; Whereas the Open Society Justice Initiative in an initial 2009 report, entitled Ethnic Profiling in the European Union , and subsequent reports has found that police officers in the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands routinely use racial profiling, including targeting African descendants, when deciding whom to target for stops, searches, raids, and surveillance, leading to some of the first European-wide grassroots and legal efforts to end racial profiling in France, Germany, and elsewhere in Europe, and over a decade of pan-European anti-racism and empowerment initiatives supported by Open Society Foundations; Whereas there have been numerous efforts by the public and private sector to address racial discrimination and inequality in Europe, including the introduction of antidiscrimination and equality laws that include the legal support for special measures or positive (affirmative) action, creation of equality bodies, media campaigns, and efforts to increase minority political participation, and campaigns to end the use of stereotypes and derogatory terms to refer to Blacks in everyday language, the media, and textbooks; Whereas these efforts include the United Nations designation of 2011 as the International Year for People of African Descent and 2015–2024 the International Decade for People of African Descent in an effort to strengthen national actions to ensure that people of African descent enjoy economic, cultural, social, civil, and political rights, as well as promote a greater knowledge of and respect for their diverse heritage and culture; Whereas these efforts also include the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly’s (PA) adoption of a Resolution on Strengthening Efforts to Combat Racism and Xenophobia and Foster Inclusion at the 2011 Annual Session recognizing the International Year for People of African Descent and calling for the OSCE to implement several strategic initiatives to address racial and ethnic discrimination in the OSCE region