Whereas in 1972 President Richard M. Nixon signed into law title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 ( 20 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.) (referred to in this preamble as title IX ); Whereas in 2002 Congress passed a joint resolution establishing that title IX may be cited as the Patsy Takemoto Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act ; Whereas title IX prohibits any institution that receives Federal education funding from discriminating against students or employees on the basis of sex; Whereas sex discrimination includes— (1) gender-based violence; (2) sexual harassment and assault; (3) dating violence; and (4) domestic violence; Whereas title IX guarantees— (1) equal educational opportunities for all students, including pregnant or parenting students and gender non-conforming students; and (2) protection for students from discrimination on the basis of actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity; Whereas, since 1972, the United States has made great progress in providing educational opportunities to women and girls, and in 2015 women earned the majority of doctoral, master's, baccalaureate, and associate degrees; Whereas, since 1972, the participation of women and girls in sports has increased by 1,000 percent in high school and greater than 500 percent in college, providing women and girls with the opportunity— (1) to develop leadership and teamwork skills; (2) to earn athletic scholarships to help finance a college degree; and (3) to become successful professional athletes; Whereas, despite the progress that has been made in higher education and athletics, women, girls, pregnant or parenting students, and gender non-conforming students in the United States are still frequently denied equal educational opportunities; Whereas the number of baccalaureate degrees in science, technology, engineering, and math earned by women has decreased over the past decade, and women earn only— (1) 39 percent of physical science degrees; (2) 18 percent of computing degrees; (3) 19 percent of engineering degrees