; relating to blocking the property of certain persons engaging in significant malicious cyber-enabled activities) as [s]ignificant malicious cyber-enabled activities originating from, or directed by persons located, in whole or in substantial part, outside the United States, continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States . (4) On January 5, 2017, former Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, former Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Marcel Lettre, and Commander of the United States Cyber Command Admiral Michael Rogers, submitted joint testimony to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate that stated that [a]s of late 2016 more than 30 nations are developing offensive cyber attack capabilities and that [p]rotecting critical infrastructure, such as crucial energy, financial, manufacturing, transportation, communication, and health systems, will become an increasingly complex national security challenge . (5) There is significant evidence that hackers affiliated with foreign governments have conducted cyber operations targeting entities and critical infrastructure sectors in the United States as the Department of Justice has announced that— (A) on March 24, 2016, 7 Iranians working for entities affiliated with Iran’s Revolutionary Guard Corps were indicted for conducting distributed denial of service attacks against the financial sector in the United States from 2012 to 2013