; (B) are institutions of higher education with established expertise in engineering for direct air capture technologies, or partnerships with such institutions; or (C) have access to existing research and test facilities for bulk materials design and testing, component design and testing, or professional engineering design. (4) Schedule Each grant to operate a Center under this subsection shall be awarded for a term of not more than 5 years, subject to the availability of appropriations. The Secretary may renew such 5-year term without limit, subject to a rigorous merit review. (5) Termination To the extent otherwise authorized by law, the Secretary may eliminate the center during any 5-year term described in the last paragraph if it is underperforming. (g) Large-Scale pilots and demonstrations In supporting the technology development activities under this section, the Secretary is encouraged to support carbon removal pilot and demonstration projects, including— (1) pilot projects that test direct air capture systems capable of capturing 10 to 100 tonnes of carbon oxides per year to provide data for demonstration-scale projects; and (2) direct air capture demonstration projects capable of capturing greater than 1,000 tonnes of carbon oxides per year. (h) Intra-Agency research In carrying out the program established in (a), the Secretary shall encourage and promote collaborations among relevant offices and agencies within the Department. (i) Authorization of appropriations For activities under this section, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary— (1) $75,000,000 for fiscal year 2020, $15,000,000 of which are authorized to carry out subsection (e); (2) $63,000,000 for fiscal year 2021; (3) $66,150,000 for fiscal year 2022; (4) $69,458,000 for fiscal year 2023