; (F) identify emerging technologies and approaches for carbon utilization that show promise for scale-up, demonstration, deployment, and commercialization; (G) analyze the factors associated with making carbon utilization technologies viable at a commercial scale, including carbon waste stream availability, economics, market capacity, energy, and lifecycle requirements; (H) (i) assess the major technical challenges associated with increasing the commercial viability of carbon reuse technologies; and (ii) identify the research and development questions that will address the challenges described in clause (i); (I) (i) assess research efforts being carried out as of the date of the study, including basic, applied, engineering, and computational research efforts, that are addressing the challenges described in subparagraph (H)(i); and (ii) identify gaps in the research efforts under clause (i); and (J) develop a comprehensive research agenda that addresses long- and short-term research needs and opportunities. (3) Deadline Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine shall submit to the Secretary of Energy a report describing the results of the study under paragraph (1). 5. Carbon removal (a) In general Subtitle F of title IX of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ( 42 U.S.C. 16291 et seq.) (as amended by section 4(a)(1)) is amended by adding at the end the following: 969A. Carbon removal (a) Establishment The Secretary, in coordination with the heads of appropriate Federal agencies, including the Secretary of Agriculture, shall establish a research, development, and demonstration program (referred to in this section as the program ) to test, validate, or improve technologies and strategies to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere on a large scale. (b) Cross-Cutting direction The Secretary shall ensure that the program— (1) is cross-cutting in nature