; and (B) identify the factors that contribute to effective malign disinformation operations. (2) Counter-approaches Together with the research required under paragraph (1), the Under Secretary for Science and Technology of the Department of Homeland Security shall develop recommendations for approaches to counter malign disinformation operations described in such paragraph. (3) Availability The Secretary of Homeland Security is authorized to share the research and recommendations for counter approaches conducted and developed pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2), respectively, with State, local, Tribal, and territorial officials, including officials from law enforcement, public health, fire and emergency medical services, and emergency management agencies, as well as with appropriate Federal partners. (4) Submission (A) In general Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary for Science and Technology of the Department of Homeland Security shall submit to the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate the results of the research and recommendations for counter approaches conducted and developed pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2), respectively. (B) Form Results of the research conducted pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include classified annexes, as appropriate. Recommendations developed pursuant to paragraph (2) shall be submitted in unclassified form. (c) Malign disinformation operation defined In this section, the term malign disinformation operation means false information deliberately disseminated by terrorists or foreign malicious actors to misinform the American public in a way that risks undermining domestic preparedness for and collective response to terrorism or other homeland security threats.