; (3) of all pregnancy-related deaths between 2011 and 2015— (A) nearly 31 percent occurred during pregnancy; (B) about 36 percent occurred during childbirth or the week after childbirth; and (C) 33 percent occurred between 1 week and 1 year postpartum; (4) more than 60 percent of maternal deaths in the United States are preventable; (5) in 2014 alone, 50,000 women suffered from a “near miss” or severe maternal morbidity, which includes potentially life-threatening complications that arise from labor and childbirth; (6) 28 percent of women who gave birth in a hospital in the United States reported experiencing 1 or more types of mistreatment, such as— (A) loss of autonomy; (B) being shouted at, scolded, or threatened; and (C) being ignored or refused or receiving no response to requests for help; (7) certain social determinants of health, including bias and racism, have a negative impact on maternal health outcomes; (8) significant disparities in maternal health exist, including that— (A) Black women are more than 3 times as likely to die from a pregnancy-related cause as are White women; (B) American Indian and Alaska Native women are more than 2 times as likely to die from a pregnancy-related cause as are White women; (C) Black, American Indian, and Alaska Native women with at least some college education are more likely to die from a pregnancy-related cause than are women of all other racial and ethnic backgrounds with less than a high school diploma; (D) Black, American Indian, and Alaska Native women are about 2 times as likely to suffer from severe maternal morbidity as are White women; (E) women who live in rural areas have a greater likelihood of severe maternal morbidity and mortality compared to women who live in urban areas; (F) nearly 50 percent of rural counties do not have a hospital with obstetric services; (G) counties with more Black and Hispanic residents and lower median incomes are less likely to have access to hospital obstetric services