; (2) integrating renewable energy sources into microgrid systems, hybrid microgrid systems, energy storage, grid security, and local generation of zero-carbon fuels; (3) the inspection and structural health monitoring of critical energy infrastructure; (4) materials, electric thermal, electromechanical, and electrochemical systems research; (5) power conversion technologies research; (6) developing and using fuel-efficient engines; (7) additive manufacturing; (8) developing— (A) empirical and science-based industry standards to compare the storage capacity, cycle length and capabilities, and reliability of different types of electricity storage; and (B) validation and testing techniques; (9) other fundamental and applied research critical to widespread deployment of electricity storage; (10) device development that builds on results from research described in paragraphs (4), (5), and (9), including combinations of power electronics, advanced optimizing controls, and energy storage as a general purpose element of the electric grid; (11) micro-scale testing and analysis of storage devices, including test-beds and field trials; (12) microgrid systems and hybrid microgrid systems to increase the resilience of critical infrastructure of the Department of Defense; (13) the potential for energy storage and renewable resources, including wind, solar, and hydropower, to be integrated into microgrid systems or hybrid microgrid systems of installations of the Department of Defense; (14) the capacity of the workforce of the Department of Defense to operate, maintain, and repair a microgrid system or hybrid microgrid system; (15) opportunities to develop the capacity to operate, maintain, and repair a hybrid microgrid system; (16) leveraging existing capacity within local or regional research organizations, such as organizations based at institutions of higher education, to support development of hybrid microgrid systems, including by testing novel components and systems prior to field deployment