; (9) vehicle propulsion systems, which may include— (A) engine and component durability; (B) engine down speeding; (C) advanced internal combustion engines; (D) transmission gear and engine operation matching; and (E) advanced transmission technologies; (10) applying advanced computing resources to large, voluntarily provided industry datasets from providers and cities to support the development of predictive engineering, modeling, and simulation of components, vehicle, and transportation systems; (11) leveraging the use of machine learning toward manufacturing and additive manufacturing optimization, which may include— (A) assessing the efficiency and safety of manufacturing processes; (12) advanced computing systems, including energy efficient systems, technology, and networking for vehicular on-board, off-board, and edge computing applications; (13) assessing automation in both vehicle and infrastructure systems; (14) infrastructure, which may include— (A) refueling and charging infrastructure for alternative fueled and electric drive or plug-in electric hybrid vehicles, with consideration for the unique challenges facing urban and rural areas; (B) extreme fast charging, including through wired and wireless charging systems; (C) integration, bidirectional capability, and operational optimization of vehicle electrification for light, medium, and heavy duty with the charging infrastructure and the electric grid; and (D) sensing, communications, and actuation technologies for vehicle, electric grid, and infrastructure, which may include— (i) communication, onboard sensing, and connectivity among vehicles, infrastructure, pedestrians, and the electrical grid; (ii) assessing the use of autonomous vehicles or connectivity to improve roadway throughput; and (iii) research autonomous refueling and charging technologies and infrastructure; (15) retrofitting advanced vehicle technologies to existing vehicles