; or (B) in any State in which the maximum age at which the juvenile justice system of such State has jurisdiction over individuals exceeds 18 years of age, an individual who is such maximum age or younger. 213. Findings The Congress finds as follows: (1) Youth gang crime has taken a toll on a number of communities, and senseless acts of gang-related violence have imposed economic, social, and human costs. (2) Drug- and alcohol-dependent youth, and youth dually diagnosed with addiction and mental health disorders, are more likely to become involved with the juvenile justice system than youth without such risk factors, absent appropriate prevention and intervention services. (3) Children of color are over-represented relative to the general population at every stage of the juvenile justice system. Black youth are 17 percent of the United States population, but represent 38 percent of youth in secure placement juvenile facilities, and 58 percent of youth incarcerated in adult prisons. (4) Research funded by the Department of Justice indicates that gang membership is short-lived among adolescents. With very few youth remaining gang-involved throughout their adolescent years, ongoing opportunities for intervention exist. (5) Criminal justice costs have become burdensome in many States and cities, requiring reductions in vital educational, social, welfare, mental health, and related services. (6) Direct expenditures for each of the major criminal justice functions, police, corrections, and judicial services, have increased steadily over the last 30 years. In fiscal year 2012, Federal, State, and local governments spent an estimated $265,000,000,000 for police protection, corrections, and judicial and legal services, nearly a 213-percent increase since 1982. (7) Estimates suggest that each year the United States incurs over $8,000,000,000 in long-term costs for the confinement of young people. The average annual cost to incarcerate one youth is $146,302. (8) Coordinated efforts of stakeholders in the juvenile justice