content: import warnings
  import numpy as np
  
  from .base import _fit_liblinear, BaseSVC, BaseLibSVM
  from ..base import BaseEstimator, RegressorMixin
  from ..linear_model.base import LinearClassifierMixin, SparseCoefMixin, \
      LinearModel
  from ..feature_selection.from_model import _LearntSelectorMixin
  from ..utils import check_X_y
  from ..utils.validation import _num_samples
  
  
  class LinearSVC(BaseEstimator, LinearClassifierMixin,
                  _LearntSelectorMixin, SparseCoefMixin):
      """Linear Support Vector Classification.
  
      Similar to SVC with parameter kernel='linear', but implemented in terms of
      liblinear rather than libsvm, so it has more flexibility in the choice of
      penalties and loss functions and should scale better to large numbers of
      samples.
  
      This class supports both dense and sparse input and the multiclass support
      is handled according to a one-vs-the-rest scheme.
  
      Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <svm_classification>`.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      C : float, optional (default=1.0)
          Penalty parameter C of the error term.
  
      loss : string, 'hinge' or 'squared_hinge' (default='squared_hinge')
          Specifies the loss function. 'hinge' is the standard SVM loss
          (used e.g. by the SVC class) while 'squared_hinge' is the
          square of the hinge loss.
  
      penalty : string, 'l1' or 'l2' (default='l2')
          Specifies the norm used in the penalization. The 'l2'
          penalty is the standard used in SVC. The 'l1' leads to `coef_`
          vectors that are sparse.
  
      dual : bool, (default=True)
          Select the algorithm to either solve the dual or primal
          optimization problem. Prefer dual=False when n_samples > n_features.
  
      tol : float, optional (default=1e-4)
          Tolerance for stopping criteria.
  
      multi_class: string, 'ovr' or 'crammer_singer' (default='ovr')
          Determines the multi-class strategy if `y` contains more than
          two classes.
          `ovr` trains n_classes one-vs-rest classifiers, while `crammer_singer`
          optimizes a joint objective over all classes.
          While `crammer_singer` is interesting from a theoretical perspective
          as it is consistent, it is seldom used in practice as it rarely leads
          to better accuracy and is more expensive to compute.
          If `crammer_singer` is chosen, the options loss, penalty and dual will
          be ignored.
  
      fit_intercept : boolean, optional (default=True)
          Whether to calculate the intercept for this model. If set
          to false, no intercept will be used in calculations
          (i.e. data is expected to be already centered).
  
      intercept_scaling : float, optional (default=1)
          When self.fit_intercept is True, instance vector x becomes
          [x, self.intercept_scaling],
          i.e. a "synthetic" feature with constant value equals to
          intercept_scaling is appended to the instance vector.
          The intercept becomes intercept_scaling * synthetic feature weight
          Note! the synthetic feature weight is subject to l1/l2 regularization
          as all other features.
          To lessen the effect of regularization on synthetic feature weight
          (and therefore on the intercept) intercept_scaling has to be increased.
  
      class_weight : {dict, 'balanced'}, optional
          Set the parameter C of class i to class_weight[i]*C for
          SVC. If not given, all classes are supposed to have
          weight one.
          The "balanced" mode uses the values of y to automatically adjust
          weights inversely proportional to class frequencies in the input data
          as ``n_samples / (n_classes * np.bincount(y))``
  
      verbose : int, (default=0)
          Enable verbose output. Note that this setting takes advantage of a
          per-process runtime setting in liblinear that, if enabled, may not work
          properly in a multithreaded context.
  
      random_state : int seed, RandomState instance, or None (default=None)
          The seed of the pseudo random number generator to use when
          shuffling the data.
  
      max_iter : int, (default=1000)
          The maximum number of iterations to be run.
  
      Attributes
      ----------
      coef_ : array, shape = [n_features] if n_classes == 2
              else [n_classes, n_features]
          Weights assigned to the features (coefficients in the primal
          problem). This is only available in the case of a linear kernel.
  
          `coef_` is a readonly property derived from `raw_coef_` that
          follows the internal memory layout of liblinear.
  
      intercept_ : array, shape = [1] if n_classes == 2 else [n_classes]
          Constants in decision function.
  
      Notes
      -----
      The underlying C implementation uses a random number generator to
      select features when fitting the model. It is thus not uncommon
      to have slightly different results for the same input data. If
      that happens, try with a smaller ``tol`` parameter.
  
      The underlying implementation (liblinear) uses a sparse internal
      representation for the data that will incur a memory copy.
  
      Predict output may not match that of standalone liblinear in certain
      cases. See :ref:`differences from liblinear <liblinear_differences>`
      in the narrative documentation.
  
      **References:**
      `LIBLINEAR: A Library for Large Linear Classification
      <http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/liblinear/>`__
  
      See also
      --------
      SVC
          Implementation of Support Vector Machine classifier using libsvm:
          the kernel can be non-linear but its SMO algorithm does not
          scale to large number of samples as LinearSVC does.
  
          Furthermore SVC multi-class mode is implemented using one
          vs one scheme while LinearSVC uses one vs the rest. It is
          possible to implement one vs the rest with SVC by using the
          :class:`sklearn.multiclass.OneVsRestClassifier` wrapper.
  
          Finally SVC can fit dense data without memory copy if the input
          is C-contiguous. Sparse data will still incur memory copy though.
  
      sklearn.linear_model.SGDClassifier
          SGDClassifier can optimize the same cost function as LinearSVC
          by adjusting the penalty and loss parameters. In addition it requires
          less memory, allows incremental (online) learning, and implements
          various loss functions and regularization regimes.
  
      """
  
      def __init__(self, penalty='l2', loss='squared_hinge', dual=True, tol=1e-4,
                   C=1.0, multi_class='ovr', fit_intercept=True,
                   intercept_scaling=1, class_weight=None, verbose=0,
                   random_state=None, max_iter=1000):
          self.dual = dual
          self.tol = tol
          self.C = C
          self.multi_class = multi_class
          self.fit_intercept = fit_intercept
          self.intercept_scaling = intercept_scaling
          self.class_weight = class_weight
          self.verbose = verbose
          self.random_state = random_state
          self.max_iter = max_iter
          self.penalty = penalty
          self.loss = loss
  
      def fit(self, X, y):
          """Fit the model according to the given training data.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          X : {array-like, sparse matrix}, shape = [n_samples, n_features]
              Training vector, where n_samples in the number of samples and
              n_features is the number of features.
  
          y : array-like, shape = [n_samples]
              Target vector relative to X
  
          Returns
          -------
          self : object
              Returns self.
          """
          # FIXME Remove l1/l2 support in 1.0 -----------------------------------
          loss_l = self.loss.lower()
  
          msg = ("loss='%s' has been deprecated in favor of "
                 "loss='%s' as of 0.16. Backward compatibility"
                 " for the loss='%s' will be removed in %s")
  
          # FIXME change loss_l --> self.loss after 0.18
          if loss_l in ('l1', 'l2'):
              old_loss = self.loss
              self.loss = {'l1': 'hinge', 'l2': 'squared_hinge'}.get(loss_l)
              warnings.warn(msg % (old_loss, self.loss, old_loss, '1.0'),
                            DeprecationWarning)
          # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
  
          if self.C < 0:
              raise ValueError("Penalty term must be positive; got (C=%r)"
                               % self.C)
  
          X, y = check_X_y(X, y, accept_sparse='csr',
                           dtype=np.float64, order="C")
          self.classes_ = np.unique(y)
  
          self.coef_, self.intercept_, self.n_iter_ = _fit_liblinear(
              X, y, self.C, self.fit_intercept, self.intercept_scaling,
              self.class_weight, self.penalty, self.dual, self.verbose,
              self.max_iter, self.tol, self.random_state, self.multi_class,
              self.loss)
  
          if self.multi_class == "crammer_singer" and len(self.classes_) == 2:
              self.coef_ = (self.coef_[1] - self.coef_[0]).reshape(1, -1)
              if self.fit_intercept:
                  intercept = self.intercept_[1] - self.intercept_[0]
                  self.intercept_ = np.array([intercept])
  
          return self
  
  
  class LinearSVR(LinearModel, RegressorMixin):
      """Linear Support Vector Regression.
  
      Similar to SVR with parameter kernel='linear', but implemented in terms of
      liblinear rather than libsvm, so it has more flexibility in the choice of
      penalties and loss functions and should scale better to large numbers of
      samples.
  
      This class supports both dense and sparse input.
  
      Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <svm_regression>`.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      C : float, optional (default=1.0)
          Penalty parameter C of the error term. The penalty is a squared
          l2 penalty. The bigger this parameter, the less regularization is used.
  
      loss : string, 'epsilon_insensitive' or 'squared_epsilon_insensitive'
             (default='epsilon_insensitive')
          Specifies the loss function. 'l1' is the epsilon-insensitive loss
          (standard SVR) while 'l2' is the squared epsilon-insensitive loss.
  
      epsilon : float, optional (default=0.1)
          Epsilon parameter in the epsilon-insensitive loss function. Note
          that the value of this parameter depends on the scale of the target
          variable y. If unsure, set epsilon=0.
  
      dual : bool, (default=True)
          Select the algorithm to either solve the dual or primal
          optimization problem. Prefer dual=False when n_samples > n_features.
  
      tol : float, optional (default=1e-4)
          Tolerance for stopping criteria.
  
      fit_intercept : boolean, optional (default=True)
          Whether to calculate the intercept for this model. If set
          to false, no intercept will be used in calculations
          (i.e. data is expected to be already centered).
  
      intercept_scaling : float, optional (default=1)
          When self.fit_intercept is True, instance vector x becomes
          [x, self.intercept_scaling],
          i.e. a "synthetic" feature with constant value equals to
          intercept_scaling is appended to the instance vector.
          The intercept becomes intercept_scaling * synthetic feature weight
          Note! the synthetic feature weight is subject to l1/l2 regularization
          as all other features.
          To lessen the effect of regularization on synthetic feature weight
          (and therefore on the intercept) intercept_scaling has to be increased.
  
      verbose : int, (default=0)
          Enable verbose output. Note that this setting takes advantage of a
          per-process runtime setting in liblinear that, if enabled, may not work
          properly in a multithreaded context.
  
      random_state : int seed, RandomState instance, or None (default=None)
          The seed of the pseudo random number generator to use when
          shuffling the data.
  
      max_iter : int, (default=1000)
          The maximum number of iterations to be run.
  
      Attributes
      ----------
      coef_ : array, shape = [n_features] if n_classes == 2
              else [n_classes, n_features]
          Weights assigned to the features (coefficients in the primal
          problem). This is only available in the case of a linear kernel.
  
          `coef_` is a readonly property derived from `raw_coef_` that
          follows the internal memory layout of liblinear.
  
      intercept_ : array, shape = [1] if n_classes == 2 else [n_classes]
          Constants in decision function.
  
  
      See also
      --------
      LinearSVC
          Implementation of Support Vector Machine classifier using the
          same library as this class (liblinear).
  
      SVR
          Implementation of Support Vector Machine regression using libsvm:
          the kernel can be non-linear but its SMO algorithm does not
          scale to large number of samples as LinearSVC does.
  
      sklearn.linear_model.SGDRegressor
          SGDRegressor can optimize the same cost function as LinearSVR
          by adjusting the penalty and loss parameters. In addition it requires
          less memory, allows incremental (online) learning, and implements
          various loss functions and regularization regimes.
      """
  
      def __init__(self, epsilon=0.0, tol=1e-4, C=1.0,
                   loss='epsilon_insensitive', fit_intercept=True,
                   intercept_scaling=1., dual=True, verbose=0,
                   random_state=None, max_iter=1000):
          self.tol = tol
          self.C = C
          self.epsilon = epsilon
          self.fit_intercept = fit_intercept
          self.intercept_scaling = intercept_scaling
          self.verbose = verbose
          self.random_state = random_state
          self.max_iter = max_iter
          self.dual = dual
          self.loss = loss
  
      def fit(self, X, y):
          """Fit the model according to the given training data.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          X : {array-like, sparse matrix}, shape = [n_samples, n_features]
              Training vector, where n_samples in the number of samples and
              n_features is the number of features.
  
          y : array-like, shape = [n_samples]
              Target vector relative to X
  
          Returns
          -------
          self : object
              Returns self.
          """
          # FIXME Remove l1/l2 support in 1.0 -----------------------------------
          loss_l = self.loss.lower()
  
          msg = ("loss='%s' has been deprecated in favor of "
                 "loss='%s' as of 0.16. Backward compatibility"
                 " for the loss='%s' will be removed in %s")
  
          # FIXME change loss_l --> self.loss after 0.18
          if loss_l in ('l1', 'l2'):
              old_loss = self.loss
              self.loss = {'l1': 'epsilon_insensitive',
                           'l2': 'squared_epsilon_insensitive'
                           }.get(loss_l)
              warnings.warn(msg % (old_loss, self.loss, old_loss, '1.0'),
                            DeprecationWarning)
          # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
  
          if self.C < 0:
              raise ValueError("Penalty term must be positive; got (C=%r)"
                               % self.C)
  
          X, y = check_X_y(X, y, accept_sparse='csr',
                           dtype=np.float64, order="C")
          penalty = 'l2'  # SVR only accepts l2 penalty
          self.coef_, self.intercept_, self.n_iter_ = _fit_liblinear(
              X, y, self.C, self.fit_intercept, self.intercept_scaling,
              None, penalty, self.dual, self.verbose,
              self.max_iter, self.tol, self.random_state, loss=self.loss,
              epsilon=self.epsilon)
          self.coef_ = self.coef_.ravel()
  
          return self
  
  
  class SVC(BaseSVC):
      """C-Support Vector Classification.
  
      The implementation is based on libsvm. The fit time complexity
      is more than quadratic with the number of samples which makes it hard
      to scale to dataset with more than a couple of 10000 samples.
  
      The multiclass support is handled according to a one-vs-one scheme.
  
      For details on the precise mathematical formulation of the provided
      kernel functions and how `gamma`, `coef0` and `degree` affect each
      other, see the corresponding section in the narrative documentation:
      :ref:`svm_kernels`.
  
      Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <svm_classification>`.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      C : float, optional (default=1.0)
          Penalty parameter C of the error term.
  
      kernel : string, optional (default='rbf')
           Specifies the kernel type to be used in the algorithm.
           It must be one of 'linear', 'poly', 'rbf', 'sigmoid', 'precomputed' or
           a callable.
           If none is given, 'rbf' will be used. If a callable is given it is
           used to pre-compute the kernel matrix from data matrices; that matrix
           should be an array of shape ``(n_samples, n_samples)``.
  
      degree : int, optional (default=3)
          Degree of the polynomial kernel function ('poly').
          Ignored by all other kernels.
  
      gamma : float, optional (default='auto')
          Kernel coefficient for 'rbf', 'poly' and 'sigmoid'.
          If gamma is 'auto' then 1/n_features will be used instead.
  
      coef0 : float, optional (default=0.0)
          Independent term in kernel function.
          It is only significant in 'poly' and 'sigmoid'.
  
      probability : boolean, optional (default=False)
          Whether to enable probability estimates. This must be enabled prior
          to calling `fit`, and will slow down that method.
  
      shrinking : boolean, optional (default=True)
          Whether to use the shrinking heuristic.
  
      tol : float, optional (default=1e-3)
          Tolerance for stopping criterion.
  
      cache_size : float, optional
          Specify the size of the kernel cache (in MB).
  
      class_weight : {dict, 'balanced'}, optional
          Set the parameter C of class i to class_weight[i]*C for
          SVC. If not given, all classes are supposed to have
          weight one.
          The "balanced" mode uses the values of y to automatically adjust
          weights inversely proportional to class frequencies in the input data
          as ``n_samples / (n_classes * np.bincount(y))``
  
      verbose : bool, default: False
          Enable verbose output. Note that this setting takes advantage of a
          per-process runtime setting in libsvm that, if enabled, may not work
          properly in a multithreaded context.
  
      max_iter : int, optional (default=-1)
          Hard limit on iterations within solver, or -1 for no limit.
  
      decision_function_shape : 'ovo', 'ovr' or None, default=None
          Whether to return a one-vs-rest ('ovr') ecision function of shape
          (n_samples, n_classes) as all other classifiers, or the original
          one-vs-one ('ovo') decision function of libsvm which has shape
          (n_samples, n_classes * (n_classes - 1) / 2).
          The default of None will currently behave as 'ovo' for backward
          compatibility and raise a deprecation warning, but will change 'ovr'
          in 0.18.
  
      random_state : int seed, RandomState instance, or None (default)
          The seed of the pseudo random number generator to use when
          shuffling the data for probability estimation.
  
      Attributes
      ----------
      support_ : array-like, shape = [n_SV]
          Indices of support vectors.
  
      support_vectors_ : array-like, shape = [n_SV, n_features]
          Support vectors.
  
      n_support_ : array-like, dtype=int32, shape = [n_class]
          Number of support vectors for each class.
  
      dual_coef_ : array, shape = [n_class-1, n_SV]
          Coefficients of the support vector in the decision function.
          For multiclass, coefficient for all 1-vs-1 classifiers.
          The layout of the coefficients in the multiclass case is somewhat
          non-trivial. See the section about multi-class classification in the
          SVM section of the User Guide for details.
  
      coef_ : array, shape = [n_class-1, n_features]
          Weights assigned to the features (coefficients in the primal
          problem). This is only available in the case of a linear kernel.
  
          `coef_` is a readonly property derived from `dual_coef_` and
          `support_vectors_`.
  
      intercept_ : array, shape = [n_class * (n_class-1) / 2]
          Constants in decision function.
  
      Examples
      --------
      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> X = np.array([[-1, -1], [-2, -1], [1, 1], [2, 1]])
      >>> y = np.array([1, 1, 2, 2])
      >>> from sklearn.svm import SVC
      >>> clf = SVC()
      >>> clf.fit(X, y) #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
      SVC(C=1.0, cache_size=200, class_weight=None, coef0=0.0,
          decision_function_shape=None, degree=3, gamma='auto', kernel='rbf',
          max_iter=-1, probability=False, random_state=None, shrinking=True,
          tol=0.001, verbose=False)
      >>> print(clf.predict([[-0.8, -1]]))
      [1]
  
      See also
      --------
      SVR
          Support Vector Machine for Regression implemented using libsvm.
  
      LinearSVC
          Scalable Linear Support Vector Machine for classification
          implemented using liblinear. Check the See also section of
          LinearSVC for more comparison element.
  
      """
  
      def __init__(self, C=1.0, kernel='rbf', degree=3, gamma='auto',
                   coef0=0.0, shrinking=True, probability=False,
                   tol=1e-3, cache_size=200, class_weight=None,
                   verbose=False, max_iter=-1, decision_function_shape=None,
                   random_state=None):
  
          super(SVC, self).__init__(
              impl='c_svc', kernel=kernel, degree=degree, gamma=gamma,
              coef0=coef0, tol=tol, C=C, nu=0., shrinking=shrinking,
              probability=probability, cache_size=cache_size,
              class_weight=class_weight, verbose=verbose, max_iter=max_iter,
              decision_function_shape=decision_function_shape,
              random_state=random_state)
  
  
  class NuSVC(BaseSVC):
      """Nu-Support Vector Classification.
  
      Similar to SVC but uses a parameter to control the number of support
      vectors.
  
      The implementation is based on libsvm.
  
      Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <svm_classification>`.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      nu : float, optional (default=0.5)
          An upper bound on the fraction of training errors and a lower
          bound of the fraction of support vectors. Should be in the
          interval (0, 1].
  
      kernel : string, optional (default='rbf')
           Specifies the kernel type to be used in the algorithm.
           It must be one of 'linear', 'poly', 'rbf', 'sigmoid', 'precomputed' or
           a callable.
           If none is given, 'rbf' will be used. If a callable is given it is
           used to precompute the kernel matrix.
  
      degree : int, optional (default=3)
          Degree of the polynomial kernel function ('poly').
          Ignored by all other kernels.
  
      gamma : float, optional (default='auto')
          Kernel coefficient for 'rbf', 'poly' and 'sigmoid'.
          If gamma is 'auto' then 1/n_features will be used instead.
  
      coef0 : float, optional (default=0.0)
          Independent term in kernel function.
          It is only significant in 'poly' and 'sigmoid'.
  
      probability : boolean, optional (default=False)
          Whether to enable probability estimates. This must be enabled prior
          to calling `fit`, and will slow down that method.
  
      shrinking : boolean, optional (default=True)
          Whether to use the shrinking heuristic.
  
      tol : float, optional (default=1e-3)
          Tolerance for stopping criterion.
  
      cache_size : float, optional
          Specify the size of the kernel cache (in MB).
  
      class_weight : {dict, 'auto'}, optional
          Set the parameter C of class i to class_weight[i]*C for
          SVC. If not given, all classes are supposed to have
          weight one. The 'auto' mode uses the values of y to
          automatically adjust weights inversely proportional to
          class frequencies.
  
      verbose : bool, default: False
          Enable verbose output. Note that this setting takes advantage of a
          per-process runtime setting in libsvm that, if enabled, may not work
          properly in a multithreaded context.
  
      max_iter : int, optional (default=-1)
          Hard limit on iterations within solver, or -1 for no limit.
  
      decision_function_shape : 'ovo', 'ovr' or None, default=None
          Whether to return a one-vs-rest ('ovr') ecision function of shape
          (n_samples, n_classes) as all other classifiers, or the original
          one-vs-one ('ovo') decision function of libsvm which has shape
          (n_samples, n_classes * (n_classes - 1) / 2).
          The default of None will currently behave as 'ovo' for backward
          compatibility and raise a deprecation warning, but will change 'ovr'
          in 0.18.
  
      random_state : int seed, RandomState instance, or None (default)
          The seed of the pseudo random number generator to use when
          shuffling the data for probability estimation.
  
      Attributes
      ----------
      support_ : array-like, shape = [n_SV]
          Indices of support vectors.
  
      support_vectors_ : array-like, shape = [n_SV, n_features]
          Support vectors.
  
      n_support_ : array-like, dtype=int32, shape = [n_class]
          Number of support vectors for each class.
  
      dual_coef_ : array, shape = [n_class-1, n_SV]
          Coefficients of the support vector in the decision function.
          For multiclass, coefficient for all 1-vs-1 classifiers.
          The layout of the coefficients in the multiclass case is somewhat
          non-trivial. See the section about multi-class classification in
          the SVM section of the User Guide for details.
  
      coef_ : array, shape = [n_class-1, n_features]
          Weights assigned to the features (coefficients in the primal
          problem). This is only available in the case of a linear kernel.
  
          `coef_` is readonly property derived from `dual_coef_` and
          `support_vectors_`.
  
      intercept_ : array, shape = [n_class * (n_class-1) / 2]
          Constants in decision function.
  
      Examples
      --------
      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> X = np.array([[-1, -1], [-2, -1], [1, 1], [2, 1]])
      >>> y = np.array([1, 1, 2, 2])
      >>> from sklearn.svm import NuSVC
      >>> clf = NuSVC()
      >>> clf.fit(X, y) #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
      NuSVC(cache_size=200, class_weight=None, coef0=0.0,
            decision_function_shape=None, degree=3, gamma='auto', kernel='rbf',
            max_iter=-1, nu=0.5, probability=False, random_state=None,
            shrinking=True, tol=0.001, verbose=False)
      >>> print(clf.predict([[-0.8, -1]]))
      [1]
  
      See also
      --------
      SVC
          Support Vector Machine for classification using libsvm.
  
      LinearSVC
          Scalable linear Support Vector Machine for classification using
          liblinear.
      """
  
      def __init__(self, nu=0.5, kernel='rbf', degree=3, gamma='auto',
                   coef0=0.0, shrinking=True, probability=False,
                   tol=1e-3, cache_size=200, class_weight=None, verbose=False,
                   max_iter=-1, decision_function_shape=None, random_state=None):
  
          super(NuSVC, self).__init__(
              impl='nu_svc', kernel=kernel, degree=degree, gamma=gamma,
              coef0=coef0, tol=tol, C=0., nu=nu, shrinking=shrinking,
              probability=probability, cache_size=cache_size,
              class_weight=class_weight, verbose=verbose, max_iter=max_iter,
              decision_function_shape=decision_function_shape,
              random_state=random_state)
  
  
  class SVR(BaseLibSVM, RegressorMixin):
      """Epsilon-Support Vector Regression.
  
      The free parameters in the model are C and epsilon.
  
      The implementation is based on libsvm.
  
      Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <svm_regression>`.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      C : float, optional (default=1.0)
          Penalty parameter C of the error term.
  
      epsilon : float, optional (default=0.1)
           Epsilon in the epsilon-SVR model. It specifies the epsilon-tube
           within which no penalty is associated in the training loss function
           with points predicted within a distance epsilon from the actual
           value.
  
      kernel : string, optional (default='rbf')
           Specifies the kernel type to be used in the algorithm.
           It must be one of 'linear', 'poly', 'rbf', 'sigmoid', 'precomputed' or
           a callable.
           If none is given, 'rbf' will be used. If a callable is given it is
           used to precompute the kernel matrix.
  
      degree : int, optional (default=3)
          Degree of the polynomial kernel function ('poly').
          Ignored by all other kernels.
  
      gamma : float, optional (default='auto')
          Kernel coefficient for 'rbf', 'poly' and 'sigmoid'.
          If gamma is 'auto' then 1/n_features will be used instead.
  
      coef0 : float, optional (default=0.0)
          Independent term in kernel function.
          It is only significant in 'poly' and 'sigmoid'.
  
      shrinking : boolean, optional (default=True)
          Whether to use the shrinking heuristic.
  
      tol : float, optional (default=1e-3)
          Tolerance for stopping criterion.
  
      cache_size : float, optional
          Specify the size of the kernel cache (in MB).
  
      verbose : bool, default: False
          Enable verbose output. Note that this setting takes advantage of a
          per-process runtime setting in libsvm that, if enabled, may not work
          properly in a multithreaded context.
  
      max_iter : int, optional (default=-1)
          Hard limit on iterations within solver, or -1 for no limit.
  
      Attributes
      ----------
      support_ : array-like, shape = [n_SV]
          Indices of support vectors.
  
      support_vectors_ : array-like, shape = [nSV, n_features]
          Support vectors.
  
      dual_coef_ : array, shape = [1, n_SV]
          Coefficients of the support vector in the decision function.
  
      coef_ : array, shape = [1, n_features]
          Weights assigned to the features (coefficients in the primal
          problem). This is only available in the case of a linear kernel.
  
          `coef_` is readonly property derived from `dual_coef_` and
          `support_vectors_`.
  
      intercept_ : array, shape = [1]
          Constants in decision function.
  
      Examples
      --------
      >>> from sklearn.svm import SVR
      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> n_samples, n_features = 10, 5
      >>> np.random.seed(0)
      >>> y = np.random.randn(n_samples)
      >>> X = np.random.randn(n_samples, n_features)
      >>> clf = SVR(C=1.0, epsilon=0.2)
      >>> clf.fit(X, y) #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
      SVR(C=1.0, cache_size=200, coef0=0.0, degree=3, epsilon=0.2, gamma='auto',
          kernel='rbf', max_iter=-1, shrinking=True, tol=0.001, verbose=False)
  
      See also
      --------
      NuSVR
          Support Vector Machine for regression implemented using libsvm
          using a parameter to control the number of support vectors.
  
      LinearSVR
          Scalable Linear Support Vector Machine for regression
          implemented using liblinear.
      """
      def __init__(self, kernel='rbf', degree=3, gamma='auto', coef0=0.0,
                   tol=1e-3, C=1.0, epsilon=0.1, shrinking=True,
                   cache_size=200, verbose=False, max_iter=-1):
  
          super(SVR, self).__init__(
              'epsilon_svr', kernel=kernel, degree=degree, gamma=gamma,
              coef0=coef0, tol=tol, C=C, nu=0., epsilon=epsilon, verbose=verbose,
              shrinking=shrinking, probability=False, cache_size=cache_size,
              class_weight=None, max_iter=max_iter, random_state=None)
  
  
  class NuSVR(BaseLibSVM, RegressorMixin):
      """Nu Support Vector Regression.
  
      Similar to NuSVC, for regression, uses a parameter nu to control
      the number of support vectors. However, unlike NuSVC, where nu
      replaces C, here nu replaces the parameter epsilon of epsilon-SVR.
  
      The implementation is based on libsvm.
  
      Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <svm_regression>`.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      C : float, optional (default=1.0)
          Penalty parameter C of the error term.
  
      nu : float, optional
          An upper bound on the fraction of training errors and a lower bound of
          the fraction of support vectors. Should be in the interval (0, 1].  By
          default 0.5 will be taken.
  
      kernel : string, optional (default='rbf')
           Specifies the kernel type to be used in the algorithm.
           It must be one of 'linear', 'poly', 'rbf', 'sigmoid', 'precomputed' or
           a callable.
           If none is given, 'rbf' will be used. If a callable is given it is
           used to precompute the kernel matrix.
  
      degree : int, optional (default=3)
          Degree of the polynomial kernel function ('poly').
          Ignored by all other kernels.
  
      gamma : float, optional (default='auto')
          Kernel coefficient for 'rbf', 'poly' and 'sigmoid'.
          If gamma is 'auto' then 1/n_features will be used instead.
  
      coef0 : float, optional (default=0.0)
          Independent term in kernel function.
          It is only significant in 'poly' and 'sigmoid'.
  
      shrinking : boolean, optional (default=True)
          Whether to use the shrinking heuristic.
  
      tol : float, optional (default=1e-3)
          Tolerance for stopping criterion.
  
      cache_size : float, optional
          Specify the size of the kernel cache (in MB).
  
      verbose : bool, default: False
          Enable verbose output. Note that this setting takes advantage of a
          per-process runtime setting in libsvm that, if enabled, may not work
          properly in a multithreaded context.
  
      max_iter : int, optional (default=-1)
          Hard limit on iterations within solver, or -1 for no limit.
  
      Attributes
      ----------
      support_ : array-like, shape = [n_SV]
          Indices of support vectors.
  
      support_vectors_ : array-like, shape = [nSV, n_features]
          Support vectors.
  
      dual_coef_ : array, shape = [1, n_SV]
          Coefficients of the support vector in the decision function.
  
      coef_ : array, shape = [1, n_features]
          Weights assigned to the features (coefficients in the primal
          problem). This is only available in the case of a linear kernel.
  
          `coef_` is readonly property derived from `dual_coef_` and
          `support_vectors_`.
  
      intercept_ : array, shape = [1]
          Constants in decision function.
  
      Examples
      --------
      >>> from sklearn.svm import NuSVR
      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> n_samples, n_features = 10, 5
      >>> np.random.seed(0)
      >>> y = np.random.randn(n_samples)
      >>> X = np.random.randn(n_samples, n_features)
      >>> clf = NuSVR(C=1.0, nu=0.1)
      >>> clf.fit(X, y)  #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
      NuSVR(C=1.0, cache_size=200, coef0=0.0, degree=3, gamma='auto',
            kernel='rbf', max_iter=-1, nu=0.1, shrinking=True, tol=0.001,
            verbose=False)
  
      See also
      --------
      NuSVC
          Support Vector Machine for classification implemented with libsvm
          with a parameter to control the number of support vectors.
  
      SVR
          epsilon Support Vector Machine for regression implemented with libsvm.
      """
  
      def __init__(self, nu=0.5, C=1.0, kernel='rbf', degree=3,
                   gamma='auto', coef0=0.0, shrinking=True, tol=1e-3,
                   cache_size=200, verbose=False, max_iter=-1):
  
          super(NuSVR, self).__init__(
              'nu_svr', kernel=kernel, degree=degree, gamma=gamma, coef0=coef0,
              tol=tol, C=C, nu=nu, epsilon=0., shrinking=shrinking,
              probability=False, cache_size=cache_size, class_weight=None,
              verbose=verbose, max_iter=max_iter, random_state=None)
  
  
  class OneClassSVM(BaseLibSVM):
      """Unsupervised Outlier Detection.
  
      Estimate the support of a high-dimensional distribution.
  
      The implementation is based on libsvm.
  
      Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <svm_outlier_detection>`.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      kernel : string, optional (default='rbf')
           Specifies the kernel type to be used in the algorithm.
           It must be one of 'linear', 'poly', 'rbf', 'sigmoid', 'precomputed' or
           a callable.
           If none is given, 'rbf' will be used. If a callable is given it is
           used to precompute the kernel matrix.
  
      nu : float, optional
          An upper bound on the fraction of training
          errors and a lower bound of the fraction of support
          vectors. Should be in the interval (0, 1]. By default 0.5
          will be taken.
  
      degree : int, optional (default=3)
          Degree of the polynomial kernel function ('poly').
          Ignored by all other kernels.
  
      gamma : float, optional (default='auto')
          Kernel coefficient for 'rbf', 'poly' and 'sigmoid'.
          If gamma is 'auto' then 1/n_features will be used instead.
  
      coef0 : float, optional (default=0.0)
          Independent term in kernel function.
          It is only significant in 'poly' and 'sigmoid'.
  
      tol : float, optional
          Tolerance for stopping criterion.
  
      shrinking : boolean, optional
          Whether to use the shrinking heuristic.
  
      cache_size : float, optional
          Specify the size of the kernel cache (in MB).
  
      verbose : bool, default: False
          Enable verbose output. Note that this setting takes advantage of a
          per-process runtime setting in libsvm that, if enabled, may not work
          properly in a multithreaded context.
  
      max_iter : int, optional (default=-1)
          Hard limit on iterations within solver, or -1 for no limit.
  
      random_state : int seed, RandomState instance, or None (default)
          The seed of the pseudo random number generator to use when
          shuffling the data for probability estimation.
  
      Attributes
      ----------
      support_ : array-like, shape = [n_SV]
          Indices of support vectors.
  
      support_vectors_ : array-like, shape = [nSV, n_features]
          Support vectors.
  
      dual_coef_ : array, shape = [n_classes-1, n_SV]
          Coefficients of the support vectors in the decision function.
  
      coef_ : array, shape = [n_classes-1, n_features]
          Weights assigned to the features (coefficients in the primal
          problem). This is only available in the case of a linear kernel.
  
          `coef_` is readonly property derived from `dual_coef_` and
          `support_vectors_`
  
      intercept_ : array, shape = [n_classes-1]
          Constants in decision function.
  
      """
      def __init__(self, kernel='rbf', degree=3, gamma='auto', coef0=0.0,
                   tol=1e-3, nu=0.5, shrinking=True, cache_size=200,
                   verbose=False, max_iter=-1, random_state=None):
  
          super(OneClassSVM, self).__init__(
              'one_class', kernel, degree, gamma, coef0, tol, 0., nu, 0.,
              shrinking, False, cache_size, None, verbose, max_iter,
              random_state)
  
      def fit(self, X, y=None, sample_weight=None, **params):
          """
          Detects the soft boundary of the set of samples X.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          X : {array-like, sparse matrix}, shape (n_samples, n_features)
              Set of samples, where n_samples is the number of samples and
              n_features is the number of features.
  
          sample_weight : array-like, shape (n_samples,)
              Per-sample weights. Rescale C per sample. Higher weights
              force the classifier to put more emphasis on these points.
  
          Returns
          -------
          self : object
              Returns self.
  
          Notes
          -----
          If X is not a C-ordered contiguous array it is copied.
  
          """
          super(OneClassSVM, self).fit(X, np.ones(_num_samples(X)), sample_weight=sample_weight,
                                       **params)
          return self
  
      def decision_function(self, X):
          """Distance of the samples X to the separating hyperplane.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          X : array-like, shape (n_samples, n_features)
  
          Returns
          -------
          X : array-like, shape (n_samples,)
              Returns the decision function of the samples.
          """
          dec = self._decision_function(X)
          return dec
  