; Whereas if a President were to pardon himself, such an action would directly and inherently violate the common law, as well as the President’s duty under article II, section 3 of the Constitution to take care that the laws be faithfully executed; Whereas no reasonable rationale exist for the Framers of the Constitution to have intended to bestow upon the President the power to exempt himself from accountability to the law; and Whereas the rule of law is meaningless if any person or entity, including the President, is beyond the law’s reach: Now, therefore, be it