; and (B) may not use animals for such purpose. (b) Exception for particular commands and training methods (1) The Secretary may exempt a particular command, particular training method, or both, from the requirement for human-based training methods under subsection (a)(2) if the Secretary determines that human-based training methods will not provide an educationally equivalent or superior substitute for live animal-based training methods for such command or training method, as the case may be. (2) Any exemption under this subsection shall be for such period, not more than one year, as the Secretary shall specify in granting the exemption. Any exemption may be renewed (subject to the preceding sentence). (c) Annual reports (1) Not later than October 1, 2018, and each year thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to the congressional defense committees a report on the development and implementation of human-based training methods for the purpose of training members of the armed forces in the treatment of combat trauma injuries under this section. (2) Each report under this subsection on or after October 1, 2022, shall include a description of any exemption under subsection (b) that is in force at the time of such report, and a current justification for such exemption. (d) Definitions In this section: (1) The term combat trauma injuries means severe injuries likely to occur during combat, including— (A) hemorrhage; (B) tension pneumothorax; (C) amputation resulting from blast injury; (D) compromises to the airway; and (E) other injuries. (2) The term human-based training methods means, with respect to training individuals in medical treatment, the use of systems and devices that do not use animals, including— (A) simulators; (B) partial task trainers; (C) moulage; (D) simulated combat environments; (E) human cadavers