; (3) to the extent that firearms trafficking is intrastate in nature, it arises out of and is substantially connected with a commercial transaction that, when viewed in the aggregate, substantially affects interstate commerce; (4) because the intrastate and interstate trafficking of firearms are so commingled, full regulation of interstate commerce requires the incidental regulation of intrastate commerce; (5) firearm-related assaults in the United States— (A) during the 16-year period between 2001 and 2016, were associated with the majority of homicides and half of all suicides; and (B) during the 15-year period between 2001 and 2015, were the seventh leading cause of nonfatal violent injuries; (6) on the afternoon of May 10, 2007, Blair Holt, a junior at Julian High School in Chicago, was killed on a public bus riding home from school when he used his body to shield a girl who was in the line of fire after a young man boarded the bus and started shooting; (7) since 2007, when 32 students and teachers were killed at Virginia Tech, 7 of the 11 most deadly mass shootings in the United States have taken place; (8) since 2012, when 20 first graders and teachers were murdered with an assault rifle at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, more than 230 school shootings have occurred in the United States; (9) in 2015, there were 294 mass shootings, including, notably, the shooting at Umpqua Community College in Oregon, the Charleston church shooting in South Carolina, the theatre shooting in Lafayette, Louisiana, and the Isla Vista community shootings in California; (10) since 2016, the country has witnessed 4 of the 10 worst gun massacres in modern United States history