; (6) there were only 78,000 Chinese Americans living on the United States mainland, with 29,000 living in Hawaii, at the start of World War II as result of Federal and State legislation and judicial decisions; (7) despite the anti-Chinese discrimination at the time, as many as 20,000 Chinese Americans served in the Armed Forces during World War II, of whom, approximately 40 percent were not United States citizens due to the laws that denied citizenship to persons of Chinese descent; (8) Chinese Americans, although small in numbers, made important contributions to the World War II effort; (9) of the total Chinese Americans serving, approximately 25 percent served in the United States Army Air Force, with some sent to the China-Burma-India Theater with the 14th Air Service Group; (10) the remainder of Chinese Americans who served in World War II served in all branches of the Armed Forces in all 4 theaters of war; (11) the first all Chinese-American group was the 14th Air Service Group, 859th Signal Corps in the China-Burma-India Theater which enabled extensive and effective operations against the Japanese military in China; (12) Chinese Americans are widely acknowledged for their role in the 14th Air Force, 23rd Fighter Group, widely known as the Flying Tigers; (13) the Flying Tigers eventually established United States air superiority in China and supported cargo flights from India to China over The Hump ; (14) Chinese Americans assigned to the China-Burma-India Theater made transoceanic journeys through hostile territories and were subject to enemy attack while at sea and in the air; (15) in the Pacific Theater, Chinese Americans were in ground, air, and ocean combat and support roles throughout the Pacific including New Guinea, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Philippines, Mariana Islands, and Aleutian Islands