nearly twice the White unemployment rate of 3.6 percent, a situation which has been true for nearly as long as unemployment statistics have been recorded (since around the time of the Great Depression). (8) Unemployment remains particularly acute among African American youth between the ages of 16 and 19. As of March 2018, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the Black youth unemployment rate of those ages is 27.9 percent compared with 10.7 percent for White youth of this age. This dramatizes the tremendous employment challenges faced by African American youth who live in urban communities. (9) Although Census Data shows that Black-owned businesses are growing in number at a faster rate than for any other group, they have failed to realize their full economic potential. (10) According to the Kauffman Foundation’s calculations from the U.S. Census Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs, while the average size of mature, non-minority-owned businesses is $2,300,000 in annual revenue when they have been in business 11 to 15 years, the average size of minority-owned businesses is only $1,600,000 at the same age. Minorities own half as many businesses as non-minorities. The conclusion Kauffman draws: minority-owned businesses start smaller and stay smaller. (11) Studies show that lifetime earnings go up for American adults with each level of educational attainment. (12) According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), in 2014 the median earnings of young adults with a bachelor’s degree ($49,900) were 66 percent higher than the median earnings of young adult high school completers ($30,000). The median earnings of young adult high school completers were 20 percent higher than the median earnings of those without a high school credential ($25,000). Today, median lifetime earnings for those with a bachelor’s degree are $2,300,000 or 74 percent more than those with just a high school diploma. (13) Despite overall gains nationally, gaps in college enrollment and completion by race persist. In 2016, college