This seed coating is prophylactic, meaning it is used even where it is not even targeting a specific pest problem. The vast majority of some commodity crops, such as corn, are grown using neonicotinoid pesticide-coated seeds. (12) Studies have shown that ingestion of a single corn kernel coated with neonicotinoid pesticides using is toxic enough to kill a songbird, while assessments by the Environmental Protection Agency have found that neonicotinoid pesticide seed coatings provide little benefit to overall soybean crop yield, with other agency studies determining that seed coatings in approximately 80 to 90 percent of row crop are unnecessary. (13) In addition to concerns raised by scientists, Federal agencies and conservationists, State pesticide regulators have urged the Environmental Protection Agency to address the ubiquitous and unregulated use of neonicotinoid pesticide seed coatings and their harmful impacts. The Association of American Pesticide Control Organization’s State FIFRA Issues Research and Evaluation Group has raised concern about the adverse impacts of neonicotinoid pesticide-treated seeds, and has pushed the Environmental Protection Agency for additional measures to protect people and the environment from unregulated use of treated seeds. (14) In late 2022, the Environmental Protection Agency denied a legal petition to close a loophole that exempts neonicotinoid pesticide seed coatings from the pesticide registration and labeling requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency that are meant to protect people and the environment from harm. (15) In late 2022, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that the decision of the Environmental Protection Agency to allow new uses of the most recently approved neonicotinoid insecticide, sulfoxaflor, was in violation of the Endangered Species Act. The EPA’s own assessments of sulfoxaflor had found significant harm to pollinators from sulfoxaflor. (16) In 2022, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service established the Center, with a