Whereas title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 ( 20 U.S.C. 1681 et seq. ) prohibits sex discrimination in all educational programs and activities that receive Federal assistance, including athletics programs; Whereas title IX was intended to avoid the use of Federal resources to support discriminatory practices and to provide individuals effective protection against such practices; Whereas title IX does not, on its face, confine the list of those liable under the statute to recipients of Federal funds, but simply prohibits discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance ; Whereas, in the applicable implementing regulations for the Department of Education, the Department of Education requires educational programs to offer students of all sexes equal opportunities to play sports, to allocate athletic scholarships equitably, and to treat athletes of all sexes equally with respect to other benefits and services. (Benefits and services include equipment and supplies, scheduling of games and practice times, travel and daily allowance, locker rooms, practice and competitive facilities, medical and training facilities and services, housing and dining facilities and services, publicity and promotions, support services, and recruitment of student athletes.); Whereas the section 908 of the Education Amendments of 1972 ( 20 U.S.C. 1687 ) broadly defines a program or activity that receives Federal funds to mean all of the operations of a list of entities, including colleges and universities, private organizations principally engaged in education, and any other entity established by 2 or more of the listed entities—or what Congress termed the catch-all provision; Whereas, in interpreting title IX, Federal courts have correctly held that any entity that exercises controlling authority over a federally funded program is subject to title IX, regardless of whether that entity is itself a recipient of Federal aid