; (B) stimulation, such as talking, singing, and playing; (C) responsiveness, such as early bonding, secure attachment, trust, and sensitive communication; and (D) safety, including routines, protection from violence, abuse, neglect, harm, and environmental pollution. (6) According to a 2016 report published in The Lancet entitled Advancing Early Childhood Development: From Science to Scale — (A) nurturing care from parents, relatives, and other caregivers and services are formative experiences for young children; (B) programs promoting nurturing care can improve early childhood development outcomes; and (C) children who do not receive nurturing care display negative development outcomes, such as greater sensitivity to the effects of stress or behavioral problems, especially children who do not receive nurturing care before their second birthday. (7) According to the United States Government Action Plan on Children in Adversity, A Framework for International Assistance: 2012–2017 , children who live without protective family care, in abusive households, on the streets, or in institutions, or who are trafficked, are participating in armed groups, or are being exploited for their labor are more likely to be exposed to violence, exploitation, abuse, and neglect. (8) According to a 2017 UNICEF report entitled Early Moments Matter for every child , violence, abuse, neglect, and traumatic experiences produce toxic stress that limits neural connectivity in developing brains. (9) According to a 2014 working paper from the National Scientific Council on the Developing Child at Harvard University entitled Excessive Stress Disrupts the Architecture of the Developing Brain — (A) situations that produce toxic stress increase the production of cortisol in a child’s brain, which disrupts its healthy development