the United States, require full legal and political equality for former slaves and their progeny, many of whom are individuals with criminal convictions today. (10) The 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States stands out as perhaps the most important amendment given the Equal Protection Clause in section 1 has been the basis on which Federal courts have been able to strike down laws and practices that intentionally discriminate on the basis of race. The rate at which Black men are imprisoned in Federal facilities in the United States raises Equal Protection concerns given that their imprisonment remains many times that of their White counterparts and more than double that of the Hispanic male population, showing huge racial discrepancies in the criminal justice system. (11) Additionally, according to scholars such as Henry Chambers, A reasonably robust vision of the Fifteenth Amendment focuses on the political equality that should have been the culmination of the Reconstruction Amendments. That vision requires that rules and procedures that limit the political equality of minority groups be justified as necessary for the functioning of the electoral system, not that they merely appear colorblind. Such a reading of the Fifteenth Amendment may appear to require affirmative action on the part of States to guarantee minority representation and might appear to conflict with an equally robust reading of the Fourteenth Amendment and its supposed colorblind principle. If this is the case, so be it. . (12) The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ( Public Law 88–352