and other innovative methods, all of which have launched a technological revolution in biomedical research. (6) The Animal Welfare Act ( Public Law 89–544 ) requires researchers to consider alternatives to animal use for painful procedures and stresses that researchers should not unnecessarily duplicate previous experiments. However, oversight is lacking, and these provisions are not implemented the way that Congress intended. As a result, researchers are not capitalizing on nonanimal models that might more effectively recapitulate human biology. (7) A system of active incentives is needed to encourage researchers to develop and utilize humane, cost-effective, and scientifically suitable nonanimal methods based on human biology. (8) Further, under the National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1993 ( Public Law 103–43 ), the NIH is supposed to outline a plan for reducing the use of animals in research. Section 404C(a)(1) of the Public Health Service Act ( 42 U.S.C. 283e(a)(1) ), as added by section 205 of the National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1993, calls for the NIH to conduct or support research into… methods of biomedical research and experimentation that do not require the use of animals [and] methods of such research and experimentation that reduce the number of animals used in such research . (9) A dedicated center that provides resources, funding, and training to encourage researchers to utilize humane, cost-effective, and scientifically suitable nonanimal methods based on human biology will result in more progress toward understanding human diseases and their treatments and cures. It will complete the vision that Congress set out in the National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1993 ( Public Law 103–43 ), which has been thwarted because of lack of oversight. 3. Animals in research Section 495 of the Public Health Service Act ( 42 U.S.C. 289d ) is amended— (1) in subsection (a)— (A) in paragraph (2)— (i) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking paragraph