1. Short title; table of contents (a) Short title This Act may be cited as the Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 2023 or the CREST Act of 2023 . (b) Table of contents The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Definitions. TITLE I—Carbon removal research and development Subtitle A—Biomass carbon removal Sec. 101. Biomass carbon removal programs. Sec. 102. Biological carbon dioxide conversion programs. Subtitle B—Geological carbon removal Sec. 111. Carbon mineralization pilot projects. Sec. 112. Carbon mineralization resource assessment. Sec. 113. Tailings and waste mineralization program. Subtitle C—Aquatic carbon removal Sec. 121. Ocean carbon removal mission. Sec. 122. Direct ocean capture assessment. Sec. 123. Offshore carbon storage program and assessment. Subtitle D—Atmospheric carbon removal Sec. 131. Direct air capture technology manufacturing research program. Subtitle E—Carbon removal quantification Sec. 141. Carbon removal quantification. TITLE II—Carbon removal purchasing pilot program Sec. 201. Carbon removal purchasing pilot program. 2. Definitions In this Act: (1) Carbon removal The term carbon removal means the intentional removal, including by harnessing natural processes, of carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere and subsequent storage of the carbon dioxide in geological, biobased, or ocean reservoirs or in value-added products that results in a net removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, as measured on a lifecycle basis. (2) Carbon removal technology or approach The term carbon removal technology or approach includes— (A) direct air capture with durable storage; (B) soil carbon sequestration; (C) biomass carbon removal and storage; (D) enhanced mineralization; (E) ocean-based carbon dioxide removal