Whereas 64 years ago, in the case of Brown v . Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, a unanimous Supreme Court held that segregated school systems based on race are inherently unequal and violate the 14th amendment to the Constitution; Whereas the Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, in part, to address “Massive Resistance”, a collection of State laws passed in response to the Brown decision that aggressively tried to forestall and prevent school integration, and the “Declaration of Constitutional Principles” (known colloquially as the Southern Manifesto ) signed on March 12, 1956, by Members of the House of Representatives and the Senate that attacked the decision and opposed integrated schools; Whereas title VI of that law prohibits programs and activities that receive Federal funds from discriminating based on race, color, or national origin; Whereas former President John F. Kennedy eloquently explained the need for title VI by stating that [s]imple justice requires that public funds, to which all taxpayers of all races contribute, not be spent in any fashion which encourages, entrenches, subsidizes, or results in racial discrimination. Direct discrimination by Federal, State, or local governments is prohibited by the Constitution. But, indirect discrimination, through the use of Federal funds, is just as invidious; and it should not be necessary to resort to the courts to prevent each individual violation.