of members of such Armed Forces to command, coordinate, participate in the movement of, or accompany the regular or irregular military forces of any foreign country or government when such military forces are engaged, or there exists an imminent threat that such forces will become engaged, in hostilities . Activities that the United States Armed Forces have conducted in Niger fall within such definition, as evidenced by direct exchanges of fire with various terrorist organizations and insurgent groups. (12) The United States Armed Forces have been introduced into active or imminent hostilities within the meaning of section 4(a) of the War Powers Resolution ( 50 U.S.C. 1543(a) ). (13) Section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution ( 50 U.S.C. 1544(c) ) states, at any time that United States Armed Forces are engaged in hostilities outside the territory of the United States, its possessions and territories without a declaration of war or specific statutory authorization, such forces shall be removed by the President if the Congress so directs . (14) Section 1013 of the Department of State Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1984 and 1985 ( 50 U.S.C. 1546a ) provides, [a]ny joint resolution or bill [to require] the removal of United States Armed Forces engaged in hostilities . . . without a declaration of war or specific statutory authorization shall be considered in accordance with the procedures of section 601(b) of the International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976 ( Public Law 94–329