; (iii) research related to diseases that disproportionally account for Federal health care spending, including spending under the Medicare program under title XVIII of the Social Security Act, the Medicaid program under title XIX of the Social Security Act, the State Children's Health Insurance Program under title XXI of the Social Security Act, the TRICARE program under chapter 55 of title 10, United States Code, and the hospital services and medical care provided through the Veterans' Administration under chapters 17 and 18 of title 38, United States Code, and tax credits made available through the amendments to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 made by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( Public Law 111–148 ), such as research relating to— (I) diseases that dis­pro­por­tion­al­ly impact older individuals; (II) degenerative diseases, and (III) chronic conditions; and (iv) early career scientists by— (I) awarding research project grants that support discrete, specified, circumscribed projects to be performed by the investigator in an area representing the specific interests and competencies of such investigator, to investigators— (aa) who are within 10 years of completing a terminal research degree; or (bb) who are within 10 years of completing a medical residency; (II) awarding grants that support career development experiences that lead to earlier research independence; and (III) awarding grants that support innovative training programs that, in addition to scientific training, provide additional training to enhance employment opportunities, including training in management and business, to— (aa) graduate students; (bb) post-doctoral fellows; (cc) individuals within 10 years of completing a terminal research degree