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  # Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
  # contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
  # this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
  # The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
  # (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
  # the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
  #
  #    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  #
  # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  # limitations under the License.
  #
  
  from functools import partial
  from typing import Any, Iterator, List, Optional, Tuple, Union, cast, no_type_check
  import warnings
  
  import pandas as pd
  import numpy as np
  from pandas.api.types import (
      is_list_like,
      is_interval_dtype,
      is_bool_dtype,
      is_categorical_dtype,
      is_integer_dtype,
      is_float_dtype,
      is_numeric_dtype,
      is_object_dtype,
  )
  from pandas.core.accessor import CachedAccessor
  from pandas.io.formats.printing import pprint_thing
  from pandas.api.types import CategoricalDtype, is_hashable
  from pandas._libs import lib
  
  from pyspark.sql import functions as F, Column
  from pyspark.sql.types import FractionalType, IntegralType, TimestampType
  
  from pyspark import pandas as ps  # For running doctests and reference resolution in PyCharm.
  from pyspark.pandas._typing import Dtype, Scalar
  from pyspark.pandas.config import get_option, option_context
  from pyspark.pandas.base import IndexOpsMixin
  from pyspark.pandas.frame import DataFrame
  from pyspark.pandas.missing.indexes import MissingPandasLikeIndex
  from pyspark.pandas.series import Series, first_series
  from pyspark.pandas.spark import functions as SF
  from pyspark.pandas.spark.accessors import SparkIndexMethods
  from pyspark.pandas.utils import (
      is_name_like_tuple,
      is_name_like_value,
      name_like_string,
      same_anchor,
      scol_for,
      verify_temp_column_name,
      validate_bool_kwarg,
      ERROR_MESSAGE_CANNOT_COMBINE,
  )
  from pyspark.pandas.internal import (
      InternalField,
      InternalFrame,
      DEFAULT_SERIES_NAME,
      SPARK_DEFAULT_INDEX_NAME,
      SPARK_INDEX_NAME_FORMAT,
  )
  
  
  class Index(IndexOpsMixin):
      """
      pandas-on-Spark Index that corresponds to pandas Index logically. This might hold Spark Column
      internally.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      data : array-like (1-dimensional)
      dtype : dtype, default None
          If dtype is None, we find the dtype that best fits the data.
          If an actual dtype is provided, we coerce to that dtype if it's safe.
          Otherwise, an error will be raised.
      copy : bool
          Make a copy of input ndarray.
      name : object
          Name to be stored in the index.
      tupleize_cols : bool (default: True)
          When True, attempt to create a MultiIndex if possible.
  
      See Also
      --------
      MultiIndex : A multi-level, or hierarchical, Index.
      DatetimeIndex : Index of datetime64 data.
      Int64Index : A special case of :class:`Index` with purely integer labels.
      Float64Index : A special case of :class:`Index` with purely float labels.
  
      Examples
      --------
      >>> ps.DataFrame({'a': ['a', 'b', 'c']}, index=[1, 2, 3]).index
      Int64Index([1, 2, 3], dtype='int64')
  
      >>> ps.DataFrame({'a': [1, 2, 3]}, index=list('abc')).index
      Index(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='object')
  
      >>> ps.Index([1, 2, 3])
      Int64Index([1, 2, 3], dtype='int64')
  
      >>> ps.Index(list('abc'))
      Index(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='object')
  
      From a Series:
  
      >>> s = ps.Series([1, 2, 3], index=[10, 20, 30])
      >>> ps.Index(s)
      Int64Index([1, 2, 3], dtype='int64')
  
      From an Index:
  
      >>> idx = ps.Index([1, 2, 3])
      >>> ps.Index(idx)
      Int64Index([1, 2, 3], dtype='int64')
      """
  
      def __new__(
          cls,
          data: Optional[Any] = None,
          dtype: Optional[Union[str, Dtype]] = None,
          copy: bool = False,
          name: Optional[Union[Any, Tuple]] = None,
          tupleize_cols: bool = True,
          **kwargs: Any
      ) -> "Index":
          if not is_hashable(name):
              raise TypeError("Index.name must be a hashable type")
  
          if isinstance(data, Series):
              if dtype is not None:
                  data = data.astype(dtype)
              if name is not None:
                  data = data.rename(name)
  
              internal = InternalFrame(
                  spark_frame=data._internal.spark_frame,
                  index_spark_columns=data._internal.data_spark_columns,
                  index_names=data._internal.column_labels,
                  index_fields=data._internal.data_fields,
                  column_labels=[],
                  data_spark_columns=[],
                  data_fields=[],
              )
              return DataFrame(internal).index
          elif isinstance(data, Index):
              if copy:
                  data = data.copy()
              if dtype is not None:
                  data = data.astype(dtype)
              if name is not None:
                  data = data.rename(name)
              return data
  
          return cast(
              Index,
              ps.from_pandas(
                  pd.Index(
                      data=data,
                      dtype=dtype,
                      copy=copy,
                      name=name,
                      tupleize_cols=tupleize_cols,
                      **kwargs
                  )
              ),
          )
  
      @staticmethod
      def _new_instance(anchor: DataFrame) -> "Index":
          from pyspark.pandas.indexes.category import CategoricalIndex
          from pyspark.pandas.indexes.datetimes import DatetimeIndex
          from pyspark.pandas.indexes.multi import MultiIndex
          from pyspark.pandas.indexes.numeric import Float64Index, Int64Index
  
          if anchor._internal.index_level > 1:
              instance = object.__new__(MultiIndex)
          elif isinstance(anchor._internal.index_fields[0].dtype, CategoricalDtype):
              instance = object.__new__(CategoricalIndex)
          elif isinstance(
              anchor._internal.spark_type_for(anchor._internal.index_spark_columns[0]), IntegralType
          ):
              instance = object.__new__(Int64Index)
          elif isinstance(
              anchor._internal.spark_type_for(anchor._internal.index_spark_columns[0]), FractionalType
          ):
              instance = object.__new__(Float64Index)
          elif isinstance(
              anchor._internal.spark_type_for(anchor._internal.index_spark_columns[0]), TimestampType
          ):
              instance = object.__new__(DatetimeIndex)
          else:
              instance = object.__new__(Index)
  
          instance._anchor = anchor
          return instance
  
      @property
      def _psdf(self) -> DataFrame:
          return self._anchor
  
      @property
      def _internal(self) -> InternalFrame:
          internal = self._psdf._internal
          return internal.copy(
              column_labels=internal.index_names,
              data_spark_columns=internal.index_spark_columns,
              data_fields=internal.index_fields,
              column_label_names=None,
          )
  
      @property
      def _column_label(self) -> Optional[Tuple]:
          return self._psdf._internal.index_names[0]
  
      def _with_new_scol(self, scol: Column, *, field: Optional[InternalField] = None) -> "Index":
          """
          Copy pandas-on-Spark Index with the new Spark Column.
  
          :param scol: the new Spark Column
          :return: the copied Index
          """
          internal = self._internal.copy(
              index_spark_columns=[scol.alias(SPARK_DEFAULT_INDEX_NAME)],
              index_fields=[
                  field
                  if field is None or field.struct_field is None
                  else field.copy(name=SPARK_DEFAULT_INDEX_NAME)
              ],
              column_labels=[],
              data_spark_columns=[],
              data_fields=[],
          )
          return DataFrame(internal).index
  
      spark = CachedAccessor("spark", SparkIndexMethods)
  
      # This method is used via `DataFrame.info` API internally.
      def _summary(self, name: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
          """
          Return a summarized representation.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          name : str
              name to use in the summary representation
  
          Returns
          -------
          String with a summarized representation of the index
          """
          head, tail, total_count = tuple(
              cast(
                  pd.DataFrame,
                  self._internal.spark_frame.select(
                      F.first(self.spark.column), F.last(self.spark.column), F.count(F.expr("*"))
                  ).toPandas(),
              ).iloc[0]
          )
  
          if total_count > 0:
              index_summary = ", %s to %s" % (pprint_thing(head), pprint_thing(tail))
          else:
              index_summary = ""
  
          if name is None:
              name = type(self).__name__
          return "%s: %s entries%s" % (name, total_count, index_summary)
  
      @property
      def size(self) -> int:
          """
          Return an int representing the number of elements in this object.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> df = ps.DataFrame([(.2, .3), (.0, .6), (.6, .0), (.2, .1)],
          ...                   columns=['dogs', 'cats'],
          ...                   index=list('abcd'))
          >>> df.index.size
          4
  
          >>> df.set_index('dogs', append=True).index.size
          4
          """
          return len(self)
  
      @property
      def shape(self) -> tuple:
          """
          Return a tuple of the shape of the underlying data.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> idx = ps.Index(['a', 'b', 'c'])
          >>> idx
          Index(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='object')
          >>> idx.shape
          (3,)
  
          >>> midx = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 'x'), ('b', 'y'), ('c', 'z')])
          >>> midx  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('a', 'x'),
                      ('b', 'y'),
                      ('c', 'z')],
                     )
          >>> midx.shape
          (3,)
          """
          return (len(self._psdf),)
  
      def identical(self, other: "Index") -> bool:
          """
          Similar to equals, but check that other comparable attributes are
          also equal.
  
          Returns
          -------
          bool
              If two Index objects have equal elements and same type True,
              otherwise False.
  
          Examples
          --------
  
          >>> from pyspark.pandas.config import option_context
          >>> idx = ps.Index(['a', 'b', 'c'])
          >>> midx = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 'x'), ('b', 'y'), ('c', 'z')])
  
          For Index
  
          >>> idx.identical(idx)
          True
          >>> with option_context('compute.ops_on_diff_frames', True):
          ...     idx.identical(ps.Index(['a', 'b', 'c']))
          True
          >>> with option_context('compute.ops_on_diff_frames', True):
          ...     idx.identical(ps.Index(['b', 'b', 'a']))
          False
          >>> idx.identical(midx)
          False
  
          For MultiIndex
  
          >>> midx.identical(midx)
          True
          >>> with option_context('compute.ops_on_diff_frames', True):
          ...     midx.identical(ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 'x'), ('b', 'y'), ('c', 'z')]))
          True
          >>> with option_context('compute.ops_on_diff_frames', True):
          ...     midx.identical(ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('c', 'z'), ('b', 'y'), ('a', 'x')]))
          False
          >>> midx.identical(idx)
          False
          """
          from pyspark.pandas.indexes.multi import MultiIndex
  
          self_name = self.names if isinstance(self, MultiIndex) else self.name
          other_name = other.names if isinstance(other, MultiIndex) else other.name
  
          return (
              self_name == other_name  # to support non-index comparison by short-circuiting.
              and self.equals(other)
          )
  
      def equals(self, other: "Index") -> bool:
          """
          Determine if two Index objects contain the same elements.
  
          Returns
          -------
          bool
              True if "other" is an Index and it has the same elements as calling
              index; False otherwise.
  
          Examples
          --------
  
          >>> from pyspark.pandas.config import option_context
          >>> idx = ps.Index(['a', 'b', 'c'])
          >>> idx.name = "name"
          >>> midx = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 'x'), ('b', 'y'), ('c', 'z')])
          >>> midx.names = ("nameA", "nameB")
  
          For Index
  
          >>> idx.equals(idx)
          True
          >>> with option_context('compute.ops_on_diff_frames', True):
          ...     idx.equals(ps.Index(['a', 'b', 'c']))
          True
          >>> with option_context('compute.ops_on_diff_frames', True):
          ...     idx.equals(ps.Index(['b', 'b', 'a']))
          False
          >>> idx.equals(midx)
          False
  
          For MultiIndex
  
          >>> midx.equals(midx)
          True
          >>> with option_context('compute.ops_on_diff_frames', True):
          ...     midx.equals(ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 'x'), ('b', 'y'), ('c', 'z')]))
          True
          >>> with option_context('compute.ops_on_diff_frames', True):
          ...     midx.equals(ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('c', 'z'), ('b', 'y'), ('a', 'x')]))
          False
          >>> midx.equals(idx)
          False
          """
          if same_anchor(self, other):
              return True
          elif type(self) == type(other):
              if get_option("compute.ops_on_diff_frames"):
                  # TODO: avoid using default index?
                  with option_context("compute.default_index_type", "distributed-sequence"):
                      # Directly using Series from both self and other seems causing
                      # some exceptions when 'compute.ops_on_diff_frames' is enabled.
                      # Working around for now via using frame.
                      return (
                          cast(Series, self.to_series("self").reset_index(drop=True))
                          == cast(Series, other.to_series("other").reset_index(drop=True))
                      ).all()
              else:
                  raise ValueError(ERROR_MESSAGE_CANNOT_COMBINE)
          else:
              return False
  
      def transpose(self) -> "Index":
          """
          Return the transpose, For index, It will be index itself.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> idx = ps.Index(['a', 'b', 'c'])
          >>> idx
          Index(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='object')
  
          >>> idx.transpose()
          Index(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='object')
  
          For MultiIndex
  
          >>> midx = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 'x'), ('b', 'y'), ('c', 'z')])
          >>> midx  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('a', 'x'),
                      ('b', 'y'),
                      ('c', 'z')],
                     )
  
          >>> midx.transpose()  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('a', 'x'),
                      ('b', 'y'),
                      ('c', 'z')],
                     )
          """
          return self
  
      T = property(transpose)
  
      def _to_internal_pandas(self) -> pd.Index:
          """
          Return a pandas Index directly from _internal to avoid overhead of copy.
  
          This method is for internal use only.
          """
          return self._psdf._internal.to_pandas_frame.index
  
      def to_pandas(self) -> pd.Index:
          """
          Return a pandas Index.
  
          .. note:: This method should only be used if the resulting pandas object is expected
                    to be small, as all the data is loaded into the driver's memory.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> df = ps.DataFrame([(.2, .3), (.0, .6), (.6, .0), (.2, .1)],
          ...                   columns=['dogs', 'cats'],
          ...                   index=list('abcd'))
          >>> df['dogs'].index.to_pandas()
          Index(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], dtype='object')
          """
          return self._to_internal_pandas().copy()
  
      def to_numpy(self, dtype: Optional[Union[str, Dtype]] = None, copy: bool = False) -> np.ndarray:
          """
          A NumPy ndarray representing the values in this Index or MultiIndex.
  
          .. note:: This method should only be used if the resulting NumPy ndarray is expected
              to be small, as all the data is loaded into the driver's memory.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          dtype : str or numpy.dtype, optional
              The dtype to pass to :meth:`numpy.asarray`
          copy : bool, default False
              Whether to ensure that the returned value is a not a view on
              another array. Note that ``copy=False`` does not *ensure* that
              ``to_numpy()`` is no-copy. Rather, ``copy=True`` ensure that
              a copy is made, even if not strictly necessary.
  
          Returns
          -------
          numpy.ndarray
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> ps.Series([1, 2, 3, 4]).index.to_numpy()
          array([0, 1, 2, 3])
          >>> ps.DataFrame({'a': ['a', 'b', 'c']}, index=[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]).index.to_numpy()
          array([(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)], dtype=object)
          """
          result = np.asarray(self._to_internal_pandas()._values, dtype=dtype)
          if copy:
              result = result.copy()
          return result
  
      @property
      def values(self) -> np.ndarray:
          """
          Return an array representing the data in the Index.
  
          .. warning:: We recommend using `Index.to_numpy()` instead.
  
          .. note:: This method should only be used if the resulting NumPy ndarray is expected
              to be small, as all the data is loaded into the driver's memory.
  
          Returns
          -------
          numpy.ndarray
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> ps.Series([1, 2, 3, 4]).index.values
          array([0, 1, 2, 3])
          >>> ps.DataFrame({'a': ['a', 'b', 'c']}, index=[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]).index.values
          array([(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)], dtype=object)
          """
          warnings.warn("We recommend using `{}.to_numpy()` instead.".format(type(self).__name__))
          return self.to_numpy()
  
      @property
      def asi8(self) -> np.ndarray:
          """
          Integer representation of the values.
  
          .. warning:: We recommend using `Index.to_numpy()` instead.
  
          .. note:: This method should only be used if the resulting NumPy ndarray is expected
              to be small, as all the data is loaded into the driver's memory.
  
          Returns
          -------
          numpy.ndarray
              An ndarray with int64 dtype.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> ps.Index([1, 2, 3]).asi8
          array([1, 2, 3])
  
          Returns None for non-int64 dtype
  
          >>> ps.Index(['a', 'b', 'c']).asi8 is None
          True
          """
          warnings.warn("We recommend using `{}.to_numpy()` instead.".format(type(self).__name__))
          if isinstance(self.spark.data_type, IntegralType):
              return self.to_numpy()
          elif isinstance(self.spark.data_type, TimestampType):
              return np.array(list(map(lambda x: x.astype(np.int64), self.to_numpy())))
          else:
              return None
  
      @property
      def has_duplicates(self) -> bool:
          """
          If index has duplicates, return True, otherwise False.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> idx = ps.Index([1, 5, 7, 7])
          >>> idx.has_duplicates
          True
  
          >>> idx = ps.Index([1, 5, 7])
          >>> idx.has_duplicates
          False
  
          >>> idx = ps.Index(["Watermelon", "Orange", "Apple",
          ...                 "Watermelon"])
          >>> idx.has_duplicates
          True
  
          >>> idx = ps.Index(["Orange", "Apple",
          ...                 "Watermelon"])
          >>> idx.has_duplicates
          False
          """
          sdf = self._internal.spark_frame.select(self.spark.column)
          scol = scol_for(sdf, sdf.columns[0])
  
          return sdf.select(F.count(scol) != F.countDistinct(scol)).first()[0]
  
      @property
      def is_unique(self) -> bool:
          """
          Return if the index has unique values.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> idx = ps.Index([1, 5, 7, 7])
          >>> idx.is_unique
          False
  
          >>> idx = ps.Index([1, 5, 7])
          >>> idx.is_unique
          True
  
          >>> idx = ps.Index(["Watermelon", "Orange", "Apple",
          ...                 "Watermelon"])
          >>> idx.is_unique
          False
  
          >>> idx = ps.Index(["Orange", "Apple",
          ...                 "Watermelon"])
          >>> idx.is_unique
          True
          """
          return not self.has_duplicates
  
      @property
      def name(self) -> Union[Any, Tuple]:
          """Return name of the Index."""
          return self.names[0]
  
      @name.setter
      def name(self, name: Union[Any, Tuple]) -> None:
          self.names = [name]
  
      @property
      def names(self) -> List[Union[Any, Tuple]]:
          """Return names of the Index."""
          return [
              name if name is None or len(name) > 1 else name[0]
              for name in self._internal.index_names  # type: ignore
          ]
  
      @names.setter
      def names(self, names: List[Union[Any, Tuple]]) -> None:
          if not is_list_like(names):
              raise ValueError("Names must be a list-like")
          if self._internal.index_level != len(names):
              raise ValueError(
                  "Length of new names must be {}, got {}".format(
                      self._internal.index_level, len(names)
                  )
              )
          if self._internal.index_level == 1:
              self.rename(names[0], inplace=True)
          else:
              self.rename(names, inplace=True)
  
      @property
      def nlevels(self) -> int:
          """
          Number of levels in Index & MultiIndex.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> psdf = ps.DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 3]}, index=pd.Index(['a', 'b', 'c'], name="idx"))
          >>> psdf.index.nlevels
          1
  
          >>> psdf = ps.DataFrame({'a': [1, 2, 3]}, index=[list('abc'), list('def')])
          >>> psdf.index.nlevels
          2
          """
          return self._internal.index_level
  
      def rename(
          self, name: Union[Any, Tuple, List[Union[Any, Tuple]]], inplace: bool = False
      ) -> Optional["Index"]:
          """
          Alter Index or MultiIndex name.
          Able to set new names without level. Defaults to returning new index.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          name : label or list of labels
              Name(s) to set.
          inplace : boolean, default False
              Modifies the object directly, instead of creating a new Index or MultiIndex.
  
          Returns
          -------
          Index or MultiIndex
              The same type as the caller or None if inplace is True.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> df = ps.DataFrame({'a': ['A', 'C'], 'b': ['A', 'B']}, columns=['a', 'b'])
          >>> df.index.rename("c")
          Int64Index([0, 1], dtype='int64', name='c')
  
          >>> df.set_index("a", inplace=True)
          >>> df.index.rename("d")
          Index(['A', 'C'], dtype='object', name='d')
  
          You can also change the index name in place.
  
          >>> df.index.rename("e", inplace=True)
          >>> df.index
          Index(['A', 'C'], dtype='object', name='e')
  
          >>> df  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
             b
          e
          A  A
          C  B
  
          Support for MultiIndex
  
          >>> psidx = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 'x'), ('b', 'y')])
          >>> psidx.names = ['hello', 'pandas-on-Spark']
          >>> psidx  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('a', 'x'),
                      ('b', 'y')],
                     names=['hello', 'pandas-on-Spark'])
  
          >>> psidx.rename(['aloha', 'databricks'])  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('a', 'x'),
                      ('b', 'y')],
                     names=['aloha', 'databricks'])
          """
          names = self._verify_for_rename(name)
  
          internal = self._psdf._internal.copy(index_names=names)
  
          if inplace:
              self._psdf._update_internal_frame(internal)
              return None
          else:
              return DataFrame(internal).index
  
      def _verify_for_rename(self, name: Union[Any, Tuple]) -> List[Tuple]:
          if is_hashable(name):
              if is_name_like_tuple(name):
                  return [name]
              elif is_name_like_value(name):
                  return [(name,)]
          raise TypeError("Index.name must be a hashable type")
  
      # TODO: add downcast parameter for fillna function
      def fillna(self, value: Scalar) -> "Index":
          """
          Fill NA/NaN values with the specified value.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          value : scalar
              Scalar value to use to fill holes (example: 0). This value cannot be a list-likes.
  
          Returns
          -------
          Index :
              filled with value
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> ki = ps.DataFrame({'a': ['a', 'b', 'c']}, index=[1, 2, None]).index
          >>> ki
          Float64Index([1.0, 2.0, nan], dtype='float64')
  
          >>> ki.fillna(0)
          Float64Index([1.0, 2.0, 0.0], dtype='float64')
          """
          if not isinstance(value, (float, int, str, bool)):
              raise TypeError("Unsupported type %s" % type(value).__name__)
          sdf = self._internal.spark_frame.fillna(value)
  
          internal = InternalFrame(  # TODO: dtypes?
              spark_frame=sdf,
              index_spark_columns=[
                  scol_for(sdf, col) for col in self._internal.index_spark_column_names
              ],
              index_names=self._internal.index_names,
          )
          return DataFrame(internal).index
  
      # TODO: ADD keep parameter
      def drop_duplicates(self) -> "Index":
          """
          Return Index with duplicate values removed.
  
          Returns
          -------
          deduplicated : Index
  
          See Also
          --------
          Series.drop_duplicates : Equivalent method on Series.
          DataFrame.drop_duplicates : Equivalent method on DataFrame.
  
          Examples
          --------
          Generate an pandas.Index with duplicate values.
  
          >>> idx = ps.Index(['lama', 'cow', 'lama', 'beetle', 'lama', 'hippo'])
  
          >>> idx.drop_duplicates().sort_values()
          Index(['beetle', 'cow', 'hippo', 'lama'], dtype='object')
          """
          sdf = self._internal.spark_frame.select(
              self._internal.index_spark_columns
          ).drop_duplicates()
          internal = InternalFrame(
              spark_frame=sdf,
              index_spark_columns=[
                  scol_for(sdf, col) for col in self._internal.index_spark_column_names
              ],
              index_names=self._internal.index_names,
              index_fields=self._internal.index_fields,
          )
          return DataFrame(internal).index
  
      def to_series(self, name: Optional[Union[Any, Tuple]] = None) -> Series:
          """
          Create a Series with both index and values equal to the index keys
          useful with map for returning an indexer based on an index.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          name : string, optional
              name of resulting Series. If None, defaults to name of original
              index
  
          Returns
          -------
          Series : dtype will be based on the type of the Index values.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> df = ps.DataFrame([(.2, .3), (.0, .6), (.6, .0), (.2, .1)],
          ...                   columns=['dogs', 'cats'],
          ...                   index=list('abcd'))
          >>> df['dogs'].index.to_series()
          a    a
          b    b
          c    c
          d    d
          dtype: object
          """
          if not is_hashable(name):
              raise TypeError("Series.name must be a hashable type")
          scol = self.spark.column
          field = self._internal.data_fields[0]
          if name is not None:
              scol = scol.alias(name_like_string(name))
              field = field.copy(name=name_like_string(name))
          elif self._internal.index_level == 1:
              name = self.name
          column_labels = [
              name if is_name_like_tuple(name) else (name,)
          ]  # type: List[Optional[Tuple]]
          internal = self._internal.copy(
              column_labels=column_labels,
              data_spark_columns=[scol],
              data_fields=[field],
              column_label_names=None,
          )
          return first_series(DataFrame(internal))
  
      def to_frame(self, index: bool = True, name: Optional[Union[Any, Tuple]] = None) -> DataFrame:
          """
          Create a DataFrame with a column containing the Index.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          index : boolean, default True
              Set the index of the returned DataFrame as the original Index.
          name : object, default None
              The passed name should substitute for the index name (if it has
              one).
  
          Returns
          -------
          DataFrame
              DataFrame containing the original Index data.
  
          See Also
          --------
          Index.to_series : Convert an Index to a Series.
          Series.to_frame : Convert Series to DataFrame.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> idx = ps.Index(['Ant', 'Bear', 'Cow'], name='animal')
          >>> idx.to_frame()  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
                 animal
          animal
          Ant       Ant
          Bear     Bear
          Cow       Cow
  
          By default, the original Index is reused. To enforce a new Index:
  
          >>> idx.to_frame(index=False)
            animal
          0    Ant
          1   Bear
          2    Cow
  
          To override the name of the resulting column, specify `name`:
  
          >>> idx.to_frame(name='zoo')  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
                   zoo
          animal
          Ant      Ant
          Bear    Bear
          Cow      Cow
          """
          if name is None:
              if self._internal.index_names[0] is None:
                  name = (DEFAULT_SERIES_NAME,)
              else:
                  name = self._internal.index_names[0]
          elif not is_name_like_tuple(name):
              if is_name_like_value(name):
                  name = (name,)
              else:
                  raise TypeError("unhashable type: '{}'".format(type(name).__name__))
  
          return self._to_frame(index=index, names=[name])
  
      def _to_frame(self, index: bool, names: List[Tuple]) -> DataFrame:
          if index:
              index_spark_columns = self._internal.index_spark_columns
              index_names = self._internal.index_names
              index_fields = self._internal.index_fields
          else:
              index_spark_columns = []
              index_names = []
              index_fields = []
  
          internal = InternalFrame(
              spark_frame=self._internal.spark_frame,
              index_spark_columns=index_spark_columns,
              index_names=index_names,
              index_fields=index_fields,
              column_labels=names,
              data_spark_columns=self._internal.index_spark_columns,
              data_fields=self._internal.index_fields,
          )
          return DataFrame(internal)
  
      def is_boolean(self) -> bool:
          """
          Return if the current index type is a boolean type.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> ps.DataFrame({'a': [1]}, index=[True]).index.is_boolean()
          True
          """
          return is_bool_dtype(self.dtype)
  
      def is_categorical(self) -> bool:
          """
          Return if the current index type is a categorical type.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> ps.DataFrame({'a': [1]}, index=[1]).index.is_categorical()
          False
          """
          return is_categorical_dtype(self.dtype)
  
      def is_floating(self) -> bool:
          """
          Return if the current index type is a floating type.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> ps.DataFrame({'a': [1]}, index=[1]).index.is_floating()
          False
          """
          return is_float_dtype(self.dtype)
  
      def is_integer(self) -> bool:
          """
          Return if the current index type is a integer type.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> ps.DataFrame({'a': [1]}, index=[1]).index.is_integer()
          True
          """
          return is_integer_dtype(self.dtype)
  
      def is_interval(self) -> bool:
          """
          Return if the current index type is an interval type.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> ps.DataFrame({'a': [1]}, index=[1]).index.is_interval()
          False
          """
          return is_interval_dtype(self.dtype)
  
      def is_numeric(self) -> bool:
          """
          Return if the current index type is a numeric type.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> ps.DataFrame({'a': [1]}, index=[1]).index.is_numeric()
          True
          """
          return is_numeric_dtype(self.dtype)
  
      def is_object(self) -> bool:
          """
          Return if the current index type is a object type.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> ps.DataFrame({'a': [1]}, index=["a"]).index.is_object()
          True
          """
          return is_object_dtype(self.dtype)
  
      def is_type_compatible(self, kind: str) -> bool:
          """
          Whether the index type is compatible with the provided type.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> psidx = ps.Index([1, 2, 3])
          >>> psidx.is_type_compatible('integer')
          True
  
          >>> psidx = ps.Index([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
          >>> psidx.is_type_compatible('integer')
          False
          >>> psidx.is_type_compatible('floating')
          True
          """
          return kind == self.inferred_type
  
      def dropna(self) -> "Index":
          """
          Return Index or MultiIndex without NA/NaN values
  
          Examples
          --------
  
          >>> df = ps.DataFrame([[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8]],
          ...                   index=['cobra', 'viper', None],
          ...                   columns=['max_speed', 'shield'])
          >>> df
                 max_speed  shield
          cobra          1       2
          viper          4       5
          NaN            7       8
  
          >>> df.index.dropna()
          Index(['cobra', 'viper'], dtype='object')
  
          Also support for MultiIndex
  
          >>> midx = pd.MultiIndex([['lama', 'cow', 'falcon'],
          ...                       [None, 'weight', 'length']],
          ...                      [[0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2],
          ...                       [0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2]])
          >>> s = ps.Series([45, 200, 1.2, 30, 250, 1.5, 320, 1, None],
          ...               index=midx)
          >>> s
          lama    NaN        45.0
          cow     weight    200.0
                  weight      1.2
                  NaN        30.0
                  weight    250.0
                  length      1.5
          falcon  weight    320.0
                  weight      1.0
                  length      NaN
          dtype: float64
  
          >>> s.index.dropna()  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([(   'cow', 'weight'),
                      (   'cow', 'weight'),
                      (   'cow', 'weight'),
                      (   'cow', 'length'),
                      ('falcon', 'weight'),
                      ('falcon', 'weight'),
                      ('falcon', 'length')],
                     )
          """
          sdf = self._internal.spark_frame.select(self._internal.index_spark_columns).dropna()
          internal = InternalFrame(
              spark_frame=sdf,
              index_spark_columns=[
                  scol_for(sdf, col) for col in self._internal.index_spark_column_names
              ],
              index_names=self._internal.index_names,
              index_fields=self._internal.index_fields,
          )
          return DataFrame(internal).index
  
      def unique(self, level: Optional[Union[int, Any, Tuple]] = None) -> "Index":
          """
          Return unique values in the index.
  
          Be aware the order of unique values might be different than pandas.Index.unique
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          level : int or str, optional, default is None
  
          Returns
          -------
          Index without duplicates
  
          See Also
          --------
          Series.unique
          groupby.SeriesGroupBy.unique
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> ps.DataFrame({'a': ['a', 'b', 'c']}, index=[1, 1, 3]).index.unique().sort_values()
          Int64Index([1, 3], dtype='int64')
  
          >>> ps.DataFrame({'a': ['a', 'b', 'c']}, index=['d', 'e', 'e']).index.unique().sort_values()
          Index(['d', 'e'], dtype='object')
  
          MultiIndex
  
          >>> ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([("A", "X"), ("A", "Y"), ("A", "X")]).unique()
          ... # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('A', 'X'),
                      ('A', 'Y')],
                     )
          """
          if level is not None:
              self._validate_index_level(level)
          scols = self._internal.index_spark_columns
          sdf = self._psdf._internal.spark_frame.select(scols).distinct()
          return DataFrame(
              InternalFrame(
                  spark_frame=sdf,
                  index_spark_columns=[
                      scol_for(sdf, col) for col in self._internal.index_spark_column_names
                  ],
                  index_names=self._internal.index_names,
                  index_fields=self._internal.index_fields,
              )
          ).index
  
      # TODO: add error parameter
      def drop(self, labels: List[Any]) -> "Index":
          """
          Make new Index with passed list of labels deleted.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          labels : array-like
  
          Returns
          -------
          dropped : Index
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> index = ps.Index([1, 2, 3])
          >>> index
          Int64Index([1, 2, 3], dtype='int64')
  
          >>> index.drop([1])
          Int64Index([2, 3], dtype='int64')
          """
          internal = self._internal.resolved_copy
          sdf = internal.spark_frame[~internal.index_spark_columns[0].isin(labels)]
  
          internal = InternalFrame(
              spark_frame=sdf,
              index_spark_columns=[
                  scol_for(sdf, col) for col in self._internal.index_spark_column_names
              ],
              index_names=self._internal.index_names,
              index_fields=self._internal.index_fields,
              column_labels=[],
              data_spark_columns=[],
              data_fields=[],
          )
          return DataFrame(internal).index
  
      def _validate_index_level(self, level: Union[int, Any, Tuple]) -> None:
          """
          Validate index level.
          For single-level Index getting level number is a no-op, but some
          verification must be done like in MultiIndex.
          """
          if isinstance(level, int):
              if level < 0 and level != -1:
                  raise IndexError(
                      "Too many levels: Index has only 1 level,"
                      " %d is not a valid level number" % (level,)
                  )
              elif level > 0:
                  raise IndexError("Too many levels:" " Index has only 1 level, not %d" % (level + 1))
          elif level != self.name:
              raise KeyError(
                  "Requested level ({}) does not match index name ({})".format(level, self.name)
              )
  
      def get_level_values(self, level: Union[int, Any, Tuple]) -> "Index":
          """
          Return Index if a valid level is given.
  
          Examples:
          --------
          >>> psidx = ps.Index(['a', 'b', 'c'], name='ks')
          >>> psidx.get_level_values(0)
          Index(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='object', name='ks')
  
          >>> psidx.get_level_values('ks')
          Index(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='object', name='ks')
          """
          self._validate_index_level(level)
          return self
  
      def copy(
          self, name: Optional[Union[Any, Tuple]] = None, deep: Optional[bool] = None
      ) -> "Index":
          """
          Make a copy of this object. name sets those attributes on the new object.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          name : string, optional
              to set name of index
          deep : None
              this parameter is not supported but just dummy parameter to match pandas.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> df = ps.DataFrame([[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8]],
          ...                   index=['cobra', 'viper', 'sidewinder'],
          ...                   columns=['max_speed', 'shield'])
          >>> df
                      max_speed  shield
          cobra               1       2
          viper               4       5
          sidewinder          7       8
          >>> df.index
          Index(['cobra', 'viper', 'sidewinder'], dtype='object')
  
          Copy index
  
          >>> df.index.copy()
          Index(['cobra', 'viper', 'sidewinder'], dtype='object')
  
          Copy index with name
  
          >>> df.index.copy(name='snake')
          Index(['cobra', 'viper', 'sidewinder'], dtype='object', name='snake')
          """
          result = self._psdf.copy().index
          if name:
              result.name = name
          return result
  
      def droplevel(self, level: Union[int, Any, Tuple, List[Union[int, Any, Tuple]]]) -> "Index":
          """
          Return index with requested level(s) removed.
          If resulting index has only 1 level left, the result will be
          of Index type, not MultiIndex.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          level : int, str, tuple, or list-like, default 0
              If a string is given, must be the name of a level
              If list-like, elements must be names or indexes of levels.
  
          Returns
          -------
          Index or MultiIndex
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> midx = ps.DataFrame({'a': ['a', 'b']}, index=[['a', 'x'], ['b', 'y'], [1, 2]]).index
          >>> midx  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('a', 'b', 1),
                      ('x', 'y', 2)],
                     )
          >>> midx.droplevel([0, 1])  # doctest: +SKIP
          Int64Index([1, 2], dtype='int64')
          >>> midx.droplevel(0)  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('b', 1),
                      ('y', 2)],
                     )
          >>> midx.names = [("a", "b"), "b", "c"]
          >>> midx.droplevel([('a', 'b')])  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('b', 1),
                      ('y', 2)],
                     names=['b', 'c'])
          """
          names = self.names
          nlevels = self.nlevels
          if not is_list_like(level):
              levels = [cast(Union[int, Any, Tuple], level)]
          else:
              levels = cast(List[Union[int, Any, Tuple]], level)
  
          int_level = set()
          for n in levels:
              if isinstance(n, int):
                  if n < 0:
                      n = n + nlevels
                      if n < 0:
                          raise IndexError(
                              "Too many levels: Index has only {} levels, "
                              "{} is not a valid level number".format(nlevels, (n - nlevels))
                          )
                  if n >= nlevels:
                      raise IndexError(
                          "Too many levels: Index has only {} levels, not {}".format(nlevels, n + 1)
                      )
              else:
                  if n not in names:
                      raise KeyError("Level {} not found".format(n))
                  n = names.index(n)
              int_level.add(n)
  
          if len(levels) >= nlevels:
              raise ValueError(
                  "Cannot remove {} levels from an index with {} "
                  "levels: at least one level must be "
                  "left.".format(len(levels), nlevels)
              )
  
          index_spark_columns, index_names, index_fields = zip(
              *[
                  item
                  for i, item in enumerate(
                      zip(
                          self._internal.index_spark_columns,
                          self._internal.index_names,
                          self._internal.index_fields,
                      )
                  )
                  if i not in int_level
              ]
          )
  
          internal = self._internal.copy(
              index_spark_columns=list(index_spark_columns),
              index_names=list(index_names),
              index_fields=list(index_fields),
              column_labels=[],
              data_spark_columns=[],
              data_fields=[],
          )
          return DataFrame(internal).index
  
      def symmetric_difference(
          self,
          other: "Index",
          result_name: Optional[Union[Any, Tuple]] = None,
          sort: Optional[bool] = None,
      ) -> "Index":
          """
          Compute the symmetric difference of two Index objects.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          other : Index or array-like
          result_name : str
          sort : True or None, default None
              Whether to sort the resulting index.
              * True : Attempt to sort the result.
              * None : Do not sort the result.
  
          Returns
          -------
          symmetric_difference : Index
  
          Notes
          -----
          ``symmetric_difference`` contains elements that appear in either
          ``idx1`` or ``idx2`` but not both. Equivalent to the Index created by
          ``idx1.difference(idx2) | idx2.difference(idx1)`` with duplicates
          dropped.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> s1 = ps.Series([1, 2, 3, 4], index=[1, 2, 3, 4])
          >>> s2 = ps.Series([1, 2, 3, 4], index=[2, 3, 4, 5])
  
          >>> s1.index.symmetric_difference(s2.index)  # doctest: +SKIP
          Int64Index([5, 1], dtype='int64')
  
          You can set name of result Index.
  
          >>> s1.index.symmetric_difference(s2.index, result_name='pandas-on-Spark')  # doctest: +SKIP
          Int64Index([5, 1], dtype='int64', name='pandas-on-Spark')
  
          You can set sort to `True`, if you want to sort the resulting index.
  
          >>> s1.index.symmetric_difference(s2.index, sort=True)
          Int64Index([1, 5], dtype='int64')
  
          You can also use the ``^`` operator:
  
          >>> s1.index ^ s2.index  # doctest: +SKIP
          Int64Index([5, 1], dtype='int64')
          """
          if type(self) != type(other):
              raise NotImplementedError(
                  "Doesn't support symmetric_difference between Index & MultiIndex for now"
              )
  
          sdf_self = self._psdf._internal.spark_frame.select(self._internal.index_spark_columns)
          sdf_other = other._psdf._internal.spark_frame.select(other._internal.index_spark_columns)
  
          sdf_symdiff = sdf_self.union(sdf_other).subtract(sdf_self.intersect(sdf_other))
  
          if sort:
              sdf_symdiff = sdf_symdiff.sort(*self._internal.index_spark_column_names)
  
          internal = InternalFrame(
              spark_frame=sdf_symdiff,
              index_spark_columns=[
                  scol_for(sdf_symdiff, col) for col in self._internal.index_spark_column_names
              ],
              index_names=self._internal.index_names,
              index_fields=self._internal.index_fields,
          )
          result = DataFrame(internal).index
  
          if result_name:
              result.name = result_name
  
          return result
  
      # TODO: return_indexer
      def sort_values(self, ascending: bool = True) -> "Index":
          """
          Return a sorted copy of the index.
  
          .. note:: This method is not supported for pandas when index has NaN value.
                    pandas raises unexpected TypeError, but we support treating NaN
                    as the smallest value.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          ascending : bool, default True
              Should the index values be sorted in an ascending order.
  
          Returns
          -------
          sorted_index : ps.Index or ps.MultiIndex
              Sorted copy of the index.
  
          See Also
          --------
          Series.sort_values : Sort values of a Series.
          DataFrame.sort_values : Sort values in a DataFrame.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> idx = ps.Index([10, 100, 1, 1000])
          >>> idx
          Int64Index([10, 100, 1, 1000], dtype='int64')
  
          Sort values in ascending order (default behavior).
  
          >>> idx.sort_values()
          Int64Index([1, 10, 100, 1000], dtype='int64')
  
          Sort values in descending order.
  
          >>> idx.sort_values(ascending=False)
          Int64Index([1000, 100, 10, 1], dtype='int64')
  
          Support for MultiIndex.
  
          >>> psidx = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 'x', 1), ('c', 'y', 2), ('b', 'z', 3)])
          >>> psidx  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('a', 'x', 1),
                      ('c', 'y', 2),
                      ('b', 'z', 3)],
                     )
  
          >>> psidx.sort_values()  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('a', 'x', 1),
                      ('b', 'z', 3),
                      ('c', 'y', 2)],
                     )
  
          >>> psidx.sort_values(ascending=False)  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('c', 'y', 2),
                      ('b', 'z', 3),
                      ('a', 'x', 1)],
                     )
          """
          sdf = self._internal.spark_frame
          sdf = sdf.orderBy(*self._internal.index_spark_columns, ascending=ascending).select(
              self._internal.index_spark_columns
          )
  
          internal = InternalFrame(
              spark_frame=sdf,
              index_spark_columns=[
                  scol_for(sdf, col) for col in self._internal.index_spark_column_names
              ],
              index_names=self._internal.index_names,
              index_fields=self._internal.index_fields,
          )
          return DataFrame(internal).index
  
      @no_type_check
      def sort(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
          """
          Use sort_values instead.
          """
          raise TypeError("cannot sort an Index object in-place, use sort_values instead")
  
      def min(self) -> Union[Scalar, Tuple[Scalar, ...]]:
          """
          Return the minimum value of the Index.
  
          Returns
          -------
          scalar
              Minimum value.
  
          See Also
          --------
          Index.max : Return the maximum value of the object.
          Series.min : Return the minimum value in a Series.
          DataFrame.min : Return the minimum values in a DataFrame.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> idx = ps.Index([3, 2, 1])
          >>> idx.min()
          1
  
          >>> idx = ps.Index(['c', 'b', 'a'])
          >>> idx.min()
          'a'
  
          For a MultiIndex, the maximum is determined lexicographically.
  
          >>> idx = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 'x', 1), ('b', 'y', 2)])
          >>> idx.min()
          ('a', 'x', 1)
          """
          sdf = self._internal.spark_frame
          min_row = cast(
              pd.DataFrame,
              sdf.select(F.min(F.struct(*self._internal.index_spark_columns)).alias("min_row"))
              .select("min_row.*")
              .toPandas(),
          )
          result = tuple(min_row.iloc[0])
  
          return result if len(result) > 1 else result[0]
  
      def max(self) -> Union[Scalar, Tuple[Scalar, ...]]:
          """
          Return the maximum value of the Index.
  
          Returns
          -------
          scalar
              Maximum value.
  
          See Also
          --------
          Index.min : Return the minimum value in an Index.
          Series.max : Return the maximum value in a Series.
          DataFrame.max : Return the maximum values in a DataFrame.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> idx = ps.Index([3, 2, 1])
          >>> idx.max()
          3
  
          >>> idx = ps.Index(['c', 'b', 'a'])
          >>> idx.max()
          'c'
  
          For a MultiIndex, the maximum is determined lexicographically.
  
          >>> idx = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 'x', 1), ('b', 'y', 2)])
          >>> idx.max()
          ('b', 'y', 2)
          """
          sdf = self._internal.spark_frame
          max_row = cast(
              pd.DataFrame,
              sdf.select(F.max(F.struct(*self._internal.index_spark_columns)).alias("max_row"))
              .select("max_row.*")
              .toPandas(),
          )
          result = tuple(max_row.iloc[0])
  
          return result if len(result) > 1 else result[0]
  
      def delete(self, loc: Union[int, List[int]]) -> "Index":
          """
          Make new Index with passed location(-s) deleted.
  
          .. note:: this API can be pretty expensive since it is based on
               a global sequence internally.
  
          Returns
          -------
          new_index : Index
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> psidx = ps.Index([10, 10, 9, 8, 4, 2, 4, 4, 2, 2, 10, 10])
          >>> psidx
          Int64Index([10, 10, 9, 8, 4, 2, 4, 4, 2, 2, 10, 10], dtype='int64')
  
          >>> psidx.delete(0).sort_values()
          Int64Index([2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 8, 9, 10, 10, 10], dtype='int64')
  
          >>> psidx.delete([0, 1, 2, 3, 10, 11]).sort_values()
          Int64Index([2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4], dtype='int64')
  
          MultiIndex
  
          >>> psidx = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 'x', 1), ('b', 'y', 2), ('c', 'z', 3)])
          >>> psidx  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('a', 'x', 1),
                      ('b', 'y', 2),
                      ('c', 'z', 3)],
                     )
  
          >>> psidx.delete([0, 2]).sort_values()  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('b', 'y', 2)],
                     )
          """
          length = len(self)
  
          def is_len_exceeded(index: int) -> bool:
              """Check if the given index is exceeded the length or not"""
              return index >= length if index >= 0 else abs(index) > length
  
          if not is_list_like(loc):
              if is_len_exceeded(cast(int, loc)):
                  raise IndexError(
                      "index {} is out of bounds for axis 0 with size {}".format(loc, length)
                  )
              locs = [cast(int, loc)]
          else:
              for index in cast(List[int], loc):
                  if is_len_exceeded(index):
                      raise IndexError(
                          "index {} is out of bounds for axis 0 with size {}".format(index, length)
                      )
              locs = cast(List[int], loc)
  
          locs = [int(item) for item in locs]
          locs = [item if item >= 0 else length + item for item in locs]
  
          # we need a temporary column such as '__index_value_0__'
          # since 'InternalFrame.attach_default_index' will be failed
          # when self._scol has name of '__index_level_0__'
          index_value_column_format = "__index_value_{}__"
  
          sdf = self._internal._sdf
          index_value_column_names = [
              verify_temp_column_name(sdf, index_value_column_format.format(i))
              for i in range(self._internal.index_level)
          ]
          index_value_columns = [
              index_scol.alias(index_vcol_name)
              for index_scol, index_vcol_name in zip(
                  self._internal.index_spark_columns, index_value_column_names
              )
          ]
          sdf = sdf.select(index_value_columns)
  
          sdf, force_nullable = InternalFrame.attach_default_index(
              sdf, default_index_type="distributed-sequence"
          )
          # sdf here looks as below
          # +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
          # |__index_level_0__|__index_value_0__|__index_value_1__|__index_value_2__|
          # +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
          # |                0|                a|                x|                1|
          # |                1|                b|                y|                2|
          # |                2|                c|                z|                3|
          # +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
  
          # delete rows which are matched with given `loc`
          sdf = sdf.where(~F.col(SPARK_INDEX_NAME_FORMAT(0)).isin(locs))
          sdf = sdf.select(index_value_column_names)
          # sdf here looks as below, we should alias them back to origin spark column names
          # +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
          # |__index_value_0__|__index_value_1__|__index_value_2__|
          # +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
          # |                c|                z|                3|
          # +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
          index_origin_columns = [
              F.col(index_vcol_name).alias(index_scol_name)
              for index_vcol_name, index_scol_name in zip(
                  index_value_column_names, self._internal.index_spark_column_names
              )
          ]
          sdf = sdf.select(index_origin_columns)
  
          internal = InternalFrame(
              spark_frame=sdf,
              index_spark_columns=[
                  scol_for(sdf, col) for col in self._internal.index_spark_column_names
              ],
              index_names=self._internal.index_names,
              index_fields=(
                  [field.copy(nullable=True) for field in self._internal.index_fields]
                  if force_nullable
                  else self._internal.index_fields
              ),
          )
  
          return DataFrame(internal).index
  
      def append(self, other: "Index") -> "Index":
          """
          Append a collection of Index options together.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          other : Index
  
          Returns
          -------
          appended : Index
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> psidx = ps.Index([10, 5, 0, 5, 10, 5, 0, 10])
          >>> psidx
          Int64Index([10, 5, 0, 5, 10, 5, 0, 10], dtype='int64')
  
          >>> psidx.append(psidx)
          Int64Index([10, 5, 0, 5, 10, 5, 0, 10, 10, 5, 0, 5, 10, 5, 0, 10], dtype='int64')
  
          Support for MiltiIndex
  
          >>> psidx = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 'x'), ('b', 'y')])
          >>> psidx  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('a', 'x'),
                      ('b', 'y')],
                     )
  
          >>> psidx.append(psidx)  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('a', 'x'),
                      ('b', 'y'),
                      ('a', 'x'),
                      ('b', 'y')],
                     )
          """
          from pyspark.pandas.indexes.multi import MultiIndex
  
          if type(self) is not type(other):
              raise NotImplementedError(
                  "append() between Index & MultiIndex currently is not supported"
              )
  
          sdf_self = self._internal.spark_frame.select(self._internal.index_spark_columns)
          sdf_other = other._internal.spark_frame.select(other._internal.index_spark_columns)
          sdf_appended = sdf_self.union(sdf_other)
  
          # names should be kept when MultiIndex, but Index wouldn't keep its name.
          if isinstance(self, MultiIndex):
              index_names = self._internal.index_names
          else:
              index_names = None
  
          internal = InternalFrame(  # TODO: dtypes?
              spark_frame=sdf_appended,
              index_spark_columns=[
                  scol_for(sdf_appended, col) for col in self._internal.index_spark_column_names
              ],
              index_names=index_names,
          )
  
          return DataFrame(internal).index
  
      def argmax(self) -> int:
          """
          Return a maximum argument indexer.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          skipna : bool, default True
  
          Returns
          -------
          maximum argument indexer
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> psidx = ps.Index([10, 9, 8, 7, 100, 5, 4, 3, 100, 3])
          >>> psidx
          Int64Index([10, 9, 8, 7, 100, 5, 4, 3, 100, 3], dtype='int64')
  
          >>> psidx.argmax()
          4
          """
          sdf = self._internal.spark_frame.select(self.spark.column)
          sequence_col = verify_temp_column_name(sdf, "__distributed_sequence_column__")
          sdf, _ = InternalFrame.attach_distributed_sequence_column(sdf, column_name=sequence_col)
          # spark_frame here looks like below
          # +-----------------+---------------+
          # |__index_level_0__|__index_value__|
          # +-----------------+---------------+
          # |                0|             10|
          # |                4|            100|
          # |                2|              8|
          # |                3|              7|
          # |                6|              4|
          # |                5|              5|
          # |                7|              3|
          # |                8|            100|
          # |                1|              9|
          # +-----------------+---------------+
  
          return (
              sdf.orderBy(
                  scol_for(sdf, self._internal.data_spark_column_names[0]).desc(),
                  F.col(sequence_col).asc(),
              )
              .select(sequence_col)
              .first()[0]
          )
  
      def argmin(self) -> int:
          """
          Return a minimum argument indexer.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          skipna : bool, default True
  
          Returns
          -------
          minimum argument indexer
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> psidx = ps.Index([10, 9, 8, 7, 100, 5, 4, 3, 100, 3])
          >>> psidx
          Int64Index([10, 9, 8, 7, 100, 5, 4, 3, 100, 3], dtype='int64')
  
          >>> psidx.argmin()
          7
          """
          sdf = self._internal.spark_frame.select(self.spark.column)
          sequence_col = verify_temp_column_name(sdf, "__distributed_sequence_column__")
          sdf, _ = InternalFrame.attach_distributed_sequence_column(sdf, column_name=sequence_col)
  
          return (
              sdf.orderBy(
                  scol_for(sdf, self._internal.data_spark_column_names[0]).asc(),
                  F.col(sequence_col).asc(),
              )
              .select(sequence_col)
              .first()[0]
          )
  
      def set_names(
          self,
          names: Union[Any, Tuple, List[Union[Any, Tuple]]],
          level: Optional[Union[int, Any, Tuple, List[Union[int, Any, Tuple]]]] = None,
          inplace: bool = False,
      ) -> Optional["Index"]:
          """
          Set Index or MultiIndex name.
          Able to set new names partially and by level.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          names : label or list of label
              Name(s) to set.
          level : int, label or list of int or label, optional
              If the index is a MultiIndex, level(s) to set (None for all
              levels). Otherwise level must be None.
          inplace : bool, default False
              Modifies the object directly, instead of creating a new Index or
              MultiIndex.
  
          Returns
          -------
          Index
              The same type as the caller or None if inplace is True.
  
          See Also
          --------
          Index.rename : Able to set new names without level.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> idx = ps.Index([1, 2, 3, 4])
          >>> idx
          Int64Index([1, 2, 3, 4], dtype='int64')
  
          >>> idx.set_names('quarter')
          Int64Index([1, 2, 3, 4], dtype='int64', name='quarter')
  
          For MultiIndex
  
          >>> idx = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 'x'), ('b', 'y')])
          >>> idx  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('a', 'x'),
                      ('b', 'y')],
                     )
  
          >>> idx.set_names(['kind', 'year'], inplace=True)
          >>> idx  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('a', 'x'),
                      ('b', 'y')],
                     names=['kind', 'year'])
  
          >>> idx.set_names('species', level=0)  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('a', 'x'),
                      ('b', 'y')],
                     names=['species', 'year'])
          """
          from pyspark.pandas.indexes.multi import MultiIndex
  
          if isinstance(self, MultiIndex):
              if level is not None:
                  self_names = self.names
                  self_names[level] = names  # type: ignore
                  names = self_names
          return self.rename(name=names, inplace=inplace)
  
      def difference(self, other: "Index", sort: Optional[bool] = None) -> "Index":
          """
          Return a new Index with elements from the index that are not in
          `other`.
  
          This is the set difference of two Index objects.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          other : Index or array-like
          sort : True or None, default None
              Whether to sort the resulting index.
              * True : Attempt to sort the result.
              * None : Do not sort the result.
  
          Returns
          -------
          difference : Index
  
          Examples
          --------
  
          >>> idx1 = ps.Index([2, 1, 3, 4])
          >>> idx2 = ps.Index([3, 4, 5, 6])
          >>> idx1.difference(idx2, sort=True)
          Int64Index([1, 2], dtype='int64')
  
          MultiIndex
  
          >>> midx1 = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 'x', 1), ('b', 'y', 2), ('c', 'z', 3)])
          >>> midx2 = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 'x', 1), ('b', 'z', 2), ('k', 'z', 3)])
          >>> midx1.difference(midx2)  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('b', 'y', 2),
                      ('c', 'z', 3)],
                     )
          """
          from pyspark.pandas.indexes.multi import MultiIndex
  
          # Check if the `self` and `other` have different index types.
          # 1. `self` is Index, `other` is MultiIndex
          # 2. `self` is MultiIndex, `other` is Index
          is_index_types_different = isinstance(other, Index) and not isinstance(self, type(other))
          if is_index_types_different:
              if isinstance(self, MultiIndex):
                  # In case `self` is MultiIndex and `other` is Index,
                  # return MultiIndex without its names.
                  return self.rename([None] * len(self))
              elif isinstance(self, Index):
                  # In case `self` is Index and `other` is MultiIndex,
                  # return Index without its name.
                  return self.rename(None)
  
          if not isinstance(other, (Index, Series, tuple, list, set, dict)):
              raise TypeError("Input must be Index or array-like")
          if not isinstance(sort, (type(None), type(True))):
              raise ValueError(
                  "The 'sort' keyword only takes the values of None or True; {} was passed.".format(
                      sort
                  )
              )
          # Handling MultiIndex when `other` is not MultiIndex.
          if isinstance(self, MultiIndex) and not isinstance(other, MultiIndex):
              is_other_list_of_tuples = isinstance(other, (list, set, dict)) and all(
                  [isinstance(item, tuple) for item in other]
              )
              if is_other_list_of_tuples:
                  other = MultiIndex.from_tuples(other)
              elif isinstance(other, Series):
                  other = Index(other)
              else:
                  raise TypeError("other must be a MultiIndex or a list of tuples")
  
          if not isinstance(other, Index):
              other = Index(other)
  
          sdf_self = self._internal.spark_frame
          sdf_other = other._internal.spark_frame
          idx_self = self._internal.index_spark_columns
          idx_other = other._internal.index_spark_columns
          sdf_diff = sdf_self.select(idx_self).subtract(sdf_other.select(idx_other))
          internal = InternalFrame(
              spark_frame=sdf_diff,
              index_spark_columns=[
                  scol_for(sdf_diff, col) for col in self._internal.index_spark_column_names
              ],
              index_names=self._internal.index_names,
              index_fields=self._internal.index_fields,
          )
          result = DataFrame(internal).index
          # Name(s) will be kept when only name(s) of (Multi)Index are the same.
          if isinstance(self, type(other)) and isinstance(self, MultiIndex):
              if self.names == other.names:
                  result.names = self.names
          elif isinstance(self, type(other)) and not isinstance(self, MultiIndex):
              if self.name == other.name:
                  result.name = self.name
          return result if sort is None else result.sort_values()
  
      @property
      def is_all_dates(self) -> bool:
          """
          Return if all data types of the index are datetime.
          remember that since pandas-on-Spark does not support multiple data types in an index,
          so it returns True if any type of data is datetime.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> from datetime import datetime
  
          >>> idx = ps.Index([datetime(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0), datetime(2019, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0)])
          >>> idx
          DatetimeIndex(['2019-01-01', '2019-02-03'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)
  
          >>> idx.is_all_dates
          True
  
          >>> idx = ps.Index([datetime(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0), None])
          >>> idx
          DatetimeIndex(['2019-01-01', 'NaT'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)
  
          >>> idx.is_all_dates
          True
  
          >>> idx = ps.Index([0, 1, 2])
          >>> idx
          Int64Index([0, 1, 2], dtype='int64')
  
          >>> idx.is_all_dates
          False
          """
          return isinstance(self.spark.data_type, TimestampType)
  
      def repeat(self, repeats: int) -> "Index":
          """
          Repeat elements of a Index/MultiIndex.
  
          Returns a new Index/MultiIndex where each element of the current Index/MultiIndex
          is repeated consecutively a given number of times.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          repeats : int
              The number of repetitions for each element. This should be a
              non-negative integer. Repeating 0 times will return an empty
              Index.
  
          Returns
          -------
          repeated_index : Index/MultiIndex
              Newly created Index/MultiIndex with repeated elements.
  
          See Also
          --------
          Series.repeat : Equivalent function for Series.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> idx = ps.Index(['a', 'b', 'c'])
          >>> idx
          Index(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='object')
          >>> idx.repeat(2)
          Index(['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='object')
  
          For MultiIndex,
  
          >>> midx = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('x', 'a'), ('x', 'b'), ('y', 'c')])
          >>> midx  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('x', 'a'),
                      ('x', 'b'),
                      ('y', 'c')],
                     )
          >>> midx.repeat(2)  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('x', 'a'),
                      ('x', 'b'),
                      ('y', 'c'),
                      ('x', 'a'),
                      ('x', 'b'),
                      ('y', 'c')],
                     )
          >>> midx.repeat(0)  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([], )
          """
          if not isinstance(repeats, int):
              raise TypeError(
                  "`repeats` argument must be integer, but got {}".format(type(repeats).__name__)
              )
          elif repeats < 0:
              raise ValueError("negative dimensions are not allowed")
  
          psdf = DataFrame(self._internal.resolved_copy)  # type: DataFrame
          if repeats == 0:
              return DataFrame(psdf._internal.with_filter(SF.lit(False))).index
          else:
              return ps.concat([psdf] * repeats).index
  
      def asof(self, label: Any) -> Scalar:
          """
          Return the label from the index, or, if not present, the previous one.
  
          Assuming that the index is sorted, return the passed index label if it
          is in the index, or return the previous index label if the passed one
          is not in the index.
  
          .. note:: This API is dependent on :meth:`Index.is_monotonic_increasing`
              which can be expensive.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          label : object
              The label up to which the method returns the latest index label.
  
          Returns
          -------
          object
              The passed label if it is in the index. The previous label if the
              passed label is not in the sorted index or `NaN` if there is no
              such label.
  
          Examples
          --------
          `Index.asof` returns the latest index label up to the passed label.
  
          >>> idx = ps.Index(['2013-12-31', '2014-01-02', '2014-01-03'])
          >>> idx.asof('2014-01-01')
          '2013-12-31'
  
          If the label is in the index, the method returns the passed label.
  
          >>> idx.asof('2014-01-02')
          '2014-01-02'
  
          If all of the labels in the index are later than the passed label,
          NaN is returned.
  
          >>> idx.asof('1999-01-02')
          nan
          """
          sdf = self._internal.spark_frame
          if self.is_monotonic_increasing:
              sdf = sdf.where(self.spark.column <= SF.lit(label).cast(self.spark.data_type)).select(
                  F.max(self.spark.column)
              )
          elif self.is_monotonic_decreasing:
              sdf = sdf.where(self.spark.column >= SF.lit(label).cast(self.spark.data_type)).select(
                  F.min(self.spark.column)
              )
          else:
              raise ValueError("index must be monotonic increasing or decreasing")
  
          result = cast(pd.DataFrame, sdf.toPandas()).iloc[0, 0]
          return result if result is not None else np.nan
  
      def union(
          self, other: Union[DataFrame, Series, "Index", List], sort: Optional[bool] = None
      ) -> "Index":
          """
          Form the union of two Index objects.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          other : Index or array-like
          sort : bool or None, default None
              Whether to sort the resulting Index.
  
          Returns
          -------
          union : Index
  
          Examples
          --------
  
          Index
  
          >>> idx1 = ps.Index([1, 2, 3, 4])
          >>> idx2 = ps.Index([3, 4, 5, 6])
          >>> idx1.union(idx2).sort_values()
          Int64Index([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], dtype='int64')
  
          MultiIndex
  
          >>> midx1 = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([("x", "a"), ("x", "b"), ("x", "c"), ("x", "d")])
          >>> midx2 = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples([("x", "c"), ("x", "d"), ("x", "e"), ("x", "f")])
          >>> midx1.union(midx2).sort_values()  # doctest: +SKIP
          MultiIndex([('x', 'a'),
                      ('x', 'b'),
                      ('x', 'c'),
                      ('x', 'd'),
                      ('x', 'e'),
                      ('x', 'f')],
                     )
          """
          from pyspark.pandas.indexes.multi import MultiIndex
  
          sort = True if sort is None else sort
          sort = validate_bool_kwarg(sort, "sort")
          if type(self) is not type(other):
              if isinstance(self, MultiIndex):
                  if not isinstance(other, list) or not all(
                      [isinstance(item, tuple) for item in other]
                  ):
                      raise TypeError("other must be a MultiIndex or a list of tuples")
                  other_idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples(other)  # type: Index
              else:
                  if isinstance(other, MultiIndex):
                      # TODO: We can't support different type of values in a single column for now.
                      raise NotImplementedError(
                          "Union between Index and MultiIndex is not yet supported"
                      )
                  elif isinstance(other, Series):
                      other_frame = other.to_frame()
                      other_idx = other_frame.set_index(other_frame.columns[0]).index
                  elif isinstance(other, DataFrame):
                      raise ValueError("Index data must be 1-dimensional")
                  else:
                      other_idx = Index(other)
          else:
              other_idx = cast(Index, other)
          sdf_self = self._internal.spark_frame.select(self._internal.index_spark_columns)
          sdf_other = other_idx._internal.spark_frame.select(other_idx._internal.index_spark_columns)
          sdf = sdf_self.union(sdf_other.subtract(sdf_self))
          if isinstance(self, MultiIndex):
              sdf = sdf.drop_duplicates()
          if sort:
              sdf = sdf.sort(*self._internal.index_spark_column_names)
          internal = InternalFrame(  # TODO: dtypes?
              spark_frame=sdf,
              index_spark_columns=[
                  scol_for(sdf, col) for col in self._internal.index_spark_column_names
              ],
              index_names=self._internal.index_names,
          )
  
          return DataFrame(internal).index
  
      def holds_integer(self) -> bool:
          """
          Whether the type is an integer type.
          Always return False for MultiIndex.
  
          Notes
          -----
          When Index contains null values the result can be different with pandas
          since pandas-on-Spark cast integer to float when Index contains null values.
  
          >>> ps.Index([1, 2, 3, None])
          Float64Index([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, nan], dtype='float64')
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> psidx = ps.Index([1, 2, 3, 4])
          >>> psidx.holds_integer()
          True
  
          Returns False for string type.
  
          >>> psidx = ps.Index(["A", "B", "C", "D"])
          >>> psidx.holds_integer()
          False
  
          Returns False for float type.
  
          >>> psidx = ps.Index([1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4])
          >>> psidx.holds_integer()
          False
          """
          return isinstance(self.spark.data_type, IntegralType)
  
      def intersection(self, other: Union[DataFrame, Series, "Index", List]) -> "Index":
          """
          Form the intersection of two Index objects.
  
          This returns a new Index with elements common to the index and `other`.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          other : Index or array-like
  
          Returns
          -------
          intersection : Index
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> idx1 = ps.Index([1, 2, 3, 4])
          >>> idx2 = ps.Index([3, 4, 5, 6])
          >>> idx1.intersection(idx2).sort_values()
          Int64Index([3, 4], dtype='int64')
          """
          from pyspark.pandas.indexes.multi import MultiIndex
  
          if isinstance(other, DataFrame):
              raise ValueError("Index data must be 1-dimensional")
          elif isinstance(other, MultiIndex):
              # Always returns a no-named empty Index if `other` is MultiIndex.
              return self._psdf.head(0).index.rename(None)
          elif isinstance(other, Index):
              spark_frame_other = other.to_frame().to_spark()
              keep_name = self.name == other.name
          elif isinstance(other, Series):
              spark_frame_other = other.to_frame().to_spark()
              keep_name = True
          elif is_list_like(other):
              other = Index(other)
              if isinstance(other, MultiIndex):
                  return other.to_frame().head(0).index
              spark_frame_other = other.to_frame().to_spark()
              keep_name = True
          else:
              raise TypeError("Input must be Index or array-like")
  
          spark_frame_self = self.to_frame(name=SPARK_DEFAULT_INDEX_NAME).to_spark()
          spark_frame_intersected = spark_frame_self.intersect(spark_frame_other)
          if keep_name:
              index_names = self._internal.index_names
          else:
              index_names = None
          internal = InternalFrame(  # TODO: dtypes?
              spark_frame=spark_frame_intersected,
              index_spark_columns=[scol_for(spark_frame_intersected, SPARK_DEFAULT_INDEX_NAME)],
              index_names=index_names,
          )
  
          return DataFrame(internal).index
  
      def item(self) -> Union[Scalar, Tuple[Scalar, ...]]:
          """
          Return the first element of the underlying data as a python scalar.
  
          Returns
          -------
          scalar
              The first element of Index.
  
          Raises
          ------
          ValueError
              If the data is not length-1.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> psidx = ps.Index([10])
          >>> psidx.item()
          10
          """
          return self.to_series().item()
  
      def insert(self, loc: int, item: Any) -> "Index":
          """
          Make new Index inserting new item at location.
  
          Follows Python list.append semantics for negative values.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          loc : int
          item : object
  
          Returns
          -------
          new_index : Index
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> psidx = ps.Index([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
          >>> psidx.insert(3, 100)
          Int64Index([1, 2, 3, 100, 4, 5], dtype='int64')
  
          For negative values
  
          >>> psidx = ps.Index([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
          >>> psidx.insert(-3, 100)
          Int64Index([1, 2, 100, 3, 4, 5], dtype='int64')
          """
          if loc < 0:
              length = len(self)
              loc = loc + length
              loc = 0 if loc < 0 else loc
  
          index_name = self._internal.index_spark_column_names[0]
          sdf_before = self.to_frame(name=index_name)[:loc].to_spark()
          sdf_middle = Index([item]).to_frame(name=index_name).to_spark()
          sdf_after = self.to_frame(name=index_name)[loc:].to_spark()
          sdf = sdf_before.union(sdf_middle).union(sdf_after)
  
          internal = InternalFrame(  # TODO: dtype?
              spark_frame=sdf,
              index_spark_columns=[
                  scol_for(sdf, col) for col in self._internal.index_spark_column_names
              ],
              index_names=self._internal.index_names,
          )
          return DataFrame(internal).index
  
      def view(self) -> "Index":
          """
          this is defined as a copy with the same identity
          """
          return self.copy()
  
      def to_list(self) -> List:
          """
          Return a list of the values.
  
          These are each a scalar type, which is a Python scalar
          (for str, int, float) or a pandas scalar
          (for Timestamp/Timedelta/Interval/Period)
  
          .. note:: This method should only be used if the resulting list is expected
              to be small, as all the data is loaded into the driver's memory.
  
          Examples
          --------
          Index
  
          >>> idx = ps.Index([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
          >>> idx.to_list()
          [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
  
          MultiIndex
  
          >>> tuples = [(1, 'red'), (1, 'blue'), (2, 'red'), (2, 'green')]
          >>> midx = ps.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples)
          >>> midx.to_list()
          [(1, 'red'), (1, 'blue'), (2, 'red'), (2, 'green')]
          """
          return self._to_internal_pandas().tolist()
  
      tolist = to_list
  
      @property
      def inferred_type(self) -> str:
          """
          Return a string of the type inferred from the values.
  
          Examples
          --------
          >>> from datetime import datetime
          >>> ps.Index([1, 2, 3]).inferred_type
          'integer'
  
          >>> ps.Index([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]).inferred_type
          'floating'
  
          >>> ps.Index(['a', 'b', 'c']).inferred_type
          'string'
  
          >>> ps.Index([True, False, True, False]).inferred_type
          'boolean'
          """
          return lib.infer_dtype([self.to_series().head(1).item()])
  
      def __getattr__(self, item: str) -> Any:
          if hasattr(MissingPandasLikeIndex, item):
              property_or_func = getattr(MissingPandasLikeIndex, item)
              if isinstance(property_or_func, property):
                  return property_or_func.fget(self)  # type: ignore
              else:
                  return partial(property_or_func, self)
          raise AttributeError("'{}' object has no attribute '{}'".format(type(self).__name__, item))
  
      def __repr__(self) -> str:
          max_display_count = get_option("display.max_rows")
          if max_display_count is None:
              return repr(self._to_internal_pandas())
  
          pindex = self._psdf._get_or_create_repr_pandas_cache(max_display_count).index
  
          pindex_length = len(pindex)
          repr_string = repr(pindex[:max_display_count])
  
          if pindex_length > max_display_count:
              footer = "\nShowing only the first {}".format(max_display_count)
              return repr_string + footer
          return repr_string
  
      def __iter__(self) -> Iterator:
          return MissingPandasLikeIndex.__iter__(self)
  
      def __xor__(self, other: "Index") -> "Index":
          return self.symmetric_difference(other)
  
      def __bool__(self) -> bool:
          raise ValueError(
              "The truth value of a {0} is ambiguous. "
              "Use a.empty, a.bool(), a.item(), a.any() or a.all().".format(self.__class__.__name__)
          )
  
  
  def _test() -> None:
      import os
      import doctest
      import sys
      from pyspark.sql import SparkSession
      import pyspark.pandas.indexes.base
  
      os.chdir(os.environ["SPARK_HOME"])
  
      globs = pyspark.pandas.indexes.base.__dict__.copy()
      globs["ps"] = pyspark.pandas
      spark = (
          SparkSession.builder.master("local[4]")
          .appName("pyspark.pandas.indexes.base tests")
          .getOrCreate()
      )
      (failure_count, test_count) = doctest.testmod(
          pyspark.pandas.indexes.base,
          globs=globs,
          optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS | doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE,
      )
      spark.stop()
      if failure_count:
          sys.exit(-1)
  
  
  if __name__ == "__main__":
      _test()
  