; and (ii) how the Center will promote active collaboration among researchers in multiple disciplines involved in ensuring the security and integrity of such systems. (C) Selection and duration Each Center established under this section is authorized to carry out activities for a period of 5 years, renewable for an additional 5 years at the discretion of the Director. (c) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $12,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2020 through 2024. 3. National Science Foundation (a) Research grants The Director of the National Science Foundation, in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology and other relevant agencies, as appropriate, shall award basic research grants to increase the understanding of cyber and other threats to voting systems and to inform the development of technologies, processes, and policies that contribute to more secure, fair, and accessible elections, including research on— (1) the cybersecurity of different components of such systems; (2) end-to-end verifiable systems; (3) the risks and benefits of internet-enabled voting; (4) the human-technology interface, including the usability, accessibility, and comprehensibility of ballot design, ballot-marking devices, and other components of such systems; (5) voter privacy and data protection; (6) voter practices regarding the verification of ballots generated by ballot-marking devices and the likelihood that voters, both with and without disabilities, will recognize errors or omissions with respect to such ballots