human dignity while respecting the sovereignty of other countries. (4) The Department of Defense should urgently and at scale adapt the Joint Force’s shape, posture, development vectors, and employment models to maintain military advantage alongside our allies and partners against China and Russia. To do this, the Department of Defense should develop adapted, new warfighting concepts at the operational level of war that allow the United States to achieve its political objectives in politically tenable ways. In concert, the Joint Force should become more lethal, resilient, agile, and ready to deal with Chinese and Russian strategies and theories of victory. (5) Investments should be focused on expanding United States operational options while constraining those to strategic competitors, such as China and Russia. 4. Report on operational concepts and plans to defeat China and Russia Not later than February 1, 2020, and then biannually thereafter, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the congressional defense committees a report on the Department of Defense’s operational concepts and plans to defeat China and Russia in competition and war, including on key strategically significant scenarios identified in the National Defense Strategy that also addresses each of the following: (1) Ways of employing the force in peace time to effectively compete and deter China and Russia below the threshold of war while ensuring readiness for war. (2) Ways of adapting innovative, operational concepts needed for strategically significant and plausible scenarios related to China and Russia. (3) Ways of addressing operational challenges related to achieving the strategic advantage against China and Russia related to nuclear, space, cyber, conventional, and unconventional means in warfighting doctrine. (4) The technologies, force developments, posture and capabilities, readiness, infrastructure, organization, personnel, and other elements of the defense program necessary to enable these operational concepts and its implementation