during this time span. (19) According to the International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights, as published by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, and according to the July 2017 report of the Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, countries should review and reform criminal laws and correctional systems to ensure that they are consistent with international human rights obligations and are not misused or targeted against vulnerable groups. (20) Removing institutionalized discrimination and targeted persecution against LGBTI people around the world is a critical step in the promotion of human rights and global health internationally. (21) Anti-LGBTI laws and discrimination pose significant risks for LGBTI youth who come out to their family or community and often face rejection, homelessness, and limited educational and economic opportunities. These factors contribute to increased risks of substance abuse, suicide, and HIV infection among LGBTI youth. (22) On December 6, 2011, President Barack Obama released the Presidential Memorandum—International Initiatives to Advance the Human Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Persons. The memorandum directed all Federal agencies engaged abroad to ensure that United States diplomacy and foreign assistance promote and protect the human rights of LGBTI persons. (23) On February 23, 2015, Secretary of State John Kerry appointed senior diplomat Randy Berry as the State Department’s first-ever Special Envoy for the Human Rights of LGBTI Persons. (24) On June 30, 2016, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed a resolution cosponsored by the United States that established an independent expert on violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity to help monitor and track discrimination and violence experienced by LGBTI persons around the world. (25) In November 2016, Tanzania placed a ban on all HIV and AIDS outreach projects aimed at