; and (C) State disenfranchisement laws disproportionately impact racial and ethnic minorities. (5) State disenfranchisement laws vary widely. Two States do not disenfranchise individuals with criminal convictions at all. In 34 States, individuals with convictions may not vote while they are on parole and 30 of those States disenfranchise individuals on felony probation as well. In 12 States, a conviction can result in lifetime disenfranchisement. (6) Several States deny the right to vote to individuals convicted of certain misdemeanors. (7) In 2016, an estimated 6,100,000 citizens of the United States, or about 1 in 40 adults in the United States, could not vote as a result of a felony conviction. Of the 6,100,000 citizens barred from voting then, only 22 percent were in prison. By contrast, 77 percent of persons disenfranchised then resided in their communities while on probation or parole or after having completed their sentences. Approximately 3,100,000 citizens who had completed their sentences were disenfranchised due to restrictive State laws. As of November 2018, the lifetime ban for persons with certain felony convictions was eliminated through a Florida ballot initiative. As a result, as many as 1,400,000 people are now eligible to have their voting rights restored. In 6 States—Alabama, Florida, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Virginia—more than 7 percent of the total population is disenfranchised. (8) In those States that disenfranchise individuals post-sentence, the right to vote can be regained in theory, but in practice this possibility is often granted in a non-uniform and potentially discriminatory manner. Disenfranchised individuals sometimes must either obtain a pardon or an order from the Governor or an action by the parole or pardon board, depending on the offense and State. Individuals convicted of a Federal offense often have additional barriers to regaining voting rights. (9) State disenfranchisement laws disproportionately impact racial and ethnic minorities. As of 2016, more than 7