; and (B) does not include— (i) chronic pain; (ii) pain being treated as part of cancer care; (iii) hospice or other end-of-life care; or (iv) pain being treated as part of palliative care. . 3. Encouraging development of abuse-deterrent formulations The Commissioner of Food and Drugs shall continue to work with stakeholders to encourage the development of opioid formulations with abuse-deterrent properties. 4. GAO study and report on policy changes that may have contributed to the opioid epidemic Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall complete a study and submit a report to Congress on health care policy changes that may have contributed to the increase in opioid overdoses and deaths during the 10 years preceding the date of enactment of this Act. Such study shall include— (1) a review of health care-related legislative, administrative, and judicial decisions by officers and employees of the Federal Government that have affected access to pain management strategies with an emphasis on pharmaceuticals; (2) an analysis of what is known about the costs and benefits, whether financial or non-financial, of reversing or revising such decisions individually or in combination, including whether the reversals or revisions would be expected to achieve a reduction in abuse of, addiction to, overdose on, and death from opioids; (3) an analysis of the differences among State-based prescription drug monitoring programs, including an analysis of what is known about the effects of such differences on monitoring for abuse of, addiction to, overdose on, and death from opioids; (4) an analysis of what is known about positive and negative impacts that prescribing limitations, both State and Federal, have on patient medical outcomes, including for chronic pain patients