; (2) innovations to improve the efficiency of, and decrease emissions at, existing power plants; (3) advanced separation technologies and direct air capture technologies; and (4) carbon capture technologies used in conjunction with the production from fossil fuel of hydrogen or ammonia to be used in power systems. (b) Coal applications In conducting the program under subsection (a), the Secretary shall devote substantial resources to carbon capture technologies for coal applications. (c) Large-Scale pilots (1) In general In supporting technology development activities under this section, the Secretary is encouraged to support large-scale pilot projects that test carbon capture technologies on power systems. Support for such large-scale pilot projects shall be subject to the cost sharing requirements in section 988(b). (2) Definition For purposes of this section, the term large-scale pilot project means a pilot project that— (A) represents the scale of technology development beyond laboratory development and bench scale testing, but not yet advanced to the point of being tested under operational conditions at commercial scale; (B) represents the scale of technology necessary to gain the operational data needed to understand the technical and performance risks of the technology before the application of that technology at commercial scale or in commercial-scale demonstration; and (C) is large enough— (i) to validate scaling factors