and crucial to maintain the faith of the people of the United States in the justice system. As the Supreme Court held in Caperton v. Massey, there is a serious risk of actual bias—based on objective and reasonable perceptions—when a person with a personal stake in a particular case had a significant and disproportionate influence in placing the judge on the case. (Caperton v. A. T. Massey Coal Co., 556 U.S. 868, 884 (2009)). (2) Public trust in government is at a historic low. According to polling, most Americans believe that corporations have too much power and influence in politics and the courts. (3) The prevalence and pervasiveness of dark money drives public concern about corruption in politics and the courts. Dark money is funding for organizations and political activities that cannot be traced to actual donors. It is made possible by loopholes in our tax laws and regulations, weak oversight by the Internal Revenue Service, and donor-friendly court decisions. (4) Under current law, social welfare organizations and business leagues can use funds to influence elections so long as political activity is not their primary activity. Super PACs can accept and spend unlimited contributions from any non-foreign source. These groups can spend tens of millions of dollars on political activities. Such dark money groups spent an estimated $1,050,000,000 in the 2020 election cycle. (5) Dark money is used to shape judicial decision-making. This can take many forms, akin to agency capture: influencing judicial selection by controlling who gets nominated and funding candidate advertisements