; (2) analyze the effects of the increasing proliferation of renewable and other zero emissions energy generation sources, increasing use of distributed resources owned by non-utility entities, and the use of digital and automated controls not managed by grid operators; (3) include a variety of new and emerging distribution grid technologies, including distributed energy resources, electric vehicle charging stations, distribution automation technologies, energy storage, and renewable energy sources; (4) analyze the effects of local load balancing and other forms of decentralized control; (5) analyze the effects of changes to grid architectures resulting from modernizing electric grid systems, including communications, controls, markets, consumer choice, emergency response, electrification, and cybersecurity concerns; and (6) develop integrated grid architectures that incorporate system resilience for cyber, physical, and communications systems. (e) Operation and controls research and development The Secretary shall conduct research to develop improvements to the operation and controls of the electric grid, in coordination with industry partners. Such activities shall include— (1) a training facility or facilities to allow grid operators to gain operational experience with advanced grid control concepts and technologies; (2) development of cost-effective advanced operation and control concepts and technologies, such as adaptive islanding, dynamic line rating systems, power flow controllers, network topology optimization, smart circuit breakers, intelligent load shedding, and fault-tolerant control system architectures; (3) development of real-time control concepts using artificial intelligence and machine learning for improved electric grid resilience