; (D) hypothermia, frostbite, and other consequences of exposure to extreme cold; and (E) other, cascading effects, such as consequences of widespread damage to critical infrastructure; (5) such health consequences may be even more damaging and long-lasting than the initial impact of nuclear explosions, and the prospects for recovery from such consequences are currently unclear; (6) such health consequences should be considered when preparing all-hazards emergency plans as a component of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats; (7) the focus of existing Federal Government preparedness and planning for nuclear threats has primarily been on individual nuclear detonation incidents, and not on responding to the long-term environmental and health impacts; and (8) research into, and preparedness for, the health consequences of the environmental impacts of nuclear war is of critical importance to the national security of the United States. 3. Health consequences of the environmental impacts of nuclear war Subtitle C of title XXVIII of the Public Health Service Act ( 42 U.S.C. 300hh–31 et seq. ) is amended by adding at the end the following: 2827. Health consequences of the environmental impacts of nuclear war (a) Definitions In this section: (1) Environmental impacts of nuclear war The term environmental impacts of nuclear war means changes to the environment resulting, either directly or indirectly, from the explosion of nuclear weapons, including — (A) the generation of vast quantities of soot as a result of firestorms generated by nuclear explosions; (B) the injection of such soot into the stratosphere; (C) a significant reduction in sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface as a result of such soot, causing a significant reduction in Earth’s surface temperatures, substantial changes to precipitation and ocean circulation patterns, and a dramatic decrease in crop and fisheries yields; (D) damage to the ozone layer as a result of such soot, causing increased ultraviolet radiation at the Earth’s surface