; (C) surveying and collecting data on tropical plant production and health; (D) investigating tropical plant biology, immunology, ecology, genomics, and bioinformatics; and (E) conducting research on various factors that may contribute to, or be associated with, tropical plant immune systems and other serious threats to tropical plants. (16) Biochar research Research and extension grants may be made under this section for the purpose of testing the full range of biochar types across soil types, soil health and soil management conditions, application methods, and climatic and agronomic regions, including through the establishment of a national biochar research network, to— (A) assess the soil carbon sequestration potential of various biochars and management systems integrating biochar use; (B) understand how to use biochar productively to contribute to climate mitigation, crop production, resilience to extreme weather events, ecosystem and soil health, natural resource conservation, and farm profitability; and (C) deliver science-based, region-specific, cost-effective, and practical information to farmers, ranchers, foresters, land reclamation managers, urban land managers, and other land and natural resource managers and businesses on sustainable biochar production and application. (17) Wildfire smoke exposure research Research and extension grants may be made under this section for the purposes of studying the impact of wildfire smoke exposure on specialty crops, including wine grapes, hops, stone fruit, and apples, by— (A) conducting research— (i) to identify the compounds responsible for smoke exposure; and (ii) to establish standard methodologies for sampling and testing smoke-exposed specialty crops and smoke-affected products, including fast and inexpensive screening methods; (B) establishing a reliable database of background levels of smoke exposure compounds that occur naturally in specialty crops; (C) developing risk assessment tools or mitigation methods to reduce or eliminate smoke exposure