; (C) are not distributed directly to, or otherwise capable of being owned, held, or used directly by, the general public; or (D) fail to replicate and preserve the privacy, anonymity-respecting, and minimal transactional data-generating properties of physical currency instruments such as coins and paper notes to the greatest extent technically and practically possible; and (12) not included in calculations of public debt subject to limit under section 3101 of title 31, United States Code. (c) Statutory objectives The Secretary shall promulgate and enforce rules, standards, and criteria pertaining to the development and implementation of e-cash instruments, devices, technologies, platforms, and supporting and enabling infrastructure, as well as the issuance, dissemination, circulation, storage, and use of e-cash balances, including use in transactions, in such a manner and to such an extent as the Secretary determines to be necessary or appropriate to achieve the objectives of this Act, subject to the following conditions: (1) Ownership The Secretary shall require that any and all e-cash instruments are capable of being owned, held, and used directly by the general public via widely available hardware devices, without the necessary involvement of third-party custodial or payment processing intermediaries. (2) Privacy The Secretary shall require that any hardware device authorized to hold or otherwise facilitate transactions involving e-cash shall be secured locally via cryptographic encryption and other appropriate technologies, and shall not contain or be subject to any surveillance, personal identification or transactional data-gathering, or censorship-enabling backdoor features. (3) Universality The Secretary shall prioritize wherever possible technologies, practices, and programs that promote universal access and usability, particularly for— (A) individuals with disabilities, including visual impairment; (B) low-income individuals