; and (ii) jurisdiction with regard to the establishment and use of artificial islands, and installations and structures having economic purposes, and the protection and preservation of the marine environment. (4) The term illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing or IUU fishing means the activities described as IUU fishing in paragraph 3 of the 2001 Food and Agriculture Organization International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing. (5) The term marine protected area means any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, that has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment. (6) The term fly a flag of convenience with respect to a vessel means the registry of the vessel under the flag of a nation other than the nation of citizenship or incorporation of the beneficial owner of the vessel in order to profit from less restrictive regulations. 4. Authorization of imposition of sanctions (a) In general The President may impose the sanctions described in subsection (b) with respect to any foreign person, including a foreign vessel regardless of ownership, that the President determines— (1) is responsible for, complicit in, or has directly or indirectly participated in— (A) IUU fishing, as such term is defined in section 3(f)(4); (B) except as part of a conservation effort, the sale, supply, purchase, or transfer (including transportation) of endangered species, as defined in section 3(6) of the Endangered Species Act ( 16 U.S.C. 1532(6) ); or (C) behavior associated with IUU fishing, including improper use of relevant vessel monitoring, identification, or communication systems; (2) is a leader or official of an entity, including a government entity, that has engaged in, or the members of which have engaged in, any of the activities described in paragraph (1) during the tenure of the leader or official