upheld Federal laws promulgated thereunder regulating redistricting, voter registration, campaign finance, primary elections, recounts, party affiliation rules, and balloting. (7) The authority of Congress under the Elections Clause also entails the power to ensure enforcement of its laws regulating Federal elections. [I]f Congress has the power to make regulations, it must have the power to enforce them. . Ex parte Siebold, 100 U.S. 371, 387 (1879). The Supreme Court has noted that there can be no question that Congress may impose additional penalties for offenses committed by State officers in connection with Federal elections even if they differ from the penalties prescribed by State law for the same acts. Id. at 387–88. (8) The fair and impartial administration of Federal elections by State and local officials is central to the successful working of this government , Ex parte Yarbrough, 110 U.S. 651, 666 (1884), and to protect the act of voting . . . and the election itself from corruption or fraud , id. at 661–62. (9) The Elections Clause thus grants Congress the authority to ensure that the administration of Federal elections is free of political bias or discrimination and that election officials are insulated from political influence or other forms of coercion in discharging their duties in connection with Federal elections. (10) In some States, oversight of local election administrators has been allocated to State Election Boards, or special commissions formed by those boards, that are appointed by the prevailing political party in a State, as opposed to nonpartisan or elected office holders. (11) In certain newly enacted State policies, these appointed statewide election administrators have been granted wide latitude to suspend or remove local election administrators in cases where the statewide election administrators identify whatever the State deems to be a violation. There is no requirement that there be a finding of intent by the local election administrator to commit the violation. (12) Local