Panamanian Assembly declared Panama to be in a state of war with the United States. On December 16, an off-duty United States Marine was shot and killed by Panamanian soldiers, prompting President George Bush to order Operation Just Cause in the aftermath of this incident. The United States would win the ensuing ground conflict, gain control of the Panama Canal, and force Noriega’s surrender on January 3, 1990. However, this operation came at a great cost, as according to the Pentagon’s official tally, 23 United States soldiers, 300 Panamanian soldiers, and 214 Panamanian civilians were killed during the United States invasion. Some human rights groups also estimate the death toll amongst Panamanian civilians to be far higher. Furthermore, the United States repeated bombing of the impoverished Panama City neighborhood El Churillo during Operation Just Cause destroyed approximately 4,000 homes and displaced thousands more civilians, resulting in Panamanians nicknaming the neighborhood Little Hiroshima following the war. 3. Establishment and duties (a) Establishment There is established a Commission to Study and Develop Reconciliation Proposals for Misguided Interventions in the Americas (in this Act referred to as the Commission ). (b) Duties The Commission shall be responsible for the following duties: (1) Identifying, documenting, examining, compiling, and synthesizing the relevant body of evidentiary documentation relating to the United States interest in intervening in— (A) the 9 conflicts in Nicaragua, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Grenada, and Panama discussed in section 2 of this Act