; and (ii) documents the outcomes of programs funded under this title for every grant cycle. (2) Grants or contracts The Secretary shall carry out activities to achieve the outcomes described in paragraph (1)— (A) directly; or (B) through grants awarded under subsection (d) or (e). (c) Eligible entity defined In this section, the term eligible entity means— (1) an institution of higher education; (2) a public or private nonprofit library; (3) a nonprofit educational organization; (4) an entity that— (A) received a grant under this title for a preceding fiscal year; or (B) as of the date of application for a grant under this section is receiving a grant under this title; or (5) a partnership of two or more entities described in paragraphs (1) through (4). (d) Research grants (1) Program authorized For any fiscal year for which the Secretary carries out activities under subsection (b)(1) through research grants under this subsection, the Secretary shall award such grants, on a competitive basis, to eligible entities. (2) Required activities An eligible entity that receives a grant under this subsection shall use the grant funds for the systematic development, collection, analysis, publication, and dissemination of data, and other information resources in a manner that is easily understandable, made publicly available, and that contributes to achieving the purposes of subsection (a) and carries out at least one activity under subsection (b)(1). (3) Discretionary activities An eligible entity that receives a grant under this subsection may use the grant to carry out the following activities: (A) Assess and document international and foreign language education capacity and supply through studies or surveys that— (i) determine the number of foreign language courses, programs, and enrollments at all levels of education and in all languages, including a determination of gaps in those deemed critical to the national interest