1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Humane Research and Testing Act of 2020 . 2. Findings The Congress finds as follows: (1) The mission of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to enhance health, lengthen life, and reduce illness and disability. (2) Much of NIH’s research is carried out on animals. However, the precise number of animals used in research in the United States is unknown. Estimates range between 17 million and 100 million animals used annually. Such imprecise numbers make it impossible to effectively track and reduce the numbers of animals used, as mandated by the NIH policies to ensure the smallest possible number of animals are used. (3) There is widespread agreement among scientists and regulatory agencies that animal models are poor predictors of the human response, with over 90 percent of new candidate drugs never making it to market. (4) More than 30 percent of promising medications have failed in human clinical trials because they are found to be toxic despite promising pre-clinical studies in animal models. An additional 65 percent of candidate drugs that pass animal trials fail due to lack of efficacy. (5) Despite the ever-increasing growth in animal procedures, there is no corresponding increase in the number of human medicines making it to the clinic. (6) Dramatically rising costs and extremely high failure rates in drug development have led many to re-evaluate the value of animal studies. (7) Effective alternatives to animals are available and growing. Cutting-edge technology has forged new frontiers in biology and medicine that have produced human-relevant models, including organoid cell cultures, organs-on-chips, genomics, induced pluripotent adult stem cells, 3D modeling with human cells, high throughput technology, molecular imaging, computer models, in silico trials, digital imaging, artificial intelligence, and other innovative methods—all of which have