; (B) an assessment of notable successes or challenges with regard to the information operations conducted by the United States, NATO member countries, and Ukraine prior to, and since, the full-scale invasion of Ukraine; and (C) recommendations for improvements to United States information operations to enhance effectiveness, as well as recommendations on how information operations may be improved to support the maintenance of deterrence. (b) Report (1) In general Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives a report on the results of the study required by subsection (a) in its entirety, along with any such comments as the Secretary considers relevant. (2) Form The report required by paragraph (1) shall be submitted in unclassified form but may include a classified annex. (c) Eligible entity defined In this section, the term eligible entity means— (1) a federally funded research and development center; or (2) an independent, nongovernmental institute described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and exempt from tax under section 501(a) of such Code that has recognized credentials and expertise in national security and military affairs appropriate for the assessment. 1246. Prohibition on New START treaty information sharing (a) Prohibition None of the funds authorized to be appropriated by this Act or otherwise made available for fiscal year 2024 for the Department of Defense may be made available to provide the Russian Federation with notifications as required by the New START Treaty. (b) Waiver The Secretary of Defense, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, may waive the prohibition in subsection (a) if the Secretary of Defense certifies to the appropriate congressional committees in writing that— (1) the Russian Federation is providing similar information to the United States as required by the New START Treaty