; and (B) does not include— (i) instances in which the service provided was limited to a speech or similar appearance; or (ii) a client of the former employer of the covered pharmaceutical regulator to whom the covered pharmaceutical regulator did not personally provide such services. (5) Former employer The term former employer — (A) means a person for whom a covered pharmaceutical regulator served as an employee, officer, director, trustee, or general partner during the 2-year period ending on the date (after such service) on which the covered pharmaceutical regulator begins service in the Federal Government; and (B) does not include— (i) any entity in the Federal Government, including an executive branch agency; (ii) a State or local government; (iii) the District of Columbia; (iv) an Indian tribe, as defined in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act ( 25 U.S.C. 5304 ); or (v) the government of a territory or possession of the United States. 602. Conflict of interest and eligibility standards for pharmaceutical regulators (a) In general A covered pharmaceutical regulator shall not make, participate in making, or in any way attempt to use the official position of the covered pharmaceutical regulator to influence a particular matter that provides a direct and substantial pecuniary benefit for a former employer or former client of the covered pharmaceutical regulator. (b) Recusal A covered pharmaceutical regulator shall recuse himself or herself from any official action that would violate subsection (a). (c) Waiver (1) In general The head of the covered pharmaceutical regulatory agency employing a covered pharmaceutical regulator, in consultation with the Director, may grant a written waiver of the restrictions under subsection (a) if, and to the extent that, the head of the covered pharmaceutical regulatory agency certifies in writing that— (A) the application of the restriction to the particular matter is inconsistent with the purposes of the restriction