; and (F) harassment, exploitation, and abuse by humanitarian personnel. (2) Gender-based violence is known to increase during humanitarian emergencies. Violent acts such as intimate partner violence and child marriage that take place during times of stability are often exacerbated during times of crisis. (3) Nearly one in five women report experiencing sexual violence during a humanitarian emergency. For example, according to the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, there was an increase of 56 percent in reported cases of conflict-related sexual violence between 2016 and 2017. (4) Intimate partner violence is pervasive and becomes increasingly common during times of conflict and crisis. Residence in a conflict-affected district is associated with a 50-percent increase in risk of intimate partner violence, and women who have experienced 4–5 cumulative years of conflict are almost 90 percent more likely to experience such violence than women who are not living in conflict settings. (5) Child, early, and forced marriages increase during humanitarian crises as tools of last resort to cope with economic hardship and to protect girls from increased violence. Conflict can exacerbate cultural norms of child, early, and forced marriage or create harmful cultural behaviors where they had not previously existed. (6) Women and girls are especially vulnerable to trafficking during humanitarian crises, particularly by non-State armed groups who abduct and traffic women and girls for sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, and child, early, and forced marriage, among other forms of exploitation. (7) Crises create markets for exploitative services that are too frequently abused by aid workers and peacekeepers, who seek sexual services from displaced or vulnerable people. In 2018, the United Nations received a total of 148 sexual exploitation and abuse allegations directly involving United Nations aid workers, and 111 involving staff from partner organizations implementing