; and (E) section 2 of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. (6) In Vieth v. Jubelirer, 541 U.S. 267 (2004), the Supreme Court recognized that the Framers provided a remedy for partisan gerrymandering in the Constitution through the power bestowed on Congress to regulate elections, and … to restrain the practice of political gerrymandering. . (7) This power has not lain dormant, as Congress has repeatedly exercised its authority under article I, section 4 to regulate congressional districting criteria when Congress passed the Apportionment Act of 1842 (5 Stat. 491), the Apportionment Act of 1862 (12 Stat. 572), the Apportionment Act of 1872 (17 Stat. 28), the Apportionment Act of 1901 (31 Stat. 733), the Apportionment Act of 1911 (37 Stat. 13), the Apportionment Act of 1941 (55 Stat. 761), and the 1967 amendment to the Apportionment Act of 1929 ( Public Law 90–196 ). 3. Districting criteria (a) Required criteria Following each Federal decennial census of population, each State with more than one congressional district shall establish or alter the boundaries of each congressional district of the State (referred to in this Act as a districting plan ) in accordance with each of the following criteria: (1) Districts shall comply with the United States Constitution, including the requirement that they equalize total population. (2) Districts shall comply with the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ( 52 U.S.C. 10301 et seq.). (3) Districts shall provide racial, ethnic, and language minorities with an equal opportunity to participate in the political process and to elect candidates of choice and shall not dilute or diminish their ability to elect candidates of choice whether alone or in coalition with others. (4) Districts shall respect communities of interest, neighborhoods, and political subdivisions to the extent practicable. A community of interest is defined as an area with recognized similarities of interests, including ethnic, racial, economic, social, cultural, geographic, or historic