; (ii) to provide mechanistic and technoeconomic insights on thermochemical conversion processes in biochar production and the coproduction of biochar and bioenergy, including interactions of feedstock properties with reactor conditions and processes on the relative proportions and properties of biochar, biofuels, and value-added coproducts, as well as process efficiency; (iii) to generate data to develop, calibrate, and validate robust mechanistic models to predict the full life cycle of greenhouse gas, crop response, and related agronomic and environmental implications of particular applications of biochar; (iv) to generate data to help guide the design of new, more efficient biochar and bioenergy production reactors and biorefineries; and (v) to generate data to develop, calibrate, and validate testing methodologies for biochar to identify potential contaminants or other factors that may cause unintended consequences; and (B) site-specific farm and forestry systems assessments and pilot-scale biochar production and application systems— (i) to refine the most promising soil-based uses, sources, and methods of producing and applying biochar in particular regions— (I) to enhance productivity; (II) to increase profitability, scalability, and portability; (III) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; (IV) to improve ecosystem and soil health; (V) to strengthen resilience to extreme weather events; and (VI) to explore soil, crop, climate, management, and biochar interactions; (ii) to develop new knowledge to support decisions on sustainable production and use of biochar; (iii) to collect relevant data needed for full life cycle greenhouse gas and economic analyses and complete those analysis; (iv) to predict plant response, soil health, soil carbon sequestration, ecosystem health, water quality, greenhouse gas, and economic outcomes for specific implementations of biochar technology