; (ii) the effect of opioid use or abuse on the safety of the workplace as well as policies and procedures addressing workplace safety and health; (iii) the impact of opioid abuse on productivity and absenteeism, and assessments of model human resources policies that support workers abusing opioids, such as policies that facilitate seeking and receiving treatment and returning to work; (iv) the extent to which alternative pain management treatments other than opioids are or should be covered by employer-sponsored health plans; (v) the legal requirements protecting employee privacy and health information in the workplace, as well as the legal requirements related to nondiscrimination; (vi) potential interactions of opioid abuse with other substance use disorders; (vii) any additional benefits or resources available to an employee abusing opioids that promote retaining employment or reentering the workforce; (viii) evidence-based initiatives that engage employers, employees, and community leaders to promote early identification of opioid abuse, intervention, treatment, and recovery; (ix) workplace policies regarding opioid abuse that reduce stigmatization among fellow employees and management