; the plain meaning of which is, that it is the peculiar and exclusive duty of Congress, when the nation is at peace, to change that state into a state of war. . (5) James Madison wrote, in Madison Papers, Helvidius, Number 4, dated September 14, 1793, The power to declare war, including the power of judging the causes of war, is fully and exclusively vested in the legislature … the executive has no right, in any case, to decide the question, whether there is or is not cause for declaring war. . (6) Section 2(c) of the War Powers Resolution ( 50 U.S.C. 1541(c) ) states that the constitutional powers of the President as Commander-in-Chief to introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities, or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, are exercised only pursuant to (1) a declaration of war, (2) specific statutory authorization, or (3) a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces . (7) On April 12, 2018, then-Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Mike Pompeo, testified before the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate that he believed the President had the authority to send U.S. military forces into action even if none of the qualifications of section 2(c) of the War Powers Resolution are met. (8) On February 13, 2020, a bipartisan majority in the Senate directed the President to remove Armed Forces from hostilities against Iran or any part of its government or military, unless otherwise explicitly authorized by Congress, following passage of a similar measure in the House of Representatives on January 9, 2020. (9) The United States has approximately 28,500 members of the Armed Forces stationed in Korea, and over 100,000 United States citizens in total, all of whom would be placed in grave danger if an active military conflict on the Korean Peninsula were to erupt. 3. Prohibition on unconstitutional military strikes against North Korea (a) Prohibition of authorized