; and (2) such individual had been required to pay such charges or expenses and did pay such charges or expenses. (b) Limitations on recoveries from States Subsection (a) shall provide a right of recovery against any State, only if the injury, illness, or disability for which health services were provided is covered under— (1) workers’ compensation laws; or (2) a no-fault automobile accident insurance plan or program. (c) Nonapplicability of other laws No law of any State, or of any political subdivision of a State and no provision of any contract, insurance or health maintenance organization policy, employee benefit plan, self-insurance plan, managed care plan, or other health care plan or program entered into or renewed after the date of enactment of the Indian Health Care Amendments of 1988, shall prevent or hinder the right of recovery of the United States, an Indian tribe, or tribal organization under subsection (a). (d) No effect on private rights of action No action taken by the United States, an Indian tribe, or tribal organization to enforce the right of recovery provided under this section shall operate to deny to the injured person the recovery for that portion of the person’s damage not covered hereunder. (e) Enforcement (1) In general The United States, an Indian tribe, or tribal organization may enforce the right of recovery provided under subsection (a) by— (A) intervening or joining in any civil action or proceeding brought— (i) by the individual for whom health services were provided by the Secretary, an Indian tribe, or tribal organization