; many of those living with HIV/AIDS are coinfected with chronic HBV, chronic HCV, or both. (3) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (referred to in this section as the CDC ), approximately 2 percent of the population of the United States is living with chronic HBV, chronic HCV, or both. The CDC has recognized HCV as the Nation’s most common chronic bloodborne virus infection and HBV as the deadliest vaccine-preventable disease. (4) HBV is easily transmitted and is 100 times more infectious than HIV. According to the CDC, HBV is transmitted through contact with infectious blood, semen, or other body fluids. HCV is transmitted by contact with infectious blood, particularly through percutaneous exposures (such as puncture through the skin). (5) The CDC estimates that in 2016, more than 41,000 people in the United States were newly infected with HCV and nearly 21,000 people in the United States were newly infected with HBV. These estimates could be much higher due to many reasons, including lack of screening education and awareness, and perceived marginalization of the populations at risk. (6) In 2012, CDC released new guidelines recommending every person born between 1945 and 1965 receive a one-time test. Among the estimated 102,000,000 (1,600,000 chronically HCV-infected) eligible for screening, birth-cohort screening leads to 84,000 fewer cases of decompensated cirrhosis, 46,000 fewer cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 10,000 fewer liver transplants, and 78,000 fewer HCV-related deaths gained versus risk-based screening. (7) In 2013, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (referred to in this section as the USPSTF ) issued a Grade B rating for screening for HCV infection in persons at high risk for infection and adults born between 1945 and 1965. In 2014, the USPSTF issued a Grade B for screening for HBV in persons at high-risk of hepatitis B infection. In 2009, the USPSTF issued a Grade A for screening pregnant women for HBV during their first prenatal visit. (8) There were 59