; (3) 320 journalists were behind bars in 2023, with the People’s Republic of China (PRC), Burma, Belarus, Russia, Vietnam, Iran, Israel, Eritrea, Egypt, and Turkey jailing the highest numbers of journalists respectively; and (4) journalists and media outlets around the world have been targeted by government actors with sophisticated spyware products that pose a severe risk to their privacy and security as well as that of their sources and families; Whereas, according to PEN America, more than 325 writers and public intellectuals, including columnists and editorial journalists, were imprisoned across 37 different countries during 2023; Whereas the censorship, victimization, and killing of journalists around the world and particularly in conflict zones has obvious and profound implications for the ability of the public, including the United States public, to be informed, including about conflicts with local, regional, and global ramifications; Whereas, since the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Reporters Without Borders has documented attacks directly targeting journalists, including— (1) the killing of 11 Ukrainian and accredited international journalists and media workers by Russian Armed Forces; (2) the torture by electric shock, beatings, and mock executions of journalists working for the international press; (3) the targeted kidnappings of journalists and their families in occupied regions of Ukraine to put pressure on their reporting; (4) the deliberate attacks targeting media facilities; and (5) the near-universal censorship, imprisonment, or exile of Russia’s independent news media