; (E) a State energy financing institution (as defined in section 1701 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ( 42 U.S.C. 16511 )); (F) an institution of higher education; (G) a nonprofit research institution; (H) a private entity; (I) any other relevant entity the Secretary determines to be appropriate; and (J) a partnership or consortium of 2 or more entities described in any of subparagraphs (A) through (I). (5) Embodied greenhouse gas emissions The term embodied greenhouse gas emissions means greenhouse gas emissions, measured in global warming potential, generated as a result of the production of a material, including mining, refining, manufacturing, and shipping. (6) Engineering performance standard The term engineering performance standard means a standard in which the requirements are stated in terms of required results, with criteria for verifying compliance rather than specific composition, design, or procedure. (7) Low-emissions cement, concrete, asphalt binder, or asphalt mixture The term low-emissions cement, concrete, asphalt binder, or asphalt mixture means cement, concrete, asphalt binder, or asphalt mixture, as determined by the Secretary under subsection (i)(1)— (A) that has substantially lower embodied greenhouse gas emissions and copollutant emissions than the baseline embodied greenhouse gas emissions of the cement, concrete, asphalt binder, or asphalt mixture, as applicable; and (B) the substantially lower embodied greenhouse gas emissions and copollutant emissions of which are achieved through any combination of— (i) production processes using low-carbon feedstocks; (ii) higher energy efficiency at the level of the cement, concrete, asphalt binder, or asphalt mixture plant; (iii) low-carbon fuel substitution at the level of the cement, concrete, asphalt binder, or asphalt mixture plant; (iv) local production of, and use of locally sourced material in, the concrete or asphalt mixture, resulting in reduced concrete or asphalt mixture delivery miles and reduced emissions from transportation