; (F) advanced battery protection systems for safe handling of high voltage power and thermal management; (G) technologies enabling flexible manufacturing facilities that can accommodate different vehicle battery chemistries and configurations; and (H) improving the efficiency and safety of the manufacturing of advanced batteries; (4) vehicle components and systems, including manufacturing technologies and processes, which may include— (A) reducing or repurposing waste streams, reducing emissions, and energy intensity of vehicle, engine, and advanced battery manufacturing processes; and (B) increasing the production rate and decreasing the cost of advanced battery and hydrogen fuel cell manufacturing, including purpose-built hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen fueling infrastructure, and components; (5) hybrid and alternative fuel vehicles and fuel pathways, which may include— (A) vehicle fuel cells and relevant systems, including power electronics systems to regulate fuel cell voltages; (B) synthetic fuels from recycled carbon dioxide and net-zero carbon liquid fuels; and (C) advanced biofuel technologies; (6) lubricants and accessory power loads for hybrid and electric vehicles aftertreatment technologies; (7) vehicle weight reduction, which may include the development of— (A) more sustainable and cost-effective lightweight materials; and (B) higher efficiency manufacturing processes, such as additive manufacturing, to produce sustainable lightweight materials and fabricate, assemble, and use dissimilar materials, including— (i) lightweight systems which combine several existing vehicle components; and (ii) voluntary, consensus-based standards for strategic lightweight materials; (8) improved vehicle recycling methods to increase the recycled material content of feedstocks used in raw material manufacturing; (9) vehicle propulsion systems, which may include— (A) engine and component durability; (B) engine down speeding; (C) advanced internal combustion engines