; or (2) in any civil enforcement proceeding brought by the United States, any State, or any agency or political subdivision thereof. (c) Exception Subsection (a) does not apply in the case of a search or seizure that was motivated by reasonable suspicion based on specific and articulable facts that include trustworthy distinguishing information, relevant to the locality and timeframe, about an individual who committed an identified crime, which information includes a particular characteristic described in subsection (a), if that distinguishing information is sufficiently specific that it does not describe a substantial subset of individuals sharing that characteristic, or of individuals of the relevant age sharing that characteristic. 3. Applicability of the Constitution, Laws, and Treaties of the United States on Collateral Review (a) Grant of habeas corpus when judgment in error Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall be granted with respect to any Federal claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings, which adjudication was in error. (b) New constitutional rules Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in the case of a new rule of constitutional law announced by the United States Supreme Court, the United States Court of Appeals, or the United States District Court— (1) such rule shall be retroactive to cases on collateral review; (2) an application for a writ of habeas corpus raising a claim under such rule may be made at any time