; (11) female prisoners suspected of being impregnated by non-Korean men (namely Chinese men) are subjected to especially harsh treatment, with one witness describing a prisoner being injected with a labor-inducing drug and having to watch as a guard suffocated her newborn to death with a wet towel; (12) a former North Korean army nurse testified that she saw multiple abortions performed by injecting Ravenol (a motor oil) into the wombs of pregnant women and that babies born 3 to 4 months premature were wrapped in newspapers and put in a bucket until buried behind the detention center; (13) deliberate starvation, malnutrition, and overwork are extremely common, resulting in the deaths of countless prisoners; (14) at one prison camp, 1,500 to 2,000 prisoners, mostly children, are believed to have died each year from malnutrition, while many other prisoners were beaten to death for failing to meet production quotas; (15) starving prisoners are regularly executed when caught scavenging for food; (16) at one prison camp, starving prisoners who were found digging up edible plants on a mountainside were shot to death; (17) at another camp, a witness saw a fellow inmate executed for stealing potatoes, while in a separate camp a witness described the execution of numerous prisoners caught scavenging for leftover food in prison guards’ quarters; (18) a prisoner was beaten to death for hiding stolen corn in his mouth; (19) public executions by firing squads or other means are common, especially for prisoners caught attempting to escape; (20) the existence of mass graves is well documented, including detailed descriptions of mass burial sites at or near prison camps, as well as testimony about bodies being dumped on mountainsides near prison camps; (21) an undisclosed location near a prison camp was regularly used for nighttime executions, with gunshots clearly audible; (22) at a 1990 prison riot, approximately 1,500 prisoners were shot and killed, their bodies discarded in a closed mine