of the State. (4) The place of residence of any incumbent, political candidate, or potential political candidate. (c) Permissible criteria A State may consider other criteria, in addition to the required criteria under subsection (a), in establishing or altering the boundaries of its congressional districts, to the extent such other criteria do not conflict with the requirements of this section or violate section 4. The permissible criteria under this subsection may include any of the following: (1) Geographic contiguity and compactness. (2) Respect for communities of interest. Such communities of interest— (A) may be based on factors including shared cultural or historical characteristics or economic interests