; (3) by sector; and (4) to reflect— (A) granular locational characteristics, such as load pockets and electric grid congestion; (B) granular temporal characteristics, such as hourly and subhourly electricity generation costs and electricity network costs; and (C) the specific electric grid services identified by the study under section 3(b). (f) Authorization of appropriations There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section (including the amendments made by this section) $50,000,000, to remain available for a period of 10 years following the fiscal year for which the amounts were appropriated. 4. Electrification of vehicles and heating (a) Research, development, and demonstration activities (1) In general In accordance with paragraphs (2) and (3), the Secretary shall conduct a program of research, development, and demonstration activities to advance the electrification of transportation, heating (including water heating and space heating), and other technologies, including by identifying ways to increase the resilience, efficiency, and environmental performance of the electric grid. (2) Heating research, development, and demonstration activities (A) In general Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall initiate research, development, and demonstration activities— (i) to develop the ability of electric heating technologies (including water heating and space heating) to provide value to electricity systems, including by operating as an energy storage resource used on a regular basis as part of grid operation to improve the operational efficiency of the electric grid; (ii) to advance the technical understanding of— (I) the manner in which electric heating technologies are controlled and optimized, including by advancing telemetry and embedded metrology; and (II) the practices of transmitting secure data over the Internet, a utility system, or other mechanism, with a means for implementation, such as a standard