; (2) promote greater economies of scale in the domestic and international market for secure and resilient communications network equipment; and (3) incentivize more efficient use of spectrum. 5. Compatibility with open network architectures (a) Development of criteria (1) In general The Commission shall establish a requirement, as part of the equipment authorization program of the Commission, to obtain a certification that advanced mobile network equipment is in compliance with O-RAN network architectures. (2) Private sector testing and certification A certification described in paragraph (1) may be obtained through appropriate private sector testing and certification programs. (3) Independent testing laboratories The Commission, in consultation with the National Institute of Standards and Technology, may establish qualifications for independent testing laboratories to certify compliance of advanced mobile network equipment under paragraph (1). (b) Condition on funding The Commission may not provide any amounts to support the purchase of 5G network equipment to replace unsecure equipment or services provided by any company posing a national security threat to integrity of communications networks or the communications supply chain, as identified by the Commission through the process under section 54.9 of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations, unless the recipient submits to the Commission a plan to begin, within 7 years, to transition to open standards-based compatible equipment, such as equipment developed pursuant to the standards set forth by organizations such as the O-RAN Alliance, the Telecom Infra Project, 3GPP, or any successor organizations, to ensure forward compatibility and open, multi-vendor network equipment interoperability.