1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Missed Opportunities in Public Health and Biomedical Research Act of 2020 . 2. Findings Congress finds the following: (1) Biomedical research sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (refered to in this section as the NIH ) provides numerous treatments and discoveries that improve and save lives, defend the Nation against bioterrorism and emerging pandemics, strengthen the national economy, and support the next generation of researchers in the United States. (2) While the NIH is the largest source of funding for medical research in the world, the percentage of grants awarded has fallen over the last 20 years. (3) The NIH Center for Scientific Review works with over 25,000 expert reviewers and applies the highest level of scientific and ethical standards to almost 50,000 competitive grant applications every year. (4) The NIH’s peer review process is a time-tested and proven method of identifying the most promising biomedical research proposals. 3. Annual reporting by NIH on missed opportunities The Public Health Service Act ( 42 U.S.C. 201 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 403D of such Act ( 42 U.S.C. 283a–3 ) the following: 403E. Annual reporting on missed opportunities (a) In general Not later than the last day of the first fiscal quarter following the end of each fiscal year, the Director of NIH shall submit a report to Congress identifying, with respect to each national research institute, each national center, and the Office of the Director of NIH— (1) the success rate of research project grant applications reviewed during such fiscal year; (2) the top two research project grant applications reviewed during such fiscal year that were not funded; and (3) if the success rate described in paragraph (1) is lower than 32 percent, the top research project grant applications that were reviewed and could have been funded to achieve a success rate of at least 32 percent. (b) Trade secrets and confidential information