; (2) are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and include the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life; (3) include such factors as housing, employment, education, health care, food, transportation, social support, poverty, crime, violence, segregation, and environmental toxins; (4) are linked to a lack of opportunity and resources to protect, improve, and maintain health; and (5) taken together, create health inequities that stem from unfair and unjust systems, policies, and practices, and limit access to the opportunities and resources needed to live the healthiest life possible; Whereas, since its founding, the United States has had a longstanding history and legacy of racism, mistreatment, and discrimination that has perpetuated health inequities for members of racial and ethnic minority groups; Whereas that history and legacy of racism, mistreatment, and discrimination includes— (1) the immoral paradox of freedom and slavery, which is an atrocity that can be traced throughout the history of the United States, as African Americans lived under the oppressive institution of slavery from 1619 through 1865, endured the practices and laws of segregation during the Jim Crow era, and continue to face the ramifications of systemic racism through unjust and discriminatory structures and policies; (2) the failure of the United States to carry out the responsibilities and promises made in more than 350 treaties ratified with sovereign indigenous communities, including American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders, as made evident by the chronic and pervasive underfunding of the Indian Health Service and Tribal, Urban Indian, and Native Hawaiian health care, the vast health and socioeconomic inequities faced by Native American people, and the inaccessibility of many Federal public health and social programs in Native American communities