persons and foreign persons, in particular academic institutions, scientific and research establishments, and small- and medium-sized businesses. (c) Application of controls The President shall impose controls over the export, reexport, or transfer of items for purposes of the objectives described in subsections (b)(1) or (b)(2) without regard to the nature of the underlying transaction or any circumstances pertaining to the activity, including whether such export, reexport, or transfer occurs pursuant to a purchase order or other contract requirement, voluntary decision, inter-company arrangement, marketing effort, or during a joint venture, joint development agreement, or similar collaborative agreement. 814. Additional authorities (a) In general In carrying out this subtitle, the President shall— (1) establish and maintain lists published by the Secretary of items that are controlled under this subtitle