; or (2) torture, as defined in section 208.31 of title 8, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on January 1, 2020). (c) No Federal funds may be obligated or expended to implement a return modality for purposes of an alien establishing an asylum claim in a third country until the Secretary has certified to Congress that such third country has the capacity to assess asylum claims and safely resettle such claimants. (d) Beginning not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall publish on a semi-monthly basis not less than the previous 12 months of the data required to be collected by subsection (a) as of the last date of each reporting period on a publicly available website of the Department in a downloadable, searchable, and sortable format. 107. (a) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall conduct a comprehensive study to determine the extent of human trafficking in the United States, consistent with the conclusions of the consultation under subsection (b). (b) Prior to commencing the study, the Secretary shall carry out the following activities in consultation with such Federal departments and agencies and State and local government entities as the Secretary determines appropriate— (1) determine the appropriate time period for the study to consider; (2) determine what information regarding the incidence of human trafficking is currently reported to any Federal department or agency, and the availability of such information; (3) take appropriate actions to obtain such information, consistent with privacy protection laws and considerations and, where such information cannot be obtained, promptly report to Congress such unavailability; (4) determine what additional information from State and local government entities is necessary to complete the study