the amount of greenhouse gases, expressed in metric tons of CO 2 -e, which would be emitted to the atmosphere by the use of a covered fuel and shall include, nonexclusively, emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), methane (CH 4 ), and other greenhouse gases as identified by rule of the Administrator. (p) Greenhouse gas effect The term greenhouse gas effect means the adverse effects of greenhouse gases on health or welfare caused by the greenhouse gas’s heat-trapping potential or its effect on ocean acidification. (q) Import Irrespective of any other definition in law or treaty, the term import means to land on, bring into, or introduce into any place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. (r) Petroleum The term petroleum means oil removed from the earth or the oil derived from tar sands or shale. (s) Production greenhouse gas emissions The term production greenhouse gas emissions means the quantity of greenhouse gases, expressed in metric tons of CO 2 -e, emitted to the atmosphere resulting from, nonexclusively, the production, manufacture, assembly, transportation, or financing of a product. (t) Upstream greenhouse gas emissions The term upstream greenhouse gas emissions means the quantity of greenhouse gases, expressed in metric tons of CO 2 -e, emitted to the atmosphere resulting from, nonexclusively, the extraction, processing, transportation, financing, or other preparation of a covered fuel for use. 9902. Carbon fee (a) Carbon fee There is hereby imposed a carbon fee on any covered entity’s emitting use, or sale or transfer for an emitting use, of any covered fuel. (b) Amount of the carbon fee The carbon fee imposed by this section is an amount equal to— (1) the greenhouse gas content of the covered fuel, multiplied by (2) the carbon fee rate. (c) Carbon fee rate For purposes of this section— (1) In general The carbon fee rate, with respect to any use, sale, or transfer during a calendar year, shall be— (A) in the case of calendar year 2019, $15, and (B) except as provided in