; or (2) through partnerships between agricultural professionals and small groups of program participants. (d) Use The Secretary may provide grants directly or through partnerships under this section to agricultural operations enrolled in the program, or groups of such operations, on a competitive basis, to carry out projects that— (1) facilitate on-farm research and demonstration or pilot testing of new technologies or innovative conservation systems and practices that aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decarbonize agriculture; (2) facilitate on-farm research and demonstration or pilot testing of practices and systems with proven high impact for greenhouse gas emissions reduction and decarbonization with low national or regional adoption rates; or (3) help prepare program participants for participation in environmental services markets that have as a primary goal greenhouse gas emissions reduction or decarbonization of agriculture. (e) Incentive payments (1) Agreements In carrying out this section, the Secretary shall enter into agreements with producers (either directly or through governmental or non-governmental organizations involved in a partnership) on whose land an on-farm conservation innovation trial is being carried out to provide payments to the producers to assist with adopting and evaluating new or innovative conservation approaches to achieve conservation benefits. Payments shall reflect the direct costs of the research and demonstration and compensation for foregone income, as appropriate to address the increased economic risk or lower economic return potentially associated with the innovative conservation approach. (2) Adjusted gross income requirements (A) In general Adjusted gross income requirements under section 1001D(b)(1) shall— (i) apply to producers receiving payments under this subsection