; (III) in the case of a third violation within a 24-month period, $1,000; (IV) in the case of a fourth violation within a 24-month period, $4,000; (V) in the case of a fifth violation within a 36-month period, $10,000; and (VI) in the case of a sixth or subsequent violation within a 48-month period, $20,000 as determined by the Secretary on a case-by-case basis. (ii) With respect to a retailer that does not have an approved training program, the amount of the civil penalty shall not exceed— (I) in the case of the first violation, $500; (II) in the case of a second vio6lation within a 12-month period, $1,000; (III) in the case of a third violation within a 24-month period, $2,000; (IV) in the case of a fourth violation within a 24-month period, $4,000; (V) in the case of a fifth violation within a 36-month period, $10,000; and (VI) in the case of a sixth or subsequent violation within a 48-month period, $20,000 as determined by the Secretary on a case-by-case basis. . (b) Applicability The amendment made by subsection (a) applies with respect to a violation of a restriction promulgated under section 906(d)(1) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 387f(d)(1) ), as described in section 103(q)(1) of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act ( 21 U.S.C. 333 note), or to a violation of section 906(d)(5) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 387f(d)(5) ) occurring on or after the date that is 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act. The penalties specified in such section 103(q)(2)(A), as in effect on the day before such date, shall continue to apply to violations occurring before such date. 402. Study and report on e-cigarettes Not later than 5 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall— (1) complete a study on— (A) the relationship of e-cigarettes to tobacco cessation; (B) the perception of the harmful effects of e-cigarettes; and (C) the effects of secondhand exposure to smoke from e-cigarettes