; (7) at least 80 percent of the carbon from known fossil fuel reserves must not be released into the atmosphere to have an 80 percent chance of avoiding the worst effects of climate change stemming from a 2 degree Celsius change in global temperature; (8) developing oil and gas reserves in the Arctic Ocean is incompatible with staying within that global carbon budget and avoiding the worst effects of climate change; and (9) the Arctic Ocean is home to invaluable and fragile ecosystems, which are critical to— (A) marine mammals, including whales, walrus, ice seals, and polar bears; (B) fisheries; (C) migratory birds; (D) indigenous populations; and (E) subsistence hunters. (b) Statement of policy It is the policy of the United States that the Arctic Ocean should be managed for the best interests of the people of the United States, including by keeping fossil fuels in the ground to avoid the dangerous impacts of climate change. 3. Prohibition of oil and gas leasing in Arctic areas of the outer Continental Shelf Section 8 of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act ( 43 U.S.C. 1337 ) is amended by adding at the end the following: (q) Prohibition of oil and gas leasing in Arctic areas of the outer Continental Shelf (1) Definition of Arctic In this subsection, the term Arctic has the meaning given the term in section 112 of the Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984 ( 15 U.S.C. 4111 ). (2) Prohibition Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act or any other law, the Secretary of the Interior shall not issue or extend a lease or any other authorization for the exploration, development, or production of oil, natural gas, or any other mineral on Arctic areas of the outer Continental Shelf. .