; (B) the activities carried out under sections 454, 455, and 456; and (C) activities carried out pursuant to the national plan for smart manufacturing technology development and deployment developed under section 6006 of the Energy Act of 2020 ( 42 U.S.C. 17115a ); and (2) conduct research, development, and demonstration of technologies for the production and use of low-emissions cement, concrete, asphalt binder, and asphalt mixtures that have the potential to increase— (A) domestic production and use of low-emissions cement, concrete, asphalt binder, and asphalt mixtures; and (B) employment in fields relating to that domestic production and use. (e) Focus areas In carrying out the program established under subsection (c), the Secretary shall focus on— (1) carbon capture technologies for cement or asphalt binder production processes, which may include— (A) oxycombustion and chemical looping technologies; (B) precombustion technologies; (C) postcombustion technologies; or (D) direct carbon dioxide separation technologies; (2) alternative materials, technologies, and processes that— (A) produce fewer greenhouse gas and copollutant emissions during production, use, or end use of cement, concrete, asphalt binder, or asphalt mixtures; and (B) with respect to quality, durability, and resilience, provide products that are equivalent to or better than commercially available products; (3) medium- and high-temperature heat-generation technologies used for production of low-emissions cement, asphalt binder, and asphalt mixtures, which may include— (A) alternative fuels; (B) renewable heat-generation and storage technology; (C) electrification of heating processes; or (D) other heat-generation and storage sources; (4) technologies and practices that minimize energy and natural resource consumption, which may include— (A) designing products that enable reuse, refurbishment, remanufacturing, or recycling