; African Americans have prostate cancer mortality rates that are more than double those in the White population. (6) Underserved rural populations have higher rates of mortality compared to their urban counterparts, and innovative and cost-efficient methods to improve rural access to high-quality care should take advantage of advances in telehealth to diagnose and treat prostate cancer when appropriate. (7) Certain veterans populations may have nearly twice the incidence of prostate cancer as the general population of the United States. (8) Urologists may constitute the specialists who diagnose and treat the vast majority of prostate cancer patients. (9) Although much basic and translational research has been completed and much is currently known, there are still many unanswered questions, such as the extent to which known disparities are attributable to disease etiology, access to care, or education and awareness in the community. (10) Causes of prostate cancer are not known. There is not good information regarding how to differentiate accurately, early on, between aggressive and indolent forms of the disease. As a result, there is significant overtreatment in prostate cancer. There are no treatments that can durably arrest growth or cure prostate cancer once it has metastasized. (11) A significant proportion (about 23 to 54 percent) of cases may be clinically indolent and overdiagnosed , resulting in significant overtreatment. More accurate tests will allow men and their families to face less physical, psychological, financial, and emotional trauma, and billions of dollars could be saved in private and public health care systems in an area that has been identified by the Medicare program under title XVIII of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 1395 et seq.) as one of 8 high-volume, high-cost areas in the Resource Utilization Report Program established under the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 ( Public Law 110–275 ). (12) Prostate cancer research and health care programs across