and value chains. (7) According to the United States Trade Representative, the United States is one of the largest single-country providers of trade-related assistance (also called trade capacity building assistance or Aid for Trade ). (8) At the 9th Ministerial of the World Trade Organization in Bali, Indonesia, in December 2013, the 159 members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) concluded the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), the first global WTO trade agreement in 20 years. WTO members amended the WTO agreements to include the TFA on November 27, 2014, and opened it for acceptance by WTO members. The TFA entered into force on February 22, 2017, after ratification by two-thirds of the WTO membership. (9) The TFA includes measures and obligations designed to streamline customs procedures, increase customs transparency, and speed the flow of goods across borders. (10) According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), full implementation of the TFA could reduce trade costs by as much as an estimated 16.5 percent of low income countries, 17 percent for lower-middle income countries, 14.6 percent for upper-middle income countries, and 11.8 percent for OECD countries. (11) The OECD has noted that trade barriers created by ineffective policies and burdensome rules and procedures can incentivize corrupt business practices, and therefore all relevant stakeholders have an interest in supporting efforts to streamline trade regulation and reduce non-tariff barriers. (12) The TFA requires developing countries to identify impediments to trade facilitation and commits developed countries to assist developing countries’ efforts to come into compliance with the obligations of the TFA. (13) The United States is the largest provider of trade capacity building assistance in the world, according to the United States Agency for International Development. In 2017, the United States Government obligated nearly $1,100,000,000 in trade capacity building efforts in over 130 countries, which were