minority group members bear the effects of discrimination, both public or private, in areas such as education, employment, health, housing, and transportation, which hinder their ability to participate effectively in the political process. (v) The use of overt or subtle racial appeals either in political campaigns or surrounding adoption or maintenance of the challenged practice. (vi) The extent to which members of the minority group have been elected to public office in the jurisdiction, provided that the fact that the minority group is too small to elect candidates of its choice shall not defeat a claim of vote denial or abridgment. (vii) Whether there is a lack of responsiveness on the part of elected officials to the particularized needs of minority group members, including a lack of concern for or responsiveness to the requests and proposals of the group, except that compliance with a court order may not be considered evidence of responsiveness on the part of the jurisdiction. (viii) Whether the policy underlying the State or political subdivision's use of the challenged qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure is tenuous. In making a determination under this clause, a court shall consider whether the qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure in question was designed to advance and materially advances a valid and substantiated State interest. (ix) Subject to paragraph (4), such other factors as the court may determine to be relevant. (B) The factors described in subparagraph (A), individually and collectively, shall be considered as a means of establishing that a voting practice amplifies the effects of past or present discrimination in violation in subsection (a). (C) A plaintiff need not show any particular combination or number of factors to establish a violation of subsection (a). (4) The factors that are relevant to a totality of the circumstances analysis with respect to a claim of vote denial or abridgement do not include the following: (A) The degree to which