; Latino: 5.5 percent; Native American or Alaska Native: 0.3 percent, and Asian or Pacific Islander: 4.6 percent). (8) Women overall face challenges in accessing computer science education. Only 18 percent of all bachelor’s degrees awarded in computer science in 2012 went to women, and women of color received only 6.6 percent (Black: 3.0 percent; Latino: 1.7 percent; Native American or Alaska Native: 0.1 percent, and Asian or Pacific Islander: 1.8 percent). (9) Disparities in enrollment and academic achievement start early. In 2016, only 23 percent of students taking the AP Computer Science exam were women, and just 16 percent were African-American or Latino. (10) Nationwide, only 88 Native American students took the AP Computer Science exam in 2016, a decrease from 2015. This means that while Native Americans make up about 1.1 percent of the U.S. student population, they made up 1/5 of a percent of students who took AP Computer Science exams in 2016. 3. Definitions In this Act: (1) Computational thinking The term computational thinking aims to capture the wide range of creative processes that go into formulating problems and their solutions in such a way that the solutions can be carried out by a computer, and may involve some understanding of software and hardware design, logic and the use of abstraction and representation, algorithm design, algorithm expression, problem decomposition, modularity, programming paradigms and languages, issues of information security and privacy, the application of computation across a wide range of disciplines, and the societal impact of computing. Programming is a hands-on, inquiry-based way in which computational thinking may be learned. (2) Computer science education The term computer science education includes any of the following: computational thinking; software design; hardware architecture and organization; theoretical foundations; use of abstraction and representation in problem solving; logic; algorithm design and implementation; the limits of computation