; and (ii) recommendations with respect to planned changes to training. 3. Annual report to Congress relating to the impact of natural disasters or public health emergencies with respect to critical infrastructure (a) In general Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing the impact of natural disasters and public health emergencies with respect to critical infrastructure. (b) Matters included The report required under paragraph (1) shall include information relating to the following: (1) An assessment of the most concerning threats to critical infrastructure from natural disasters or public health emergencies, including the severity and probability of a threat to each critical infrastructure from each type of natural disaster. (2) An assessment relating to short-term and long-term damage that may result to each critical infrastructure from each type of natural disaster or public health emergency. (3) A description of the modeling tools and human capacity of NISAC to be utilized to inform emergency preparedness, and any changes to such tools and capacity since the previous report. (4) An assessment of modeling tools that may best inform the Federal Government with respect to cascading effects on infrastructure, transportation, public health, and the economy. (5) Recommendations of modeling, simulation, and training opportunities that may require further investment and maturation with respect to additional consultation and analysis, including— (A) DHS-CISA-NRMC and peer review; (B) interagency consultation, as appropriate; (C) cost-effectiveness