; (2) population density in the area of a covered highway construction project; (3) the type of highway involved in such project; and (4) existing broadband access in the area of such project. (d) Pull tape The Secretary shall ensure that each broadband conduit installed pursuant to this section includes a pull tape and is capable of supporting fiber optic cable placement techniques consistent with industry best practices, as determined by the Secretary. (e) Depth of installation The Secretary shall ensure that each broadband conduit installed pursuant to this section is placed at a depth consistent with industry best practices, as determined by the Secretary, and that, in determining the depth of placement, consideration is given to the location of existing utilities and the cable separation requirements of State and local electrical codes. (f) Access The Secretary shall ensure that any requesting broadband provider has access to each broadband conduit installed pursuant to this section, on a competitively neutral and nondiscriminatory basis, for a charge not to exceed a cost-based rate. (g) Waiver authority The Secretary may waive the application of this section if the Secretary determines that the waiver is appropriate with respect to a covered highway construction project based upon— (1) a showing of undue burden; (2) a determination that the installation of broadband conduit beneath hard surfaces to be constructed as part of a covered highway construction project is not necessary based on the availability of existing broadband infrastructure; (3) a cost-benefit analysis