Whereas, on November 17, 1958, Lieutenant General Ibrahim Abboud of Sudan led the country’s first coup after independence, and the first successful coup in post-independence Africa; Whereas there have been more than 200 coup attempts across Africa since the 1958 coup in Sudan, including successful coups in Sudan in 1969, 1985, 1989, 2019, and 2021; Whereas, in 1989, then Brigadier General Omar al Bashir of Sudan came to power in a military coup; Whereas, in 2019, the Sudanese people bravely stood up for democracy and the right to choose their own future, and after months of staging protests, President Omar al Bashir was overthrown by his own security chiefs, who established a Transitional Military Council led by Lieutenant General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan of the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (also known as Hemedti ) of the Rapid Support Forces (RSF); Whereas, on June 3, 2019, after civilians formed a sit-in in front of the military headquarters to demand that these generals, who had seized power from Bashir under the guise of protecting the revolution, hand power to a civilian government, the Transitional Military Council ordered security forces to disperse the protesters by force, resulting in the deaths of over 100 civilians; Whereas, on August 17, 2019— (1) the Transitional Military Council, under domestic and international pressure, signed a constitutional document with the prodemocracy Forces for Freedom and Change (FFC), a broad coalition of political parties and civic groups representing the protest movement that had pushed for the end of the Bashir regime and a transition to democracy under civilian rule; and (2) a transitional government was formed that allowed the military junta leaders to remain in government in a partnership with new civilian authorities nominated by the FFC, including Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok acting as head of government, for a civilian-led transitional period to a democracy under civilian rule