; and (2) whether the Secretary is exercising his authority to declare United States passports invalid for travel to, in, or through Iran. 10. Strategy to deter hostage-taking Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall develop and submit to Congress a strategy to deter and prevent wrongful detention and hostage-taking by United States adversaries, including identifying penalties for wrongful detention and hostage-taking, identifying clear United States Government policies barring the payment of ransom or transactions that could be viewed as ransom by the United States Government, and detailing plans to coordinate with United States allies and partners on such strategy. 11. Definitions In this Act: (1) Appropriate congressional committees the term appropriate congressional committees means— (A) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives; and (B) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate. (2) Foreign person The term foreign person — (A) means an individual or entity that is not a United States person; and (B) includes a foreign state (as such term is defined in section 1603 of title 28, United States Code). (3) United states national The term United States national has the meaning given that term in section 307(2) of the Robert Levinson Hostage Recovery and Hostage-Taking Accountability Act ( 22 U.S.C. 1741e(2) ).