; (2) in subsection (b)— (A) in paragraph (1), by inserting , engineering, and technology after science ; (B) by redesignating paragraphs (3), (4), and (5) as paragraphs (5), (6), and (7), respectively; (C) by inserting after paragraph (2) the following new paragraphs: (3) operate National Quantum Information Science Research Centers to accelerate and scale up scientific and technical breakthroughs in quantum information science, engineering, and technology, and maintain state-of-the-art infrastructure for quantum researchers and industry partners, in accordance with section 202; (4) conduct cooperative research with industry, National Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and other research institutions to facilitate the development and demonstration of quantum information science, engineering, and technology, including in the fields of— (A) quantum information theory; (B) quantum physics; (C) quantum computational science, including hardware and software, including artificial intelligence, machine learning and data science; (D) applied mathematics and algorithm development; (E) quantum communications and networking, including hardware and software for quantum communications and networking; (F) quantum sensing and detection; (G) materials science and engineering; (H) quantum modeling and simulation, including molecular modeling; (I) near- and long-term application development in a range of areas as determined by the Secretary, such as materials discovery, cybersecurity, energy storage and electric grid management. financial modeling, energy storage, traffic optimization, and improved weather climate forecasting; (J) quantum chemistry; (K) quantum biology; (L) superconductive and high-performance microelectronics; and (M) quantum security technologies;