; (ii) the influence of gender roles, structural barriers, and norms on the division of time between paid, unpaid work (including the subsistence production and care for family members), and volunteer activities; (iii) the influence of gender roles, structural barriers, and norms on leadership roles and decision making; constraints, opportunities, and entry points for narrowing gender gaps and empowering women; and (iv) potential differential impacts of development policies and programs on men and women, including unintended or negative consequences; and (B) includes conclusions and recommendations to enable development policies and programs— (i) to narrow gender gaps