; and (B) did not comply with international standards for a free, fair, and transparent democratic process; and (2) senior officials in the de facto government of Nicolás Maduro— (A) have taken continuous steps— (i) to consolidate an authoritarian government; and (ii) to direct political control over Venezuela’s Supreme Tribunal of Justice, National Electoral Council, and armed forces; (B) have implemented policies that are directly responsible for— (i) Venezuela’s economic and humanitarian crises; and (ii) the massive outflow of Venezuelan migrants leaving the country; (C) have used access to food as a tool of political coercion and a source of corruption and have directly profited from corruption in food procurement contracts; (D) have utilized repressive tactics to violate and curtail human rights, political rights, freedom of expression, and freedom of the press, including the arbitrary detention of political prisoners; and (E) have engaged in acts of gross corruption and criminality that have contributed to the absence of the rule of law in Venezuela. I Humanitarian relief for Venezuela 101. Humanitarian assistance to Venezuelans in neighboring countries (a) In general The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, shall work through international and nongovernmental organizations to provide Venezuelans in neighboring countries with humanitarian aid, such as— (1) urgently needed health and nutritional assistance, including logistical and technical assistance to hospitals and health centers in affected communities; (2) food assistance for vulnerable individuals, including assistance to improve food security for affected communities; and (3) hygiene supplies and sanitation services. (b) Additional elements The assistance described in subsection (a)— (1) may be provided— (A) directly to Venezuelans in neighboring countries; or (B) indirectly through the communities in which the Venezuelans reside