(b) Violation of right To vote (1) In general A violation of subsection (a) is established if, based on the totality of circumstances, it is shown that the political processes leading to nomination or election in the State or political subdivision are not equally open to participation by members of a class of citizens protected by subsection (a) in that its members have less opportunity than other members of the electorate to participate in the political process and to elect representatives of their choice: Provided, That nothing in this section establishes a right to have members of a protected class under subsection (a) elected in numbers equal to their proportion in the population. (2) Violations A violation under subsection (a) shall include: (A) Laws or requirements implemented in a State or political subdivision that reduce or abridge the ability for students who attend an institution of higher education and reside in the jurisdiction of the institution while attending the institution to register to vote in elections in that jurisdiction. (B) Addition of seats elected at-large in a State or political subdivision or conversion of one or more seats elected from a single member district to one or more at-large seats or seats from a multi-member district in a State or political subdivision with a significant proportion of youth age voters. (C) Boundaries of a political subdivision designed to reduce the proportion of the political subdivision’s voting-age population that is comprised of youth age voters in a State or political subdivision with a significant proportion of youth age voters. (D) Requirements for documentation or proof of identity to vote that exceed or are more stringent than the requirements for voting that are described in section 303(b) of the Help America Vote Act of 2002 ( 52 U.S.C. 21083(b) ) or any other requirements for documentation or proof of identity to vote that have the purpose or effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on account of age. (E) Reduction of voting materials