; and the laws of said Nation shall be equally binding upon and give equal protection to all such persons … . (17) Virtually identical clauses relating to the citizenship of individuals of African descent within the Seminole and Cherokee Nations were negotiated, agreed upon, and added to the respective Seminole and Cherokee Treaties of 1866. (18) Shortly after executing the Treaty of 1866, the Creek Nation reorganized their constitutional structure, and in 1867, it created a new and expansive constitution which recognized and affirmed the full citizenship rights of Black Creeks. (19) The 1867 Constitution did not discriminate against Creeks of African descent, Free Black, or Creek Freedmen citizens of the Creek Nation. (20) In fact, upon ratifying the 1867 Constitution, the Creek Nation reconstituted its 44 traditional towns and voluntarily created 3 additional towns ( Freedmen Towns ) so the Freedmen would have equal representation in the Creek Nation’s National Council. (21) Also, in 1867, the Creek Nation gathered at the request of Federal Indian Agent J.W. Dunn ( Dunn ) to identify and list the individual members of the Creek Nation. (22) As a result of that gathering, Dunn compiled a roll of the Creek Nation’s citizens, which came to be known as the Dunn Roll . Listed on the Dunn Roll were all of the Creek Nation’s then-gathered citizens, which encompassed Creek Nation citizens with African ancestry, including Native Africans, Free Africans, and newly emancipated, formerly enslaved Creek Freedmen. (23) Many Creek Nation citizens were forced to leave Creek Nation territory during the Civil War because of the violence or for various other reasons. The Treaty of 1866 gave Creek Nation citizens until July 15, 1867, to return to Creek territory in order to be included on the Dunn Roll. However, Dunn completed his roll 5 months early and sent it to Washington, DC, in February 1867. (24) As a result, the Creek Nation created a Post-Civil War Citizenship Commission to review the applications of people who claimed