1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Separation of Powers Restoration Act . 2. Findings Congress finds the following: (1) As a limit on governmental power, constitutional framers vested Federal powers in three coequal branches of government, each with unique and limited powers and each with a coequal duty to uphold and sustain the Constitution of the United States. (2) A Supreme Court justice stated, The doctrine of the separation of powers was adopted by the convention of 1787 not to promote efficiency but to preclude the exercise of arbitrary power. The purpose was not to avoid friction, but, by means of the inevitable friction incident to the distribution of the governmental powers among three departments, to save the people from autocracy. Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52, 293 (1926) (Brandeis, J., dissenting). (3) James Madison, quoting Montesquieu, stated in Federalist 47, There can be no liberty where the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or body of magistrates. . (4) Article I of the Constitution provides, All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States. . (5) A congressional committee print has noted that, [b]ecause the President has no power or authority over individual citizens and their rights except where he is granted such power and authority by a provision in the Constitution or by statute, the President’s proclamations are not legally binding and are at best hortatory unless based on such grants of authority. 85th Cong., 1st Sess., Executive Orders and Proclamations: A Study of a Use of Presidential Powers (Comm. Print 1957). (6) The Supreme Court has stated that, even if Presidents have, without congressional authority, taken actions only the Congress may take, Congress has not thereby lost its exclusive constitutional authority to make laws necessary and proper to carry out the powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States, or any Department or Officer thereof. . (Youngstown Sheet & Tube