Under Secretary for International Finance Brent Neiman, China became the world’s largest official creditor in 2017, surpassing the claims of the World Bank, IMF, and all Paris Club official creditors combined. . By dramatically increasing the cost of borrowing from the IMF, surcharges may incentivize developing nations to seek financing from alternative sources like China. (b) Review of surcharge policy at the International Monetary Fund The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States Executive Director at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to use the voice and vote of the United States to— (1) initiate an immediate review by the IMF of its surcharge policy, to be completed, and its results and underlying data published, within 365 days