recent study published in the National Academy of Sciences found that it is possible to conduct psychological manipulation efforts online that are targeted and customized to each individual’s unique personality traits on a national scale. (13) Candidates, campaigns, and political organizations are increasingly using online data to infer personality traits and other psychological characteristics regarding specific United States persons, using that nonpublic information to target psychologically manipulative communications and using algorithms and other automated processes to automatically refine communications over time to improve their effectiveness. (14) According to a study titled Voter Privacy in the Age of Big Data , political entities assemble a vast array of [personally identifiable information] into detailed dossiers on practically every American voter in order to target voters with individualized messages … Most voters are ignorant of the steps taken to create these dossiers and know even less about related targeting practices. . (15) The study further found that Political databases hold records on almost 200 million eligible American voters. Each records contains hundreds if not thousands of fields derived from voter rolls, donor and response data, campaign web data, and consumer and other data obtained from data brokers, all of which is combined into a giant assemblage … Ubiquitous personal identifiers (name, address, telephone numbers, email addresses, IP addresses, cookies, mobile devices IDs, and other unique IDs) allow campaigns to link and integrate these diverse data sets, while data mining and sophisticated statistical techniques allow them to engage in highly strategic and cost-effective analysis and targeting, and that Campaign insiders and paid consultants who not only view voter microtargeting as highly effective but also have assigned it a crucial role in determining the outcome of the past three presidential campaigns. . (16) The political consulting firm Cambridge Analytica reportedly