; (B) developing techniques for conducting energy storage business case analyses; and (C) developing end-state modeling of least-cost solutions in scenarios in which— (i) energy storage is deployed; and (ii) 90 to 100 percent of electricity is produced by renewable generation resources; (10) spurring an increase in the number of energy storage technologies that are manufactured cost-competitively in the United States— (A) through public-private partnerships; and (B) by reducing investment risk; (11) identifying— (A) critical and conflict materials issues relating to energy storage technologies; and (B) innovative, low-impact, and cost-competitive methods for procuring energy storage materials that address the conflict issues identified under subparagraph (A), including— (i) materials recycling programs, which may also have the effect of increasing the life of batteries; and (ii) novel methods for obtaining lithium and other minerals domestically; and (12) enabling responsible lifecycle management of energy storage technologies through— (A) conducting research on responsible recycling of advanced battery materials and chemistries; (B) encouraging the sustainable design of new energy storage technologies; and (C) investigating end-of-life and second-life applications for advanced batteries. (c) Priority In developing the program, the Secretary shall pay special attention to energy storage needs and opportunities that are relatively underdeveloped and potentially transformative for the electric grid. (d) Subprograms The program shall be comprised of not fewer than 4 subprograms, including— (1) a large-scale energy storage subprogram with emphasis on large-scale energy storage systems, including— (A) electrochemical storage; (B) pumped hydroelectric storage; (C) mechanical storage; (D) thermal storage; (E) compression storage; and (F) other technologies, as determined by the Secretary