; Whereas children with an incarcerated parent are nearly six times more likely to be expelled from school and increasingly less likely to graduate from college than children without incarcerated parents; Whereas zero-tolerance policies, including exclusionary disciplinary policies and school-based arrests, result in the growing cradle-to-prison pipeline; Whereas tens of thousands of United States citizen children have a parent who is detained or has been deported, with approximately 5,000 children placed in the foster care system; Whereas children with incarcerated mothers are five times more likely to end up in foster care than those with incarcerated fathers; Whereas a vast, sound, and consistent body of scientific evidence suggests that— (1) the best estimate of the overall effect of incarceration on crime is modest, and deterrence effects are negligible; (2) increased coordination between local law enforcement and immigration enforcement has not been shown to have a measurable impact on reducing crime and has been shown to destabilize communities; (3) education programs for people in prison have been proven to reduce recidivism, yet such programs have been underfunded or altogether eliminated at both the State and Federal level, including the ban on Pell grants in prison, and restoring Pell grant access to people who are incarcerated would increase the employment rate for people with a criminal history by 10 percent and improve collective earnings by $45 million in the first year after release; and (4) the root causes of crime and instability are typically poverty, substance use disorder, family and generational trauma, and poor access to health care and other basic social services; Whereas the consequences of criminal convictions do not end with the prison sentence served or fines paid, and a majority of people imprisoned in the United States are expected to return home, return to society, and become productive members of their communities