part of its policy. (27) The restrictive and discriminatory Israeli planning regime undermines rights and guarantees in international human rights law and international humanitarian law and facilitates unlawful acts and policies, including destruction of property and forcible transfer of civilians, expropriation of land and natural resources, illegal settlement expansion, and further annexation of Palestinian land. (28) Jewish-only settlements established by the Government of Israel in the occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem, have no legal validity and constitute a flagrant violation under international law and a major obstacle to the achievement of a just and lasting peace between Israel and the Palestinians. (29) Unilateral annexation of any part of the occupied West Bank by the Government of Israel is a flagrant violation of international law and a prohibited act of aggression under Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter. (30) Israel is the largest cumulative recipient of United States foreign assistance since World War II, receiving from the United States $158,000,000,000 (current, or noninflation-adjusted, dollars) in bilateral assistance and missile defense funding. (31) In 2016, the United States and Israeli governments signed a new 10-year Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on military assistance, covering fiscal year 2019 to fiscal year 2028. (32) Under the terms of the MOU, the United States pledges to provide $38,000,000,000 in military assistance ($33,000,000,000 in Foreign Military Financing grants plus $5,000,000,000 in missile defense appropriations) to Israel, replacing a previous $30,000,000,000, 10-year agreement that ran through fiscal year 2018. (33) The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 ( Public Law 117–328 ), provides Israel with $3,300,000,000 in Foreign Military Financing (FMF), including $775,300,000 million designated specifically for procurements in Israel, commonly referred to as offshore procurements , and $500,000,000 in missile defense funding. (34) The sale and