Musturzabalsuchus
Introduction '''''Musturzabalsuchus''''' is an extinct monospecific genus of allodaposuchid eusuchian crocodyliform. The type and only species is '''''Musturzabalsuchus buffetauti'''''.
Etymology The generic name means "broadened rostrum crocodile", with "Musturzabal" meaning "broadened rostrum" in Basque and "suchus" meaning "crocodile" in Greek. The type and only species is ''M. buffetauti'', named after the French paleoherpetologist Eric Buffetaut.
Discovery The material first assigned to ''Musturzabalsuchus'' in 1997 has been found from the locality of Laño in Condado de Treviño, northern Spain. Although dating back to the Late Cretaceous, the exact age of the strata in which material of ''Musturzabalsuchus'' occurs in the locality is not known: it is either Late Campanian or very Early Maastrichtian. Despite the unusually high quantity of remains belonging to the genus, the only skeletal elements known from ''Musturzabalsuchus'' are the maxilla and mandible. Some fragments of these bones have been found from the locality of Armuña in the province of Segovia that were previously referred to an unnamed trematochampsid. Like the holotype and paratype material found from Laño, these fossils, known collectively as UPUAM-502, are Campano-Maastrichtian in age. Another specimen (MHNM 10834.0) from the Fuvelian Lignites of France has been referred to ''Musturzabalsuchus'' in 1999.However, the characteristics used to assign the material to better-known specimens of ''Musturzabalsuchus'' from Spain were questioned in a later 2008 study. Material from ''Musturzabalsuchus'' has been found more recently from Valencia, Spain, being slightly older in age than specimens from other localities, dating back to the Early or Middle Campanian.
Classification Illustration of the remains of ''"Crocodilus" (Massaliasuchus) affuvelensis'' from the Fuvelian Lignites, 1869.Mandible resembling ''Musturzabalsuchus'' illustrated at top. ''Musturzabalsuchus'' was initially assigned to Alligatoroidea on the basis of several characters, including a lateral displacement of the foramen aereum of the articular. Additionally, the enlarged fourth mandibular tooth occludes into a pit in the rostrum. Only the latter feature is present in the more derived alligatorids, and thus it is excluded from the family. The pit that the fourth mandibular occludes into is placed posterior to the last premaxillary tooth, similar to what is seen in ''"Diplocynodon" hantoniensis'', another early alligatoroid. A figure used in an 1869 study by P. Matheron of crocodylian remains from the Fuveau Lignites (''illustration'') pictured a mandible similar in profile to that of ''Musturzabalsuchus'', but was labeled as belonging to the crocodylian ''Crocodilus affuvelensis''. In 1997 it was suggested that due to this apparent similarity, along with the vagueness of descriptions in the 1869 paper and the loss of the syntype, that ''C. affuvelensis'' could be reassigned to ''Musturzabalsuchus'', although it was also acknowledged that the lack of posterior cranial material in the genus made detailed comparisons difficult. A recent 2008 study on Matheron's specimens concluded that they belonged to a new genus distinct from ''Crocodylus'' and different from ''Musturzabalsuchus'', named ''Massaliasuchus''.Recent phylogenetic studies now recover ''Musturzabalsuchus'' as a member of Allodaposuchidae, outside Alligatoroidea. However, ''Musturzabalsuchus'' is usually omitted from phylogenetic analyses due to the lack of sufficient anatomical information.
Paleobiogeography ''Musturzabalsuchus'' and ''Acynodon'', a contemporary crocodilian also common from Laño, are thought to have been closely related to Paleolaurasian alligatoroids. The latter genus is the only taxon not known from North America to be related to the more derived Late Cretaceous tribodont alligatorids. It is clear that ''Musturzabalsuchus'' was endemic to Europe, and was most likely restricted to Ibero-Armorica Island, as the genus is absent from Northern and Eastern European localities from which other alligatoroid fossils have been found.
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