content: """
  Optical flow
  ============
  
  This tutorial offers a short overview of the optical flow routines available in 
  pysteps and it will cover how to compute and plot the motion field from a 
  sequence of radar images.
  """
  
  from datetime import datetime
  from pprint import pprint
  import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
  import numpy as np
  
  from pysteps import io, motion, rcparams
  from pysteps.utils import conversion, transformation
  from pysteps.visualization import plot_precip_field, quiver
  
  ################################################################################
  # Read the radar input images
  # ---------------------------
  #
  # First, we will import the sequence of radar composites.
  # You need the pysteps-data archive downloaded and the pystepsrc file
  # configured with the data_source paths pointing to data folders.
  
  # Selected case
  date = datetime.strptime("201505151630", "%Y%m%d%H%M")
  data_source = rcparams.data_sources["mch"]
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Load the data from the archive
  # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  
  root_path = data_source["root_path"]
  path_fmt = data_source["path_fmt"]
  fn_pattern = data_source["fn_pattern"]
  fn_ext = data_source["fn_ext"]
  importer_name = data_source["importer"]
  importer_kwargs = data_source["importer_kwargs"]
  timestep = data_source["timestep"]
  
  # Find the input files from the archive
  fns = io.archive.find_by_date(
      date, root_path, path_fmt, fn_pattern, fn_ext, timestep=5, num_prev_files=9
  )
  
  # Read the radar composites
  importer = io.get_method(importer_name, "importer")
  R, quality, metadata = io.read_timeseries(fns, importer, **importer_kwargs)
  
  del quality  # Not used
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Preprocess the data
  # ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  
  # Convert to mm/h
  R, metadata = conversion.to_rainrate(R, metadata)
  
  # Store the reference frame
  R_ = R[-1, :, :].copy()
  
  # Log-transform the data [dBR]
  R, metadata = transformation.dB_transform(R, metadata, threshold=0.1, zerovalue=-15.0)
  
  # Nicely print the metadata
  pprint(metadata)
  
  ################################################################################
  # Lucas-Kanade (LK)
  # -----------------
  #
  # The Lucas-Kanade optical flow method implemented in pysteps is a local
  # tracking approach that relies on the OpenCV package.
  # Local features are tracked in a sequence of two or more radar images. The
  # scheme includes a final interpolation step in order to produce a smooth
  # field of motion vectors.
  
  oflow_method = motion.get_method("LK")
  V1 = oflow_method(R[-3:, :, :])
  
  # Plot the motion field on top of the reference frame
  plot_precip_field(R_, geodata=metadata, title="LK")
  quiver(V1, geodata=metadata, step=25)
  plt.show()
  
  ################################################################################
  # Variational echo tracking (VET)
  # -------------------------------
  #
  # This module implements the VET algorithm presented
  # by Laroche and Zawadzki (1995) and used in the McGill Algorithm for
  # Prediction by Lagrangian Extrapolation (MAPLE) described in
  # Germann and Zawadzki (2002).
  # The approach essentially consists of a global optimization routine that seeks
  # at minimizing a cost function between the displaced and the reference image.
  
  oflow_method = motion.get_method("VET")
  V2 = oflow_method(R[-3:, :, :])
  
  # Plot the motion field
  plot_precip_field(R_, geodata=metadata, title="VET")
  quiver(V2, geodata=metadata, step=25)
  plt.show()
  
  ################################################################################
  # Dynamic and adaptive radar tracking of storms (DARTS)
  # -----------------------------------------------------
  #
  # DARTS uses a spectral approach to optical flow that is based on the discrete
  # Fourier transform (DFT) of a temporal sequence of radar fields.
  # The level of truncation of the DFT coefficients controls the degree of
  # smoothness of the estimated motion field, allowing for an efficient
  # motion estimation. DARTS requires a longer sequence of radar fields for
  # estimating the motion, here we are going to use all the available 10 fields.
  
  oflow_method = motion.get_method("DARTS")
  R[~np.isfinite(R)] = metadata["zerovalue"]
  V3 = oflow_method(R)  # needs longer training sequence
  
  # Plot the motion field
  plot_precip_field(R_, geodata=metadata, title="DARTS")
  quiver(V3, geodata=metadata, step=25)
  plt.show()
  
  ################################################################################
  # Anisotropic diffusion method (Proesmans et al 1994)
  # ---------------------------------------------------
  #
  # This module implements the anisotropic diffusion method presented in Proesmans
  # et al. (1994), a robust optical flow technique which employs the notion of
  # inconsitency during the solution of the optical flow equations.
  
  oflow_method = motion.get_method("proesmans")
  R[~np.isfinite(R)] = metadata["zerovalue"]
  V4 = oflow_method(R[-2:, :, :])
  
  # Plot the motion field
  plot_precip_field(R_, geodata=metadata, title="Proesmans")
  quiver(V4, geodata=metadata, step=25)
  plt.show()
  
  # sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 1
  