; or (B) a venture development organization. (3) Extramural budget The term extramural budget means the sum of the total obligations minus amounts obligated for such activities by employees of the agency in or through Government-owned, Government-operated facilities, except that for the Department of Energy it shall not include amounts obligated for atomic energy defense programs solely for weapons activities or for naval reactor programs, and except that for the Agency for International Development it shall not include amounts obligated solely for general institutional support of international research centers or for grants to foreign countries. (4) Institution of higher education The term institution of higher education has the meaning given the term in section 101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 1001(a) ). (5) Nonprofit organization The term nonprofit organization means an entity or organization— (A) (i) described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986; and (ii) exempt from taxation under 501(a) of such Act; or (B) described in paragraph (1) or (2) of section 170(c) of such Act. (6) Research or research and development The terms research and research and development mean any activity that is— (A) a systematic, intensive study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the subject studied; (B) a systematic study directed specifically toward applying new knowledge to meet a recognized need