; and (2) identifying any legislative solutions necessary to improve the ability of the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of State, or both, to identify, investigate, and prevent the illicit transfer of sensitive technologies from United States institutions of higher education and research institutions as a result of programs of study related to sensitive technologies undertaken by aliens described in subparagraph (F), (J), or (M) of section 101(a)(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15) ). (f) Definitions In this section: (1) Appropriate congressional committees The term appropriate congressional committees means the Committee on Homeland Security, the Committee on the Judiciary, the Committee on Armed Services, and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, the Committee on the Judiciary, the Committee on Armed Services, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate. (2) Institution of higher education The term institution of higher education has the meaning given such term in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 1001 ). (3) Program of study The term program of study means any degree program, field of study, significant coursework, research, or laboratory access related to sensitive technologies, or other academic activity required to be reported pursuant to section 641(a) of the Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act, 1997 ( Public Law 104–208 ( 8 U.S.C. 1372(a) )). (4) Sensitive technologies The term sensitive technologies has the meaning given such term in paragraph (8) of section 428(e) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 ( 6 U.S.C. 236(e) ), as added by section 3. 3. Visa security (a) Program scope Paragraph (1) of section 428(e) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 ( 6 U.S.C. 236(e) ) is amended— (1) by striking The Secretary and inserting the following: (A) Authorization The Secretary