; and (C) fentanyl and other synthetic opioids caused approximately 2/3 of more than 107,000 fatal overdoses in the United States during 2021. (9) Overdose deaths remain a leading cause of injury-related death in the United States, and fentanyl-related deaths are the leading cause of deaths among adults aged 18 to 45. (10) Failure to meaningfully combat illicit fentanyl trafficking will continue to stress the health care and law enforcement resources of the United States. (11) It is necessary to recognize the substantive causes of action for aiding and abetting and conspiracy liability under the Controlled Substances Act ( 21 U.S.C. 801 et seq. ). (12) The decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in Halberstam v. Welch, 705 F.2d 472 (D.C. Cir. 1983), which has been widely recognized as the leading case regarding Federal civil aiding and abetting and conspiracy liability, including by the Supreme Court of the United States, provides the proper legal framework for how such liability should function in the context of the Controlled Substances Act ( 21 U.S.C. 801 et seq. ). (13) Persons, entities, or countries that knowingly or recklessly contribute material support or resources, directly or indirectly, to persons or organizations that pose a significant risk of committing acts of trafficking of illicit fentanyl that threaten the safety and health of nationals of the United States or the national security, foreign policy, or economy of the United States, necessarily direct such conduct at the United States, and should reasonably anticipate being brought to court in the United States to answer for that conduct. (14) The United States has a compelling interest in providing persons and entities injured as a result of the trafficking of illicit fentanyl into the United States with full access to the court system in order to pursue civil claims against persons, entities, or countries that have knowingly or recklessly provided material support or resources, directly or indirectly, to the