; (4) the Senkaku Islands are covered by Article V of the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement, with Annexes, signed at Tokyo March 8, 1954 (5 UST 661), between the United States and Japan; and (5) the United States should firmly oppose any unilateral actions by the People's Republic of China that seek to undermine Japan’s control of the Senkaku Islands. 6. Sanctions with respect to Chinese persons responsible for China’s activities in the South China Sea and the East China Sea (a) Initial imposition of sanctions On and after the date that is 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall impose the sanctions described in subsection (b) with respect to— (1) any Chinese person that contributes to construction or development projects, including land reclamation, island-making, lighthouse construction, building of base stations for mobile communications services, building of electricity and fuel supply facilities, or civil infrastructure projects, in areas of the South China Sea contested by one or more members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations; (2) any Chinese person that is responsible for or complicit in, or has engaged in, directly or indirectly, actions or policies that threaten the peace, security, or stability of areas of the South China Sea contested by one or more members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations or areas of the East China Sea administered by Japan or the Republic of Korea, including through the use of vessels and aircraft to impose the sovereignty of the People's Republic of China in those areas; (3) any Chinese person that engages, or attempts to engage, in an activity or transaction that materially contributes to, or poses a risk of materially contributing to, an activity described in paragraph (1) or (2); and (4) any person that— (A) is owned or controlled by a person described in paragraph (1), (2), or (3); (B) is acting for or on behalf of such a person