lost lives, as well as unnecessary and costly medical procedures, with related complications. (6) With prostate imaging tools, men and their families would face less physical, psychological, financial and emotional trauma and billions of dollars could be saved in private and public health care systems. (c) Research and development of prostate cancer imaging technologies (1) Expansion of research The Secretary of Health and Human Services (referred to in this section as the Secretary ), acting through the Director of the National Institutes of Health and the Administrator of the Health Resources and Services Administration, and in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, shall carry out a program to expand and intensify research to develop innovative advanced imaging technologies for prostate cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment comparable to state-of-the-art mammography technologies. (2) Early Stage research In implementing the program under paragraph (1), the Secretary, acting through the Administrator of the Health Resources and Services Administration, shall carry out a grant program to encourage the early stages of research in prostate imaging to develop and implement new ideas, proof of concepts, and pilot studies for high-risk technologic innovation in prostate cancer imaging that would have a high potential impact for improving patient care, including individualized care, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness. (3) Large-scale later stage research In implementing the program under paragraph (1), the Secretary, acting through the Director of the National Institutes of Health, shall utilize the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering and the National Cancer Institute for advanced stages of research in prostate imaging, including technology development and clinical trials for projects determined by the Secretary to have demonstrated promising preliminary results and proof of concept. (4) Interdisciplinary private-public partnerships In developing the program under paragraph (1),