; (B) is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest; (C) is based on published, content-neutral, and viewpoint-neutral criteria; (D) leaves open ample alternative channels for communication; and (E) provides for spontaneous assembly and distribution of literature. (3) Application The protections provided under paragraph (1) do not apply to expressive activity in an area on an institution’s campus that is not a generally accessible area. (4) Nonapplication to service academies This section shall not apply to an institution of higher education whose primary purpose is the training of individuals for the military services of the United States, or the merchant marine. (c) Causes of action (1) Authorization The following persons may bring an action in a Federal court of competent jurisdiction to enjoin a violation of subsection (b) or to recover compensatory damages, reasonable court costs, or reasonable attorney fees: (A) The Attorney General. (B) A person claiming that the person's expressive activity rights, as described in subsection (b)(1), were violated. (2) Actions Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in an action brought under this section, the Federal court shall decide de novo all relevant questions of fact and law, including the interpretation of constitutional, statutory, and regulatory provisions, unless the parties stipulate otherwise. In an action brought under this subsection, if the court finds a violation of subsection (b), the court— (A) shall— (i) enjoin the violation; and (ii) if a person whose expressive activity rights were violated brought the action, award the person— (I) not less than $500 for an initial violation; and (II) if the person notifies the institution of the violation, $50 for each day the violation continues after the notification if the institution did not act to discontinue the cause of the violation; and (B) may award a prevailing plaintiff— (i) compensatory damages; (ii) reasonable court costs