; liability (1) Liquidated damages for failure to accept payment (A) In general A participant in the program under this section (other than a participant described in paragraph (2)) who fails to accept payment, or instructs the covered facility at which the participant is a medical resident not to accept payment, in whole or in part, of educational assistance under the agreement entered into under subsection (d) shall be liable to the United States for liquidated damages in the amount of $1,500. (B) Treatment of other obligations Liability for liquidated damages under subparagraph (A) is in addition to any period of obligated service or other obligation or liability under the agreement entered into under subsection (d). (2) Liability for certain breaches (A) In general A participant in the program under this section shall be liable to the United States for the amount that has been paid to or on behalf of the participant under the agreement if any of the following occurs: (i) The participant is dismissed from serving as a medical resident at a covered facility for disciplinary reasons. (ii) The participant voluntarily terminates service as a medical resident at a covered facility before completion of such service. (iii) The participant loses his or her license, registration, or certification to practice his or her health care profession in a State. (B) Treatment of period of obligated service Liability under subparagraph (A) is in lieu of any period of obligated service under the agreement entered into under subsection (d). (3) Liability for failing to complete period of service (A) In general If a participant in the program under this section breaches the agreement under subsection (d) by failing (for any reason) to complete the period of obligated service of the participant, the United States shall be entitled to recover from the participant an amount determined in accordance with the following formula: A = 3Φ(t − s/t). (B) Formula variables In the formula specified in subparagraph (A): (i) A is the amount the