; Whereas Ms. Tubman deftly led those she saved North during the fall and winter, when would-be captors would stay inside to avoid the cold; Whereas in Ms. Tubman’s own words, I never ran my train off the track and I never lost a passenger ; Whereas during the Civil War, Ms. Tubman served as a nurse, scout, and spy in the Union army, becoming the first woman to plan and lead a military operation in the United States, liberating 700 enslaved people in South Carolina; Whereas later in life, Ms. Tubman continued working to improve the lives of oppressed people, raising funds for and building schools and a hospital in the name of formerly enslaved people while participating in the women’s suffrage movement; Whereas John Brown, an abolitionist who ran an important stop on the Underground Railroad, dedicated his life to ending slavery; Whereas Brown lead a militia in guerrilla attacks on proslavery towns in Kansas, losing one of his sons in the struggle; Whereas Brown, with the help of Harriet Tubman, planned and organized an invasion of the South to free all slaves; Whereas Brown began his invasion at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, but was surrounded and captured by Federal troops led by Robert E. Lee, losing 2 more sons in the fighting; Whereas the 13th Amendment to the Constitution was passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865, and provides that Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. ; Whereas beginning in the 20th century, African Americans began to relocate from Southern farms to Southern cities, from the South to the Northeast, Midwest, and West, in a movement known as the Great Migration ; Whereas the relocation of formerly enslaved people and their descendants also included unfavorable, and at times unjust, interactions with law enforcement that often resulted in imprisonment and convict leasing