; Whereas the PRC’s National Security Law declares nearly any issue—from the economy to technology and information to ideology—a matter of national security and intelligence work; Whereas the PRC’s Cybersecurity Law gives the CCP expansive powers over how information technology products are approved and where data and information are stored, including— (1) Articles 22 and 23 which require network products and services to adhere to mandatory national standards and obtain certain certifications, many of which require the disclosure of proprietary information, such as source code, and the use of indigenously innovated Chinese intellectual property; (2) Article 28 which mandates any network operator to provide technical support and assistance to public security and national security organs; and (3) Article 37 which sets forth broad requirements for data and information to be stored within the boundaries of the PRC; Whereas the National Intelligence Law gives Chinese intelligence agencies authority to compel private companies to support intelligence operations, including Article 7, which requires an organization or citizen to support, assist, and cooperate with state intelligence work, and Article 14, which demands that organizations provide support, assistance, and cooperation to intelligence organs; Whereas Article 22 of China’s Counterespionage Law states that when agencies are investigating espionage activities and collecting evidence, organizations and individuals must not refuse to provide it information; Whereas Article 18 of the Anti-Terrorism Law states that telecommunications business operators and internet service providers shall provide technical interfaces, de­cryp­tion, and other technical support and assistance for public security organs and state security organs to prevent and investigate terrorist activities in accordance with the law