; (2) linkages between illicit or grey market trade, and markets in gold and other metals or minerals and legal trade and commerce in such commodities, notably with respect to activities that abet the entry of such commodities into legal commerce, including— (A) illicit cross-border trafficking, including with respect to goods, persons and illegal narcotics; (B) money-laundering; (C) the financing of illicit actors or their activities; and (D) the extralegal entry into the United States of— (i) metals or minerals, whether of legal foreign origin or not; and (ii) the proceeds of such metals or minerals; (3) linkages between the illicit mining, trafficking, and commercialization of gold, diamonds, and precious metals and stones, and the financial and political activities of the regime of Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela; (4) factors that— (A) produce linkages between ASM miners and illicit actors, prompting some ASM miners to utilize mining practices that are environmentally damaging and unsustainable, notably mining or related ore processing practices that— (i) involve the use of elemental mercury; or (ii) result in labor, health, environmental, and safety code infractions and workplace hazards; and (B) lead some ASM miners to operate in the extralegal or poorly regulated informal sector, and often prevent such miners from improving the socioeconomic status of themselves and their families and communities, or hinder their ability to formalize their operations, enhance their technical and business capacities, and access finance of fair market prices for their output; (5) mining-related trafficking in persons and forced or coerced labor, including sex work and child labor