; (2) validation methods for such processes and techniques, in coordination with the developmental and operational test and evaluation community, as the Secretary determines necessary; (3) threat models that comprehensively characterize the threat to microelectronics confidentiality, integrity, and availability across the entire supply chain, and the design, production, packaging, and deployment cycle to support risk management and risk mitigation, based on the principle of reducing risk to as low a level as reasonably practicable, including— (A) comparative risk assessments; and (B) balanced and practical investments in assurance based on risks and returns; (4) levels of assurance and associated requirements for the production and acquisition of commercial-off-the-shelf integrated circuits, integrated circuits subject to International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) under subchapter M of chapter I of title 22, Code of Federal Regulations, or successor regulations, and classified integrated circuits using commercial foundry manufacturing process flows; (5) guides for Federal Government program evaluators, program offices, and industry to meet microelectronics assurance requirements