; and (2) will result in substantial benefits for American drivers, the environment, public health, and energy security. 3. NHTSA average fuel economy standards for 2021 through 2025 Section 32902(b)(2) of title 49, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new subparagraphs: (D) Automobile fuel economy average for model years 2021 through 2025 The Secretary shall, not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this subparagraph, prescribe by regulation and maintain fuel economy standards for model years 2021 through 2025 that are at least as stringent as the final standards for 2021 and the augural standards for 2022 through 2025 set out in the 2012 joint EPA/DOT Final Rule on 2017 and Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards. (E) Restriction on revising standards or creating new loopholes The Secretary may not take any action that could effectively reduce the stringency of the average fuel economy standards required to be attained by each fleet of passenger and non-passenger automobiles manufactured for sale in the United States for model years up to and including 2025, including by revising the trading, transferring, availability, or creation of credits. . 4. EPA greenhouse gas emission standards through 2025 (a) Affirming standards Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall affirm, under section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act ( 42 U.S.C. 7521(a) ), the greenhouse gas emission standards for light-duty vehicles for model years 2017 through 2025 that were published in the Federal Register by the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration on October 15, 2012, in the final rule entitled 2017 and Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards (77 Fed. Reg. 62623), including such standards for model years 2022 through 2025 that were