; and (C) the exercise of judicial power vested by the Constitution of the United States in the Supreme Court and lower Federal courts. (8) By delegating legislative, executive, and judicial power to the various administrative agencies, Congress has departed from the separation of powers structure of the Constitution of the United States, and ignored the warning of the framers of that instrument that The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, self-appointed, or elective, may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny. . James Madison, The Federalist No. 47. (9) Further, by delegating legislative, executive, and judicial powers to various administrative agencies, Congress has unconstitutionally established a Star Chamber-like system of rules promulgated, executed, and adjudicated by administrative agencies that are functionally a part of the executive branch of the Federal Government in violation of the due process guarantee of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. (10) By the very nature of legislative power, and by the express terms of article I, section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, Congress may not delegate any legislative power to any other branch of the Federal Government or other entity, including any administrative agency. As Chief Justice John Marshall stated: It will not be contended that Congress can delegate to the courts, or to any other tribunals, powers which are strictly and exclusively legislative. . Wayman v. Southard, 10 Wheat. (23 U.S.) 1, 42 (1825). (11) As Chief Justice Melville Fuller explained, a criminal offense created or clarified by an agency in the executive branch is not valid unless the offense is fully and completely defined by the act of Congress. In re Kollock, 165 U.S. 526, 533 (1897). (12) By vesting legislative power in the Congress, the Constitution requires the Senate and the House of Representatives to enact statutes containing