Right atrial enlargement
Introduction '''Right atrial enlargement''' (RAE) is a form of cardiomegaly, or heart enlargement. It can broadly be classified as either right atrial hypertrophy (RAH), overgrowth, or dilation, like an expanding balloon. Common causes include pulmonary hypertension, which can be the primary defect leading to RAE, or pulmonary hypertension secondary to tricuspid stenosis; pulmonary stenosis or Tetralogy of Fallot i.e. congenital diseases; chronic lung disease, such as cor pulmonale. Other recognised causes are: right ventricular failure, tricuspid regurgitation, and atrial septal defect. Right atrial enlargement (RAE) is clinically significant due to its prevalence in diagnosing supraventricular arrhythmias. Further, early diagnosis using risk factors like RAE may decrease mortality because patients with RAE are at 9x more risk of arrhythmias and other cardiac conditions compared to their healthy counterparts.
Signs and symptoms Symptoms of right atrial enlargement include palpitations, dyspnea, paroxysmal tachycardia, general malaise, shortness of breath, syncope, chest pain, fatigue, cyanosis, loss of appetite, tachycardia, fever, and cough. Many patients with right atrial enlargement are asymptomatic.
Causes Most authors have classified this condition as congenital, but the etiology is still unknown.
Diagnosis Right Atrial Enlargement (RAE) increases the p wave, representing atrial depolarization, on an ECG to an amplitude > 2.5mm in lead II, an abnormality referred to as p-pulmonale, likely due to weakened right atrial myocardium close to the Sinoatrial (SA) node. '''ECG criteria for RAE:''' P wave amplitude in lead II > 2.5 mm and upward deflection of the P wave in lead V1 > 1.5 mm in amplitude.Large "a" waves on the JVP waveform can also aid in diagnosis.
See also * Cardiomegaly* Left atrial enlargement
References
Further reading * *
External links *  Cleveland Clinic*  Life in the Fast Lane