; (B) a product of a qualified cooperative breeding program for such covered coral reef species, as determined by the appropriate Secretary; (C) a product of a qualified aquaculture or mariculture facility, as determined by the appropriate Secretary; (D) taken pursuant to authorization by the Secretary of Commerce, or imported or exported pursuant to authorization by the Secretary of the Interior, for scientific purposes, museum purposes, or zoological breeding or display; or (E) taken pursuant to— (i) an applicable incidental take permit issued under section 10(a)(1)(B) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 ( 16 U.S.C. 1539(a)(1)(B) ); or (ii) an applicable permit issued by a country other than the United States if such permit is equivalent to an incidental take permit described in clause (i), as determined by the appropriate Secretary. (2) Destructive collection practices The exceptions described in paragraph (1) do not apply with respect to an individual of a covered coral reef species that is, as determined by the appropriate Secretary— (A) taken through the use of any destructive collection practice; or (B) imported or exported without a certification by the importer or exporter that such individual to be imported or exported was not taken through the use of any destructive collection practice. (d) Enforcement (1) Civil penalties The Secretary of the Interior or the Secretary of Commerce, upon finding a violation of subsection (b), may require the person responsible for such violation to pay a civil penalty in an amount determined under a schedule of penalties jointly issued by the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Commerce, but which does not exceed $25,000 for each violation, and which takes into account— (A) the nature of the violation involved; (B) the monetary value of each individual of a covered coral reef species that is the subject of the violation involved; (C) any previous violation of subsection (b) by the person