; (2) support the development, optimization and validation of novel, scalable tools and technologies to enable the dynamic study of molecular processes in situ; and (3) provide access to user facilities with advanced or unique equipment, services, materials, and other resources, as appropriate, to industry, institutions of higher education, nonprofit organizations, and government agencies to perform research and testing. (d) Department of Defense As part of the Initiative, the Secretary of Defense shall— (1) conduct and support research and development in engineering biology and associated data and information sciences; (2) support curriculum development and research experiences in engineering biology and associated data and information sciences across the military education system, to include service academies, professional military education, and military graduate education; and (3) assess risks of potential national security and economic security threats relating to engineering biology. (e) National Aeronautics and Space Administration As part of the Initiative, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration shall— (1) conduct and support basic and applied research in engineering biology, including in synthetic biology, and related to Earth and space sciences, aeronautics, space technology, and space exploration and experimentation, consistent with the priorities established in the National Academies’ decadal surveys; and (2) award grants, on a competitive basis, that enable institutions to support graduate students and postdoctoral fellows who perform some of their engineering biology research in an industry setting. (f) Department of Agriculture As part of the Initiative, the Secretary of Agriculture shall— (1) support research and development in engineering biology, including in synthetic biology and biomaterials; (2) award grants through the National Institute of Food and Agriculture