; (ii) the causes and consequences of police violence; (iii) interventions designed to mitigate police use of excessive force, including de-escalation training and advanced policing technologies; (iv) organizational configurations and personnel practices in law enforcement agencies, such as recruitment, training, oversight, performance standards, decision-making, methods of supervising officers, resource allocation, and the role of police leadership; and (v) the role of cooperation among law enforcement agencies and the communities served by such agencies in reducing crime and ensuring community safety; and (B) to educate and train the next generation of researchers in areas of social and behavioral sciences research relevant to policing policies and practices in democratic societies. (2) Researcher-law enforcement partnerships (A) In general The Director of the National Science Foundation shall carry out a program to award grants, on a competitive basis, to institutions of higher education or nonprofit organizations (or consortia of such institutions or organizations) to improve the fairness and efficacy of policing policies and practices, including by reducing the incidence and mitigating the negative consequences of excessive and lethal use of force by law enforcement. (B) Partnerships In order to be eligible to receive a grant under this subsection, an institution of higher education or nonprofit organization (or consortia of such institutions or organizations) shall enter into a partnership with— (i) one or more law enforcement agency; (ii) one or more community-based organization