; or (ii) entered or attempted to enter the United States at a place and time other than lawfully through a United States port of entry. . 107. Asylum fees Paragraph (3) of section 208(d) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1158(d) ) is amended to read as follows: (3) Fees (A) Application fee A fee of not less than $50 for each application for asylum shall be imposed. Such fee shall not exceed the cost of adjudicating the application. Such fee shall not apply to an unaccompanied alien child who files an asylum application in proceedings under section 240. (B) Employment authorization A fee may also be imposed for the consideration of an application for employment authorization under this section and for adjustment of status under section 209(b). Such a fee shall not exceed the cost of adjudicating the application. (C) Payment Fees under this paragraph may be assessed and paid over a period of time or by installments. (D) Rule of construction Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to limit the authority of the Attorney General or Secretary of Homeland Security to set adjudication and naturalization fees in accordance with section 286(m). . 108. Rules for determining asylum eligibility Section 208 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1158 ) is amended by adding at the end the following: (f) Rules for determining asylum eligibility In making a determination under subsection (b)(1)(A) with respect to whether an alien is a refugee within the meaning of section 101(a)(42)(A), the following shall apply: (1) Particular social group The Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General shall not determine that an alien is a member of a particular social group unless the alien articulates on the record, or provides a basis on the record for determining, the definition and boundaries of the alleged particular social group, establishes that the particular social group exists independently from the alleged persecution, and establishes that the alien’s claim of membership in a particular