; and (2) in subparagraph (C), by striking In determining whether an alien has demonstrated that the alien's life or freedom would be threatened for a reason described in subparagraph (A), and inserting For purposes of this paragraph, . (b) Effective date The amendments made by subsection (a) shall take effect as if enacted on May 11, 2005, and shall apply to applications for withholding of removal made on or after such date. 18. Gross violations of human rights (a) Inadmissibility of certain aliens Section 212(a)(3)(E)(iii) ( 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(3)(E)(iii) ) is amended to read as follows: (iii) Commission of acts of torture, extrajudicial killings, war crimes, or widespread or systematic attacks on civilians Any alien who planned, ordered, assisted, aided and abetted, committed, or otherwise participated in, including through command responsibility and without regard to motivation or intent, the commission of— (I) any act of torture (as defined in section 2340 of title 18, United States Code); (II) any extrajudicial killing (as defined in section 3(a) of the Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991 ( 28 U.S.C. 1350 note)) under color of law of any foreign nation; (III) a war crime (as defined in section 2441 of title 18, United States Code); or (IV) a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population, with knowledge of the attack, murder, extermination, enslavement, forcible transfer of population, arbitrary detention, rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity; (V) persecution on political racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, or gender grounds; (VI) enforced disappearance of persons