; and (ii) it was the conscious object of the person to engage in conduct— (I) of that nature; (II) with that attendant circumstance; (III) with that object; or (IV) to cause such a result. (b) Default requirement Except as provided in subsections (c) and (d), a covered offense shall be construed to require the Government to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant acted— (1) with the state of mind specified in the text of the covered offense for each element for which the text specifies a state of mind; and (2) willfully, with respect to any element for which the text of the covered offense does not specify a state of mind. (c) Failure To distinguish among elements Except as provided in subsection (d), if the text of a covered offense specifies the state of mind required for commission of the covered offense without specifying the elements of the covered offense to which the state of mind applies, the state of mind specified shall apply to all elements of the covered offense, unless a contrary purpose plainly appears. (d) Exceptions (1) In general Subsections (b)(2) and (c) shall not apply with respect to— (A) any element for which the text of the covered offense makes clear that Congress affirmatively intended not to require the Government to prove any state of mind with respect to such element; (B) any element of a covered offense, to the extent that the element establishes— (i) subject matter jurisdiction over the covered offense; or (ii) venue with respect to trial of the covered offense; or (C) any element of a covered offense, to the extent that applying subsections (b)(2) and (c) to such element would lessen the degree of mental culpability that the Government is required to prove with respect to that element under— (i) precedent of the Supreme Court of the United States