; (B) establish procedures to determine on an annual basis (or more frequently, as determined necessary by the Secretary) the minimum amount of security sufficient to insure current (as of the date of the determination) and projected liabilities; and (C) establish procedures for review by the Secretary of operator appeals of determinations described in subparagraphs (A) and (B). (b) Penalties (1) In general Section 423(d)(1) of the Black Lung Benefits Act ( 30 U.S.C. 933(d)(1) ) is amended— (A) by striking $1,000 and inserting $25,000 ; (B) by inserting chief executive officer, chief operating officer, after the word president, each place it appears; (C) by striking and treasurer each place it appears and inserting treasurer, and other responsible party ; and (D) by striking for any benefit and all that follows through this section. and inserting for— (A) any benefit which may accrue under this title in respect to any disability which may occur to any employee of such corporation while it shall so fail to secure the payment of benefits as required by this section; or (B) in the event of bankruptcy or other permanent abandonment of the obligation to secure the payment of benefits, the difference between the actuarial present value of the benefits to be paid by the fund under section 424(b)(1), projected as of the date of failure to secure such payment, and any security recovered or surrendered, with interest. . (2) Other responsible party defined Section 402 of the Black Lung Benefits Act ( 30 U.S.C. 902 ) is amended by adding at the end the following: (j) The term other responsible party means— (1) an individual, partnership, joint venture, corporation, mutual company, joint-stock company, trust, estate, unincorporated organization, association, or other enterprise that possesses, directly or indirectly, the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of an operator or employer