; and (13) efforts by Congress to reform the patent system without careful scrutiny create a serious risk of making it more costly and difficult for legitimate innovators to protect their patents from infringement, thereby weakening United States companies and the United States economy. 102. Inter partes review (a) Claim construction Section 316(a) of title 35, United States Code, is amended— (1) in paragraph (9), by inserting after substitute claims, the following: including the standard for how substitute claims should be construed, ; (2) in paragraph (12), by striking ; and and inserting a semicolon; (3) in paragraph (13), by striking the period at the end and inserting ; and ; and (4) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: (14) providing that for all purposes under this chapter— (A) each challenged claim of a patent shall be construed as the claim would be construed under section 282(b) in an action to invalidate a patent, including by construing each challenged claim of the patent in accordance with— (i) the ordinary and customary meaning of the claim as understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the claimed invention pertains; and (ii) the prosecution history pertaining to the patent