of Health & Human Services determined on October 26, 2017, that a public health emergency exists as a result of the consequences of the opioid crisis, and the Secretary renewed this determination on October 16, 2019. (6) The President’s Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis was established on March 29, 2017. The Commission recommended that CMS examine payment policies for certain drugs that function specifically as non-opioid pain management treatments. According to the Commission’s report, … the current CMS payment policy for supplies related to surgical procedures creates unintended incentives to prescribe opioid medications to patients for postsurgical pain instead of administering non-opioid pain medications. Under current policies, CMS provides one all-inclusive bundled payment to hospitals for all surgical supplies, which includes hospital administered drug products intended to manage patients’ postsurgical pain. This policy results in the hospitals receiving the same fixed fee from Medicare whether the surgeon administers a non-opioid medication or not. (7) The Pain Management Best Practices Inter-Agency Task Force was authorized by section 101 of the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016. The Task Force consisted of Federal agency representatives as well as experts and representatives from a broad group of invested stakeholders and was convened to issue recommendations for identifying and addressing gaps and inconsistencies for managing acute pain. In the Task Force’s Final Report on Best Practices: Updates, Gaps, Inconsistencies and Recommendations, the following gap was identified: Multimodal, non-opioid therapies are underutilized in the perioperative, inflammatory, musculoskeletal, and neuropathic injury settings. The report also states that Non-opioids should be used as first-line therapy whenever clinically appropriate in the inpatient and outpatient settings. (8) Research shows that despite ongoing efforts to end the opioid crisis, patients continue to receive