interstate commerce in many ways, including the following: (A) Health care services are a significant part of the national economy. In 2021, expenditures on health care services accounted for 18.3 percent of the country’s gross domestic product (or $4,300,000,000,000). Within health care, hospitals and health systems are economic pillars that create jobs and support economic growth across State lines. In 2021, hospitals directly employed 6,350,000 individuals. More broadly, hospitals supported 17,815,000 jobs throughout the entire interstate economy—1 out of 8 jobs in the United States—and supported nearly $4,000,000,000 in overall economic activity. (B) The health care market, and hospitals in particular, are heavily regulated by the Federal Government. (C) Hospital revenue comes from interstate or Federal sources, such as out-of-State insurers or Medicare. (D) Hospital employees who are victims of assault or intimidation are prevented from purchasing goods and services, obtaining or sustaining employment, or participating in other commercial activity. (E) Facilities and instrumentalities of interstate commerce have been used in the commission of assault and intimidation against hospital employees. (F) Assault and intimidation against hospital employees has been committed using articles that have traveled in interstate commerce. (7) In Summit Health, Ltd. v. Pinhas, 500 U.S. 322, 329–30 (1991), the Supreme Court of the United States held that it is clear that hospitals are regularly engaged in interstate commerce, performing services for out-of-State patients and generating revenues from out-of-State sources. (8) In Taylor v. United States, 579 U.S.___(2016), the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that activities that affect commerce may be regulated so long as they substantially affect interstate commerce in the aggregate, even if their individual impact on interstate commerce is minimal. In addition, as the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit recognized in United States v. Hill, 927