; (5) in January 2017, the Environmental Protection Agency issued a final determination to maintain the existing greenhouse gas emissions standards for vehicles of model years 2022 through 2025, as prescribed by the final rule described in paragraph (2)(A), noting that the standards could have been strengthened but were not, in order to ensure certainty for the automobile manufacturers; (6) on April 13, 2018, the Environmental Protection Agency issued a new final determination entitled Mid-Term Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards for Model Year 2022–2025 Light-Duty Vehicles (83 Fed. Reg. 16077), which— (A) rejected an extensive technical record that— (i) includes more than 2,000 pages; and (ii) was created through— (I) a research period of 8 years; (II) a review of several hundred published reports; (III) hundreds of stakeholder meetings; and (IV) multiple opportunities for public comment; (B) failed— (i) to take into consideration extensive peer-reviewed publications, including from the technical staff of the Environmental Protection Agency, demonstrating the ability of automobile manufacturers to meet the standards described in paragraph (2) through model year 2025; and (ii) to provide evidence to refute the findings contained in the final determination of the Environmental Protection Agency entitled Final Determination on the Appropriateness of the Model Year 2022–2025 Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards under the Midterm Evaluation and dated January 12, 2017, that— (I) automobile manufacturers are well-positioned, and have a wide range of technology pathways available, to meet the standards described in paragraph (2) at lower cost than previously estimated; and (II) although the technical record indicated that those standards could be made more stringent, maintaining the standards would provide regulatory certainty for the automobile industry