tool of the CCP. (2) The National Intelligence Law, passed in China in 2017, states that any organization must assist or cooperate with CCP intelligence work. Such assistance or cooperation must also remain secret at the PRC’s request. (3) The PRC’s 2014 Counter-Espionage Law states that relevant organizations … may not refuse to collect evidence for an investigation. (4) The PRC’s Data Security Law of 2021 states that the PRC has the power to access and control private data. (5) The PRC’s Counter-Espionage Law grants PRC security agencies nearly unfettered discretion, if acting under an effectively limitlessly capacious understanding of national security, to access data from companies. (6) On September 17, 2020, the Department of Commerce concluded that the PRC, to advance its intelligence-gathering and to understand more about who to target for espionage, whether electronically or via human recruitment, is constructing massive databases of Americans’ personal information and that ByteDance has close ties to the CCP, including a cooperation agreement with a security agency and over 130 CCP members in management positions. (7) On December 2, 2022, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Christopher Wray, stated that TikTok’s data repositories on Americans are in the hands of a government that doesn’t share our values and that has a mission that’s very much at odds with what’s in the best interests of the United States. … The [CCP] has shown a willingness to steal Americans data on a scale that dwarfs any other . (8) On December 5, 2022, the Director of National Intelligence, Avril Haines, stated, when asked about TikTok and PRC ownership, It is extraordinary the degree to which [the PRC] … [is] developing frameworks for collecting foreign data and pulling it in, and their capacity to then turn that around and use it to target audiences for information campaigns and other things, but also to have it for the future so that they can use it for a variety of means . (9) On December 16, 2022, the Director