Whereas in Sweezy v. New Hampshire in 1957, the Supreme Court wrote that, The essentiality of freedom in the community of American universities is almost self-evident … To impose any strait jacket upon the intellectual leaders in our colleges and universities would imperil the future of our Nation … Teachers and students must always remain free to inquire, to study and to evaluate, to gain new maturity and understanding; otherwise, our civilization will stagnate and die. ; Whereas 10 years later in Keyishian v. Board of Regents, the Supreme Court further elaborated on Sweezy and declared that academic freedom is a special concern of the First Amendment, which does not tolerate laws that cast a pall of orthodoxy over the classroom. ; Whereas in Healy v. James, the Supreme Court held that [T]he precedents of this Court leave no room for the view that, because of the acknowledged need for order, First Amendment protections should apply with less force on college campuses than in the community at large. Quite to the contrary, the vigilant protection of constitutional freedoms is nowhere more vital than in the community of American schools. ; Whereas in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment prohibits the Government from compelling an individual to engage in speech, writing that, if there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein. ; Whereas many colleges and universities require or invite current or prospective faculty to demonstrate their commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI), often through a written statement that factors into hiring, reappointment, evaluation, promotion, or tenure decisions