; and (5) legislation to address these concerns is an appropriate exercise of the powers of Congress under clauses 3, 9, and 18 of section 8 of article I of the Constitution of the United States, and the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. 3. Limitation on liability of product sellers (a) In general No seller of any product shall be liable for personal injury, monetary loss, or damage to property arising out of an accident or transaction involving such product, unless the claimant proves one or more of the following activities by the seller: (1) The seller was the manufacturer of the product. (2) The seller participated in the design of the product. (3) The seller participated in the installation of the product. (4) The seller altered, modified, or expressly warranted the product in a manner not authorized by the manufacturer. (5) The seller had actual knowledge of the defect in the product as a result of a recall from the manufacturer or governmental entity authorized to make such recall or actual inspection at the time the seller sold the product to the claimant. (6) The seller had actual knowledge of the defect in the product at the time the seller supplied the product. (7) The seller intentionally altered or modified a product warranty, warning or instruction from the manufacturer in a way not authorized by the manufacturer. (8) The seller knowingly made a false representation about an aspect of the product not authorized by the manufacturer. (b) Liability of seller in cases of negligence If the claimant proves one or more of the activities described in subsection (a) and such activity was negligent, the seller’s liability is limited to the personal injury, monetary loss, or damage to property, directly caused by such activity. (c) Definitions In this Act: (1) Manufacturer The term manufacturer means a person who is lawfully engaged in the business of manufacturing a product in interstate or foreign commerce during such person’s regular course of trade or business. (2) Person The term