; or (B) through grants awarded under subsection (d) or (e). (c) Eligible entities defined In this section, the term eligible entity means— (1) an institution of higher education; (2) a public or private nonprofit library; (3) a nonprofit educational organization; (4) an entity that— (A) received a grant under this title for a preceding fiscal year; or (B) as of the date of application for a grant under this section is receiving a grant under this title; or (5) a partnership of two or more entities described in paragraphs (1) through (4). (d) Research grants (1) Program authorized For any fiscal year for which the Secretary carries out activities to achieve the outcomes described in subsection (b)(1) through research grants under this subsection, the Secretary shall award such grants, on a competitive basis, to eligible entities. (2) Required activities An eligible entity that receives a grant under this subsection shall use the grant funds for the systematic development, collection, analysis, publication, and dissemination of data, and other information resources in a manner that is easily understandable, made publicly available, and that contributes to achieving the purposes of subsection (a) and achieves at least one of the outcomes described in subsection (b)(1). (3) Discretionary activities An eligible entity that receives a grant under this subsection may use the grant to carry out the following activities: (A) Assess and document international and foreign language education capacity and supply through studies or surveys that— (i) determine the number of foreign language courses, programs, and enrollments at all levels of education and in all languages, including a determination of gaps in those deemed critical to the national interest; (ii) measure the number and types of degrees or certificates awarded in area studies, global studies, foreign language studies, and international business and professional studies, including identification of gaps in those deemed critical to the national interest