; (5) Black students are disproportionately excluded from school, beginning as early as preschool, and students who are suspended are more likely to fail a grade, drop out of school, and become involved in the juvenile justice system; (6) with few exceptions, Black students, boys, and students with disabilities experience disparities in the administration of school discipline, regardless of the type of disciplinary action, poverty level of the school, or type of public school attended; and (7) research suggests that implicit biases—stereotypes or unconscious associations that people, including teachers and other school staff, hold about other people—are a contributing factor to these discipline disparities because they cause school staff to judge students differently based on their race; Whereas disparate impact analysis is an essential tool to combat discrimination across other areas of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; Whereas the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has acknowledged that the disproportionate placement of industrial polluters in low-income and minority neighborhoods in Flint, Michigan, is discriminatory, and whereas the entirety of the environmental justice movement is premised on a disparate impact analysis; Whereas Federal appellate courts have determined that violations of title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, also known as the Fair Housing Act (FHA), may be established through the disparate impact theory of liability