; or (2) diminish or expand the preemptive effect of the authority of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to manned aviation. 4. Preservation of State, local, and Tribal authorities with respect to civil unmanned aircraft systems (a) Findings; sense of Congress (1) Findings Congress finds the following: (A) Using its constitutional authority to regulate commerce among the States, Congress granted the Federal Government authority over all of the navigable airspace in the United States in order to foster air commerce. (B) While the regulation of the navigable airspace is within the Federal Government's domain, the Supreme Court recognized in United States v. Causby, 328 U.S. 256 (1946), that the Federal Government’s regulatory authority is limited by the property rights possessed by landowners over the exclusive control of the immediate reaches of their airspace. (C) As a sovereign government, a State possesses police powers, which include the power to protect the property rights of its citizens. (D) The proliferation of low-altitude operations of unmanned aircraft systems has created a conflict between the responsibility of the Federal Government to regulate the navigable airspace and the inherent sovereign police power possessed by the States to protect the property rights of their citizens. (2) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that— (A) in order for landowners to have full enjoyment and use of their land, they must have exclusive control of the immediate reaches of airspace over their property; (B) the States possess sovereign police powers, which include the power to regulate land use, protect property rights, and exercise zoning authority