and innovative diagnostic tests for identification and characterization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Such efforts may include development of new diagnostic tests and expansion of their availability and use to improve treatment, infection control, and outbreak response. (D) Federal efforts to accelerate basic and applied research and development for new antibiotic drugs, other therapeutics, prevention efforts, and vaccines. Such efforts may include support for basic and applied research, provision of scientific services and guidance to researchers, and fostering of public-private partnerships. (E) Federal efforts to improve international collaboration and capacities for antibiotic-resistance prevention, surveillance, and control and antibiotic research and development. Such efforts may include collaborations with foreign ministries of health and agriculture, the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Organization for Animal Health, and other multinational organizations.