; (ii) at the seabed, such as through biomass sinking; and (iii) within the oceans, such as liquid carbon dioxide storage; and (B) other relevant methods of offshore carbon storage. (2) Inclusion The assessment under paragraph (1) shall include recommendations of measures that the Department of Energy may take to improve the ease, safety, and security of offshore carbon dioxide storage. (3) Reporting Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to the Committees on Energy and Natural Resources and Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives a report describing the results of the assessment under paragraph (1). D Atmospheric carbon removal 131. Direct air capture technology manufacturing research program (a) Initiative (1) In general The Secretary shall establish a program for the research, development, and demonstration of manufacturing techniques for direct air capture technologies (referred to in this section as the program ). (2) Coordination In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall leverage expertise and resources from— (A) the Office of Science; (B) the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; and (C) the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. (b) Contactor design (1) In general In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall conduct research on applied technology development of air contactor design. (2) Requirements The research under paragraph (1) shall support efforts to improve air contactors with— (A) low pressure drop; (B) high surface area; and (C) high longevity. (c) Manufacturing improvement (1) In general In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall conduct research scaling-up manufacturing of direct air capture components. (2) Requirements The research under paragraph (1) shall— (A) support efforts to improve techniques for low-cost manufacturing of direct air capture components and materials