; or (B) may be found. (e) Relation to section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934 Nothing in section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934 ( 47 U.S.C. 230 ) shall be construed to impair or limit any claim brought under subsection (a). (f) Rules of construction (1) Applicability to legal process or obligation Nothing in this section shall be construed to apply to any good faith action that is necessary to comply with a valid court order, subpoena, search warrant, statutory obligation, or preservation request from law enforcement. (2) Knowledge with respect to each item required For purposes of a claim brought under subsection (a)(2), the term knowing shall be construed to mean knowledge of each item of child pornography that the provider hosted, stored, or made available. (g) Encryption technologies (1) In general None of the following actions or circumstances shall serve as an independent basis for liability under subsection (a): (A) Utilizing full end-to-end encrypted messaging services, device encryption, or other encryption services. (B) Not possessing the information necessary to decrypt a communication. (C) Failing to take an action that would otherwise undermine the ability to offer full end-to-end encrypted messaging services, device encryption, or other encryption services. (2) Consideration of evidence (A) Permitted use Evidence of actions or circumstances described in paragraph (1) shall be admissible in a civil action brought under subsection (a) only if— (i) the actions or circumstances are relevant under rules 401 and 402 of the Federal Rules of Evidence to— (I) prove motive, intent, preparation, plan, absence of mistake, or lack of accident; or (II) rebut any evidence or factual or legal claim