system of active incentives is needed to encourage researchers to utilize humane, cost-effective, and scientifically suitable non-animal methods. 3. Animals in research Section 495 of the Public Health Service Act ( 42 U.S.C. 289d ) is amended to read as follows: 495. Animals in research (a) In general The Secretary, acting through the Director of NIH, shall, with respect to all research conducted or supported by the National Institutes of Health, do the following: (1) Establish a system of meaningful incentives to encourage the use of existing humane and scientifically satisfactory non-animal methods in research proposals. (2) Ensure that, before any research involving the use of animals is approved or performed— (A) all scientifically satisfactory non-animal methods for obtaining the results sought have been fully evaluated