; (2) implicit racial and ethnic biases within the health care system, which have an explicit impact on the quality of care experienced by members of racial and ethnic minority groups, such as the undertreatment of pain in Black patients; (3) nearly 1/5 of Hispanic or Latino Americans avoid medical care due to concern about being discriminated against or treated poorly; (4) the United States health care system and other economic and social structures remain fraught with biases based on race, ethnicity, sex (including sexual orientation and gender identity), and class that lead to health inequities; (5) women of color, including Black, Native American, Hispanic or Latina, Asian American, and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander women, have faced and continue to face attacks on their prenatal, maternal, and reproductive health and rights; and (6) physicians routinely, through the early 1980s, sterilized members of racial and ethnic minority groups, specifically American Indian and Alaska Native women (with 1/4 of childbearing-age women sterilized by the Indian Health Service) and African American and Latina women, performing excessive and medically unnecessary procedures without their informed consent; Whereas structural racism perpetuates racial and ethnic inequities in the social determinants of health, which produces unintended negative health outcomes for members of racial and ethnic minority groups; Whereas examples of that structural racism include— (1) there are fewer pharmacies, medical practices, and hospitals in predominantly Black and Hispanic or Latino neighborhoods, compared to White or more diverse neighborhoods