that result in enumerated harms that are reasonably likely to result in, or have materially contributed to, a significant threat to the national security, foreign policy, or economic health or financial stability of the United States . E.O. 13757 expanded executive authority to allow for the imposition of sanctions against individuals and entities determined to be responsible for tampering, altering, or causing the misappropriation of information with the purpose or effect of interfering with or undermining election processes or institutions . (3) The Government of the Russian Federation has repeatedly launched cyber-attacks against United States agencies, including the Department of State in November 2014, the Department of Defense in 2015, and the White House computer networks in 2014. (4) On March 15, 2017, the Department of Justice charged Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) officers and criminal coconspirators for hacking Yahoo and the email accounts of millions of United States citizens. (5) On May 8, 2017, former Director of National Intelligence James Clapper testified before the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate, Russia's influence activities in the run-up to the 2016 election constituted the high water mark of their long running efforts since the 1960s to disrupt and influence our elections. They must be congratulating themselves for having exceeded their wildest expectations with a minimal expenditure of resource. And I believe they are now emboldened to continue such activities in the future both here and around the world, and to do so even more intensely. If there has ever been a clarion call for vigilance and action against a threat to the very foundation of our democratic political system, this episode is it. . (6) On June 7, 2017, former Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation James Comey testified before the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate that the Government of the Russian Federation, using technical intrusion, lots of other methods, tried to shape the way we