; or (B) an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence to the United States. (2) Internationally-recognized right to the freedom of expression The term internationally-recognized right to the freedom of expression means those rights described in Article 19 of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. (3) Knowingly The term knowingly means, with respect to conduct, a circumstance, or a result, that a person has actual knowledge, or should have known, of the conduct, the circumstance, or the result. (4) Major non-NATO ally The term major non-NATO ally means a country designated as a major non-NATO ally under section 517 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2321k ). 3. Statement of policy (a) Findings Congress finds the following: (1) Freedom of the press is a critical component of democratic governance and enhances transparency, accountability, and participation of civil society. (2) United States Government efforts to protect and expand freedom of the press and free expression, including online, is in the national interests of the United States by supporting democracy, promoting good governance and public health, mitigating conflict, and encouraging transparency and civil society development around the world. (3) Globally, journalists and media personnel that receive and impart information and ideas, online and offline, face increasing restrictions, threats, censorship, arbitrary detention, torture, enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings, and other violence for exercising their right to freedom of expression in accordance with Article 19 of both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. (4) Impunity for attacks on journalists and media personnel is an acute problem globally and a primary challenge to protecting freedom of expression and freedom of the press. (5) According to the press freedom rankings issued annually by Freedom House and Reporters