of long- and medium-term environmental changes such as changes in moisture levels, temperature, landscape fragmentation, nonnative animal and plant species, and human activity. (5) Methods to promote the recovery of threatened and endangered species. (c) Extramural research As determined appropriate by the Secretary, research conducted under this section may be carried out through competitively awarded grants or contracts, or cooperative agreements, awarded in accordance with all applicable requirements governing such activities. (d) Authorization of appropriations To carry out the purposes of this section, there are authorized to be appropriated $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2018, and such sums as may be necessary for subsequent fiscal years. 102. Staff enhancement (a) In general For the purpose of improving the Department’s land management capabilities, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized to augment the expertise of the Department of the Interior in the botanical sciences by— (1) hiring additional personnel with expertise in the botanical sciences