; and (4) maintains a public database of cybersecurity education, training, and certification programs. (b) Collaboration In carrying out the program authorized in subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall leverage programs and activities carried out across the Department of Energy, other relevant Federal agencies, institutions of higher education, and other appropriate entities best suited to provide national leadership on cybersecurity related issues. 8. National cybersecurity challenges (a) In general Title II of the Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2014 ( 15 U.S.C. 7431 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: 205. National cybersecurity challenges (a) Establishment of national cybersecurity challenges (1) In general To achieve high-priority breakthroughs in cybersecurity by 2028, the Director of the National Institutes of Standards and Technology shall establish the following national cybersecurity challenges: (A) Economics of a cyber attack Building more resilient systems that measurably and exponentially raise adversary costs of carrying out common cyber attacks. (B) Cyber training (i) Empowering the people of the United States with an appropriate and measurably sufficient level of digital literacy to make safe and secure decisions online. (ii) Developing a cybersecurity workforce with measurable skills to protect and maintain information systems. (C) Emerging technology Advancing cybersecurity efforts in response to emerging technology, such as artificial intelligence, quantum science, and next generation communications technologies. (D) Reimagining digital identity Maintaining a high sense of usability while improving the privacy, security and safety of online activity of individuals in the United States. (E) Federal agency resilience Reducing cybersecurity risks to Federal networks and systems, and improving the response of Federal agencies to cybersecurity incidents on such networks and systems. (2) Coordination In establishing the challenges under paragraph (1), the Director of the