the fundamental social values of sport and not sham exhibitions rigged in favor of cheaters who dope. (7) Doping fraud conspiracies in Major International Sporting Competitions undermine the integrity and value of not only those events but all organized sport around the world, including the United States. (8) The economic impact of sport in the United States economy exceeds over $500,000,000,000 yearly. Doping fraud conspiracies in Major International Sport Competitions seriously threaten the value of that sector of the United States economy. (9) Doping fraud conspiracies often beget other illegal activity, including bribery and money laundering. (10) The World Anti-Doping Code, which first went into effect in 2003, has been an effective tool in the fight against international doping by significantly harmonizing the anti-doping rules of sport and the national laws of those countries which address sport doping through legislation. (11) On August 25, 2003, the United States ratified the Convention. As a party to the Convention, the United States has agreed to adopt appropriate measures at the national and international levels which are consistent with the Code … In abiding by the obligations contained in this Convention, each State Party undertakes to adopt appropriate measures. Such measures may include legislation, regulation, policies or administrative practices. (12) USADA was recognized by Congress, under the United States Anti-Doping Agency Reauthorization Act ( Public Law 113–280