane Irangabiye is serving a 10-year prison sentence, following a January 2023 conviction in connection to her critical commentary on governance issues in the country; (7) Mali and Burkina Faso, where foreign journalists have been expelled in the aftermath of coups d’etat in the respective countries, French-language media outlets have been banned, and local journalists work under threat of reprisal for reporting on security issues; (8) Niger, where journalist Samira Sabou was detained for 11 days in October 2023 and charged with cybercrime and treason in connection with her reporting; (9) Senegal, where journalists have been repeatedly arrested and prosecuted for their work, attacked by security forces, and struggled amid internet shutdowns; (10) Togo, where journalists have faced arrests and prosecutions for their work, as well as other forms of intimidation, including spyware surveillance; and (11) Zimbabwe, where journalists have been banned from covering government meetings, and the legal framework remains harsh