; (8) the term torture means conduct described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 2340; (9) the term use or recruitment of child soldiers means conduct described in subsections (a) and (d) of section 2442; and (10) the term war crimes means conduct described in subsections (c) and (d) of section 2441. . (b) Clerical amendment The table of sections for chapter 213 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: 3302. Fraud in connection with certain human rights violations or war crimes. . (c) Effective date The amendments made by this section shall apply to fraudulent conduct, misrepresentations, concealments, and fraudulent, fictitious, or false statements made or committed before, on, or after the date of enactment of this Act. 1508. Criminal detention of aliens to protect public safety (a) In general Section 3142(e) of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: (e) Detention (1) In general If, after a hearing pursuant to the provisions of subsection (f), the judicial officer finds that no condition or combination of conditions will reasonably assure the appearance of the person as required and the safety of any other person and the community, such judicial officer shall order the detention of the person before trial. (2) Presumption arising from offenses described in subsection (f)(1) In a case described in subsection (f)(1) of this section, a rebuttable presumption arises that no condition or combination of conditions will reasonably assure the safety of any other person and the community if such judicial officer finds that— (A) the person has been convicted of a Federal offense that is described in subsection (f)(1), or of a State or local offense that would have been an offense described in subsection (f)(1) if a circumstance giving rise to Federal jurisdiction had existed; (B) the offense described in subparagraph (A) was committed while the person was on release pending trial for a Federal, State, or local offense