; application of amendments (a) Effective date Except as provided in subsection (b), this subtitle and the amendments made by this subtitle shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act. (b) Application of amendments (1) In general Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this subtitle shall apply with respect to cases commenced under title 11 of the United States Code before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act. (2) Limitation Paragraph (1) shall not apply with respect to cases closed under title 11 of the United States Code as of the date of the enactment of this Act that are neither pending on appeal in, nor appealable to, any court of the United States. 11. GAO study The Comptroller General shall carry out a study, and submit to the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate, not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act a report containing— (1) the results of such study of— (A) the number of debtors who filed, during the 1-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act, cases under chapter 13 of title 11 of the United States Code for the purpose of restructuring their principal residence mortgages, (B) the number of mortgages restructured under the amendments made by this subtitle that subsequently resulted in default and foreclosure, (C) a comparison between the effectiveness of mortgages restructured under programs outside of bankruptcy, such as Hope Now and Help for Homeowners, and mortgages restructured under the amendments made by this subtitle, (D) the number of cases presented to the bankruptcy courts where mortgages were restructured under the amendments made by this subtitle that were appealed, (E) the number of cases presented to the bankruptcy courts where mortgages were restructured under the amendments made by the subtitle that were overturned on appeal, and (F) the number of bankruptcy judges disciplined as a result of actions taken to restructure