2011 and 2021, the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as Russia ) gave not less than $160,000,000 to universities in the United States. The People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as China ) alone gave not less than $2,700,000,000 to universities during the United States during the same time frame. (9) Russia and China each have repressive and deeply troubling records relating to human rights, and both have engaged in cyber espionage targeting individuals in the United States. (10) Russia and China pose grave threats to the national security interests of the United States, yet those countries have successfully lavished billions of dollars to cultivate strong ties with institutions of higher education and research across the United States. (11) Although the Center for International Policy conducted a study in 2020 that concluded that think tanks focused on Federal policy received not less than $174,000,000 in funding from foreign governmental entities between 2014 and 2018, there is currently no means to determine the actual level or extent of foreign influence on those think tanks. (12) What is clear is the vast amount of foreign funding that United States-based think tanks receive, and that such foreign funding affects the direction of their policy recommendations. (13) There is significant concern in Congress about potential contractual stipulations tied to foreign funding that could be leveraged by foreign powers to exert even greater influence over the research and policy recommendations of think tanks that the Federal Government and the public in the United States would otherwise believe to be independent. (14) There is broad bipartisan agreement that undue foreign influence obscured through the use of proxies—or hidden by the powerful brand of a highly respected think tank—threatens the national security interests of the United States. There is also broad agreement that transparency is the most important and effective tool for reducing the harm of foreign influence targeting United