; (2) to advance research on the Earth system and numerical weather forecasting; (3) to develop and advance numerical weather modeling; (4) to identify and acquire novel observational data shown to improve artificial intelligence and numerical weather forecasting; and (5) to improve data assimilation techniques. 103. Advanced artificial intelligence applications for weather The Administrator shall explore advanced applications of artificial intelligence to improve weather forecasts, such as by— (1) improving data assimilation; (2) accounting for Earth system processes that cause model areas, such as cloud cover, ocean eddies, and photosynthesis; and (3) using artificial intelligence weather models to quickly emulate running numerical weather models to assess and improve the confidence in and reliability of weather forecasts. 104. Technical assistance on use of artificial intelligence weather models (a) In general The Administrator shall regularly inventory and assess major non-Federal Government artificial intelligence weather models in order to provide— (1) technical assistance on using such models; (2) best practices on providing forecasts based on outputs from both artificial intelligence weather models and numerical weather models; and (3) support for emergency managers to make operational decisions based on outputs from both artificial intelligence weather models and numerical weather models. (b) Reforecast analysis (1) In general The Administrator shall support the development of a common framework for the assessment of numerical weather models and artificial intelligence weather models through reforecast analysis and such other methodologies as the Administrator considers appropriate. (2) Best practices In carrying out this subsection, the Administrator may develop and disseminate best practices in collaboration with— (A) the National Institute for Standards and Technology, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the Department of Energy