; (2) the Bankruptcy Code was adopted in 1978, and, since then, consumer lending has grown dramatically and been transformed by technology and the preemption of State usury and consumer protection laws for certain types of lenders; (3) unnecessary paperwork and overly complex laws increase the cost of bankruptcy and prevent individuals and families in the United States who need help from accessing the bankruptcy system; (4) many consumer debtors cannot afford bankruptcy counsel and must instead save up to pay an attorney to file their bankruptcy petitions; (5) the dual-track bankruptcy system produces racially disparate outcomes that disadvantage people of color; (6) student loan debt burdens are creating distortions in the labor and housing market; (7) the nondischargeability of private student loan debt has not resulted in lower financing costs for student loan borrowers; (8) the inability of debtors to restructure home mortgage loans has led to unnecessary foreclosures that have created hardships for individuals and families and their communities without reducing costs of mortgage financing; (9) individuals and families often rely on their cars to get to work and to get dependents to school and medical appointments but often cannot retain their cars in bankruptcy without paying substantially more than the car is worth; (10) the difficulty of enforcing the discharge injunction has enabled illegal debt collection activity that undercuts the fresh start policy of bankruptcy; (11) existing law does not provide a sufficient deterrent to predatory creditors that harm individuals and families in bankruptcy by violating consumer financial laws or failing to comply with bankruptcy rules