; (IV) examining new classes of materials not considered for nuclear applications; (V) high-risk research, which could potentially overcome technological limitations; and (VI) the potential for industry partnerships to develop technologies relating to storage, hydrogen production, high-temperature process heat, and other relevant areas. (4) Nuclear energy advanced modeling and simulation subprogram In carrying out the program under this subsection, the Secretary shall establish a nuclear energy advanced modeling and simulation subprogram, under which the Secretary shall develop advanced modeling and simulation tools to support programs carried out by the Office of Nuclear Energy, including multiscale models of physics and chemistry that support advanced computational methods for simulations of nuclear energy systems. (5) Nuclear Science User Facilities subprogram (A) In general In carrying out the program under this subsection, the Secretary shall establish a Nuclear Science User Facilities subprogram under which the Secretary shall provide assistance— (i) to promote the use of nuclear research facilities; and (ii) to encourage engagement across institutions of higher education, industry entities, and National Laboratories relating to relevant nuclear science research. (B) Requirements (i) In general The Secretary shall provide assistance under this paragraph, and solicit applications under clause (ii), on an annual basis. (ii) Applications To be eligible to receive assistance under this paragraph for a fiscal year, an individual or entity conducting nuclear research shall submit to the Secretary an application that describes— (I) the research project proposed to be carried out at a nuclear research facility; (II) timelines for the proposed research; and (III) the Nuclear Science User Facility at which the project is proposed to be carried out. (iii) Use of funds Assistance provided under this paragraph may be used— (I) for experiment support and laboratory services costs