the scale effect of legalizing prostitution leads to an expansion of the prostitution market and thus an increase in human trafficking, while the substitution effect reduces demand for trafficked prostitutes by favoring prostitutes who have legal residence in a country . (7) In 2005 Di Nicola and others provided descriptive statistics focusing on 11 European Union countries. According to their results, stricter prostitution laws are correlated with reduced flows of human trafficking. (8) Researchers Niklas Jakobsson and Andreas Kotsadam found a casual link between legal prostitution and increases in human trafficking. Jakobsson and Kotsadam found that trafficking of persons for commercial sexual exploitation is least prevalent in countries where prostitution is illegal and most prevalent in countries where prostitution is legalized. (9) Further data has demonstrated the correlation between the adoption of legislation that criminalizes demand and reductions in sex trafficking victims. 3. Amendment relating to determinations with respect to efforts of foreign countries to reduce demand for commercial sex acts under the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking (a) In general Section 108 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 ( 22 U.S.C. 7106 ) is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: (c) Criteria with respect to commercial sex acts In determinations under subsection (b)(12)(A), if the government of the country has the authority to prohibit the purchase of commercial sex acts and fails to do so, such failure to prohibit the purchase of commercial sex acts shall be deemed to be a failure on the part of the government to make serious and sustained efforts to reduce the demand for commercial sex acts, notwithstanding other efforts made by the government to reduce the demand for commercial sex acts. . (b) Effective date The amendment made by subsection (a) takes effect on the date of the enactment of this Act and applies with respect to determinations under subsection