rape, torture, death threats, extortion, and imprisonment, in every region of the world based on sexual orientation and gender identity. In many instances police, prison, military, and civilian government authorities have been directly complicit in abuses aimed at LGBTI citizens. (5) As documented by the Department of State, LGBTI individuals are subjected in many countries to capricious imprisonment, loss of employment, housing, access to health care, and societal stigma and discrimination. LGBTI-specific restrictions on basic freedoms of assembly, press, and speech exist in every region of the world. (6) Targeted sanctions are an important tool to push for accountability for violations of the human rights of LGBTI people. (7) Anti-LGBTI laws and discrimination pose significant risks for LGBTI youth who reveal their sexual identity to their family or community and often face rejection, homelessness, and limited educational and economic opportunities. These factors contribute to increased risks of substance abuse, suicide, and HIV infection among LGBTI youth. (8) Anti-LGBTI laws also increase global health risks. Studies have shown that when LGBTI people, especially LGBTI youth, face discrimination, they are less likely to seek HIV testing, prevention, and treatment services. (9) Because they face tremendous discrimination in the formal labor sector, many sex workers are also LGBTI individuals, and many sex-worker-led programs and clinics serve the LGBTI community with safe, non-stigmatizing, medical and social care. USAID has also referred to sex workers as a most-at-risk population . The anti-prostitution loyalty oath that health care providers receiving United States assistance must take isolates sex-worker-led and serving groups from programs and reinforces stigma, undermining both the global AIDS response and human rights. In 2013, the Supreme Court held that this requirement is unconstitutional as it applies to United States nongovernmental organizations and their foreign affiliates. (10) According to the