; and (B) validation and testing techniques; (4) other fundamental and applied research critical to widespread deployment of electricity storage; (5) device development that builds on results from research described in paragraphs (1), (2), and (4), including combinations of power electronics, advanced optimizing controls, and energy storage as a general purpose element of the electric grid; (6) grid-scale testing and analysis of storage devices, including test-beds and field trials; (7) cost-benefit analyses that inform capital expenditure planning for regulators and owners and operators of components of the electric grid; (8) electricity storage device safety and reliability, including potential failure modes, mitigation measures, and operational guidelines; (9) standards for storage device performance, control interface, grid interconnection, and interoperability