and immediate family members. (13) In 2002, the United States and Cambodia signed a bilateral repatriation agreement, hereafter known as the 2002 U.S.-Cambodia Repatriation Agreement. Deportations of Cambodian Americans to Cambodia increased by 366 percent the following year. Over 1,000 Cambodian Americans have been deported to Cambodia since then. (14) In 2008, the United States and Vietnam signed a bilateral repatriation agreement, hereafter known as the 2008 U.S.-Vietnam Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). According to section 2, article 2 of the 2008 Vietnam-U.S. MOU, Vietnamese citizens are not subject to return to Vietnam under this Agreement if they arrived in the United States before July 12, 1995, the date on which diplomatic relations were re-established between the U.S. Government and the Vietnamese Government . President George W. Bush and President Barack Obama both recognized the 2008 United States-Vietnam MOU’s removal protections for pre-1995 refugees. (15) In 2020, President Trump’s administration entered into a new memorandum of understanding with Vietnam, expanding the categories of immigrants it could deport to include pre-95 Vietnamese refugees who were previously protected from removal by the 2008 MOU. 3. Limitation on the detention and removal of nationals of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (a) Limitation on detention and removal An alien who is subject to a final order or removal may not be detained or removed from the United States on or after the date of enactment of this Act if the alien— (1) is a national of Cambodia, Laos, or Vietnam