; (4) scientists from the United States should coordinate closely with scientists from European Union member states to develop effective treatments and a vaccine for COVID–19; (5) the United States Government and the European Union and its member states should enhance intelligence cooperation to counter Chinese and Russian disinformation efforts with respect to the COVID–19 pandemic; (6) the United States Government and the European Union should coordinate on joint strategies to diminish reliance on the medical and pharmaceutical supply chain from China in the wake of the COVID–19 pandemic; (7) the United States Government and the European Union should coordinate efforts to provide assistance and directly engage with the political leadership of EU Eastern Partnership countries and EU aspirant countries, especially those in the Western Balkans