; (B) establishing a reliable database of background levels of smoke exposure compounds that occur naturally in specialty crops; (C) developing risk assessment tools or mitigation methods to reduce or eliminate smoke exposure; and (D) studying compounds that can act as a barrier between specialty crops and smoke compounds. (18) Invasive species research Research and extension grants may be made under this section for the purposes of developing and disseminating science-based tools and treatments to manage or eradicate (including through methods of biocontrol and sterile insect techniques) invasive species of plants and animals, such as the spotted lanternfly ( Lycorma delicatula ), navel orangeworm ( Amyelois transitella ), and spotted wing drosophila ( Drosophila suzukii ). (19) Microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on farmland Research and extension grants may be made under this section for the purposes of carrying out or enhancing research on the agricultural impacts of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, including structural firefighting foam, in land-applied biosolids or compost on farmland, including by— (A) conducting surveys and collecting data on concentration, particle size, and chemical composition of such substances in land-applied biosolids on farmland; (B) the development or analysis of techniques, including wastewater treatment and composting, to filter out or biodegrade such substances from biosolids intended to be used for agricultural purposes; (C) conducting an analysis of the impact on agricultural crops and soil health of such substances in land-applied biosolids on farmland, including the uptake of such substances by various crops or livestock; (D) conducting research to better understand how wastewater processing impacts such substances; (E) conducting research to better understand the fate, residence time, and transport of such substances on farmland