; and (2) may award grants and cooperative agreements to public or nonprofit private entities (including State health departments, political subdivisions of States, universities, and other medical or educational entities). (b) Activities The research and related activities described in subsection (a) shall include the following: (1) Clinical, translational, and basic research The Director of NIH shall conduct or support, through funding opportunity announcements, grants, or cooperative agreements, basic, clinical, and translational research on CCM, including research on— (A) the identification and development of affordable imaging, plasma, and urine biomarkers that fulfill the requirement of the Food and Drug Administration for biomarker qualification as proper measures of CCM pathogenic biology, including diagnosis, response to clinical intervention, or prediction of adverse clinical events; (B) pre-clinical trials of promising CCM drug treatment candidates; (C) novel biomedical and pharmacological interventions designed to target existing lesions to reduce their size and clinical activity; (D) clinical research related to repurposing currently approved drugs for application for CCM treatment; (E) development of new non-pharmacological treatment approaches, such as focused ultrasound, and targeted treatment delivery technology; (F) the gut-brain axis and the effects of microbiome composition on clinical symptomology; (G) the microbiome as a therapeutic target for CCM treatment; (H) research related to gene therapy as a treatment for familial CCM; (I) research related to RNA-based therapies; (J) research related to the mechanistic overlap between CCM and other disorders, including vascular disorders and cancer; (K) research related to improving and measuring the quality of life for individuals with CCM and their families; (L) contributions of genetic variation to clinical presentation as precision medicine targets for therapy