(a) and (b) and the first sentence of subsection (c)(1) of such section, shall apply to civil money penalties under this subsection in the same manner as such provisions apply to a penalty or proceeding under section 1128A of the Social Security Act. (3) Safe harbor The Secretary shall waive the penalties described under paragraph (1) with respect to an air ambulance service provider who unknowingly violates subsection (d) with respect to an enrollee, if such air ambulance service provider within 30 days of the violation, withdraws the bill that was in violation of subsection (d), and, as applicable, reimburses the group health plan, health insurance issuer, or enrollee, as applicable, in an amount equal to the amount billed in violation of subsection (d), plus interest, at an interest rate determined by the Secretary. . (b) Effective date Section 2719B of the Public Health Service Act, as added by subsection (a), shall take effect on the date that is 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act. 106. Report Not later than 1 year after the effective date described in section 104, and annually for the following 4 years, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, in consultation with the Federal Trade Commission and the Attorney General, shall— (1) conduct a study on— (A) the effects of the amendments made by sections 101, 102, and 103, including any patterns of vertical or horizontal integration of health care facilities, providers, group health plans, or health insurance issuers