(9) The Hague Abduction Convention does not have an enforcement mechanism and countries regularly ignore their legal duty—without consequences—to return abducted children whose habitual residence is the United States. (10) In the 2017 Annual Report on International Parental Child Abduction published by the Department of State, nine countries were identified as demonstrating a pattern of non-compliance for failure to comply with legal obligations under the Hague Abduction Convention to resolve ongoing abductions, including Argentina, the Bahamas, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Panama, Peru, and Romania. (11) The report also identified four countries without an established reciprocal relationship with the United States under the Hague Abduction Convention as demonstrating a pattern of non-compliance for failure to work with the United States to resolve abduction cases, including India, Jordan, Nicaragua, and Tunisia. (12) Eleven of the thirteen countries so identified for non-compliance, other than the Bahamas and Romania, are currently receiving trade benefits under the Generalized System of Preferences established by the Trade Act of 1974. (13) In India, where more than 100 children are being held against the wishes of their American parent, only 10 came home in 2016, and 66 percent of United States requests for the return of abducted children from India have remained unresolved for more than 12 months. (14) After eight years of heroic legal efforts in the United States and India to bring home her twin sons, who were abducted to India in 2008, Bindu Philips saw her case closed by the State Department in 2016 without their return. (15) Brazil has been continuously cited for demonstrating a pattern of non-compliance since 2005, and has neither issued nor enforced a court order to return a single one of the long term cases there since the return of Sean Goldman to his American father in 2009, after international pressure and the stalling of Brazil’s renewed participation in the Generalized