; and delaying treatment until their health care needs become more serious, complex, and costly. (6) Changing demographics (such as an aging population), new health care delivery models (such as medical homes), and other factors (such as disaster preparedness) are contributing to a shortage of both generalist and specialist physicians. (7) These shortages will have the most severe impact on vulnerable and underserved populations, including racial and ethnic minorities and the approximately 20 percent of people in the United States who live in rural or inner-city locations designated as health professional shortage areas. (8) The health care utilization equity model of the Association of American Medical Colleges estimates that if racial and ethnic minorities and individuals from rural areas utilized health care in a similar way to their Caucasian counterparts living in metropolitan areas, the physician shortage would require an additional 96,000 physicians. (9) To address the physician shortage, medical education and training need to be accessible for students and physicians from all backgrounds. International graduates play an important role in health care in the United States, representing roughly 25 percent of the health care workforce. Immigration pathways like student, exchange-visitor, and employment visas, and programs like the National Interest Waiver and Conrad 30 J–1 Visa Waiver, help improve health access across the United States. (10) United States medical school enrollment will grow by 30 percent from 2018 to 2019 to help reduce the shortage of quality physicians in the United States. (11) An increase in United States medical school graduates must be accompanied by an increase of 4,000 graduate medical education training positions each year. (12) Graduate medical education programs and teaching hospitals provide venues in which the next generation of physicians learns to work collaboratively with other physicians and health professionals, adopt more efficient care delivery models (such as care