; (B) was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland on October 1, 1888; and (C) was determined by the Supreme Court of the United States in Chae Chan Ping v. United States, 130 U.S. 581 (1889), to have abrogated the Angell Treaty; and (5) on May 4, 1892, the Geary Act (27 Stat. 25, chapter 60), which— (A) reauthorized the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 for another 10 years; (B) denied Chinese immigrants the right to be released on bail on application for a writ of habeas corpus; (C) authorized the deportation of Chinese people who could not produce a certificate of residence unless they could establish residence through the testimony of at least one credible White witness , contrary to customary legal standards regarding the presumption of innocence; and (D) was signed into law by President Benjamin Harrison on May 5, 1892; Whereas, in 1894, the United States and China agreed to the Gresham-Yang Treaty, within which the Chinese Government consented to a prohibition of Chinese immigration and the enforcement of the Geary Act in exchange for readmission to the United States of Chinese people who were residents of the United States; Whereas, in 1898, the United States— (1) annexed Hawaii; (2) took control of the Philippines; and (3) excluded only the residents of Chinese ancestry of Hawaii and the Philippines from entering the mainland of the United States; Whereas, on April 29, 1902, as the Geary Act was expiring, Congress indefinitely extended all laws regulating and restricting Chinese immigration and residence, to the extent consistent with Treaty commitments; Whereas, on April 27, 1904, after the Chinese Government withdrew from the Gresham-Yang Treaty, Congress permanently extended without modification, limitation, or condition the prohibition on Chinese naturalization and immigration in the United States; Whereas these Federal statutes enshrined in law the exclusion of Chinese people in the United States from the democratic process and the promise of freedom