1. Short title; table of contents (a) Short title This Act may be cited as the Railway Safety Act of 2023 . (b) Table of contents The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Defined term. Sec. 3. Safety requirements for trains transporting hazardous materials. Sec. 4. Rail car inspections. Sec. 5. Defect detectors. Sec. 6. Safe Freight Act of 2023. Sec. 7. Increasing maximum civil penalties for violations of rail safety regulations. Sec. 8. Safer tank cars. Sec. 9. Hazardous materials training for first responders. Sec. 10. Consolidated rail infrastructure and safety improvements. Sec. 11. Tank car research and development. 2. Defined term In this Act, the term Secretary means the Secretary of Transportation. 3. Safety requirements for trains transporting hazardous materials (a) Rulemaking Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall issue regulations, or modify existing regulations, establishing safety requirements, in accordance with subsection (b), with which a shipper or rail carrier operating a train transporting hazardous materials that is not subject to the requirements for a high-hazard flammable train under section 174.310 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, shall comply with respect to the operation of each such train and the maintenance of specification tank cars. (b) Requirements The regulations issued pursuant to subsection (a) shall require shippers and rail carriers— (1) to provide advance notification and information regarding the transportation of hazardous materials described in subsection (a) to each State emergency response commissioner, Tribal emergency response commission, or any other State or Tribal agency responsible for receiving the information notification for emergency response planning information; (2) to include, in the notification provided pursuant to paragraph (1), a written gas discharge plan with respect to the applicable hazardous materials being transported