; (ii) the capacity of countries and international organizations to combat the further spread of COVID–19, including risks and opportunities for further global cooperation; and (iii) the risks to the national security and health security of the United States if COVID–19 is not contained abroad. (B) An assessment of the global public health system and the responses of the system to the COVID–19 pandemic, including— (i) prospects for an effective global disease surveillance and response system, opportunities to advance the development of such a system, and signposts for evaluating whether or not an effective system has been developed before a disease outbreak occurs; and (ii) an assessment of global health system capacity. (C) An assessment of— (i) the humanitarian and economic implications of the COVID–19 pandemic; and (ii) the consequences of the COVID–19 pandemic with respect to political stability, armed conflict, democratization, and the global leadership by the United States of the post-World War II international system. (D) An assessment of— (i) likely threats by global pandemic diseases during the 10-year period following the date of the Estimate; (ii) global readiness to avert a future global pandemic; (iii) challenges and opportunities for the policy of the United States to advance global pandemic preparedness