Scutellarin
Introduction '''Scutellarin''' is a flavone, a type of phenolic chemical compound. It can be found in the Asian "barbed skullcap" ''Scutellaria barbata'' and the north American plant ''S. lateriflora'' both of which have been used in traditional medicine. The compound is found only in trace amounts in the "Chinese skullcap" ''Scutellaria baicalensis'', another plant used in traditional Chinese medicine.The determination of the structure of scutellarin took Guido Goldschmiedt many years: after the first publication on that topic in 1901, only in 1910 he managed to obtain enough starting material for more detailed studies.Scutellarin has anticancer properties. It has been found to induce apoptosis of ovarian and breast tumor cells ''in vitro''. One mechanism of scutellarin's antitumor action is to bind to TNF receptor II (TNFR2) in tumor-associated CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. These tumor "helper" cells show high expression of TNFR2 and are inhibited when it is blocked by scutellarin. Scutellarin also shows protective effects for nerve cells that are affected by estrogen.Scutellarin has been shown as a potential treatment for diabetic retinopathy, which could prevent diabetic blindness. In laboratory studies, scutellarin inhibits hypoxia-induced and moderately high glucose-induced proliferation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human retinal endothelial cells; thus, it could be a potential therapy for diabetic retinopathy. However, how scutellarin inhibits VEGF is unknown.Scutellarin has anti-HIV-1 effects as well. In laboratory studies, a drug-resistant type HIV-1 cell-to-cell infection was inhibited with significant potency. The scutellarin compound was found to inhibit several strains of HIV-1 replication with different potencies, by preventing HIV-1 particle attachment and cell fusion, as well as inhibiting HIV-1 retransmission.
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