; (2) to a State, local, Tribal, or Federal law enforcement officer, or an agent of such officer, when carrying out a statutory duty; and (3) to an active member of the United States military when carrying out official duties. (e) Penalties The regulations promulgated under subsection (b) shall provide that any person that knowingly violates those regulations may be assessed a civil penalty by the Secretary of— (1) in the case of a first violation, not more than $500; and (2) in the case of each subsequent violation, not less than $1,000 and not more than $5,000.