; (B) create innovative paradigms, enhance or scale up proven strategies and practices that address systemic challenges to developing and delivering international and foreign language education resources and expertise across educational disciplines and institutions, and for employers and other stakeholders; and (C) develop and manage a national standardized database on the strengths, gaps and trends in the nation’s international and foreign language education capacity, and document the outcomes of programs funded under this title every grant cycle. (2) Method of implementation The Secretary may carry out the activities described in paragraph (1) directly or through grants or contracts to eligible grant recipients in accordance with subsection (d). (d) Research and study and innovation grants (1) Research and study grants authorized From amounts made available to carry out this section, the Secretary may award grants, on a competitive basis, to eligible entities to pay for the Federal share of research and studies relating to the systematic development, collection, analysis, publication, and dissemination of data and other information resources in a manner that is easily understandable and made publicly available, and that contributes to achieving the purposes of this title. Such research and studies may include any of the following: (A) Assessing and documenting international and foreign language education capacity and supply, such as— (i) studies and surveys to determine the numbers of foreign language courses, programs, and enrollments at all levels of education and in all languages, including a determination of gaps in those courses or programs determined to be critical to the national interest; (ii) studies and surveys of the number and types of degrees or certificates awarded in foreign language studies, area studies, global studies, and international business and professional studies, including identification of gaps in those areas of study determined critical to the national interest