content: """
  ==========================
  Plotting Validation Curves
  ==========================
  
  In this plot you can see the training scores and validation scores of an SVM
  for different values of the kernel parameter gamma. For very low values of
  gamma, you can see that both the training score and the validation score are
  low. This is called underfitting. Medium values of gamma will result in high
  values for both scores, i.e. the classifier is performing fairly well. If gamma
  is too high, the classifier will overfit, which means that the training score
  is good but the validation score is poor.
  """
  print(__doc__)
  
  import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
  import numpy as np
  
  from sklearn.datasets import load_digits
  from sklearn.svm import SVC
  from sklearn.model_selection import validation_curve
  
  digits = load_digits()
  X, y = digits.data, digits.target
  
  param_range = np.logspace(-6, -1, 5)
  train_scores, test_scores = validation_curve(
      SVC(), X, y, param_name="gamma", param_range=param_range,
      cv=10, scoring="accuracy", n_jobs=1)
  train_scores_mean = np.mean(train_scores, axis=1)
  train_scores_std = np.std(train_scores, axis=1)
  test_scores_mean = np.mean(test_scores, axis=1)
  test_scores_std = np.std(test_scores, axis=1)
  
  plt.title("Validation Curve with SVM")
  plt.xlabel("$\gamma$")
  plt.ylabel("Score")
  plt.ylim(0.0, 1.1)
  lw = 2
  plt.semilogx(param_range, train_scores_mean, label="Training score",
               color="darkorange", lw=lw)
  plt.fill_between(param_range, train_scores_mean - train_scores_std,
                   train_scores_mean + train_scores_std, alpha=0.2,
                   color="darkorange", lw=lw)
  plt.semilogx(param_range, test_scores_mean, label="Cross-validation score",
               color="navy", lw=lw)
  plt.fill_between(param_range, test_scores_mean - test_scores_std,
                   test_scores_mean + test_scores_std, alpha=0.2,
                   color="navy", lw=lw)
  plt.legend(loc="best")
  plt.show()
  