; for he cannot be a subject to the King of England, unless at the time of his birth he was under the ligeance and obedience of the King. . (7) Whether a person at birth is under the ligeance and obedience to the sovereign is not determined by whether his foreign parent is subject to the territorial jurisdiction of prosecution, as any foreign enemy, marauder or bandit, would be subject to the law of the land when captured, but, instead, whether his parent is present in the territory lawfully and permanently, not only voluntarily availing himself to the jurisdiction thereof, but doing so with the consent of the sovereign. (8) Senator Howard, when proposing language to be included in the 14th Amendment and making reference to English common law exceptions, clarified his intent that citizenship should not be conveyed to everyone born or present in the United States, when he stated, This will not, of course, include persons born in the United States who are foreigners, aliens, who belong to the families of ambassadors or foreign ministers accredited to the Government of the United States, but will include every other class of persons . (9) Senator Lyman Trumbull, a key figure in the adoption of the 14th Amendment, said that subject to the jurisdiction of the United States meant not owing allegiance to any other country. (10) Owing allegiance to the United States and being subject to its complete jurisdiction means being not subject to any foreign power and excludes those only temporarily present in the country whether lawfully or unlawfully. (11) The 14th Amendment’s framers intended to give citizenship only to those who owed their allegiance to the United States and were subject to its complete jurisdiction, primarily the newly freed slaves, who were lawful permanent residents. (12) The 1866 Civil Rights Act further clarified that the 14th Amendment did not apply to temporary visitors or those who remained the citizen or subject of a parent’s home country when it stated, All persons born or naturalized in the United