while the United States retains certain strategic military rights over their territorial waters. (19) In the aftermath of the Vietnam War, the Refugee Act of 1980 helped more than 500,000 Southeast Asians gain permanent resident status in the United States within the first decade of its passage. (20) President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Executive Order 9066 authorized the incarceration of over 120,000 persons of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of whom were American citizens, based solely on race. (21) The Pacific Islander community represents the largest concentration of any ethnic group enlisted in the United States military, as well as representing the highest numbers of casualties in the current wars on terror. (22) The model minority myth perpetuates the stigma of Asian Americans as perpetual foreigners, and such stereotypes are used to pit minority groups against one another. (23) The pattern of hate crimes and hate incidents directed at Asians and Asian Americans has repeated itself throughout history. (24) Asian-American and African-American histories of fighting against oppression and racism are intertwined, from the Black Power Movement of the 1960s that birthed the Asian American Movement to civil rights protests today. (25) Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and their allies continue to fight discrimination, racial prejudice, hate crimes, scapegoating, structural racism, economic inequities, and benign and overt omission of the integral role they played in the development of this country. 3. American history and civics education (a) Program authorized Section 2231(a) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 6661(a) ) is amended— (1) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by inserting , which shall include Asian Pacific American history, after American history