; (B) punitive damages; (C) restitution or other compensation; (D) reasonable attorney’s fees, including litigation expenses, and costs; and (E) any other relief determined appropriate by the court, including equitable or declaratory relief. (3) Injury in fact A violation of this Act or a regulation promulgated thereunder with respect to health data or location data constitutes a concrete and particularized injury in fact to the individual to whom such data relates. (4) Invalidity of pre-dispute arbitration agreements and pre-dispute joint-action waivers (A) In general Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no pre-dispute arbitration agreement or pre-dispute joint-action waiver shall be valid or enforceable with respect to a dispute arising under this Act. (B) Applicability Any determination as to whether or how this paragraph applies to any dispute shall be made by a court, rather than an arbitrator, without regard to whether such agreement purports to delegate such determination to an arbitrator. (C) Definitions For purposes of this paragraph: (i) Pre-dispute arbitration agreement The term pre-dispute arbitration agreement means any agreement to arbitrate a dispute that has not arisen at the time of the making of the agreement. (ii) Pre-dispute joint-action waiver The term pre-dispute joint-action waiver means an agreement that would prohibit a party from participating in a joint, class, or collective action in a judicial, arbitral, administrative, or other forum, concerning a dispute that has not yet arisen at the time of the making of the agreement. (c) Exclusive jurisdiction (1) District courts For any action brought under this Act, the following district courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction: (A) Commission For actions brought by the Commission, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. (B) Private actions For private actions brought by individuals, in the court of the plaintiff's choice between— (i) the United States District Court for the District of Columbia