; (B) considers specific areas for testing and measurement to improve future study efforts across spectrum bands, including researching and developing solutions that can be applied across a range of spectrum bands; (C) is focused on developing technologically neutral approaches; (D) enables Federal entities to work cooperatively with non-Federal entities, including industry entities, academic institutions, and research organizations, to objectively examine new technologies to improve spectrum management; and (E) minimizes duplication of effort by synchronizing, to the extent practicable, with other relevant research and engineering activities underway across the Federal Government in areas including artificial intelligence, machine learning, zero-trust networks, data-source management, autonomy and autonomous systems, and advanced radar technologies. (2) Funding The Under Secretary may use the funding provided under section 602(c)(1)(E) of this Act to establish the national testbed for dynamic spectrum sharing under paragraph (1). (c) Research and development plan The Office of Science and Technology Policy, in coordination with each member agency of the Spectrum Advisory Council, shall develop a National Spectrum Research and Development Plan that— (1) identifies the key innovation areas for spectrum research and development, including dynamic spectrum sharing, artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques, and other emerging technologies for improving spectrum efficiency and innovation; (2) establishes a process to refine and enhance the innovation areas identified under paragraph (1) on an ongoing basis; (3) considers recommendations developed through the collaborative framework established under subsection (d)(1)