1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Avi Kwa Ame National Monument Establishment Act of 2023 . 2. Findings Congress finds as follows: (1) The Federal public lands in southernmost Nevada comprise a nationally significant cultural and natural landscape. (2) These lands are considered sacred by numerous Indian Tribes, and the lands are tied to the Indian Tribes’ creation, cosmology, and well-being, containing numerous cultural sites and objects. (3) Avi Kwa Ame, or Spirit Mountain, located on the eastern edge of the proposed monument, is designated a Traditional Cultural Property on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its religious and cultural importance. (4) The lands showcase the progression of human history in the Eastern Mojave Desert, a literal crossroads of the American West. There are significant elements of Native American, Western-American, and Mining History, including the historic Mojave Trail/Road, originally used by Mojave and other Native Americans to transport goods from the southwest to trade with the Chumash and other coastal Tribes and later used in Western expansion, as well as the historic Walking Box Ranch which figures prominently in the history of movie making in America. (5) The lands contain several prominent geological features, such as the volcanic Highland Range within the northern section of the Avi Kwa Ame landscape, which is about 10 miles long and remarkably rugged and ragged. The multicolored volcanic peaks, several thousand feet in elevation, tower above the surrounding valley and are remarkably scenic and are a designated Crucial Bighorn Sheep Habitat area. (6) The lands are a rare biological hotspot that contain intact ecosystems, Joshua tree forests, outstanding wildlife habitat, and essential wildlife migration corridors. (7) The remote nature of the area protects the ability to enjoy increasingly rare natural quiet and dark night sky and solitude. (8) The lands provide important recreational opportunities. (9) Establishing the Federal public