; and (B) the science of wintertime ozone formation, including photochemical modeling of wintertime ozone formation, and approaches to cost-effectively reduce wintertime ozone levels. (2) Peer review The Administrator shall have the study conducted under paragraph (1) peer reviewed by an independent panel of experts in accordance with the requirements applicable to a highly influential scientific assessment. (3) Report The Administrator shall submit to Congress a report describing the results of the study conducted under paragraph (1), including the findings of the peer review panel. (4) Regulations and guidance The Administrator shall incorporate the results of the study conducted under paragraph (1), including the findings of the peer review panel under paragraph (2), into any Federal rules and guidance implementing the 2015 ozone standards. 3. Applicability of sanctions and fees if emissions beyond control The Clean Air Act ( 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq. ) is amended by inserting after section 179B the following new section: 179C. Applicability of sanctions and fees if emissions beyond control (a) In general Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, with respect to any nonattainment area that is classified under section 181 as a Severe Area or an Extreme Area for ozone or under section 188 as a Serious Area for particulate matter, no sanction or fee under section 179 or 185 shall apply with respect to a State (or a local government or source therein) on the basis of a deficiency described in section 179(a), or the State’s failure to attain a national ambient air quality standard for ozone or particulate matter by the applicable attainment date, if the State demonstrates that the State would have avoided such deficiency or attained such standard but for one or more of the following: (1) Emissions emanating from outside the nonattainment area. (2) Emissions from an exceptional event (as defined in section 319(b)(1)). (3) Emissions from mobile sources to the extent the State demonstrates that— (A) such emissions