; and criminals who are also developing and using sophisticated cyber tools for a variety of purposes including theft, extortion, and facilitation of other criminal activities . (11) On May 11, 2017, President Trump issued Presidential Executive Order 13800 on Strengthening the Cybersecurity of Federal Networks and Infrastructure which designated the Secretary of State to develop an engagement strategy for international cooperation in cybersecurity, and noted that the United States is especially dependent on a globally secure and resilient internet and must work with allies and other partners toward maintaining the policy of the executive branch to promote an open, interoperable, reliable, and secure internet that fosters efficiency, innovation, communication, and economic prosperity, while respecting privacy and guarding against deception, fraud, and theft. . 3. United States international cyberspace policy (a) In general Congress declares that it is the policy of the United States to work internationally with allies and other partners to promote an open, interoperable, reliable, unfettered, and secure internet governed by the multistakeholder model which promotes human rights, democracy, and rule of law, including freedom of expression, innovation, communication, and economic prosperity, while respecting privacy and guarding against deception, fraud, and theft. (b) Implementation In implementing the policy described in subsection (a), the President, in consultation with outside actors, including technology companies, nongovernmental organizations, and security researchers, shall pursue the following objectives in the conduct of bilateral and multilateral relations: (1) Clarifying the applicability of international laws and norms, including the law of armed conflict, to the use of ICT. (2) Clarifying that countries that fall victim to malicious cyber activities have the right to take proportionate countermeasures under international law, provided such measures do not violate a fundamental human right or