; and (B) can create inaccurate population estimates for fish and other seafood species. (10) Perpetrators of IUU fishing typically have lower operating costs than those fishing legally, since persons involved in IUU fishing can— (A) evade the costs of licenses and regulations; (B) violate safety and labor standards; (C) avoid monitoring, control, and surveillance requirements; and (D) minimize or evade the costs of flagging and registering their fishing vessels. (11) The profits from IUU fishing can sometimes sustain illicit networks, ranging from smuggling rings to multinational syndicates, whose operations undermine the rule of law. (12) Fish provides more than 3,200,000,000 people with almost 20 percent of their average per capita intake of animal protein. In some of the regions hardest hit by IUU fishing, such as West Africa, fish accounts for up to 30 percent of average per capita animal protein intake, and in some coastal regions and island countries, fish accounts for 70 percent of the protein intake of the region’s or island’s population. (13) Marine fisheries employ millions of people worldwide, the livelihoods of which can be negatively impacted by IUU fishing and associated transnational organized illegal activities. (14) If fisheries collapse— (A) populations that rely on fishing may become economically destabilized, which could lead to a rise in criminal activities that risk United States national security