Waffle slab foundation
Introduction thumbThe '''Wafflemat''' foundation system, also called a '''waffle slab foundation''', is an above-ground mat foundation used to provide load-bearing capacity on expansive, rocky, compressible, or hydro collapsible soils. The slab is created by placing a series of plastic forms ('''"Waffleboxes")''' that are either  in height, and  in plan, directly on grade to create a waffle-like grid of ribs, and then monolithically pour a post-tensioned reinforced concrete slab over the Waffleboxes. The completed slab then sits on the ground as a 'raft', with the void areas underneath the slab allowing for soil movement.The waffle slab is very stiff, with the cross section providing the needed strength to resist differential swelling resulting from landscaping practices, surface drainage, or flooding from any source. It does not require presoaking underlying soil pads, and there is no need for footings, meaning no earth spoils. And, since the slab section is typically  above grade, it typically does not require a capillary break or moisture barrier.Current design practice provides post-tensioned on-grade slabs with stiffness equal to or better than other post-tensioned slab types, but with less susceptibility to swell pressures exerted by expansive soils. An on-grade Wafflemat foundation provides all of the elements of the in-ground rib and uniform thickness slabs, but with greater performance provided by its geometry and smaller contact area with the soils.
Building code considerations  The Wafflemat foundation system adheres to International Building Code and PTI requirements. By 2008, most states put into effect the changes adopted in the 2006 IBC and, in regards to foundations, the on-grade mat foundation has become a more attractive design because, as an engineered system, it already accommodates the 2008 design recommendations. Also, in 2008, the Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI) approved two key specifications for waffle-slab foundations and incorporated them into the PTI Manual, which is frequently referenced by building codes for post-tensioned slab design. * Section 4.2.2.2 was revised to permit rib spacing of less than , and to clarify what spacing shall be used to compute moments and shears. * Section 4.2.2.1.2 was revised to limit rib widths to a range of  (from the previous ).
Performance of an on-grade mat foundation ===Structural considerations===An engineer designing an on-grade slab makes the same calculations and follows the same requirements used in the design of traditional post-tensioned slabs on grade, and then applies them to the on-grade mat foundation ensuring the system possesses equal or greater stiffness.===Geotechnical considerations===The higher contact pressures along the base of the ribs and the voids, or low pressure areas in the system, limit deformations of soil due to moisture variation to the void spaces, reducing the impact of the soil's volume change on the on-grade mat slabs.===Environmental considerations===Environmental engineers note reduced carbon and/or other air quality emissions are usually of the same magnitude as the reduction in concrete needed for any foundation project. Since use of the on-grade Wafflemat foundation system typically results in a 20%–30% reduction in concrete, a similar or even greater reduction in these other emissions will also occur. Because a Wafflemat foundation system uses less raw materials (cement, steel, fuel, aggregate, and sand) than alternative slab-on-grade and/or deep foundations, it is also more environmentally sustainable.In addition to the lowering of CO2, the Wafflebox forms are made of recycled polypropylene plastic, and are a very 'green' material. This contributes, and adds to, the environmental benefits delivered by the system.Finally, as the Wafflemat foundation system does not require presoaking of the underlying building pad (often averaging over  for a  footprint with other foundations types), significantly less water is used than with alternative slab-on-grade and/or deep foundations. The Wafflemat system has been recognized by several organizations for its environmental advantages, including the Breath California Award for Environmental Excellence.=== Commercial Acceptance ===After nearly 20 years of Research and Development, the initial and current design of the Wafflemat foundation system was installed in 1,100 homes in Northern California from 1993 to 1995.Since that time, over  has been installed in projects from the west coast of the US to east coast, and from Texas in the south to the Dakotas in the north. Production facilities for the Waffleboxes are located in California, Texas, and Monterrey, Mexico.File:Wafflemat1.jpg|alt=Wafflemat foundations like this one have covered over  of ground. They are built using void forms that allow the foundation to compensate for collapsible soils.File:Wafflemat Install Step 1.jpgFile:Best Wafflemat Photo Showing Perfect Cable Placement.pngFile:Wafflemat Install Step 3.jpgFile:Wafflemat4.jpgFile:Wafflemat Install Step 4.jpgFile:Wafflemat Install Step 6.jpg
See also * Waffle slab
References *Ground Supported Post Tensioned Waffle Slab, Dr. Bijan Aaiami, San Francisco State University, 1995*Geotechnical Investigation, Richland Homes, Purcell, Rhoades, & Associates, 1997*Geotechnical engineering state of the art and practice keynote lectures from GeoCongress 2012.Kyle M. Rollins., Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. *Reynolds, Henry Raymond. Practical Problems in Foundations. London: C. Lockwood, 1960.Print.
External links * Waffle Slabs Provide Superior Performance* What is a Waffle Slab Foundation? * Lowering the Carbon Footprint with Wafflemat* Saving Thousands of Gallons of Water with Wafflemat* Wafflemat Earns Clean Air Award in Green Building* Structural Engineering Case Study: Wafflemat Slab On Grade PT Foundation System