; (ii) in the overlying water columns of the deep seabed and Outer Continental Shelf; and (iii) on seamounts and hydrothermal vents. (B) An assessment of the potential impacts associated with mining activities on the deep seabed and Outer Continental Shelf on— (i) habitats and species on the deep seabed and Outer Continental Shelf and in the overlying water columns of the deep seabed and Outer Continental Shelf, including— (I) an approximate quantification of the spatial extent and timescale of such impacts; and (II) the potential for the recovery of such habitats and species from such impacts; (ii) the capacity of deep sea and open ocean processes and ecosystems to sequester greenhouse gases; (iii) users of the marine environment, including— (I) commercial and recreational fisheries; (II) recreational users; (III) aquaculture operations; and (IV) developers of subsea infrastructure; and (iv) indigenous peoples and cultures linked to marine species and the marine environment. (C) An assessment of the potential impacts of sediment plumes from disturbance of the deep seabed and Outer Continental Shelf and collector vessel discharge on pelagic species and food webs. (D) An approximate quantification of the greenhouse gas emissions associated with mining activities on the deep seabed and Outer Continental Shelf, including such emissions that may result from the alteration of the biology, geology, or chemistry of the sediment on or the overlying water column of the deep seabed and Outer Continental Shelf. (E) An assessment of the viability of alternatives to the use of minerals found on the deep seabed and Outer Continental Shelf, including— (i) developing a greater capacity for and promoting the reuse and recycling of such minerals in circulation; (ii) developing and promoting the use of substitute minerals and materials that have fewer or less severe environmental impacts associated with such use