; and (2) be carried out through a contract with a nongovernmental organization that has demonstrated expertise in providing such supervision and support services. (c) Determination of vulnerable population or caregiver status required (1) In general Except as provided in paragraph (3) and subject to paragraph (2), not later than 72 hours after taking an individual into custody under the immigration laws, the Secretary, the Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection, an immigration officer, or an immigration judge shall make an individualized determination with respect to— (A) whether the individual may participate in an alternatives to detention program, including the Family Case Management Program described in subsection (b); and (B) the appropriate level of supervision. (2) Presumption for placement in alternatives to detention program (A) In general There shall be a presumption for placement in an alternatives to detention program that is a community-based supervision program for any alien who is— (i) taken into the physical custody of the Department of Homeland Security; and (ii) a member of a vulnerable population, a parent of a child under 18 years of age, a dependent caregiver, or a family caregiver. (B) Exception The presumption described in subparagraph (A) shall not apply if the Secretary, the Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection, an immigration officer, or an immigration judge specifically determines that the alien is a threat to himself or herself or the public. (3) Exceptions Alternatives to detention programs shall not be available to any individual— (A) detained under section 236A of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1226a )