; and (C) most inventors cannot afford the costs of defending a patent challenged in a single postgrant review, as these costs can reach hundreds of thousands of dollars. (7) Infringement trials can cost tens of millions of dollars and can take up to ten years to reach a final judgment after all appeals, making legal relief unattainable for inventors. (8) These obstacles have given rise to an “efficient infringement” business model whereby large corporations infringe patent rights held by inventors without concern for any legal consequences. (9) Patent protection has led to patient cures, positive changes to the standard of living for all people in the United States, and improvements to the agricultural, telecommunications, software, biotech, pharmaceutical, and electronics industries, among others. 3. Inventor protections (a) Inventor-Owned patent Section 100 of title 35, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: (k) The term inventor-owned patent means a patent held entirely by the inventor of the claimed invention. . (b) Inventor-Owned patent protections Chapter 32 of title 35, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new section: 330. Inventor protections (a) Patent and trademark office sole jurisdiction No executive entity other than the Patent and Trademark Office may reexamine, review, or otherwise make a determination about the validity of an inventor-owned patent. (b) Protection from administrative proceedings The Patent and Trade Office may not reexamine, review, or otherwise make a determination about the validity of an inventor-owned patent unless voluntarily agreed to by the inventor. (c) Choice of Venue (1) In general An inventor may bring a civil action involving an inventor-owned patent in any district where the defendant is subject to the court’s personal jurisdiction or where the defendant has committed an act of infringement, regardless of whether the defendant has a regular and established place of business in such district. (2)