; and (2) involve the development of next generation pipeline systems, components, and related technologies. (b) Demonstration project focus areas In carrying out the Initiative, the Secretary shall select demonstration projects that best advance research undertaken by the Department and the Department of Transportation and incorporate a range of technology focus areas, which may include the following: (1) Advanced leak detection and mitigation tools and technologies. (2) Novel materials, including alloy and nonmetallic materials, to improve integrity for new and existing pipelines, such as pipeline coatings, sleeves, and liners, and corrosion resistant materials, including maximum and minimum flow rates and immunity to electrical discharge processes. (3) Technologies and methods for retrofitting existing pipelines, resolving material compatibility issues, and minimizing leakage, such as field protective coatings and material treatment. (4) Advanced manufacturing approaches for producing, fitting, and coupling pipelines, including the fabrication of higher performance pipeline materials and new extrusion technologies or methods to join ultra-high strength and corrosion resistant materials at a scale for distribution. (5) Advanced sensor technologies and processes that enable real-time or in situ monitoring of pipeline assets to assess and mitigate leaks, both internal and external to the pipeline, which may include the following: (A) Wireless sensors, such as surface acoustic wave sensors. (B) Advanced and cost-effective electrochemical sensors. (C) Distributed fiber optic sensors. (D) Autonomous sensor systems, including uncrewed aircraft. (E) Optical methods. (F) Multi-use platforms for diverse sources. (G) Hybrid data-analysis platforms. (6) Advanced computational, data analytics, and machine learning models to achieve the following: (A) Multiscale modeling, characterization, and optimization of transmission and distribution systems and components to aid in planning for optimized and resilient infrastructure.