electoral system, and imposes economic costs on voters. (7) Long lines are estimated to have deterred between 500,000 and 700,000 people from casting their ballot in 2012. (8) These problems led to the creation of the bipartisan Presidential Commission on Election Administration, which issued a 2014 report that set forth a standard: No citizen should have to wait more than 30 minutes to vote. . (9) Despite the work of the Presidential Commission on Election Administration, long lines continue, particularly in communities of color where racial discrimination in voting is a clear and persistent problem. (10) In the Arizona 2016 Presidential primary, in one Maricopa County polling place for mostly Latino voters, some waited for 4 hours or more in the 80-degree heat to cast their ballots. For the 2016 general election, 3 people collapsed while waiting to vote in an hours-long line in Georgia, and a line to vote in Ohio was a half-mile long. (11) According to a nationwide study, in 2016, roughly 3 percent of people standing in line at voting locations left before they could vote as a result of long lines. (12) The disenfranchisement that long lines create for voters is not limited to that one election. Research suggests that for each hour would-be voters wait, their probability of voting in the next election drops by 1 percentage point. (13) Congress has the authority under article I, section 4 of the Constitution of the United States to enact laws governing the time, place, and manner of Federal elections. (14) Congress also has authority under section 2 of the 15th Amendment to enforce the right of citizens of the United States to vote, which shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, by legislation. 3. Preventing unreasonable voter waiting times (a) State plans required Title III of the Help America Vote Act of 2002 ( 52 U.S.C. 20901 et seq. ) is amended— (1) by redesignating sections 304 and 305 as sections 305 and 306