; (C) initiatives to increase agricultural productivity; (D) forest law enforcement initiatives; (E) the development of timber tracking systems; (F) the development of cooking fuel substitutes; (G) tree-planting initiatives; and (H) programs that are designed to focus on market-based solutions to reduce de­for­es­ta­tion and increase reforestation and af­for­es­ta­tion, including programs that leverage the international carbon-offset market; (2) the enhancement and expansion of governmental and nongovernmental institutional capacity to effectively design and implement a proposal developed under subsection (a)(2) through initiatives, including— (A) the establishment of transparent, accountable, and inclusive decisionmaking processes relating to all stakeholders (including affected local communities); (B) the promotion of enhanced coordination among ministries and agencies responsible for agro-ecological zoning, mapping, land planning and permitting, sustainable agriculture, forestry, mining, and law enforcement; and (C) the clarification of land tenure and resource rights of affected communities, including local communities; (3) the development and support of institutional capacity to measure, verify, and report the activities carried out by the Government of Haiti and by the Government of Armenia to reduce deforestation and increase afforestation and reforestation rates through the use of appropriate methods, including— (A) the use of best practices and technologies to monitor land use change in Haiti and in Armenia, and changes in the extent of natural forest cover, protected areas, man­groves, agroforestry, and agriculture; (B) the monitoring of the impacts of policies and initiatives on— (i) affected communities; (ii) the biodiversity of the environment of Haiti and Armenia; and (iii) the health of the forests of Haiti and Armenia; and (C) independent and participatory forest monitoring