; (3) Pacific Islanders from the Freely Associated States experience unique health inequities resulting from United States nuclear weapons tests on their home islands while they have been categorically denied access to Medicaid and other Federal health benefits; (4) language minorities, including Chinese-, Korean-, Vietnamese-, and Spanish-speaking Americans, were not assured nondiscriminatory access to federally funded services, including health services, until the signing of Executive Order 13166 ( 42 U.S.C. 2000d–1 note; relating to improving access to services for persons with limited English proficiency) in 2000; (5) the COVID–19 pandemic exacerbated economic, health, housing, and food security barriers for Black, Hispanic or Latino, Asian American, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and Native American households, which already suffer from disproportionately higher rates of food insecurity; and (6) members of the Black, Native American, Alaska Native, Asian American, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and Hispanic or Latino communities are disproportionately impacted by the criminal justice and immigration enforcement systems and face a higher risk of contracting COVID–19 within prison populations and detention centers due to the over-incarceration of members of those communities; Whereas subtle or implicit racism in all sectors of the medical service profession continues to cause disproportionate physical and psychological harm to members of racial and ethnic minority groups; Whereas examples of subtle or implicit racism in the medical service profession include— (1) the history and persistence of racist and nonscientific medical beliefs, which are associated with ongoing racial inequities in treatment and health outcomes; (2) implicit racial and ethnic biases within the health care system, which have an explicit impact on the quality of care experienced by members of racial and ethnic minority groups, such as the undertreatment of pain in Black patients