; (ii) establishing economic incentives, including marketable permits, to encourage desired behavior; (iii) establishing disclosure requirements that will provide information upon which choices can be made by the public; or (iv) adopting other means of meeting the objectives of the statutory provision on which the rulemaking relies without mandating particular conduct or manners of compliance. (5) For any major rule, unless prohibited by law, the potential costs and benefits associated with potential alternative rules and other responses considered under paragraph (4), including quantitative and qualitative analyses of— (A) the direct costs and benefits, with costs and benefits measured over equal time periods; (B) the nature and degree of risks addressed by the rule and the countervailing risks that might be posed by agency action; and (C) to the extent practicable, the cumulative costs and benefits, and an analysis of the effects that the rule is anticipated to have on entities that purchase products or services from, sell products or services to, or otherwise conduct business with entities to which the rule will apply. (c) Notice of proposed rulemaking (1) In general If an agency determines that the objectives of the agency require the agency to issue a rule, the agency shall— (A) submit a notice of proposed rulemaking to the Administrator for review; (B) refrain from publishing the notice until the Administrator concludes the review under subparagraph (A); and (C) at the conclusion of review by the Administrator, publish a notice of proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register, which shall include— (i) a statement of the time, place, and nature of any public rulemaking proceedings; (ii) a reference to the legal authority under which the rule is proposed, including the specific statutory provision on which the rulemaking relies; (iii) the text of the proposed rule; (iv) a summary of information known to the agency concerning the considerations described in subsection (b)