; and (B) the Rural Center of Excellence for Assessing Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Water Sources and Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Remediation Solutions established under section 201(c)(1)(B). (3) Essential use The term essential use , with respect to a perfluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl substance, means a use of the perfluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl substance that is designated under section 102(c), as reflected under a review or recommendation under any applicable report under section 101(h) (including a subsequent report), as being an essential use because the use of the perfluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl substance in an item or process is— (A) critical for the health, safety, or functioning of society; (B) necessary for the item or process to function; and (C) a use for which a safer alternative is not available. (4) Manufacturer (A) In general The term manufacturer means any person who— (i) imports into the United States, a territory of the United States, or a Freely Associated State a perfluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl substance; (ii) exports from the United States, a territory of the United States, or a Freely Associated State a perfluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl substance; (iii) produces a perfluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl substance; (iv) manufactures a perfluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl substance