content: """
  Testing for Theil-Sen module (sklearn.linear_model.theil_sen)
  """
  
  # Author: Florian Wilhelm <florian.wilhelm@gmail.com>
  # License: BSD 3 clause
  
  from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import
  
  import os
  import sys
  from contextlib import contextmanager
  import numpy as np
  from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_array_less
  from numpy.testing import assert_array_almost_equal, assert_warns
  from scipy.linalg import norm
  from scipy.optimize import fmin_bfgs
  from sklearn.exceptions import ConvergenceWarning
  from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression, TheilSenRegressor
  from sklearn.linear_model.theil_sen import _spatial_median, _breakdown_point
  from sklearn.linear_model.theil_sen import _modified_weiszfeld_step
  from sklearn.utils.testing import (
          assert_almost_equal, assert_greater, assert_less, raises,
  )
  
  
  @contextmanager
  def no_stdout_stderr():
      old_stdout = sys.stdout
      old_stderr = sys.stderr
      with open(os.devnull, 'w') as devnull:
          sys.stdout = devnull
          sys.stderr = devnull
          yield
          devnull.flush()
          sys.stdout = old_stdout
          sys.stderr = old_stderr
  
  
  def gen_toy_problem_1d(intercept=True):
      random_state = np.random.RandomState(0)
      # Linear model y = 3*x + N(2, 0.1**2)
      w = 3.
      if intercept:
          c = 2.
          n_samples = 50
      else:
          c = 0.1
          n_samples = 100
      x = random_state.normal(size=n_samples)
      noise = 0.1 * random_state.normal(size=n_samples)
      y = w * x + c + noise
      # Add some outliers
      if intercept:
          x[42], y[42] = (-2, 4)
          x[43], y[43] = (-2.5, 8)
          x[33], y[33] = (2.5, 1)
          x[49], y[49] = (2.1, 2)
      else:
          x[42], y[42] = (-2, 4)
          x[43], y[43] = (-2.5, 8)
          x[53], y[53] = (2.5, 1)
          x[60], y[60] = (2.1, 2)
          x[72], y[72] = (1.8, -7)
      return x[:, np.newaxis], y, w, c
  
  
  def gen_toy_problem_2d():
      random_state = np.random.RandomState(0)
      n_samples = 100
      # Linear model y = 5*x_1 + 10*x_2 + N(1, 0.1**2)
      X = random_state.normal(size=(n_samples, 2))
      w = np.array([5., 10.])
      c = 1.
      noise = 0.1 * random_state.normal(size=n_samples)
      y = np.dot(X, w) + c + noise
      # Add some outliers
      n_outliers = n_samples // 10
      ix = random_state.randint(0, n_samples, size=n_outliers)
      y[ix] = 50 * random_state.normal(size=n_outliers)
      return X, y, w, c
  
  
  def gen_toy_problem_4d():
      random_state = np.random.RandomState(0)
      n_samples = 10000
      # Linear model y = 5*x_1 + 10*x_2  + 42*x_3 + 7*x_4 + N(1, 0.1**2)
      X = random_state.normal(size=(n_samples, 4))
      w = np.array([5., 10., 42., 7.])
      c = 1.
      noise = 0.1 * random_state.normal(size=n_samples)
      y = np.dot(X, w) + c + noise
      # Add some outliers
      n_outliers = n_samples // 10
      ix = random_state.randint(0, n_samples, size=n_outliers)
      y[ix] = 50 * random_state.normal(size=n_outliers)
      return X, y, w, c
  
  
  def test_modweiszfeld_step_1d():
      X = np.array([1., 2., 3.]).reshape(3, 1)
      # Check startvalue is element of X and solution
      median = 2.
      new_y = _modified_weiszfeld_step(X, median)
      assert_array_almost_equal(new_y, median)
      # Check startvalue is not the solution
      y = 2.5
      new_y = _modified_weiszfeld_step(X, y)
      assert_array_less(median, new_y)
      assert_array_less(new_y, y)
      # Check startvalue is not the solution but element of X
      y = 3.
      new_y = _modified_weiszfeld_step(X, y)
      assert_array_less(median, new_y)
      assert_array_less(new_y, y)
      # Check that a single vector is identity
      X = np.array([1., 2., 3.]).reshape(1, 3)
      y = X[0, ]
      new_y = _modified_weiszfeld_step(X, y)
      assert_array_equal(y, new_y)
  
  
  def test_modweiszfeld_step_2d():
      X = np.array([0., 0., 1., 1., 0., 1.]).reshape(3, 2)
      y = np.array([0.5, 0.5])
      # Check first two iterations
      new_y = _modified_weiszfeld_step(X, y)
      assert_array_almost_equal(new_y, np.array([1 / 3, 2 / 3]))
      new_y = _modified_weiszfeld_step(X, new_y)
      assert_array_almost_equal(new_y, np.array([0.2792408, 0.7207592]))
      # Check fix point
      y = np.array([0.21132505, 0.78867497])
      new_y = _modified_weiszfeld_step(X, y)
      assert_array_almost_equal(new_y, y)
  
  
  def test_spatial_median_1d():
      X = np.array([1., 2., 3.]).reshape(3, 1)
      true_median = 2.
      _, median = _spatial_median(X)
      assert_array_almost_equal(median, true_median)
      # Test larger problem and for exact solution in 1d case
      random_state = np.random.RandomState(0)
      X = random_state.randint(100, size=(1000, 1))
      true_median = np.median(X.ravel())
      _, median = _spatial_median(X)
      assert_array_equal(median, true_median)
  
  
  def test_spatial_median_2d():
      X = np.array([0., 0., 1., 1., 0., 1.]).reshape(3, 2)
      _, median = _spatial_median(X, max_iter=100, tol=1.e-6)
  
      def cost_func(y):
          dists = np.array([norm(x - y) for x in X])
          return np.sum(dists)
  
      # Check if median is solution of the Fermat-Weber location problem
      fermat_weber = fmin_bfgs(cost_func, median, disp=False)
      assert_array_almost_equal(median, fermat_weber)
      # Check when maximum iteration is exceeded a warning is emitted
      assert_warns(ConvergenceWarning, _spatial_median, X, max_iter=30, tol=0.)
  
  
  def test_theil_sen_1d():
      X, y, w, c = gen_toy_problem_1d()
      # Check that Least Squares fails
      lstq = LinearRegression().fit(X, y)
      assert_greater(np.abs(lstq.coef_ - w), 0.9)
      # Check that Theil-Sen works
      theil_sen = TheilSenRegressor(random_state=0).fit(X, y)
      assert_array_almost_equal(theil_sen.coef_, w, 1)
      assert_array_almost_equal(theil_sen.intercept_, c, 1)
  
  
  def test_theil_sen_1d_no_intercept():
      X, y, w, c = gen_toy_problem_1d(intercept=False)
      # Check that Least Squares fails
      lstq = LinearRegression(fit_intercept=False).fit(X, y)
      assert_greater(np.abs(lstq.coef_ - w - c), 0.5)
      # Check that Theil-Sen works
      theil_sen = TheilSenRegressor(fit_intercept=False,
                                    random_state=0).fit(X, y)
      assert_array_almost_equal(theil_sen.coef_, w + c, 1)
      assert_almost_equal(theil_sen.intercept_, 0.)
  
  
  def test_theil_sen_2d():
      X, y, w, c = gen_toy_problem_2d()
      # Check that Least Squares fails
      lstq = LinearRegression().fit(X, y)
      assert_greater(norm(lstq.coef_ - w), 1.0)
      # Check that Theil-Sen works
      theil_sen = TheilSenRegressor(max_subpopulation=1e3,
                                    random_state=0).fit(X, y)
      assert_array_almost_equal(theil_sen.coef_, w, 1)
      assert_array_almost_equal(theil_sen.intercept_, c, 1)
  
  
  def test_calc_breakdown_point():
      bp = _breakdown_point(1e10, 2)
      assert_less(np.abs(bp - 1 + 1 / (np.sqrt(2))), 1.e-6)
  
  
  @raises(ValueError)
  def test_checksubparams_negative_subpopulation():
      X, y, w, c = gen_toy_problem_1d()
      TheilSenRegressor(max_subpopulation=-1, random_state=0).fit(X, y)
  
  
  @raises(ValueError)
  def test_checksubparams_too_few_subsamples():
      X, y, w, c = gen_toy_problem_1d()
      TheilSenRegressor(n_subsamples=1, random_state=0).fit(X, y)
  
  
  @raises(ValueError)
  def test_checksubparams_too_many_subsamples():
      X, y, w, c = gen_toy_problem_1d()
      TheilSenRegressor(n_subsamples=101, random_state=0).fit(X, y)
  
  
  @raises(ValueError)
  def test_checksubparams_n_subsamples_if_less_samples_than_features():
      random_state = np.random.RandomState(0)
      n_samples, n_features = 10, 20
      X = random_state.normal(size=(n_samples, n_features))
      y = random_state.normal(size=n_samples)
      TheilSenRegressor(n_subsamples=9, random_state=0).fit(X, y)
  
  
  def test_subpopulation():
      X, y, w, c = gen_toy_problem_4d()
      theil_sen = TheilSenRegressor(max_subpopulation=250,
                                    random_state=0).fit(X, y)
      assert_array_almost_equal(theil_sen.coef_, w, 1)
      assert_array_almost_equal(theil_sen.intercept_, c, 1)
  
  
  def test_subsamples():
      X, y, w, c = gen_toy_problem_4d()
      theil_sen = TheilSenRegressor(n_subsamples=X.shape[0],
                                    random_state=0).fit(X, y)
      lstq = LinearRegression().fit(X, y)
      # Check for exact the same results as Least Squares
      assert_array_almost_equal(theil_sen.coef_, lstq.coef_, 9)
  
  
  def test_verbosity():
      X, y, w, c = gen_toy_problem_1d()
      # Check that Theil-Sen can be verbose
      with no_stdout_stderr():
          TheilSenRegressor(verbose=True, random_state=0).fit(X, y)
          TheilSenRegressor(verbose=True,
                            max_subpopulation=10,
                            random_state=0).fit(X, y)
  
  
  def test_theil_sen_parallel():
      X, y, w, c = gen_toy_problem_2d()
      # Check that Least Squares fails
      lstq = LinearRegression().fit(X, y)
      assert_greater(norm(lstq.coef_ - w), 1.0)
      # Check that Theil-Sen works
      theil_sen = TheilSenRegressor(n_jobs=-1,
                                    random_state=0,
                                    max_subpopulation=2e3).fit(X, y)
      assert_array_almost_equal(theil_sen.coef_, w, 1)
      assert_array_almost_equal(theil_sen.intercept_, c, 1)
  
  
  def test_less_samples_than_features():
      random_state = np.random.RandomState(0)
      n_samples, n_features = 10, 20
      X = random_state.normal(size=(n_samples, n_features))
      y = random_state.normal(size=n_samples)
      # Check that Theil-Sen falls back to Least Squares if fit_intercept=False
      theil_sen = TheilSenRegressor(fit_intercept=False,
                                    random_state=0).fit(X, y)
      lstq = LinearRegression(fit_intercept=False).fit(X, y)
      assert_array_almost_equal(theil_sen.coef_, lstq.coef_, 12)
      # Check fit_intercept=True case. This will not be equal to the Least
      # Squares solution since the intercept is calculated differently.
      theil_sen = TheilSenRegressor(fit_intercept=True, random_state=0).fit(X, y)
      y_pred = theil_sen.predict(X)
      assert_array_almost_equal(y_pred, y, 12)
  