; (2) there is currently insufficient scientific understanding of, and an absence of consensus on, the extent of the risks and impacts of deep seabed mining on ocean and related ecosystems; (3) a regulatory framework should only be adopted by the International Seabed Authority on the basis of a comprehensive scientific understanding of, and consensus on, the potential risks and impacts of deep seabed mining on ocean ecosystems and communities and activities reliant on ocean ecosystems, including fisheries, indigenous peoples and coastal communities; (4) such a comprehensive scientific understanding and consensus should only be developed on the basis of sufficient scientific baseline information on the full impacts of deep seabed mining on marine and related ecosystems; and (5) no deep seabed mining should be permitted in the international seabed area unless it is conducted in a manner and under a clear and enforceable regulatory framework that effectively protects the marine environment from harmful effects, does not pose a risk to communities reliant on ocean ecosystems and prevents damage to the flora and fauna of the marine environment consistent with the obligations in Article 145 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and relevant global commitments for the conservation and sustainable use of the marine environment. (c) In general The President shall, until such time as the President submits to the appropriate congressional committees a certification described in subsection (d) and a report described in subsection (e), direct the United States representative to each relevant international organization to which the United States is a member or observer to take such actions as may be necessary to use the voice, vote, and influence of the United States in such organization to— (1) call for a moratorium on the permitting of deep seabed mining and exploration for deep seabed mining