as a condition of remaining in the service. (B) On September 9, 2021, the Biden Administration issued an executive order mandating all employees of Federal contractors be vaccinated against COVID–19 as a condition of employment. (C) On September 14, 2021, the Biden Administration issued an executive order mandating all Federal employees be vaccinated against COVID–19 as a condition of employment. (D) On November 4, 2021, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services issued an interim final rule requiring employees of Medicare and Medicaid certified providers and suppliers be vaccinated against COVID–19 as a condition of employment. (E) On November 4, 2021, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration issued an emergency temporary standard requiring private employers with 100 or more employees to either require employees to receive a COVID–19 vaccine or to require employees to provide regular proof of a negative COVID–19 test. (46) A number of cities in the United States implemented vaccine passports requiring individuals to show proof of vaccination to enter various establishments. (A) On August 16, 2021, the city of New Orleans implemented the requirement of a COVID–19 vaccine or a negative test in order to enter indoor establishments and venues. (B) On August 20, 2021, the city of San Francisco began to require proof of vaccination against COVID–19 in order to enter indoor establishments and venues. (C) On September 13, 2021, the city of New York began to require its Excelsior Pass or Key-to-NYC COVID–19 vaccine passport in order to enter indoor establishments and venues. (D) On October 1, 2021, the city of Los Angeles began to require proof of a COVID–19 vaccine in order to enter indoor establishments and venues. (E) On October 25, 2021, the city of Seattle began to require proof of vaccination against COVID–19 or a negative test in order to enter indoor establishments and venues. (F) In January 2022, the cities of Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, Minneapolis, and St. Paul began to require proof of a