homelessness, and limited educational and economic opportunities. These factors contribute to increased risks of substance abuse, suicide, and HIV infection among LGBTI youth. (20) On December 6, 2011, President Barack Obama released the Presidential Memorandum—International Initiatives to Advance the Human Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Persons . The memorandum directed all Federal agencies engaged abroad to ensure that United States diplomacy and foreign assistance promote and protect the human rights of LGBTI persons. (21) On February 23, 2015, Secretary of State John Kerry appointed senior diplomat Randy Berry as the Department of State's first-ever Special Envoy for the Human Rights of LGBTI Persons. Secretary Pompeo pledged to re-fill that position during his April 2018 confirmation hearing, but has yet to do so. (22) On June 30, 2016, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed a resolution cosponsored by the United States that established an independent expert on violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity to help monitor and track discrimination and violence experienced by LGBTI persons around the world. (23) In November 2016, the Government of Tanzania placed a ban on all HIV and AIDS outreach projects aimed at gay men, including those funded by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. This forced the closure of United States-funded programs providing testing, condoms, and care to gay men, exacerbating the health needs of gay men in Tanzania, about 30 percent of whom are HIV positive. In 2018, various government officials have announced crackdowns on the LGBTI community, including a threat by the governor of the largest city, who announced a purge on LGBTI individuals and asked the public to report them. Reports suggest that many people have been arrested and more are in hiding. (24) In February 2017, three transgender women were murdered in El Salvador with impunity, leading the United Nations to call for an investigation into crimes against