content: """
  ============================
  Classifier Chain
  ============================
  Example of using classifier chain on a multilabel dataset.
  
  For this example we will use the `yeast
  <https://www.openml.org/d/40597>`_ dataset which contains
  2417 datapoints each with 103 features and 14 possible labels. Each
  data point has at least one label. As a baseline we first train a logistic
  regression classifier for each of the 14 labels. To evaluate the performance of
  these classifiers we predict on a held-out test set and calculate the
  :ref:`jaccard score <jaccard_similarity_score>` for each sample.
  
  Next we create 10 classifier chains. Each classifier chain contains a
  logistic regression model for each of the 14 labels. The models in each
  chain are ordered randomly. In addition to the 103 features in the dataset,
  each model gets the predictions of the preceding models in the chain as
  features (note that by default at training time each model gets the true
  labels as features). These additional features allow each chain to exploit
  correlations among the classes. The Jaccard similarity score for each chain
  tends to be greater than that of the set independent logistic models.
  
  Because the models in each chain are arranged randomly there is significant
  variation in performance among the chains. Presumably there is an optimal
  ordering of the classes in a chain that will yield the best performance.
  However we do not know that ordering a priori. Instead we can construct an
  voting ensemble of classifier chains by averaging the binary predictions of
  the chains and apply a threshold of 0.5. The Jaccard similarity score of the
  ensemble is greater than that of the independent models and tends to exceed
  the score of each chain in the ensemble (although this is not guaranteed
  with randomly ordered chains).
  """
  
  # Author: Adam Kleczewski
  # License: BSD 3 clause
  
  import numpy as np
  import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
  from sklearn.datasets import fetch_openml
  from sklearn.multioutput import ClassifierChain
  from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
  from sklearn.multiclass import OneVsRestClassifier
  from sklearn.metrics import jaccard_score
  from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
  
  print(__doc__)
  
  # Load a multi-label dataset from https://www.openml.org/d/40597
  X, Y = fetch_openml('yeast', version=4, return_X_y=True)
  Y = Y == 'TRUE'
  X_train, X_test, Y_train, Y_test = train_test_split(X, Y, test_size=.2,
                                                      random_state=0)
  
  # Fit an independent logistic regression model for each class using the
  # OneVsRestClassifier wrapper.
  base_lr = LogisticRegression()
  ovr = OneVsRestClassifier(base_lr)
  ovr.fit(X_train, Y_train)
  Y_pred_ovr = ovr.predict(X_test)
  ovr_jaccard_score = jaccard_score(Y_test, Y_pred_ovr, average='samples')
  
  # Fit an ensemble of logistic regression classifier chains and take the
  # take the average prediction of all the chains.
  chains = [ClassifierChain(base_lr, order='random', random_state=i)
            for i in range(10)]
  for chain in chains:
      chain.fit(X_train, Y_train)
  
  Y_pred_chains = np.array([chain.predict(X_test) for chain in
                            chains])
  chain_jaccard_scores = [jaccard_score(Y_test, Y_pred_chain >= .5,
                                        average='samples')
                          for Y_pred_chain in Y_pred_chains]
  
  Y_pred_ensemble = Y_pred_chains.mean(axis=0)
  ensemble_jaccard_score = jaccard_score(Y_test,
                                         Y_pred_ensemble >= .5,
                                         average='samples')
  
  model_scores = [ovr_jaccard_score] + chain_jaccard_scores
  model_scores.append(ensemble_jaccard_score)
  
  model_names = ('Independent',
                 'Chain 1',
                 'Chain 2',
                 'Chain 3',
                 'Chain 4',
                 'Chain 5',
                 'Chain 6',
                 'Chain 7',
                 'Chain 8',
                 'Chain 9',
                 'Chain 10',
                 'Ensemble')
  
  x_pos = np.arange(len(model_names))
  
  # Plot the Jaccard similarity scores for the independent model, each of the
  # chains, and the ensemble (note that the vertical axis on this plot does
  # not begin at 0).
  
  fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(7, 4))
  ax.grid(True)
  ax.set_title('Classifier Chain Ensemble Performance Comparison')
  ax.set_xticks(x_pos)
  ax.set_xticklabels(model_names, rotation='vertical')
  ax.set_ylabel('Jaccard Similarity Score')
  ax.set_ylim([min(model_scores) * .9, max(model_scores) * 1.1])
  colors = ['r'] + ['b'] * len(chain_jaccard_scores) + ['g']
  ax.bar(x_pos, model_scores, alpha=0.5, color=colors)
  plt.tight_layout()
  plt.show()
  