systems could have significant societal, economic, national security, and health impacts. (C) Space-based and ground-based observations provide crucial data necessary to understand, forecast, and prepare for space weather events. (D) Clear roles and accountability of Federal departments and agencies are critical for efficient and effective response to threats posed by space weather. (E) Space weather observation and forecasting are essential for the success of human and robotic space exploration. (F) In October 2015, the National Science and Technology Council published a National Space Weather Strategy and a National Space Weather Action Plan seeking to integrate national space weather efforts and add new capabilities to meet increasing demand for space weather information. (G) In March 2019, the National Science and Technology Council published an updated National Space Weather Strategy and Action Plan to enhance the preparedness and resilience of the United States to space weather. (2) Role of Federal agencies Congress makes the following findings with respect to the role of Federal agencies on space weather: (A) The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration provides operational space weather monitoring and forecasting for civil applications, maintains ground-based and space-based assets to provide observations needed for space weather forecasting, prediction, and warnings, provides research to support operational responsibilities, and develops requirements for space weather forecasting technologies and science. (B) The Department of Defense provides operational space weather research, monitoring, and forecasting for the department’s unique missions and applications. (C) The National Aeronautics and Space Administration provides increased understanding of the fundamental physics of the Sun-Earth system through basic research, space-based observations and modeling, developing new space-based technologies and missions, and monitoring of space weather for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s