wells, and experience increased exposure to ultra fine particulate matter from exhaust and emissions near well pads. (8) President Obama joined other world leaders from the Group of Twenty in 2009, and again in 2013, in pledging to phase out wasteful fossil-fuel subsidies. (9) The Environmental Law Institute found that from 2002 through 2008, Federal fossil-fuel subsidies in the United States totaled over $72,000,000,000, while Federal renewable-energy investments totaled $12,200,000,000. (10) According to the group Taxpayers for Common Sense, the 5 largest oil corporations have made more than $1,000,000,000,000 in profits during the past decade. (11) According to the Center for American Progress, the 5 largest oil corporations posted more than $89,700,000,000 in profits in 2014 alone. (12) According to the Center for Responsive Politics, the oil and gas, coal, utility, and other natural resource extraction industries spent more than $1,800,000,000 on lobbying during the period of 2010 to 2014, which was an effective investment in protecting their extraordinary tax loopholes and subsidies. 102. Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that: (1) The United States must transition to a 100 percent clean energy economy. (2) It is not in the national interest for taxpayers in the United States to subsidize highly profitable, polluting fossil-fuel companies. (3) It is imperative that the United States Government make extensive investments in grid modernization projects across the country. According to the Hawaii State Energy Office, grid modernization refers to computer-based control and automation technology to bring current utility electricity delivery systems into the 21st century. The benefits of grid modernization include improvements in efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity all the way from electricity generation to the user’s home and workplace . This will help States like Hawaii that already have a 100 percent renewable portfolio standard