; (II) each natural parent of the alien (or, in the case of an adopted alien, each adoptive parent of the alien) is or was a United States citizen (whether by birth or naturalization); (III) the alien permanently resided in the United States before reaching 16 years of age; and (IV) the alien reasonably believed at the time of the violation described in clause (i) or (ii)(I) that he or she was a United States citizen. . 4. Strengthening prohibitions on expenditures by foreign nationals Section 319 of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 ( 52 U.S.C. 30121 ) is amended— (1) in subsection (a)(1)(C), by inserting , subject to subsection (c) after within the meaning of section 304(f)(3) ; and (2) by adding at the end the following new subsections: (c) Application to electioneering communications (1) Electioneering communications (A) In general For purposes of applying subsection (a)(1)(C) and subsection (d), an electioneering communication — (i) does not include a news story, commentary, editorial, or other communication produced and distributed in the ordinary course of bona fide press activity by a news or press service or association, newspaper, magazine, periodical, or other publication as determined under subparagraph (B); (ii) except as provided in clause (i), includes an Internet or digital communication that otherwise meets the requirements of section 304(f)(3) as modified by this paragraph; (iii) includes a communication that does not refer to a clearly identified candidate for Federal office as described in subparagraph (A)(i)(I) of section 304(f)(3) if— (I) the communication otherwise meets the requirements of such section as modified by this paragraph except that items (aa) and (bb) of subparagraph (A)(i)(II) of such section shall each be applied by substituting Federal, State, or local office for the office sought by the candidate ; (II) the communication— (aa) references voting or a Federal, State, or local election