; and (B) failed to take all necessary and reasonable measures to prevent such crimes or investigate and prosecute those responsible for such crimes. (15) Courts with jurisdiction over war crimes may be nonexistent, may lack capacity, or may be subject to the same political failings that allowed conflict-related sexual or gender-based violence to take place. While the United Nations Security Council could refer a case to the International Criminal Court, it is constrained by the prospects of a veto. (16) Convicting and imprisoning top military leaders with command or superior responsibility for rape or other forms of sexual and gender-based violence in conflict is essential to deter future crimes of sexual violence. Further support to civil society, grassroots organizations, women-led organizations, and justice actors is necessary to combat sexual violence and provide services and support to survivors. The landmark decision on December 15, 2017, by military justice authorities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for the conviction of a provincial parliamentarian and members of the Army of Jesus militia for the crimes against humanity of rape of dozens of children in Kavumu, Democratic Republic of the Congo is a significant step for ending impunity for sexual violence. (17) The United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict and the United Nations Team of Experts on the Rule of Law and Sexual Violence in Conflict were established by Security Council Resolution 1888 (2009) to work toward providing support to survivors of sexual violence in conflict and ending impunity for these heinous crimes. (18) The United Nations Secretary-General’s annual report to the United Nations Security Council on conflict-related sexual violence lists parties credibly suspected of committing or being responsible for patterns of rape or other forms of sexual violence in situations of armed conflict on the agenda of the Security Council in its annex. This listing mechanism is