; (B) conduct analysis of such data to identify national trends; and (C) issue public reports on such analysis. (c) NAS research In carrying out subsection (a)(2), the Secretary shall conduct new studies, or capitalize on existing studies, to research— (1) long-term physical, educational, and neu­ro­de­vel­op­ment­al outcomes of children affected by neonatal abstinence syndrome; (2) the prevalence of, and reasons for, opioid use among women who are pregnant or may become pregnant; and (3) the comparative effectiveness of available treatment protocols for infants affected by neonatal abstinence syndrome. (d) Authorization of appropriations To carry out this section, there is authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2019 through 2023. .