the monarch butterfly and the American bumblebee have declined by 85 percent and 90 percent respectively. More than 70 pollinator species are listed as threatened or endangered, with the rusty patched bumble bee, powesheik skipperling, and Dakota skipper listed within this past decade due, in part, to threats from pesticides. (7) Scientists have linked the use of a certain class of systemic insecticides, known as neonico-tinoids, to the rapid decline of pollinators and to the deterioration of pollinator health. (8) Neonicotinoid pesticides cause sublethal effects, including impaired foraging and feeding behavior, disorientation, weakened immunity, delayed larval development, and increased susceptibility to viruses, diseases, and parasites. Numerous reports also document acute, lethal effects from the application of neonicotinoid pesticides. (9) The overwhelming body of scientific evidence concludes that systemic pesticides, primarily neonicotinoid pesticides, are causing significant damage to a wide range of beneficial invertebrate species, are a key factor in the decline of bees, lead to high levels of freshwater contamination, and pose a global threat to ecosystem services. (10) Both Canada and the European Union have recently moved to ban outdoor uses of the neonicotinoid pesticides imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam and restrict its use as a seed-coating, citing extreme risks to bees, other insects, the health of waterways, and the overall ecosystem. (11) Seeds coated with neonicotinoid pesticides are used on nearly 150 million acres across the country, where they cause both acute and chronic bee kills, contribute to pollinator decline, pollute soil and water, and harm wildlife, including threatened and endangered invertebrate and bird species. This seed coating is prophylactic, meaning it is used even where it is not even targeting a specific pest problem. The vast majority of some commodity crops, such as corn, are grown using neonicotinoid pesticide-coated seeds. (12) Studies have shown that