vehicle standard. . 402. Carbon fee for aviation, maritime transportation, and rail (a) Definitions In this section: (1) Carbon fee The term carbon fee means the carbon fee imposed under subsection (b). (2) Carbon polluting substance The term carbon polluting substance means coal (including lignite and peat), petroleum and any petroleum product, or natural gas that, when combusted or otherwise used, will release greenhouse gas emissions. (3) Commercial aviation The term commercial aviation means any aircraft operation involving the transportation of passengers, cargo, or mail for hire. (4) Maritime transportation The term maritime transportation means the shipment of goods, cargo, and people by sea and other waterways. (b) Carbon fee The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Council, shall impose a carbon fee, in accordance with this section, on any owner or operator of an entity within the eligible sectors listed in subsection (d) to transition those sectors away from fossil fuel usage. (c) Amount (1) In general The amount of the carbon fee shall be assessed per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent (including carbon dioxide equivalent content of methane) of the carbon polluting substance used as fuel, as determined by the Council. (2) Fractional part of ton In the case of a fraction of a ton of a carbon polluting substance, the carbon fee shall be the same fraction of the amount of the fee imposed on a whole ton of the carbon polluting substance. (3) Applicable amount For purposes of this subsection, the amount of the carbon fee shall be not less than the social cost of carbon, as determined by the Administrator. (d) Eligible sectors An owner or operator of an entity shall be subject to a carbon fee if the entity is a part of— (1) commercial aviation