Whereas there has been no war fought by or within the United States in which Blacks did not participate, including the Revolutionary War, the Civil War, the War of 1812, the Spanish American War, World Wars I and II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Iraqi Freedom; Whereas Frederick Douglass voiced his opinion in one of his autobiographies, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass , writing, I … urged every man who could, to enlist; to get an eagle on his button, a musket on his shoulder, the star-spangled banner over his head , later remarking that there is no power on Earth which can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship in the United States. ; Whereas during the Civil War, Black soldiers, commonly referred to as the United States Colored Troops, were treated as second-class citizens, the health care and hospitals available to them were substandard, and they often died from neglect of services that were supposed to be administered by medical personnel; Whereas Dr. W.E.B. DuBois and William Monroe Trotter, members of the first generation of freedom's children, founded the Niagara Movement in 1905; Whereas in his book, Black Reconstruction in America , published in 1935, DuBois wrote that [n]othing else made Negro citizenship conceivable, but the record of the Negro soldier as a fighter. ; Whereas the 369th Infantry, known as the Harlem Hell-fighters, fought the Germans during World War I as part of the French Army and served the longest stretch in combat, 191 days without replacement, without losing a foot of ground or a man as prisoner; Whereas at the end of the service of the 369th Infantry, the entire regiment received the Croix de Guerre, which was France's highest military honor, from a grateful French nation; Whereas Alain Locke, the first Black Rhodes Scholar, wrote in 1925 about a New Negro who had returned from battle with a bold new spirit that helped spark a new mood in the Black community