; and (2) the ability of United States arms embargoed countries to access critical technologies that affect the national security of the United States should spur the United States to work with covered United States allies and partners to develop unified export control policies to eliminate or substantially reduce the global availability of critical technologies to United States arms embargoed countries. 3. Strategy to control the availability of critical technologies (a) Statement of policy It is the policy of the United States to— (1) work with covered United States allies and partners to develop unified export control policies to eliminate or substantially reduce the global availability of critical technologies to United States arms embargoed countries, including by— (A) leading regular and rapid bilateral and plurilateral negotiations with respect to specific critical technologies with different groupings of such allies and partners; (B) using policy instruments, including tax, investment, licensing, lending, and trade, to provide incentives to such allies and partners; and (C) using, if necessary, existing authorities, including trade remedies, the United States Munitions List, the Entity List, economic sanctions, and other authorities available under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act ( 50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); (2) ensure critical technologies do not advance the economic strategies, industrial policy goals, or military capabilities of United States arms embargoed countries; (3) carry out joint research and development projects with covered United States allies and partners, with adequate safeguards for the protection and promotion of any resulting intellectual property, to— (A) advance a broad range of scientific and technical disciplines, including with respect to critical technologies that may be affected by the implementation of the strategy required by subsection (b); and (B) develop alternative markets to compensate for lost sales opportunities