regained in theory, but in practice this possibility is often granted in a non-uniform and potentially discriminatory manner. Disenfranchised individuals must either obtain a pardon or an order from the Governor or an action by the parole or pardon board, depending on the offense and State. Individuals convicted of a Federal offense often have additional barriers to regaining voting rights. (10) State disenfranchisement laws disproportionately impact racial and ethnic minorities. As of 2016, more than 7 percent of the voting-age African-American population, or 2,200,000 African Americans, were disenfranchised. One out of every 13 African Americans were unable to vote because of felony disenfranchisement, which is a rate more than 4 times greater than non-African Americans. 7.4 percent of African Americans are dis­en­fran­chised whereas only 1.8 percent of non-African Americans were. In 2016, in 4 States—Florida (23 percent), Kentucky (22 percent), Tennessee (21 percent), and Virginia (20 percent)—more than 1 in 5 African Americans were unable to vote because of prior convictions. (11) Latino citizens are also disproportionately disenfranchised based upon their disproportionate representation in the criminal justice system. If current incarceration trends hold, the lifetime likelihood of incarceration for males born in 2011 is 17 percent for Latinos, in contrast to less than 6 percent of non-Latino White men. When analyzing the data across 10 States, Latinos generally have disproportionately higher rates of disenfranchisement compared to their presence in the voting age population. In 6 out of 10 States studied in 2003, Latinos constitute more than 10 percent of the total number of persons disenfranchised by State felony laws. In 4 States (California, 37 percent