last 2 months of the war. By that point, the Signal Corps considered the contributions of women to be so essential that, in telephone exchanges closest to the front line, the Army exclusively used women, in rotating 12-hour shifts. In the rear, the Army established rotating 8-hour shifts and gave male soldiers the overnight shift when telephone traffic was slower. (17) Seven bilingual operators— (A) served at the Battles of St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne under the immediate command of General Pershing