; and (D) such other relevant data and information as determined by the Secretary, and in consultation with relevant stakeholders, such as State initiatives and evaluations of quality improvement activities, cesarean delivery rates, and health outcomes. . (b) GAO study regarding medicaid payment rates for cesarean births (1) Study The Comptroller General shall conduct a study regarding payment rates for cesarean births and vaginal births under State Medicaid programs. To the extent feasible and data are available, the study shall include analyses of the following: (A) Payment rates for cesarean births and vaginal births paid by fee-for-service Medicaid programs and by Medicaid programs that contract with Medicaid managed care organizations to furnish medical assistance under such programs. (B) What is known about how Medicaid payment rates have changed over time. (C) What is known about how payment rates for cesarean and vaginal births by Medicaid programs compare with the payment rates for such births by other sources of insurance coverage. (D) Such other factors related to payment rates for cesarean and vaginal births under Medicaid as the Comptroller General determines appropriate. (2) Report Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General shall submit to Congress a report containing the results of the study conducted under paragraph (1), together with recommendations for such legislation and administrative action as the Comptroller General determines appropriate. (c) GAO study on racial disparities in cesarean births (1) In general The Comptroller General shall conduct a study on racial disparities in the frequency of cesarean births. To the extent feasible and data are available, the study shall compare such information on low- and high-risk cesarean births, differences by payer (such as Medicaid and private payers), and hospital characteristics (such as location or hospital type). Such study may consider other factors related to racial disparities in maternal health