; and (ii) to induce them to enact policies that repress emigrant and diaspora communities; and (B) by offering financial and material assistance to host countries to harass and intimidate emigrant and diaspora communities. (3) Transnational repression is a threat to individuals, democratic institutions, the exercise of rights and freedoms, and national security and sovereignty. (4) Authoritarian governments increasingly rely on transnational repression as their consolidation of control at home pushes dissidents abroad. (5) The spread of digital technologies provides new tools for censoring, surveilling, and targeting individuals deemed to be threats across international borders, especially dissidents pushed abroad who themselves rely on communications technology to amplify their messages, which can often lead to physical attacks and coercion by proxy. (6) Many acts of transnational repression are undertaken through cooperation of, or cooperation with, authorities in the host country, most notably by taking advantage of other states’ concerns about terrorism to accuse the targeted individual of terrorism or extremism. (7) Authoritarian actors routinely attempt to deter and silence the voices of dissident and exile communities at international fora, as documented by the United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Human Rights in the Secretary-General’s annual report on reprisals to the United Nations Human Rights Council. (8) The principle of non-refoulement, which is explicitly included in the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, done at New York December 10, 1984— (A) forms an essential protection under international law