; and (D) develop recommendations with respect to— (i) the research and development activities necessary to transition the United States from the use of perfluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl substances; and (ii) how the Federal Government may— (I) best ensure the conduct of the research and development activities described in clause (i) to ensure that safer alternatives minimize health, safety, and environmental risks; and (II) best address the research gaps identified under subparagraph (C) and the research and development needs identified under clause (i) through collaboration or coordination of programs and other efforts with State, local, and Tribal governments and nongovernmental organizations, including private sector organizations. (3) Timing The initial review carried out under paragraph (1) pursuant to an agreement under subsection (b) shall conclude not later than 3 years after the date on which the review begins. (d) Scientific determinations of essential uses For each essential use, the National Academies shall, to the extent that available scientific data permit meaningful determinations, determine— (1) categories of uses of perfluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl substances that can inform regulatory requirements under this title and amendments made by this title; (2) a framework to guide decisionmakers in making designations of essential uses under section 102(c), which shall include— (A) the integration of findings with respect to perfluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl substances, including findings on human health effects that have sufficient or limited evidence of an association, from authoritative reviews (such as reviews by national or international bodies) and high-quality systematic reviews; and (B) a review of emerging evidence with respect to perfluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl substances that is impactful in decisionmaking