; shd. think as they think, & feel as they feel.”. (2) The Supreme Court made clear in Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964), that the objective of redistricting is to achieve fair and effective representation for all , that legislatures should be bodies which are collectively responsive to the popular will , and that the Constitution guarantees the opportunity for equal participation by all voters . (3) Partisan gerrymandering is incompatible with democratic principles at the foundation of the Republic. The drawing of electoral districts to benefit or disadvantage certain political parties denies people fair, effective, and accountable representation by allowing representatives to choose their voters rather than voters to choose their representatives. (4) In Davis v. Bandemer, 478 U.S. 109 (1986), the Supreme Court explained that it has “repeatedly stated that districting that would ‘operate to minimize or cancel out the voting strength of racial or political elements of the voting population’ would raise a constitutional question”. (5) The Constitution of the United States empowers Congress to ensure that congressional districting promotes fair, effective, and accountable representation for all people, as demonstrated in— (A) article I, section 2, clause 1, of the Constitution of the United States; (B) article I, section 4, clause 1, of the Constitution of the United States; (C) article I, section 5, clause 1, of the Constitution of the United States; (D) section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States