; and (E) section 2 of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. (6) In Vieth v. Jubelirer, 541 U.S. 267 (2004), the Supreme Court recognized that the Framers provided a remedy for partisan gerrymandering in the Constitution through the power bestowed on Congress to regulate elections, and … to restrain the practice of political gerrymandering. . (7) This power has not lain dormant, as Congress has repeatedly exercised its authority under article I, section 4 to regulate congressional districting criteria when Congress passed the Apportionment Act of 1842 (5 Stat. 491), the Apportionment Act of 1862 (12 Stat. 572), the Apportionment Act of 1872 (17 Stat. 28), the Apportionment Act of 1901 (31 Stat. 733), the Apportionment Act of 1911 (37 Stat. 13), the Apportionment Act of 1941 (55 Stat. 761), and the 1967 amendment to the Apportionment Act of 1929 ( Public Law 90–196 ). 3. Districting criteria (a) Required criteria Following each Federal decennial census of population, each State with more than one congressional district shall establish or alter the boundaries of each congressional district of the State in accordance with each of the following criteria: (1) Compliance with the Constitution of the United States, including the requirement of equal population. (2) Compliance with the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ( 52 U.S.C. 10301 et seq.). (b) Prohibited criteria Except to the extent necessary to comply with subsection (a) and section 4, in establishing or altering the boundaries of any congressional district of a State, the State may not consider the following criteria: (1) The political party registration or affiliation of the residents of the State. (2) The voting history of the residents of the State. (3) The election results of the precincts of the State. (4) The place of residence of any incumbent, political candidate, or potential political candidate. (c) Permissible criteria A State may consider other criteria, in addition to the required criteria under subsection (a), in establishing