; (2) there are currently several interagency committees working on related tasks with respect to artificial intelligence; and (3) the reporting structure of such committees could be simplified to address efficiently the goals of an initiative described in paragraph (1). 3. Definitions In this Act: (1) Artificial intelligence The term artificial intelligence includes the following: (A) Any artificial system that performs tasks under varying and unpredictable circumstances without significant human oversight, or that can learn from experience and improve performance when exposed to data sets. (B) An artificial system developed in computer software, physical hardware, or other context that solves tasks requiring human-like perception, cognition, planning, learning, communication, or physical action. (C) An artificial system designed to think or act like a human, including cognitive architectures and neural networks. (D) A set of techniques, including machine learning, that is designed to approximate a cognitive task. (E) An artificial system designed to act rationally, including an intelligent software agent or embodied robot that achieves goals using perception, planning, reasoning, learning, communicating, decision making, and acting. (2) Advisory Committee The term Advisory Committee means the advisory committee established or designated under section 104. (3) Emerging research institution The term emerging research institution means an institution of higher education that— (A) receives less than $20,000,000 in Federal research funding annually