; or (2) otherwise to ensure compliance with this section (including regulations promulgated pursuant to this section). 5. Federal agency actions to address environmental justice (a) Federal agency responsibilities (1) Environmental justice mission To the maximum extent practicable and permitted by applicable law, each Federal agency shall make achieving environmental justice part of the mission of the Federal agency by identifying, addressing, and mitigating disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects of the programs, policies, and activities of the Federal agency on communities of color, indigenous communities, and low-income communities in the United States (including the territories and possessions of the United States and the District of Columbia). (2) Nondiscrimination Each Federal agency shall conduct any program, policy, or activity that substantially affects human health or the environment in a manner that ensures that the program, policy, or activity does not have the effect of excluding any individual or group from participation in, denying any individual or group the benefits of, or subjecting any individual or group to discrimination under, the program, policy, or activity because of race, color, or national origin. (3) Strategies (A) Agencywide strategies Each Federal agency shall implement and update, not less frequently than annually, an agencywide environmental justice strategy that identifies and addresses disproportionally high and adverse human health or environmental effects of the programs, policies, spending, and other activities of the Federal agency with respect to communities of color, indigenous communities, and low-income communities, including, as appropriate for the mission of the Federal agency, with respect to the following areas: (i) Implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 ( 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.). (ii) Implementation of title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ( 42 U.S.C. 2000d et seq.) (including regulations promulgated