in which forced anal examinations have been used to sentence individuals for same-sex sexual conduct, including in Uzbekistan and Egypt. (6) The closing of civil society space, particularly with the increased passage or enforcement of laws that prevent the registration or operations of nongovernmental organizations, discriminates against LGBTQI+ human rights defenders and is a violation of freedom of association. This includes the wrongful closure of Sexual Minorities Uganda (SMUG), a leading nongovernmental organization committed to protecting and advancing the human rights of LGBTQI+ individuals in Uganda. (7) Extreme violence and insecurity in El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala, and Honduras has driven LGBTQI+ people to flee their countries of origin to the United States for protection. At the United States border with Mexico, LGBTQI+ asylum seekers face additional violence and many have been returned to face persecution in their home countries or in third countries that are not safe. (8) Studies have shown that structural risks, including country-level policies, prosecutions, and legal barriers, might contribute to higher HIV prevalence among LGBTQI+ people, especially gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Decriminalization, decreasing enforcement, and stigma reduction are necessary to effective control of HIV. (9) The Trans Murder Monitoring Project, which monitors homicides of transgender individuals, documented at least 327 trans and gender-diverse people killed between October 1, 2021, and September 30, 2022. Of these cases, 68 percent of all of the murders occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean, with 29 percent of the total occurring in Brazil. (10) Intersex people experience prejudice and discrimination, including the common performance of medically unnecessary surgeries without their consent or approval, because their bodies do not conform to other people’s expectations about sex and gender. (11) Violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity are