; (B) battery capacity fade; (C) the impact of weather (such as the impact of drought on pumped hydrologic storage); (D) the impact of distributed energy storage; (E) costs of energy storage; and (F) other relevant energy storage uncertainties, as determined by the relevant electric utility, Regional Transmission Organization, Independent System Operator, or State regulatory authority. (4) Loads With respect to loads, the reliability standards approved under subsection (a) shall require that probabilistic modeling for resource adequacy modeling and integrated resource planning shall include, to the maximum extent practicable, consideration of uncertainties relating to, as applicable for a given power grid region or service area— (A) the impact of temperature and weather, including extreme weather events, on loads; (B) the timing and changing mix of loads, including— (i) increased electrification of transportation, including bidirectional charging and discharging of batteries used in electric vehicles; (ii) increased electrification of home appliances, such as hot-water heaters and ovens, and space heating and cooling; and (iii) increased electrification of industrial processes; and (C) other relevant electric-load uncertainties, as determined by the relevant electric utility, Regional Transmission Organization, Independent System Operator, or State regulatory authority. (c) Use of modeling The reliability standards approved under subsection (a) shall require probabilistic modeling to be used, at a minimum— (1) to simulate and quantify desired metrics (such as loss of load expectation, expected unserved energy, effective load carrying capability (also known as capacity value ), planning reserve margin, and cost), taking into consideration the relevant uncertainties described in subsection (b), to assist in the determination of the optimal resource portfolio for the applicable power grid region or service area