; (ii) methods to assess, characterize, and reduce bias in datasets and artificial intelligence systems; and (iii) safety and robustness of artificial intelligence systems, including assurance, verification, validation, security, and control; (G) privacy and security, including for datasets used for the training and inference of artificial intelligence systems, and software and hardware used in artificial intelligence systems; (H) fields and research areas that address the application of artificial intelligence systems to scientific discovery and societal challenges; (I) societal, ethical, safety, education, workforce, and security implications of artificial intelligence systems, including social impact of artificial intelligence systems on different groups within society, especially historically marginalized groups; and (J) qualitative and quantitative forecasting of future capabilities, applications, and impacts. (2) Engineering support In soliciting proposals for funding under this section, the Director shall permit applicants to include in their proposed budgets funding for software engineering support to assist with the proposed research. (3) Ethics (A) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that— (i) a number of emerging areas of research, including artificial intelligence, have potential ethical, social, safety, and security implications that might be apparent as early as the basic research stage; (ii) the incorporation of ethical, social, safety, and security considerations into the research design and review process for Federal awards may help mitigate potential harms before they happen; (iii) the National Science Foundation’s intent to enter into an agreement with the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to conduct a study and make recommendations with respect to governance of research in emerging technologies is a positive step toward accomplishing this goal