; (2) whether consistency in minimum occupancy thresholds throughout part 192 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, would improve safety; and (3) whether defining the occupancy counts in these areas as 20 or more persons on at least a total of 50 days within any 12-month period would improve— (A) safety; and (B) the efficiency of carrying out class determinations. (c) Modification of definitions The Secretary shall issue such regulations as the Secretary determines necessary to modify the definitions in subsection (a) to increase safety for the protection of buildings and occupied outdoor facilities from pipeline safety incidents. 31. Report assessing the costs of pipeline failures (a) Report assessing the costs of pipeline failures Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Transportation shall enter into an agreement with the National Academies under which the National Academies shall, not later than 3 years after such date of enactment, conduct a study of the direct and indirect costs related to the failure or shutdown of a gas, hazardous liquid, or carbon dioxide pipeline facility. (b) Elements The study described under subsection (a) may include an analysis of— (1) the direct and indirect costs related to a failure or shutdown of a gas, hazardous liquid, or carbon dioxide pipeline facility, including local community emergency response costs, local planning for emergency response, and local community impact costs of loss of product; (2) the costs to an operator of such a facility of complying with enforcement actions related to a pipeline facility failure or shutdown, such as corrective action or consent orders, safety orders, and emergency orders; (3) the direct and indirect costs related to failure or shutdown of a gas, hazardous liquid, or carbon dioxide pipeline facility resulting from a cyber attack or intrusion, including any economic and supply chain impacts