; (B) the reasonable expectations of impacted residents for the quiet use and enjoyment of owned or rented property; and (C) any other factors that a State considers appropriate to reduce substantial negative impacts of noise propagating to a community within 5 miles of an airport. (7) Setting aside of methodology or standard A methodology or standard established by a State shall not be set aside unless a Federal court determines such methodology or standard to be arbitrary or capricious. (8) Publication A study described in this subsection shall be published. (c) Preemption Congress hereby finds and declares that no Federal statute is intended to preempt a cause of action against an airport maintained in any State small claims or superior court, by any individual or city within 5 miles of the airport, when an exceedance of a standard established by a State pursuant to this Act for an airport is averred. (d) Definitions In this Act, the following definitions apply: (1) Ground-based noise The term ground-based noise means noise emanating from an aircraft operating on the ground predominately consisting of noise of 200 Hz or below. (2) Substantial negative impact The term substantial negative impact means a noise exceedance that is injurious to health, offensive to the senses, or an obstruction to the free use of property, and interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property by an entire community or neighborhood, or by any considerable number of persons, whether or not the entire community or those considerable number of persons participate in the cause of action.