; but (ii) does not include— (I) with respect to each State, the long-term containment of carbon dioxide in subsurface geologic formations or other activity subject to the requirements of a State underground injection control program prescribed by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and applicable to the State, or adopted by the State and approved by the Administrator, under part C of the Safe Drinking Water Act ( 42 U.S.C. 300h et seq. ); or (II) the temporary storage of carbon dioxide in any excepted pipelines listed in paragraph (b) of section 195.1 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, as of the date of enactment of the PIPES Act of 2023 . ; and (E) by adding at the end the following: (5) Dispersion Modeling (A) Safety standards The Secretary shall prescribe minimum safety standards to require each operator of a carbon dioxide pipeline facility to employ vapor dispersion modeling to identify high consequence areas, as defined at section 195.450 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, and paragraph (7)(I)(A) of Appendix C to part 195 of such title, that could be affected by a release from such a pipeline. (B) Considerations In performing the vapor dispersion modeling under subparagraph (A), operators of a carbon dioxide pipeline facility shall consider— (i) the topography surrounding the pipeline; (ii) atmospheric conditions that could affect vapor dispersion; (iii) pipeline operating characteristics