1. Findings Congress finds the following: (1) Congress has the sole power to declare war under the War Powers Clause of section 8 of article I of the Constitution of the United States. (2) Niger hosts the second-largest United States military presence in Africa, with more than 1,000 members of the United States Armed Forces in the country as of June 2023. (3) Congress has not declared war against the Republic of Niger or any organization or group in Niger, nor has Congress provided a specific statutory authorization for the involvement of United States Armed Forces in the armed conflict or any hostilities in Niger. (4) The Authorization for Use of Military Force ( Public Law 107–40 ; 50 U.S.C. 1541 note) against the perpetrators of the terror attacks on September 11, 2001, which was enacted on September 18, 2001, and the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 ( Public Law 107–243