and lobbied mean to act or have acted as a registered lobbyist. (7) The term former employer is any person for whom the appointee has within the 2 years prior to the date of his or her appointment served as an employee, officer, director, trustee, or general partner, except that former employer does not include any executive agency or other entity of the Federal Government, State or local government, the District of Columbia, Native American tribe, or any United States territory or possession. (8) The term former client is any person for whom the appointee served personally as agent, attorney, or consultant within the 2 years prior to the date of his or her appointment, but excluding instances where the service provided was limited to a speech or similar appearance. It does not include clients of the appointee’s former employer to whom the appointee did not personally provide services. (9) The term directly and substantially related to my former employer or former clients means matters in which the appointee’s former employer or a former client is a party or represents a party. (10) The term participate means to participate personally and substantially. (11) The term post-employment restrictions includes the provisions and exceptions in section 207(c) of title 18, United States Code, and the implementing regulations. (12) The term Government official means any employee of the executive branch. (13) The term Administration means all terms of office of the incumbent President serving at the time of the appointment of an appointee covered by this title. (14) The term pledge means the ethics pledge set forth in section 202 of this title. (15) All references to provisions of law and regulations shall refer to such provisions as in effect on the date of enactment of this title. 202. Ethics pledge Each appointee in every executive agency appointed on or after the date of enactment of this section shall be required to sign an ethics pledge upon appointment. The pledge shall be signed and dated within 30 days of taking