; Whereas the USSR coordinated an invasion of eastern Poland in 1939 according to the terms of a secret additional protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939; Whereas the Red Army of the USSR and Wehrmacht of Germany held a joint military parade in Brest, Poland, after which occupation of the city was transferred to the Red Army; Whereas, during the USSR occupation of Brest, Poland, the USSR arrested and deported more than 500,000 Jewish refugees, many of whom died en route to Siberia; Whereas the USSR carried out ruthless violence against religious minorities, including campaigns to suppress the religious traditions and culture of the Jewish population of the USSR; Whereas tens of thousands of Jews were killed between 1918 and 1920 as a result of organized pogroms during the civil war that followed the Bolshevik Revolution in the USSR; Whereas the USSR conducted open anti-Semitic campaigns aimed at completely eliminating Jewish cultural life; Whereas approximately 1,000,000 Jews were killed by the German Einstzgruppen, or deployment groups, in USSR-occupied territories during World War II; Whereas, under Joseph Stalin alone, more than 20,000,000 deaths occurred in the USSR as a result of executions, Gulag camps, and famine; Whereas, during the Great Purge in the USSR, approximately 700,000 political dissidents were executed by gunshot to the back of the head; Whereas approximately 1,700,000 people died in the Gulag camps, where prisoners ranging from political dissidents to petty criminals were subjected to forced labor, extreme temperatures, and harsh treatment; Whereas communist agricultural policies caused the Soviet Famine of 1932 to 1933, which led to the deaths of an estimated 7,500,000 victims, including the Holodomor, the deliberate genocidal famine of millions of Ukranians