; by (ii) the average cost-of-living for the United States for the preceding calendar year. (D) Cost-of-living for area (i) In general For calendar year 2017 and each calendar year thereafter, the Secretary of Labor shall determine and publish a cost-of-living index for each statistical area. (ii) Methodology The cost-of-living index determined under clause (i) for any statistical area for any calendar year shall be based on average market prices for the area for the 12-month period ending on August 31 of such calendar year. The market prices taken into account under the preceding sentence shall be selected and used under the same methodology as is used by the Secretary of Labor in developing the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. (E) Statistical area For purposes of this subsection the term statistical area means— (i) any metropolitan statistical area as defined by the Secretary of Commerce, and (ii) the portion of any State not within a metropolitan statistical area as so defined. (11) Areas outside the united states The area applicable multiplier for any area outside the United States shall be 1. . (b) Effective Date The amendment made by this section shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017.