content: # Copyright 2015 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
  #
  # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  # You may obtain a copy of the License at
  #
  #     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  #
  # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  # limitations under the License.
  # ==============================================================================
  """Basic word2vec example."""
  
  from __future__ import absolute_import
  from __future__ import division
  from __future__ import print_function
  
  import argparse
  import collections
  import hashlib
  import math
  import os
  import random
  import sys
  from tempfile import gettempdir
  import zipfile
  
  import numpy as np
  from six.moves import urllib
  from six.moves import xrange  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
  import tensorflow as tf
  
  from tensorflow.contrib.tensorboard.plugins import projector
  
  data_index = 0
  
  
  def _hash_file(fpath):
    hasher = hashlib.sha256()
    with open(fpath, 'rb') as fpath_file:
      for chunk in iter(lambda: fpath_file.read(65535), b''):
        hasher.update(chunk)
    return hasher.hexdigest()
  
  
  def word2vec_basic(log_dir):
    """Example of building, training and visualizing a word2vec model."""
    # Create the directory for TensorBoard variables if there is not.
    if not os.path.exists(log_dir):
      os.makedirs(log_dir)
  
    # Step 1: Download the data.
    # Note: Source website does not support HTTPS right now.
    url = 'http://mattmahoney.net/dc/'
  
    # pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name
    def maybe_download(filename, expected_bytes, sha256=None):
      """Download a file if not present, and make sure it's the right size."""
      local_filename = os.path.join(gettempdir(), filename)
      if not os.path.exists(local_filename):
        local_filename, _ = urllib.request.urlretrieve(url + filename,
                                                       local_filename)
      statinfo = os.stat(local_filename)
  
      if sha256 and _hash_file(local_filename) != sha256:
        raise Exception('Failed to verify ' + local_filename + ' due to hash '
                        'mismatch. Can you get to it with a browser?')
  
      if statinfo.st_size == expected_bytes:
        print('Found and verified', filename)
      else:
        print(statinfo.st_size)
        raise Exception('Failed to verify ' + local_filename +
                        '. Can you get to it with a browser?')
      return local_filename
  
    filename = maybe_download(
        'text8.zip',
        31344016,
        sha256='a6640522afe85d1963ad56c05b0ede0a0c000dddc9671758a6cc09b7a38e5232')
  
    # Read the data into a list of strings.
    def read_data(filename):
      """Extract the first file enclosed in a zip file as a list of words."""
      with zipfile.ZipFile(filename) as f:
        data = tf.compat.as_str(f.read(f.namelist()[0])).split()
      return data
  
    vocabulary = read_data(filename)
    print('Data size', len(vocabulary))
  
    # Step 2: Build the dictionary and replace rare words with UNK token.
    vocabulary_size = 50000
  
    def build_dataset(words, n_words):
      """Process raw inputs into a dataset."""
      count = [['UNK', -1]]
      count.extend(collections.Counter(words).most_common(n_words - 1))
      dictionary = {word: index for index, (word, _) in enumerate(count)}
      data = []
      unk_count = 0
      for word in words:
        index = dictionary.get(word, 0)
        if index == 0:  # dictionary['UNK']
          unk_count += 1
        data.append(index)
      count[0][1] = unk_count
      reversed_dictionary = dict(zip(dictionary.values(), dictionary.keys()))
      return data, count, dictionary, reversed_dictionary
  
    # Filling 4 global variables:
    # data - list of codes (integers from 0 to vocabulary_size-1).
    #   This is the original text but words are replaced by their codes
    # count - map of words(strings) to count of occurrences
    # dictionary - map of words(strings) to their codes(integers)
    # reverse_dictionary - map of codes(integers) to words(strings)
    data, count, unused_dictionary, reverse_dictionary = build_dataset(
        vocabulary, vocabulary_size)
    del vocabulary  # Hint to reduce memory.
    print('Most common words (+UNK)', count[:5])
    print('Sample data', data[:10], [reverse_dictionary[i] for i in data[:10]])
  
    # Step 3: Function to generate a training batch for the skip-gram model.
    def generate_batch(batch_size, num_skips, skip_window):
      global data_index
      assert batch_size % num_skips == 0
      assert num_skips <= 2 * skip_window
      batch = np.ndarray(shape=(batch_size), dtype=np.int32)
      labels = np.ndarray(shape=(batch_size, 1), dtype=np.int32)
      span = 2 * skip_window + 1  # [ skip_window target skip_window ]
      buffer = collections.deque(maxlen=span)  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
      if data_index + span > len(data):
        data_index = 0
      buffer.extend(data[data_index:data_index + span])
      data_index += span
      for i in range(batch_size // num_skips):
        context_words = [w for w in range(span) if w != skip_window]
        words_to_use = random.sample(context_words, num_skips)
        for j, context_word in enumerate(words_to_use):
          batch[i * num_skips + j] = buffer[skip_window]
          labels[i * num_skips + j, 0] = buffer[context_word]
        if data_index == len(data):
          buffer.extend(data[0:span])
          data_index = span
        else:
          buffer.append(data[data_index])
          data_index += 1
      # Backtrack a little bit to avoid skipping words in the end of a batch
      data_index = (data_index + len(data) - span) % len(data)
      return batch, labels
  
    batch, labels = generate_batch(batch_size=8, num_skips=2, skip_window=1)
    for i in range(8):
      print(batch[i], reverse_dictionary[batch[i]], '->', labels[i, 0],
            reverse_dictionary[labels[i, 0]])
  
    # Step 4: Build and train a skip-gram model.
  
    batch_size = 128
    embedding_size = 128  # Dimension of the embedding vector.
    skip_window = 1  # How many words to consider left and right.
    num_skips = 2  # How many times to reuse an input to generate a label.
    num_sampled = 64  # Number of negative examples to sample.
  
    # We pick a random validation set to sample nearest neighbors. Here we limit
    # the validation samples to the words that have a low numeric ID, which by
    # construction are also the most frequent. These 3 variables are used only for
    # displaying model accuracy, they don't affect calculation.
    valid_size = 16  # Random set of words to evaluate similarity on.
    valid_window = 100  # Only pick dev samples in the head of the distribution.
    valid_examples = np.random.choice(valid_window, valid_size, replace=False)
  
    graph = tf.Graph()
  
    with graph.as_default():
  
      # Input data.
      with tf.name_scope('inputs'):
        train_inputs = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[batch_size])
        train_labels = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[batch_size, 1])
        valid_dataset = tf.constant(valid_examples, dtype=tf.int32)
  
      # Ops and variables pinned to the CPU because of missing GPU implementation
      with tf.device('/cpu:0'):
        # Look up embeddings for inputs.
        with tf.name_scope('embeddings'):
          embeddings = tf.Variable(
              tf.random_uniform([vocabulary_size, embedding_size], -1.0, 1.0))
          embed = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(embeddings, train_inputs)
  
        # Construct the variables for the NCE loss
        with tf.name_scope('weights'):
          nce_weights = tf.Variable(
              tf.truncated_normal([vocabulary_size, embedding_size],
                                  stddev=1.0 / math.sqrt(embedding_size)))
        with tf.name_scope('biases'):
          nce_biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([vocabulary_size]))
  
      # Compute the average NCE loss for the batch.
      # tf.nce_loss automatically draws a new sample of the negative labels each
      # time we evaluate the loss.
      # Explanation of the meaning of NCE loss and why choosing NCE over tf.nn.sampled_softmax_loss:
      #   http://mccormickml.com/2016/04/19/word2vec-tutorial-the-skip-gram-model/
      #   http://papers.nips.cc/paper/5165-learning-word-embeddings-efficiently-with-noise-contrastive-estimation.pdf
      with tf.name_scope('loss'):
        loss = tf.reduce_mean(
            tf.nn.nce_loss(
                weights=nce_weights,
                biases=nce_biases,
                labels=train_labels,
                inputs=embed,
                num_sampled=num_sampled,
                num_classes=vocabulary_size))
  
      # Add the loss value as a scalar to summary.
      tf.summary.scalar('loss', loss)
  
      # Construct the SGD optimizer using a learning rate of 1.0.
      with tf.name_scope('optimizer'):
        optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(1.0).minimize(loss)
  
      # Compute the cosine similarity between minibatch examples and all
      # embeddings.
      norm = tf.sqrt(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(embeddings), 1, keepdims=True))
      normalized_embeddings = embeddings / norm
      valid_embeddings = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(normalized_embeddings,
                                                valid_dataset)
      similarity = tf.matmul(
          valid_embeddings, normalized_embeddings, transpose_b=True)
  
      # Merge all summaries.
      merged = tf.summary.merge_all()
  
      # Add variable initializer.
      init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
  
      # Create a saver.
      saver = tf.train.Saver()
  
    # Step 5: Begin training.
    num_steps = 100001
  
    with tf.compat.v1.Session(graph=graph) as session:
      # Open a writer to write summaries.
      writer = tf.summary.FileWriter(log_dir, session.graph)
  
      # We must initialize all variables before we use them.
      init.run()
      print('Initialized')
  
      average_loss = 0
      for step in xrange(num_steps):
        batch_inputs, batch_labels = generate_batch(batch_size, num_skips,
                                                    skip_window)
        feed_dict = {train_inputs: batch_inputs, train_labels: batch_labels}
  
        # Define metadata variable.
        run_metadata = tf.RunMetadata()
  
        # We perform one update step by evaluating the optimizer op (including it
        # in the list of returned values for session.run()
        # Also, evaluate the merged op to get all summaries from the returned
        # "summary" variable. Feed metadata variable to session for visualizing
        # the graph in TensorBoard.
        _, summary, loss_val = session.run([optimizer, merged, loss],
                                           feed_dict=feed_dict,
                                           run_metadata=run_metadata)
        average_loss += loss_val
  
        # Add returned summaries to writer in each step.
        writer.add_summary(summary, step)
        # Add metadata to visualize the graph for the last run.
        if step == (num_steps - 1):
          writer.add_run_metadata(run_metadata, 'step%d' % step)
  
        if step % 2000 == 0:
          if step > 0:
            average_loss /= 2000
          # The average loss is an estimate of the loss over the last 2000
          # batches.
          print('Average loss at step ', step, ': ', average_loss)
          average_loss = 0
  
        # Note that this is expensive (~20% slowdown if computed every 500 steps)
        if step % 10000 == 0:
          sim = similarity.eval()
          for i in xrange(valid_size):
            valid_word = reverse_dictionary[valid_examples[i]]
            top_k = 8  # number of nearest neighbors
            nearest = (-sim[i, :]).argsort()[1:top_k + 1]
            log_str = 'Nearest to %s:' % valid_word
  
            print(
                log_str,
                ', '.join([reverse_dictionary[nearest[k]] for k in range(top_k)]))
      final_embeddings = normalized_embeddings.eval()
  
      # Write corresponding labels for the embeddings.
      with open(log_dir + '/metadata.tsv', 'w') as f:
        for i in xrange(vocabulary_size):
          f.write(reverse_dictionary[i] + '\n')
  
      # Save the model for checkpoints.
      saver.save(session, os.path.join(log_dir, 'model.ckpt'))
  
      # Create a configuration for visualizing embeddings with the labels in
      # TensorBoard.
      config = projector.ProjectorConfig()
      embedding_conf = config.embeddings.add()
      embedding_conf.tensor_name = embeddings.name
      embedding_conf.metadata_path = os.path.join(log_dir, 'metadata.tsv')
      projector.visualize_embeddings(writer, config)
  
    writer.close()
  
    # Step 6: Visualize the embeddings.
  
    # pylint: disable=missing-docstring
    # Function to draw visualization of distance between embeddings.
    def plot_with_labels(low_dim_embs, labels, filename):
      assert low_dim_embs.shape[0] >= len(labels), 'More labels than embeddings'
      plt.figure(figsize=(18, 18))  # in inches
      for i, label in enumerate(labels):
        x, y = low_dim_embs[i, :]
        plt.scatter(x, y)
        plt.annotate(
            label,
            xy=(x, y),
            xytext=(5, 2),
            textcoords='offset points',
            ha='right',
            va='bottom')
  
      plt.savefig(filename)
  
    try:
      # pylint: disable=g-import-not-at-top
      from sklearn.manifold import TSNE
      import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
  
      tsne = TSNE(
          perplexity=30, n_components=2, init='pca', n_iter=5000, method='exact')
      plot_only = 500
      low_dim_embs = tsne.fit_transform(final_embeddings[:plot_only, :])
      labels = [reverse_dictionary[i] for i in xrange(plot_only)]
      plot_with_labels(low_dim_embs, labels, os.path.join(gettempdir(),
                                                          'tsne.png'))
  
    except ImportError as ex:
      print('Please install sklearn, matplotlib, and scipy to show embeddings.')
      print(ex)
  
  
  # All functionality is run after tf.compat.v1.app.run() (b/122547914). This
  # could be split up but the methods are laid sequentially with their usage for
  # clarity.
  def main(unused_argv):
    # Give a folder path as an argument with '--log_dir' to save
    # TensorBoard summaries. Default is a log folder in current directory.
    current_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(sys.argv[0]))
  
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument(
        '--log_dir',
        type=str,
        default=os.path.join(current_path, 'log'),
        help='The log directory for TensorBoard summaries.')
    flags, unused_flags = parser.parse_known_args()
    word2vec_basic(flags.log_dir)
  
  
  if __name__ == '__main__':
    tf.app.run()
  