; (B) to advance the technical understanding of— (i) the manner in which vehicle charging systems are controlled and optimized, including by advancing vehicle and charging station telemetry and embedded metrology; and (ii) the practices of transmitting secure data over the Internet, a utility system, or other mechanism, with a means for implementation, such as a standard; (C) to optimize electric vehicles for the integration of renewable energy technologies and the reduction of greenhouse gases and other pollutants; (D) to investigate the technical, economic, and legal details of using fleet, transit, and municipal vehicle batteries for a range of electric grid services, including— (i) demand response; (ii) frequency regulation and other ancillary services; and (iii) energy output, or full-scale vehicle-to-electric grid, operations; (E) to investigate the co-optimization of the electrification of transportation with advancements in autonomous vehicles and the use of vehicles for ride sharing, including by— (i) studying consumer participation and other behavioral challenges, including incentives that promote co-optimization; and (ii) researching challenges and opportunities relating to the optimization of electric grid operations in the context of autonomous vehicle and ride-sharing usage patterns, including the use of energy storage in charging systems; (F) to investigate, in collaboration with the Commission, approaches to the aggregation, wholesale electricity marketing, and, to the maximum extent practicable, retail electricity marketing of electric grid services provided by electric vehicles, including research into the use of transactive energy systems as a means of enabling vehicle-electric grid integration