; and (D) mixed blood Creek Nation citizens now known as the Black Creeks or Creek Freedmen . (5) Citizens of the Creek Nation were removed primarily by their traditional Tribal town , and it was the town Micos or chiefs who kept the Tribal rolls. This allowed Creek Nation citizens who survived the journey to reestablish their traditional towns in Indian Territory. (6) Removal was carried out by the military, and approximately 24,000 Creek Nation citizens were forced to travel to Indian Territory on foot or by riverboats. Due to poor planning, organization, and indifference by the Federal Government, thousands of Creek Nation citizens died on the way to Indian Territory due to exposure, starvation, and disease. (7) Even after removal to Indian Territory, some Creek Nation citizens continued to hold slaves until the Creek Treaty of 1866 abolished slavery in the Creek Nation. (8) In 1861, a faction of the Creek Nation known as Southern Creeks executed a treaty with the Confederate States of America, severing its relations with the United States Government. Members of the Southern Creeks held positions in the Congress and military of the Confederate States of America and waged war against the United States during the Civil War. Other Creeks, known as the Loyal Creeks , who generally resisted cultural assimilation, provided supplies, men, and support for the Union. A contingent of Loyal Creeks, which included a substantial Black Creek component, left their homes in Oklahoma and moved to Kansas to flee Southern Creek soldiers and their Confederate allies. (9) The Battle of Honey Springs was a major battle that occurred in Indian Territory during the Civil War, and Loyal Creeks, including Black Creeks, valiantly fought against the Confederacy and their allies. (10) In 1865, as the Civil War ended, President Andrew Johnson designated a commission to travel to Fort Smith, Arkansas, to convene a council for the purpose of negotiating a new treaty with the Creek Nation. (11) The members of that commission declared that a