; in short, to enact the numerous requirements as to procedure and safeguards which experience shows are necessary in order to enforce the fundamental right involved. And these requirements would be nugatory if they did not have appropriate sanctions in the definition of offenses and punishments. All this is comprised in the subject of times, places and manner of holding elections , and involves lawmaking in its essential features and most important aspect. . Smiley v. Holm, 285 U.S. 355, 366 (1932). (13) This holding is consistent with the understanding of the Elections Clause since the framing of the Constitution. The Smiley Court also held that while Congress maintains the authority to . . . supplement these State regulations or [to] substitute its own[] , such authority remains merely a general supervisory power over the whole subject. . Id. (14) More recently, the Court noted in Arizona v. Inter-Tribal Council of Ariz., Inc. that [t]his grant of congressional power [that is, the fail-safe provision in the Elections Clause] was the Framers’ insurance against the possibility that a State would refuse to provide for the election of representatives to the Federal Congress. . Arizona v. Inter-Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc., 570 U.S. 1, 7–9 (2013). The Court explained that the Elections Clause … imposes [upon the States] the duty . . . to prescribe the time, place, and manner of electing Representatives and Senators[.] . Id. at 8. And, while, as the Court noted, [t]he power of Congress over the Times, Places, and Manner of congressional elections is paramount, and may be exercised at any time, and to any extent which it deems expedient