; (B) the alternative compliance payments that would have been made by any petitioners under section 202(d) but for a determination of inadequate availability of technology made by the Secretary under section 202(d); and (C) collected as a civil penalty under section 209. (4) Expenditures Amounts in the Carbon Mitigation Fund shall be available without further appropriation or fiscal year limitation to carry out the program under subsection (b). (b) Program (1) In general The Secretary shall carry out a program to award funds to entities to carry out activities in States that avoid emissions of greenhouse gases or remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. (2) Activities Activities for which the Secretary may award funds under the program carried out pursuant to this subsection include— (A) improvement to the energy efficiency of existing facilities and devices; (B) the replacement of natural gas space heaters, natural gas water heaters, and natural gas stoves, with electric appliances; (C) the replacement of fossil fuel-powered vehicles owned by State and local agencies with electric vehicles or other low-carbon fuel vehicles; (D) the replacement of fossil fuel-powered ground airport and seaport vehicles with electric vehicles or other low-carbon fuel vehicles; (E) installation of fast charging stations for electric vehicles along highways and other public roads in urban areas and rural areas; (F) beneficial electrification-related reductions not otherwise identified in this paragraph; (G) direct air capture and permanent sequestration or utilization of carbon dioxide