; and (3) a second or successive application for a writ of habeas corpus may be made seeking the benefit of such rule regardless of whether the same claim was presented in a prior application made prior to the announcement of the new rule. 4. Rules of construction (a) Laws against discrimination An ambiguity in a statute that provides protection against discrimination on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, national origin, religion, disability, or sex (including gender, gender identity, and sexual orientation) shall be construed in the manner that will provide the greatest protection against such discrimination. For purposes of this subsection, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 ( 42 U.S.C. 2000bb–1 ) is not a statute that provides protection against discrimination on the basis of religion. (b) Other laws An ambiguity in a statute designed to provide protection for freedom of speech or of the press, or for individual informational privacy, or for the environment, or for consumers, shall be construed in the manner that will provide the greatest protection for freedom of speech or of the press, or for individual informational privacy, for the environment, or for consumers, respectively. (c) Constitutional avoidance No statute described in this section shall be construed so as to avoid a constitutional question if that construction differs from the construction required under this section. (d) Liberal construction Nothing in this section may be construed to prevent the liberal construction of any statute not specified in this section, in order to serve its remedial purpose. 5. Private rights of action (a) In general Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an individual may bring an action in the appropriate district court of the United States seeking damages and injunctive relief for a violation of a Federal law or regulation if the individual— (1) is within a class of individuals that the law or regulation was intended to or does benefit