; (2) in subsection (a), by striking (a) This section applies and inserting (a) Applicability —This section applies ; and (3) by striking subsections (b) through (e) and inserting the following: (b) Rulemaking considerations In a rulemaking, an agency shall consider, in addition to other applicable considerations, the following: (1) The legal authority under which a rule may be proposed, including whether rulemaking is required by statute or is within the discretion of the agency. (2) The nature and significance of the problem the agency intends to address with a rule. (3) Whether existing Federal laws or rules have created or contributed to the problem the agency may address with a rule and, if so, whether those Federal laws or rules could be amended or rescinded to address the problem in whole or in part. (4) A reasonable number of alternatives for a new rule that meet the statutory objective, including substantial alternatives or other responses identified by interested persons, with the consideration of 3 alternatives presumed to be reasonable. (5) For any major rule or high-impact rule, unless prohibited by law, the potential costs and benefits associated with potential alternative rules and other responses considered under paragraph (4), including quantitative and qualitative analyses of— (A) the direct costs and benefits; (B) the nature and degree of risks addressed by the rule and the countervailing risks that might be posed by agency action; and (C) to the extent practicable, the cumulative and indirect costs and benefits. (c) Notice of proposed rulemaking (1) In general If an agency determines that the objectives of the agency require the agency to issue a rule, the agency shall notify the Administrator and publish a notice of proposed rulemaking in the Federal Register, which shall include— (A) a statement of the time, place, and nature of any public rulemaking proceedings; (B) reference to the legal authority under which the rule is proposed; (C) the text of the proposed rule