of paragraph (1) addresses key science challenges to improving forecasts and developing related products for water management in the western United States, including the following: (i) Improving operational model resolution, both horizontal and vertical, to resolve issues associated with mountainous terrain, such as intensity of precipitation and relative fraction of rain versus snow precipitation. (ii) Improving fidelity in the operational modeling of the atmospheric boundary layer in mountainous regions. (iii) Resolving challenges in predicting winter atmospheric circulation and storm tracks, including periods of blocked versus unblocked flow over the eastern North Pacific Ocean and western United States. (iv) Utilizing outcomes from the Atmospheric Rivers Forecast Improvement Program as authorized in section 204 of the Weather Act Reauthorization Act of 2023 to produce operational tools and services. (v) Improving the quality and temporal and spatial resolution of observations and accurate operational modeling of air-sea interactions, and the influence of oceans on subseasonal and seasonal forecasting. (B) A pilot project under subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1) addresses key science challenges to improving forecasts and developing related products for agriculture in the central United States, including the following: (i) Improving the quality and temporal and spatial resolution of observations and accurate operational modeling of the land surface and hydrologic cycle, including soil moisture and flash drought processes. (ii) Improving fidelity in the operational modeling of warm season precipitation processes. (iii) Understanding and predicting large-scale upper-level dynamical flow anomalies that occur in spring and summer. (3) Activities A pilot project under this subsection shall include activities that carry out the following: (A) Best implement recommendations of the National Weather Service’s 2020 Report, entitled Subseasonal and Seasonal Forecasting Innovation: Plans for the Twenty-First Century . (B)