; and (4) by inserting after subsection (d) the following new subsection (e): (e) Human rights abuses defined In this section the term human rights abuses has the meaning given the term gross violations of internationally recognized human rights in section 502B(d)(1) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2304(d)(1) ). . 4. Integrity of civilian casualty investigations (a) Investigations by officers outside unit or chain of command A commander in the Armed Forces conducting an administrative investigation, commander directed inquiry, or equivalent investigation on civilian casualties resulting from a United States military operation that was undertaken by one or more units under the command of the commander shall, to the extent practicable, select as an officer to conduct such investigation an officer in the Armed Forces outside of such units or chain of command. (b) Separation of investigative personnel from personnel involved in operations The military or civilian personnel of the Armed Forces who conduct an investigation on civilian casualties resulting from a United States military operation shall, to the extent practicable, be operationally separate from members of the Armed Forces who were directly involved in such operation. (c) Site visitations in investigations (1) In general Each investigation on civilian casualties resulting from a United States military operation shall, to the extent practicable, include a visit (including the interview of civilian survivors and witnesses after their informed consent) by appropriate members of the United States Armed Forces to each site at which civilian casualties were confirmed or reasonably suspected in connection with such operation. (2) Visits by alternative personnel If the Secretary of Defense determines that a visit by members of the United States Armed Forces to a site as otherwise required by paragraph (1) is not practicable, the Secretary shall— (A) memorialize, in writing, the justification for such determination