; (2) wheel bearings; (3) brakes; (4) signals; (5) wheel impacts; and (6) other defects or failures specified by the Secretary. (d) Safety placards (1) In general In issuing regulations under subsection (a), the Secretary shall require that placards covered under section 172.519 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, be able to withstand heat in excess of 180 degrees. (2) Update based on recommendations The Secretary may, upon recommendation from the National Transportation Safety Board, issue such regulations as are necessary to increase the heat threshold described in paragraph (1). 6. Increasing maximum civil penalties for violations of rail safety regulations (a) Civil penalties related to transporting hazardous materials Section 5123(a) of title 49, United States Code, is amended— (1) in paragraph (1), in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking $75,000 and inserting the greater of 0.5 percent of the person's annual income or annual operating income or $750,000 ; and (2) in paragraph (2), by striking $175,000 and inserting the greater of 1 percent of the person's annual income or annual operating income or $1,750,000 . (b) General violations of chapter 201 Section 21301(a)(2) of title 49, United States Code, is amended— (1) by striking $25,000. and inserting the greater of 0.5 percent of the person's annual income or annual operating income or $250,000 ; and (2) by striking $100,000. and inserting the greater of 1 percent of the person's annual income or annual operating income or $1,000,000 . (c) Accident and incident violations of chapter 201; violations of chapters 203 through 209 Section 21302(a) is amended— (1) in paragraph (1), by striking 203–209 each place it appears and inserting 203 through 209 ; and (2) in paragraph (2)— (A) by striking $25,000 and inserting the greater of 0.5 percent of the person's annual income or annual operating income or $250,000