; enacted as subtitle D of title VI of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007; relating to the establishment of a critical material recycling and reuse research, development, and demonstration program), and with the heads of relevant Federal agencies to determine a comprehensive set of technical milestones for such activities and focus on research and development challenges across the vehicle supply chain including, to the maximum extent practicable, activities in the areas of— (1) electrification of vehicle systems, including compact and efficient electric drivetrain systems; (2) power electronics, electric machines, and electric machine drive systems, which may include— (A) electronic motors, including advanced inverters and motors that can be used for passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles; (B) magnetic materials, including permanent magnets with reduced or no critical materials; (C) improving partial load efficiency; (D) design of power electronics and electric motor technologies that enable efficient recycling of critical materials; and (E) assessing potential impacts of various vehicle systems on electric propulsion performance, including potential impacts from AM/FM radio frequencies; (3) vehicle batteries and relevant systems, which may include— (A) advanced batteries systems, ultracapacitors, and other competitive energy storage devices; (B) common interconnection protocols, specifications, and architecture for both transportation and stationary battery applications; (C) energy density and capacity, recharging robustness, extreme fast charging and wireless charging capabilities, and efficiencies to lower cost; (D) lifetime improvement and reduction of potential lifecycle impacts from advanced batteries; (E) improving efficient use and reuse, substitution, and recycling of critical materials in vehicles, including rare earth elements and precious metals, at risk of supply disruption; (F) advanced battery protection systems for safe handling of high voltage power and thermal management