; (D) damage to the ozone layer as a result of such soot, causing increased ultraviolet radiation at the Earth’s surface; and (E) other impacts, as determined by the Secretary. (2) Health consequences of the environmental impacts of nuclear war The term health consequences of the environmental impacts of nuclear war means adverse effects on the physical or mental well-being of individuals resulting, either directly or indirectly, from environmental impacts of nuclear war, including— (A) increased cancer rates as a result of higher ultra-violet radiation levels or radioactive fallout; (B) malnutrition as a result of decreases in agricultural and fisheries productivity after an abrupt reduction in sunlight; (C) infectious disease spread due to deteriorated public health conditions and compromised immunity, including due to malnutrition; (D) hypothermia, frostbite, and other consequences of exposure to extreme cold; and (E) other consequences, as determined by the Secretary. (3) Nuclear war The term nuclear war means military conflict involving the detonation of multiple nuclear weapons. (b) Research grants To study the health consequences of the environmental impacts of nuclear war (1) Research and preparedness program The Secretary, in collaboration with the Director of the National Institutes of Health, the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, shall develop and implement a 5-year research and preparedness program, which may include activities carried out by the Secretary, as well as grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements awarded to eligible entities, to address the health consequences of the environmental impacts of nuclear war. (2) Components of research and preparedness program The program may include— (A) scientific study of the potential health consequences of the environmental impacts of nuclear war, including the longevity of such effects and the prospects for recovery