; (6) supporting State public agencies in developing and operating statewide longitudinal data systems to improve student academic achievement and close achievement gaps by— (A) developing voluntary standards to promote data transparency, open data formats, interoperability, modernization, analysis, security, and other standards and linkages used in multiple States; and (B) providing technical assistance to— (i) improve data sharing and promote linkages across early childhood education, elementary and secondary education, postsecondary education, adult education, workforce development, and labor market outcomes, which may include such sharing and linkages between multiple States; (ii) build capacity and tools to support public analysis of such systems to inform decision making by education system leaders and policymakers; and (iii) protect student confidentiality consistent with section 173; (7) acquiring and disseminating data on educational activities and student achievement (such as the Trends in International Math and Science Study and the Program for International Student Assessment) in the United States compared with foreign countries; ; and (F) by striking paragraph (10), as redesignated by subparagraph (D), and inserting the following: (10) developing, in coordination with the Director of the Census Bureau, a valid and accurate alternative student poverty measurement to improve the identification of students from low-income backgrounds and schools and local educational agencies that serve a high number or percentage of such students. ; (2) by redesignating subsection (b) as subsection (d)