; and (F) attrition of an individual so trained results in a loss of talent and money. (2) Sexual harassment undermines career advancement for women. (3) According to a 2017 study led by Dr. Kathryn Clancy at the University of Illinois, among astronomers and planetary scientists, 18 percent of women who are members of racial or ethnic minority groups and 12 percent of White women skipped professional events because they did not feel safe attending. (4) Many women report leaving employment at institutions of higher education due to sexual harassment. (5) Research shows the majority of individuals do not formally report experiences of sexual harassment due to a justified fear of retaliation or other negative professional or personal consequences. (6) Reporting procedures with respect to such harassment are inconsistent among Federal science agencies and have varying degrees of accessibility. (7) There is not adequate communication among Federal science agencies and between such agencies and grantees regarding reports of sexual harassment, which has resulted in harassers receiving Federal funding after moving to a different institution. 3. Definitions In this Act: (1) Academies The term Academies means the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2) Director The term Director means the Director of the National Science Foundation. (3) Federal science agency The term Federal science agency means any Federal agency with an annual extramural research expenditure of over $100,000,000. (4) Grant personnel The term grant personnel means principal investigators, co-principal investigators, other personnel supported by a grant award under Federal law, and their trainees. (5) Institution of higher education The term institution of higher education has the meaning given such term in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 1001 ). (6) Sexual harassment The term sexual harassment means conduct that encompasses— (A) verbal and nonverbal behaviors that convey hostility, objectification,