; and Asian or Pacific islander: 3 percent). (10) Disparities in enrollment and academic achievement start early. In 2019, only 24 percent of students taking either AP Computer Science exams were women, and just 16 percent were African American, Latino, or Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander. (11) Nationwide, only 88 Native American students took the AP Computer Science exam in 2016, a decrease from 2015. This means that while Native Americans make up about 1.1 percent of the United States student population, they made up 1⁄5 of a percent of students who took AP Computer Science exams in 2016. (12) In 2019, just 18 percent of the Department of Education discretionary and research grants in STEAM were awarded to computer science-focused programs and less than half of high schools offered any computer science classes. (13) Lack of universal computer science education is evident in the lack of a widespread tech industry, which is overwhelmingly concentrated in a few cities nationwide. Tech industry entrepreneurship is concentrated in just a few States and computer science education is limited to affluent schools and students, placing low-income, minority, and rural communities at risk of being left behind. 3. Definitions In this Act: (1) Computational thinking The term computational thinking aims to capture the wide range of creative processes that go into formulating problems and their solutions in such a way that the solutions can be carried out by a computer, and may involve some understanding of software and hardware design, logic and the use of abstraction and representation, algorithm design, algorithm expression, problem decomposition, modularity, programming paradigms and languages, issues of information security and privacy, the application of computation across a wide range of disciplines, and the societal impact of computing. Programming is a hands-on, inquiry-based way in which computational thinking may be learned. (2) Computer science education The term computer science education includes any of the