; (8) in 2016, African Americans represented 44 percent of all people living with HIV in the United States, despite comprising just 12 percent of the United States population; (9) in 2016, over 17,000 African Americans were diagnosed with HIV; (10) African-American gay and bisexual men are more affected by HIV than any other group in the United States, accounting for a higher proportion of HIV diagnoses, those living with HIV, those ever diagnosed with AIDS, and HIV/AIDS-related deaths; (11) in 2016, more than half of African Americans diagnosed with HIV were gay or bisexual men; (12) in 2016, among all gay and bisexual men who had received an HIV diagnosis, African Americans accounted for the highest number (38 percent); (13) according to a 2016 study by the CDC, an estimated half of Black gay men will be diagnosed with HIV in their lifetime, if current HIV diagnoses rates persist; (14) homophobia, stigma, and discrimination pose major obstacles to HIV testing, treatment and other prevention services for gay and bisexual African-American men; (15) among all women diagnosed with HIV in 2016, 61 percent were African American, despite comprising only 14 percent of the female population in the United States; (16) African-American women face the highest risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) compared with women of other groups; (17) the HIV diagnosis rate for African-American women remains 16 times as high as that of White women, and almost five times that of Hispanic women; (18) among African-American women, the leading transmission category of HIV infection is heterosexual contact, followed by intravenous drug use; (19) research indicates that the high incarceration rates of Black men may contribute to the disproportionate rates of HIV infections among Black women; (20) in 2010—the most recent data available—there were more than 20,000 inmates with HIV/AIDS in State and Federal prisons, a prevalence that is 4 times the rate of HIV in the general population