; (2) innovations to significantly decrease emissions at existing power plants; and (3) advanced separation technologies. (b) Investment As a part of the program under subsection (a), the Secretary shall maintain robust investments in carbon capture technologies for coal and natural gas applications. (c) Large-Scale pilots In carrying out this section, the Secretary is encouraged to support pilot projects that test carbon capture technologies on coal and natural gas power and industrial systems below the 100 megawatt scale, consistent with section 988(b). (d) Cost and performance goals In carrying out the program under subsection (a), the Secretary shall establish cost and performance goals to assist in the transition of carbon capture research to commercially viable technologies. (e) Carbon Capture Pilot Test Centers (1) In general As a part of the program under subsection (a), not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of the Fossil Energy Research and Development Act of 2019 , the Secretary shall award grants to eligible entities for the operation of not less than three Carbon Capture Test Centers (in this subsection, known as the Centers ) to provide unique testing capabilities for innovative carbon capture technologies for power and industrial systems. (2) Purpose Each Center shall— (A) advance research, development, demonstration, and commercial application of carbon capture technologies for power and industrial systems