; and (II) updating, developing, and adopting qualification standards and training opportunities for the continuum of providers of home and community-based services, including programs for independent providers of such services and agency direct care workers, as well as unique programs and resources for family caregivers. (ii) Payment rates In carrying out clause (i)(I), the State shall— (I) address insufficient payment rates for delivery of home and community-based services, with an emphasis on supporting the recruitment and retention of the direct care workforce, as identified during the period in which the State HCBS infrastructure improvement plan was developed and during subsequent years; (II) update payment rates for home and community-based services at least every 2 years through a transparent process involving meaningful input from stakeholders, including recipients of home and community-based services, family caregivers of such recipients, providers, health plans, direct care workers, chosen representatives of direct care workers, and aging, disability, and workforce advocates; and (III) ensure that increases in the payment rates for home and community-based services are— (aa) at a minimum, proportionately passed through to direct care workers and in a manner that is determined with input from the stakeholders described in subclause (II)