; (2) leverage the collective body of knowledge from existing quantum information science research; (3) coordinate research efforts funded through existing programs across the Office of Science; and (4) engage with other Federal agencies, research communities, and potential users of information produced under this section. 402. National Quantum Information Science Research Centers (a) In general The Secretary of Energy shall ensure that the Office of Science carries out a program, in consultation with other Federal agencies, as appropriate, to establish and operate up to 5 National Quantum Information Science Research Centers to conduct basic research to accelerate scientific breakthroughs in quantum information science and technology and to support research conducted under section 401. Such centers shall be established through a competitive, merit-reviewed process, and consider applications from National Laboratories, institutions of higher education, research centers, multi-institutional collaborations, and other appropriate entities. (b) Collaborations A collaboration receiving an award under this subsection may include multiple types of research institutions and private sector entities. (c) Requirements To the maximum extent practicable, the Centers developed, constructed, operated, or maintained under this section shall serve the needs of the Department of Energy, industry, the academic community, and other relevant entities to create and develop processes for the purpose of advancing basic research in quantum information science and improving the competitiveness of the United States. (d) Coordination The Secretary shall ensure the coordination of, and avoid unnecessary duplication of, the activities of each Center with the activities of— (1) other research entities of the Department, including the Nanoscale Science Research Centers, the Energy Frontier Research Centers, and the Energy Innovation Hubs