; and (B) has impeded investigations into entities suspected of such misconduct; and (4) evaluating whether the failure of the United States to require beneficial ownership information for partnerships and trusts formed or registered in the United States has elicited international criticism and what steps, if any, the United States has taken or is planning to take in response. (b) Effectiveness of incorporation practices study Not later than 5 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall conduct a study and submit to the Congress a report assessing the effectiveness of incorporation practices implemented under this Act, and the amendments made by this Act, in— (1) providing law enforcement agencies with prompt access to reliable, useful, and complete beneficial ownership information; and (2) strengthening the capability of law enforcement agencies to— (A) combat incorporation abuses and civil and criminal misconduct; and (B) detect, prevent, or punish terrorism, money laundering, tax evasion, or other misconduct. (c) Using technology To avoid duplicative layers of reporting obligations and increase accuracy of beneficial ownership information (1) In general The Secretary, in consultation with the Attorney General of the United States shall conduct a study to evaluate— (A) the feasibility of adopting FinCEN identifying numbers or other simplified reporting methods in order to facilitate a simplified beneficial ownership regime for reporting companies; (B) whether a reporting regime whereby only company shareholders are reported within the ownership chain of a reporting company could effectively track beneficial ownership information and increase information to law enforcement; (C) the costs associated with imposing any new verification requirements on FinCEN