; and (D) the Federal Communications Commission in encouraging adoption and improving access to the internet; (3) State, local, and Tribal governments for encouraging connectivity and deploying infrastructure; (4) universities and research institutions for playing a critical role in development of the technologies underpinning the internet, including— (A) for hosting the first four nodes of the ARPANET— (i) UCLA; (ii) the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International); (iii) the University of California, Santa Barbara; and (iv) the University of Utah; (B) the RAND Corporation; and (C) countless other universities, think tanks, and independent researchers; (5) private companies and nonprofit organizations, including those that— (A) enable fixed and mobile internet con­nec­tiv­i­ty by deploying infrastructure, including— (i) coaxial, copper, and fiberoptic cables for backbone, submarine, middle-mile, backhaul, and to-the-home services; (ii) radio and broadcast towers and small cell sites; (iii) satellite earth stations; (iv) routers, modems, switches, and con­nec­tiv­i­ty equipment; and (v) internet exchanges; (B) produce and sell computers, smartphones, and other devices that connect to the internet; (C) develop software to administer and access email, the world wide web, and other internet applications; (D) provide websites, applications, and other software for communications, commerce, education, entertainment, employment, and so many other parts of our lives; (E) provide cybersecurity services to protect networks, devices, applications, and software; and (F) enable internet companies through business-to-business services; and (6) multistakeholder bodies for internet governance, including— (A) the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers; (B) the Internet Engineering Task Force; (C) the North American Network Operators’ Group; and (D) the American Registry for Internet Numbers: Now, therefore, be it