; (C) research related to diseases that disproportionally account for Federal health care spending, including spending under the Medicare program under title XVIII of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 1395 et seq.), the Medicaid program under title XIX of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 1396 et seq.), the State Children’s Health Insurance Program under title XXI of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 1397aa et seq.), the TRICARE program under chapter 55 of title 10, United States Code, and hospital care and medical services furnished by the Department of Veterans Affairs under chapters 17 and 18 of title 38, United States Code, such as research relating to— (i) diseases that disproportionally impact older individuals; (ii) degenerative diseases; or (iii) chronic conditions; (D) early career scientists, such as through— (i) awarding research project grants that support discrete, specified, and circumscribed projects to be performed by the investigator in an area representing the specific interests and competencies of such investigator, to investigators— (I) who are within 10 years of completing a terminal research degree; or (II) who are within 10 years of completing a medical residency; (ii) awarding grants that support career development experiences that lead to earlier research independence; and (iii) awarding grants that support innovative training programs that, in addition to scientific training, provide additional training to enhance employment opportunities, including training in management and business, to— (I) graduate students; (II) post-doctoral fellows; (III) individuals within 10 years of completing a terminal research degree; or (IV) individuals within 10 years of completing a medical residency; (E) research efforts that increase the potential for breakthrough discoveries across a diverse set of investigators, research groups, and institutions, which may include supporting— (i) investigators that are members of traditionally underrepresented racial and ethnic groups