; and (F) foreign military intelligence services. (b) Requirements In exercising authority under this subtitle, the President shall impose controls to achieve the following objectives: (1) To regulate the export, reexport, and transfer of items described in subsection (a)(1) of United States persons or foreign persons. (2) To regulate the activities described in subsection (a)(2) of United States persons, wherever located. (3) To secure the cooperation of other governments and multilateral organizations to impose control systems that are consistent, to the extent possible, with the controls imposed under subsection (a). (4) To maintain the leadership of the United States in science, engineering, technology research and development, manufacturing, and foundational technology that is essential to innovation. (5) To protect United States technological advances by prohibiting unauthorized technology transfers to foreign persons in the United States or outside the United States, particularly with respect to countries that may pose a significant threat to the national security of the United States. (6) To enhance the viability of commercial firms, academic institutions, and research establishments, and maintain the skilled workforce of such firms, institutions, and establishments, that are necessary to preserving the leadership of the United States described in paragraph (4). (7) To strengthen the United States industrial base, both with respect to current and future defense requirements. (8) To enforce the controls through means such as regulations, requirements for compliance, lists of controlled items, lists of foreign persons who threaten the national security or foreign policy of the United States, and guidance in a form that facilitates compliance by United States persons and foreign persons, in particular academic institutions, scientific and research establishments, and small- and medium-sized businesses. (c) Application of controls The President shall impose controls over the export, reexport, or transfer of