; and (II) at later time intervals appropriate to the credential sought and earned. (C) Data linkage streamlining and confidentiality (i) Streamlining In creating the secure data system linkages described in this paragraph, the Commissioner shall— (I) ensure that the linkages are not always connected, but occur at appropriate intervals, as determined by the Commissioner; and (II) seek to— (aa) streamline the data collection and reporting requirements for postsecondary institutions; (bb) minimize duplicate reporting across or within Federal agencies or departments, including reporting requirements applicable to postsecondary institutions under the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act ( 29 U.S.C. 3101 et seq.); (cc) protect student privacy; and (dd) streamline the application process for student loan benefit programs available to borrowers based on data available from different Federal data systems. (ii) Review Not less often than once every 5 years after the establishment of the postsecondary student data system under this subsection, the Commissioner shall review methods for streamlining data collection from postsecondary institutions and minimizing duplicative reporting within the Department of Education and across Federal agencies that provide data for the postsecondary student data system. (iii) Confidentiality The Commissioner shall ensure that any linking or sharing of data through data system linkages established in accordance with this paragraph— (I) complies with the security and privacy protections described in this subsection and other Federal data protection protocols; (II) follows industry best practices commensurate with the sensitivity of specific data elements or metrics