; (B) distributing literature; (C) carrying a sign; or (D) circulating a petition. (2) Exclusions In this section, the term expressive activity does not include violence, harassment, or obscenity (as defined by applicable statutory law in accordance with the precedents of the Supreme Court of the United States). (b) Expressive activities at an institution (1) In general Each public institution of higher education participating in a program under this title may not prohibit, subject to paragraph (2), a student from freely engaging in noncommercial expressive activity in an outdoor area on the institution's campus if the student’s conduct is lawful. (2) Restrictions An institution of higher education described in paragraph (1) may maintain and enforce reasonable time, place, or manner restrictions on an expressive activity in an outdoor area of the institution's campus, if the restriction— (A) is narrowly tailored to serve a significant institutional interest; (B) is based on previously published, content-neutral, and viewpoint-neutral criteria; and (C) leaves open ample alternative channels for communication. (3) Application The protections provided under paragraph (1) do not apply to expressive activity in an area on an institution's campus that is not an outdoor area. (c) Causes of action (1) Authorization The following persons may bring an action in a Federal court of competent jurisdiction to enjoin a violation of this section or any of paragraphs (31) through (34) of section 487(a), or to recover compensatory damages, reasonable court costs, or reasonable attorney fees: (A) The Attorney General. (B) A person claiming that the person's expressive activity rights, as described in subsection (b)(1), were violated. (2) Actions In an action brought under this subsection, if the court finds a violation of this section, the court— (A) shall— (i) enjoin the violation