; (C) combating related impunity afforded to illicit actors by addressing corruption in government institutions; and (D) supporting the capacity of financial intelligence units, customs agencies, and other government institutions focused on anti-money laundering initiatives and combating the financing of criminal activities and terrorism to exercise oversight consistent with the threats posed by illicit gold mining; (4) to build the capacity of foreign civilian law enforcement institutions in the Western Hemisphere to effectively counter— (A) linkages between illicit gold mining, illicit actors, money laundering, and other financial crimes, including trade-based money laundering; (B) linkages between illicit gold mining, illicit actors, trafficking in persons, and forced or coerced labor, including sex work and child labor; (C) the cross-border trafficking of illicit gold, and the mercury, cyanide, explosives, and other hazardous materials used in illicit gold mining; and (D) surveillance and investigation of illicit and related activities that are related to or are indicators of illicit gold mining activities; (5) to ensure the successful implementation of the existing Memoranda of Understanding signed with the Governments of Peru and of Colombia in 2017 and 2018, respectively, to expand bilateral cooperation to combat illicit gold mining; (6) to work with governments in the Western Hemisphere, bolster the effectiveness of anti-money laundering efforts to combat the financing of illicit actors in Latin America and the Caribbean and counter the laundering of proceeds related to illicit gold mining by— (A) fostering international and regional cooperation and facilitating intelligence sharing, as appropriate, to identify and disrupt financial flows related to the illicit gold mining, trafficking, and commercialization of gold and other minerals and illicit metals