1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Rural Physician Workforce Production Act of 2023 . 2. Elective rural sustainability per resident payment for residents training in rural training locations (a) In general Section 1886 of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 1395ww ) is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: (u) Elective rural sustainability per resident payment amount for residents training in rural training locations (1) Determination of elective rural sustainability per resident payment amount (A) In general The elective rural sustainability per resident payment amount determined under this subsection for an applicable hospital (as defined in paragraph (7)(A)) that makes an election under paragraph (2), with respect to each full-time-equivalent resident in an approved medical residency training program that receives training in a rural training location (as defined in paragraph (7)(C)), is an amount equal to the difference between— (i) the total elective rural sustainability amount determined under subparagraph (B) (or, in the case of an applicable hospital not located in a rural area, the total elective rural sustainability amount or urban total elective rural sustainability amount, as applicable, determined under such subparagraph)