market. A disruption in the supply of just 1 infant formula producer now presents a grave risk to infant health in the United States. (4) In the past 4 decades, the top 4 largest pork packers have seized control of 70 percent of the market, up from 36 percent. Over the same period, the top 4 beef packers have expanded their market share from 32 percent to 85 percent. The top 4 flour millers have increased their market share from 40 percent to 64 percent. The market share of the top 4 soybean crushers has jumped from 54 percent to 79 percent, and the top 4 wet corn processors control of the market has increased from 63 percent to 86 percent. (5) Today the top 4 sheep, poultry, and fluid milk processors now control 62 percent, 54 percent, and 50 percent of the market, respectively. (6) The top 4 grain companies today control as much as 90 percent of the global grain trade. (7) During the past 5 years there has been a wave of consolidation among global seed and crop-chemical firms, 3 companies now control nearly 2⁄3 of the world’s commodity crop seeds. Those same 3 companies now also control nearly 70 percent of all agricultural chemicals and pesticides. (8) In the United States, the 4 largest corn seed sellers accounted for 85 percent of the market in 2015, up from 60 percent in 2000. Over the past 20 years, the cost for an acre’s worth of seeds for an average corn farmer has nearly quadrupled, and the cost of fertilizer has more than doubled. Yet corn yields increased only 36 percent over that time, and the price received for the sale of a bushel of corn increased only 31 percent. (9) A handful of firms dominate the processing of every major commodity. Many of them are vertically integrated, which means that they control successive stages of the food chain, from inputs to production to distribution. The growing number and scale of cross-border agribusiness and food mergers have put foreign firms, often with considerable government backing, into prominent and even dominant positions in the United States beef, hog,