; and (B) that would not have occurred but for the introduction of gasoline with a research octane number that is lower than 95 into such motor vehicle. (f) Preemption (1) In general No State or any political subdivision thereof may adopt or continue in effect any provision of law or regulation with respect to the design of motor vehicles to operate using gasoline with a certain octane content, or the corresponding design of equipment for dispensing such gasoline into such motor vehicles, unless such provision of such law or regulation is the same as the corresponding provision in this section. (2) Investigative or enforcement actions A State or political subdivision thereof may provide for any investigative or enforcement action, remedy, or penalty (including procedural actions necessary to carry out such investigative or enforcement actions, remedies, or penalties) with respect to any provision of law or regulation permitted by paragraph (1). (g) Enforcement (1) Violations (A) Manufacturer Any manufacturer who violates subsection (b) or (c) shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $25,000. Any such violation shall constitute a separate offense with respect to each motor vehicle. (B) Gasoline retailer Any gasoline retailer who violates subsection (d) shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $2,500. Any such violation shall constitute a separate offense with respect to each dispensing equipment. (C) Misfueling (i) In general Any person who violates subsection (e) shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $2,500. (ii) Separate offenses Any such violation shall constitute a separate offense with respect to— (I) each motor vehicle, for purposes of paragraph (1)(A) of such subsection; (II) each dispensing equipment, for purposes of paragraph (2)(A) of such subsection; and (III) each part or component, for purposes of paragraph (1)(B) or (2)(B) of such subsection. (2) Civil actions