; and (2) it is in the national interest of the United States to establish exchange rate management tools to consistently achieve a trade-balancing exchange rate. 3. Definitions In this Act: (1) Covered buyer The term covered buyer means a foreign person or a person located outside the United States that purchases a United States asset in a covered transaction. (2) Covered transaction The term covered transaction means the purchase or acquisition by a covered buyer of a United States asset the value of which exceeds $10,000. (3) Current account balance The term current account balance means that current account surpluses or deficits do not exceed an average of 0.5 percent of the gross domestic product of the United States in any 5-year period. (4) Domestic financial institution The term domestic financial institution has the meaning given that term in section 5312 of title 31, United States Code. (5) Entity The term entity includes— (A) a corporation, partnership, or limited liability company; or (B) a trust or estate. (6) Foreign person The term foreign person means any individual or entity that is not a United States person. (7) Market access charge The term market access charge means the fee imposed under section 5 with respect to a covered transaction. (8) Person The term person means an individual or entity. (9) Secretary The term Secretary means the Secretary of the Treasury. (10) Security; transfer agent The terms security and transfer agent have the meanings given those terms in section 3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ( 15 U.S.C. 78c ). (11) United States asset (A) In general Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the term United States asset means— (i) a security, stock, bond, note, swap, loan, or other financial instrument— (I) the face value of which is denominated in United States dollars; (II) that is registered or located in the United States; or (III) that is an obligation of a United States person; (ii) real property located in the United States