; (2) due to the significant benefits that observation missions under the Open Skies Treaty provide to the United States and United States allies, the United States should commit to continued participation in the Treaty; and (3) the President should not withdraw the United States from the Open Skies Treaty. 4. Statement of policy It is the policy of the United States— (1) to continue to fulfill its obligations under the Open Skies Treaty; and (2) consistent with section 5, to reject any efforts to withdraw the United States from the Open Skies Treaty, or to indirectly withdraw from the Open Skies Treaty in a manner that creates a de facto withdrawal. 5. Prohibition on actions to suspend, terminate, or withdraw the United States from the Open Skies Treaty The President may not take any action to suspend, terminate, or withdraw the United States from the Open Skies Treaty unless, not later than 180 days before such action is to take effect, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State jointly determine and certify to the appropriate congressional committees that— (1) Russia is in material breach of its obligations under the Open Skies Treaty and is not taking steps to return to compliance with such obligations, and all other state parties to the Open Skies Treaty have been consulted with respect to such determination of the Secretaries; (2) withdrawing from the Open Skies Treaty would be in the best interests of United States national security and the other state parties to the Open Skies Treaty have been consulted with respect to such withdrawal; and (3) a comprehensive strategy to mitigate against reduced military transparency, including potential new multilateral confidence building measures, has been developed. 6. Definitions In this Act: (1) Appropriate congressional committees The term appropriate congressional committees means— (A) the congressional defense committees (as such term is defined in section 101 of title 10, United States Code)