; Whereas between 1956 and 1967, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Legal Defense and Educational Fund litigated a series of court cases to eliminate discrimination in hospitals and professional associations; Whereas the landmark case Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, 323 F.2d 959 (1963), challenged the Federal Government’s use of public funds to expand, support, and sustain segregated hospital care, and provided justification for title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the Medicare hospital certification program—establishing Medicare hospital racial integration guidelines that applied to every hospital that participated in the Federal program; Whereas, in 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson established the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, which concluded that White racism is responsible for the pervasive discrimination and segregation in employment, education, and housing, resulting in deepened racial division and continued exclusion of Black communities from the benefits of economic progress; Whereas language minorities, including Latinos, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders, were not assured nondiscriminatory access to federally funded services, including health services, until the signing of Executive Order 13166 in 2000; Whereas the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( Public Law 111–148 ) included provisions to expand the Medicaid program and—for the first time in the United States—established a Federal prohibition against discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability in certain health programs, building on other Federal civil rights laws; Whereas the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act required reporting to Congress on health disparities based on race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability