; (2) review the effectiveness, coordination, transparency, and accountability of international global health organizations, such as the WHO and its regional organizations, in responding to global pandemics and transnational health emergencies generally; and (3) assess whether the WHO’s International Health Regulations (2005) should be updated and whether new international mechanisms or institutions are needed to— (A) prevent or mitigate the spread of global pandemics; (B) develop expedited effective testing capacities for global pandemics that are accessible and affordable; (C) develop expedited safe and effective prophylactics and therapeutics that are accessible and affordable; (D) coordinate the communication of timely and accurate information to WHO member states during global pandemics