; and (ii) opportunities to mitigate the future potential need to leverage foreign shipyards. (3) Repair or refurbishment described in paragraph (1) may be carried out by personnel and contractors of the United States, the United Kingdom, or Australia in accordance with the international arrangements governing the submarine security activities described in such paragraph. . (h) Transfer or export of defense services (1) In general The President may transfer or authorize the export of defense services (as such term is defined in section 47 of the Arms Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2794 )) to the Government of Australia and the Government of the United Kingdom necessary or incidental to support the transfer and operation of vessels authorized under subsection (a). (2) Authority to export to Australian and United Kingdom private and public-sector personnel The transfer or export of defense services under this subsection may be directly exported to private and public-sector personnel of Australia or to private and public-sector personnel of the United Kingdom to support the development of the Australian submarine industrial base necessary for submarine security activities between members of the AUKUS partnership, including in the case in which such private and public-sector personnel are not officers, employees, or agents of the Government of Australia or the Government of the United Kingdom. (3) Application of requirements for retransfer and reexport Any person who receives any defense service transferred or exported under paragraph (1) may retransfer or reexport such service to other persons only in accordance with the requirements of the Arms Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq. ). (4) Security controls (A) In general Any defense service transferred or exported under paragraph (1) shall be subject to appropriate security controls to ensure that any sensitive information conveyed by such transfer or export is protected from disclosure to persons unauthorized by the United States to receive such information.