; (2) intentional concealment; or (3) the presence of a foreign body, which has no therapeutic or diagnostic purpose or effect, in the person of the injured person. 142. Liability for health care professionals and health care facilities during coronavirus public health emergency (a) Requirements for liability for coronavirus-Related health care services Notwithstanding any other provision of law, and except as provided in subsection (b), no health care provider shall be liable in a coronavirus-related medical liability action unless the plaintiff can prove by clear and convincing evidence— (1) gross negligence or willful misconduct by the health care provider; and (2) that the alleged harm, damage, breach, or tort resulting in the personal injury was directly caused by the alleged gross negligence or willful misconduct. (b) Exceptions For purposes of this section, acts, omissions, or decisions resulting from a resource or staffing shortage shall not be considered willful misconduct or gross negligence. C Substantive and procedural provisions for co­ro­na­vi­rus-Related actions generally 161. Jurisdiction (a) Jurisdiction The district courts of the United States shall have concurrent original jurisdiction of any coronavirus-related action. (b) Removal (1) In general A coronavirus-related action of which the district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction under subsection (a) that is brought in a State or Tribal government court may be removed to a district court of the United States in accordance with section 1446 of title 28, United States Code, except that— (A) notwithstanding subsection (b)(2)(A) of such section, such action may be removed by any defendant without the consent of all defendants