; (ii) assessing the use of autonomous vehicles or connectivity to improve roadway throughput; and (iii) research autonomous refueling and charging technologies and infrastructure; (15) retrofitting advanced vehicle technologies to existing vehicles; (16) informing and educating the public on the energy benefits of automation and connected vehicle technologies, connected infrastructure assets, and mobility applied sensors to build trust and acceptance; (17) reusing valuable components and materials, such as permanent magnets and other electric drive components for advanced vehicles; and (18) transportation system analysis to further understand the energy implications and opportunities of advanced mobility solutions, communication, and connectivity among vehicles, infrastructure, pedestrians, and the electrical grid. (c) Nonroad transportation environmental and technical assistance research (1) In general The Secretary, in carrying out the program established under subsection (a), and in consultation with the heads of relevant Federal agencies, shall support research, development, and demonstration activities to address and reduce nonroad sector emissions from transportation fuels used in aviation, rail, and maritime technologies and other relevant technologies. Such activities may be carried out primarily by an Energy Innovation Hub established under section 206 of the Department of Energy Research Coordination Act ( 42 U.S.C. 18632 ). (2) Purpose The purpose of the research, development, and demonstration activities under paragraph (1) shall be to— (A) identify, study, evaluate, test, and demonstrate emerging transformational nonroad vehicle energy technologies and practices to improve environmental performance to meet Federal and international standards and guidelines, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, water emissions, or other particulate or toxic emissions