; or (II) on average, less than 310 grams per mile; and (ii) with respect to average fuel economy, the more stringent of— (I) the applicable average fuel economy standards developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration under chapter 329 of title 49, United States Code; or (II) 28.8 miles per gallon; and (C) in the case of a medium-duty or heavy-duty vehicle, the vehicle complies with applicable standards— (i) for emissions of carbon dioxide developed by the Environmental Protection Agency under title II of the Clean Air Act ( 42 U.S.C. 7521 et seq.)