Itineraries of the Roman emperors, 337–363
Introduction This article chronicles the attested movements of the fourth-century Roman emperors Constantine II (referred to here as Constantinus), Constantius II (referred to here as Constantius), Constans, Gallus, and Julian the Apostate from 337 to 361 AD. It does not cover the imperial usurpers of the period, including Magnentius, Vetranio, Claudius Silvanus, and Poemenius. The chronology is principally derived from Timothy Barnes' ''Athanasius and Constantius''. Substantial additions and further sources are based on recent research that seeks to go beyond Barnes' own chronology and slightly modifying his at a few places.This article begins its coverage at the death of Constantine on 22 May 337.After an interregnum of three months, during or after which the army and its agents lynched other potential successors, the three sons of Constantine declared themselves Augusti on 9 September 337.Discarding their father's succession arrangements, the brothers divided the empire into three parts. Constantine II ruled the provinces of Gaul, Britain, Spain, and Germany from Trier. Constantius ruled the provinces of Asia Minor (the dioceses of Pontus and Asia), Thrace, the Levant and Egypt (the Diocese of the East) from Antioch. Constans ruled Italy, Africa, and the dioceses of Pannonia, Dacia, and Macedonia from Naissus.In 340, Constantinus attempted to seize his brother Constans' territory, and was killed while reconnoitering Ravenna during the ensuing civil war. Constans acquired his territory, and ruled from Trier, Milan, and Sirmium. In January 350, Constans was overthrown at Autun and killed at Elne in a palace revolution instigated by Magnentius. Magnentius was defeated and killed in the summer of 353 at the Battle of Mons Seleucus, making Constantius the sole emperor.From 351 to 359, Constantius ruled from Sirmium and Milan, and from Constantinople and Antioch. Constantius appointed Gallus Caesar (subordinate emperor) on 15 March 351, and delegated the rule of the eastern provinces to him. Gallus ruled from Antioch. He subsequently proved violent and cruel, and was recalled and executed in autumn 354.Constantius appointed Julian, the last surviving male relative of Constantine other than himself, Caesar on 6 November 355.Julian ruled the western provinces from Vienne, Sens, and Paris. To address Persian influence and aggression on the eastern frontier, Constantius ruled from Antioch from 360 until his death.Julian's troops proclaimed him Augustus in February 360.Constantius did not recognize Julian's claim to the title, but was detained from campaigning against him by Persian raids. Constantius died on 3 November 361 after declaring Julian his successor. Julian was sole emperor from Constantius' death until his own death in 363.This article ends its coverage at Julian's death on 26 June 363.For a further timeline until 426, consult Matthews, John. ''Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court A.D. 364–425''. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.The Roman Empire in c. 400A † indicates that a date or an event is uncertain. A superscript S indicates that the manuscript is corrupt, and has been emended to follow Otto Seeck's corrections in his edition of the ''Codex Theodosianus''. Manuscript details are given in brackets (as "mss. date" or "mss. year", etc.) for all emended texts. Unsourced events are purely conjectural. Note that some are based on triangulation of different sources and can be, as such, somewhat inexact. These cases have been noted.
Constantinus II DateEventSource337, c. SeptemberConfers with Constantius and Constans in PannoniaJulian, ''Oratio'' 1, 19a, cf. Libanius, ''Oratio'' 59.75338†Campaigns in Germany''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum''  3.12483 = ''Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae'' 724 + add. (3, p. clxxii); (Troesmis: 337/340)8 January 339At Trier†''Codex Theodosianus'' 12.1.27Late winter 340Invades the territory of Constans and is killed near AquileiaJerome, ''Chronicon'' 235a; ''Chronica minora'' 1.236; ''Epitome de Caesaribus'' 41.21; Socrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.5; Zonaras 13.5
Constantius II DateEventSourceJuly† 337At ViminaciumAthanasius, ''Apologia ad Constantium'' 5.2August/September† 337Campaigns against the Sarmatae''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum''  3.12483337, c. SeptemberConfers with Constantinus and Constans in PannoniaJulian, ''Oratio'' 1.19a, cf. Libanius ''Orationes'' 59.75September† 337Returns to ConstantinopleSocrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.7November† 337Returns to Antioch for the winterSocrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.7, cf. Libanius ''Orationes'' 59.75, 66Spring 338At Caesarea in CappadociaAthanasius, ''Apologia ad Constantium'' 5.2Restores Arsaces to the throne of ArmeniaJulian, ''Oratio'' 1.20d–21a, cf. Libanius, ''Oratio'' 59,76–8011 October 338At Antioch''Codex Theodosianus'' 12.1.2328 October 338At Emesa''Codex Theodosianus'' 12.1.2527 December 338At Antioch''Codex Theodosianus'' 2.6.4339, c. JanuaryAt AntiochAthanasius, ''Epistula encyclica'' 2.1; ''Historia Arianorum'' 10.1339 or 340At Hierapolis''Papyri Abinnaeus'' 1.8–10Summer 340Invades Persian territory''Itinerarium Alexandri'', pr. 1, cf. 412 August 340At Edessa''Codex Theodosianus'' 12.1.30S (place of issue transmitted as ''Bessae'')9 September 340At Antioch''Codex Theodosianus'' 6.4.5/66 January 341Attends the 'Dedication Council' at AntiochAthanasius, ''de Synodis'' 25.1; Philostorgius p. 212.19–22 Bidez12 February 341At Antioch''Codex Theodosianus'' 5.13.1/2341/2Winters in AntiochSocrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.13.5, cf. Jerome ''Chronicon'' 235f; ''Chronica minora'' 1.236Early 342Visits Constantinople to expel the bishop Paul and returns to Antioch immediately afterLibanius, ''Oratio'' 59.94–97; Socrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.13.7, cf. Jerome ''Chronicon'' 235f; ''Chronica minora'' 1.23631 March – 11 May 342In Antioch''Codex Theodosianus'' 3.12.1; 12.1.33/4 (5, 8 April); 11.36.618 February 343At Antioch''Codex Theodosianus'' 9.21.59 June – 4 July 343In Hierapolis''Codex Theodosianus'' 8.1.1 (319 mss. ); 12.1.35 (27 June); 15.8.1Summer/autumn 343Wins a victory over the PersiansAthanasius, ''Historia Arianorum'' 16.2, cf. Festus, ''Breviarium'' 27October/November 343Visits Constantinople†344, c. AprilAt AntiochTheodoret, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.8.56, 9.9–10, cf. Athanasius, ''Historia Arianorum'' 20.5Summer 344†Defeats the Persians near SingaraJulian, ''Oratio'' 1, 26a; Libanius, ''Oratio'' 59.88, 99–120; Jerome, ''Chronicon'' 236l; ''Chronica minora'' 1.236 (both Jerome and the ''Chronica minora'' give the date as 348), cf. Festus, ''Breviarium'' 27345At Nisibis''Codex Theodosianus'' 11.7.5, cf. Ephraem, ''Carmina Nisibena'' 13.4–6, 14/5Summer 345At EdessaAthanasius, ''Apologia contra Arianos'' 51.621 March 346At Antioch''Codex Theodosianus'' 10.14.1S (315 mss. )346, c. SeptemberAt AntiochAthanasius, ''Apologia ad Constantium'' 5.2; ''Historia Arianorum'' 44.5, ''Historia acephala'' 1.2; ''Festal Index'' 17; Jerome, ''Chronicon'' 236e8 March 347At Ancyra''Codex Theodosianus'' 11.36.8347†, springThemistius delivers an imperial panegyric before Constantius at AncyraThemistius, ''Oratio'' 111 May 347At Hierapolis†''Codex Theodosianus'' 5.6.1348†, summerEngages the Persians in battle near SingaraFestus, ''Breviarium'' 271 April 349At Antioch''Codex Theodosianus'' 12.1.39Summer 349At Singara, then EmesaAthanasius, ''Historia Arianorum'' 7.33 October 349At Constantinople†''Codex Theodosianus'' 12.2.1 +15.1.6Spring 350At EdessaPhilostorgius, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 3.22Summer 350At Antioch while Shapur II besieges NisibisTheodoret, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.30.1, 9/10, 31.1Visits Nisibis after the siegeZonaras 13.7Autumn 350Leaves Antioch heading westPhilostorgius, p. 215.22–24 BidezTravels via Heraclea to SerdicaZonaras 13.725 December 350Engineers the abdication of Vetranio at NaissusJerome, ''Chronicon'' 238c (place and year); ''Chronica minora'' 1.238 (day, year falsely given as 351); Zosimus 2.44.3/415 March 351Proclaims Gallus Caesar at Sirmium''Chronica minora'' 1.238Summer and autumn 351In Sirmium before and during the campaign against MagnentiusSulpicius Severus, ''Chron''. 2.38.5–7; Socrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.28.23; Zosimus 2.45.3, 48.3351, October†Present at the Second Council of Sirmium which deposed PhotinusSocrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.28.23, 29.126 February 352At Sirmium''Codex Justinianus'' 6.22.512 May 352At Sirmium''Codex Theodosianus'' 3.5.1S (319 mss. )Summer 352Campaign against the Sarmatae†352, September†Enters Italy''Chronica minora'' 1.673 November 352At Milan''Codex Theodosianus'' 15.14.5Spring–summer 353In Milan''Historia acephala'' 1.7, cf. ''Festal Index'' 25; ''Codex Theodosianus'' 11.1.6 + 12.1.42 (22 May: year emended from 354), 16.8.7S (3 July: 357 mss. )353, c. October – 354, SpringWinters in ArlesAmmianus 14.5.1; ''Codex Theodosianus'' 8.7.2S (3 November: 326 mss. ); Ammianus 14.10.1Spring 354At ValentiaAmmianus 14.10.1/2Crosses the Rhine at RauracumAmmianus 14.10.6Autumn 354 – spring 355Winters in MilanAmmianus 14.10.16; ''Codex Theodosianus'' 11.34.2 (1 January);  ''Codex Justinianus'' 6.22.6 (18 February)355, c. JuneConducts expedition into RaetiaAmmianus 15.4.1Goes to winter quarters in MilanAmmianus 15.4.13, cf. Sulpicius Severus, ''Chron''. 2.39.3, 8 (Council of Milan)6 July 355 – 5 July 356In Milan''Codex Theodosianus'' 14.3.2; ''Codex Theodosianus'' 12.1.43 (17 July 355); 1.5.5 (18 July 355); 6.29.1 (22 July 355); 12.12.1 (1 August 355); 9.34.6 (31 October 355); 16.10.6 (19 February 356); 9.42.2 (8 March 356); 11.16.8S (1 April 356: 357 mss. ); 11.16.7 (2 April 356); 6.4.8–10 (11 April 356); 6.29.2S (17 April 356: 357 mss. ); 13.10.3S (29 April 356: 357 mss. ); 9.17.4S =  ''Codex Justinianus'' 9.19.4S (13 June 356: 357 mss. ); ''Codex Theodosianus'' 8.5.8S (24 June 356: 357 mss. ); 1.2.7 (5 July 356)6 November 355Proclaims Julian Caesar at MilanAmmianus 15.8.17; ''Chronica minora'' 1.238; ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' 12, p. 277; Socrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.34.51 December 355Escorts Julian out of Milan, then returns to the cityAmmianus 15.8.18Summer and autumn 356Campaigns against the Alamanni on the Upper RhineAmmianus 16.12.15/625 July 356At Messadensis''Codex Theodosianus'' 11.30.25S (355 mss. )2 September 356At Dinumma''Codex Theodosianus'' 11.7.8S (355 mss. )10 November 356 – 19 March 357In Milan''Codex Theodosianus'' 16.2.13S (357 mss. ); 9.16.5S (4 December 356: 357 mss. ); 8.7.7S (27 December: a date in 357 is implied); 12.12.2 (15 January 357); 9.17.4 (15 January 357: 'id.Iun.' mss. ); 9.16.4 (25 January 357); 15.1.1S (2 February 357: 320 mss. ); 10.20.2S (358 mss. )28 April 357Enters Rome''Chronica minora'' 1.23928 April – 29 May 357In RomeAmmianus 16.10.20 (length of stay); ''Codex Theodosianus'' 8.1.5 (6 May 357); 10.1.2S (17 May 357: 319 mss. )7 or 10 June 357At Helvillum''Codex Theodosianus'' 1.5.6 + 75 July 357At Ariminum''Codex Theodosianus'' 9.16.6S (358 mss. )21 July 357At Ravenna''Codex Theodosianus'' 12.1.40S (353 mss. )Passes through Tridentum on the way to the DanubeAmmianus 16.10.20Visits Pannonia and MoesiaZosimus 3.2.2; Julian, ''Epistula ad SPQ Atheniarum'' 279dOctober 357 – 3 March 358Winters in SirmiumAmmianus 16.10.21; 17.12.1; ''Codex Theodosianus'' 8.5.10 (27 October 357: transmitted year either 357 or 358); 1.15.3S (3 December 357: 353 mss. ); 7.4.3, 11.30.27 (18 December 357); 2.21.2S (18 December 357: 360 mss. ); 9.42.4 (4 January 357); ''Codex Justinianus'' 3.26.8April 358Invades the territory of the Sarmatae LimigantesAmmianus 17.12.4–6Returns in triumph to SirmiumAmmianus 13.3.3321–23 June 358In Sirmium''Codex Theodosianus'' 12.1.44 + 45 (21 June 358); 8.13.4, 11.36.13 (23 June 358)27 June 358At Mursa''Codex Theodosianus'' 12.1.46358, c. October – 359, c. MarchWinters in SirmiumAmmianus 18.4.1; 19.11.1; ''Codex Theodosianus'' 2.21.1 (19 December 358)Spring 359Begins a campaign against the SarmataeAmmianus 19.11.2In the province of ValeriaAmmianus 19.11.4Defeats the Limigantes near AcimincumAmmianus 19.11.5–16Returns to SirmiumAmmianus 19.11.1722 May 359At Sirmium''Codex Theodosianus'' 6.4.14 + 15; Athanasius, ''de Synodicus'' 8.3; Socrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.37.1828 May 359At Sirmium''Codex Theodosianus'' 1.7.118 June 359At Singidunum''Codex Theodosianus'' 11.30.28†At Adrianople†Athanasius, ''de Synodicus'' 55.2/3 (implies intent to visit)Autumn 359Goes to Constantinople for the winterAmmianus 19.11.17; 20.8.1; Socrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.41.1; Sozomen, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 4.23.3, cf. ''Chronica minora'' 1.239 (implies Constantius' presence in Constantinople before 11 December 359)December 359 – March 360In ConstantinopleSozomen, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 4.23.4–7 (late December 359 – 1 January 360); Hilary, ''Ad Constantium'' 2.2 (''Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum'' 65.198.9/10), cf. Jerome, ''de Virus Illustribus'' 100; ''Codex Theodosianus'' 4.13.4S; 11.36.10S (18 January 360: 356 and 354 mss. ); 11.24.1 (4 February 360); 14.1.1S (24 February 360: 357 mss. ); 7.4.5S (14 March 360: 359 mss. )360, March†At Caesarea in Cappadocia, receiving news that Julian has been proclaimed AugustusAmmianus 20.9.1Travels via Melitene, Lacotena, and Samosata to EdessaAmmianus 20.11.4After 21 September 360Leaves EdessaAmmianus 20.11.4Visits AmidaAmmianus 20.11.4/5Besieges BezabdeAmmianus 20.11.6–3117 December 360At Hierapolis''Codex Theodosianus'' 7.4.6S (17 May mss. )Late December 360 – 361, c. MarchWinters in AntiochAmmianus 20.11.32; ''Codex Theodosianus'' 16.2.16 (14 February 361); Socrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.45.103 May 361At Gephyra''Codex Theodosianus'' 1.6.1, 28.1; 6.4.12, 13; 7.8.1; 11.1.7, 15.1, 23.1; 12.1.48; 13.1.3; 15.1.7 (all extracts from the same law)29 May 361At Doliche''Codex Theodosianus'' 7.4.4S (358 mss. : place of issue written as ''Doridae'')Crosses the Euphrates at Capersana, goes to Edessa, and later returns to Hierapolis (or perhaps Nicopolis)Ammianus 21.7.7, 13.8Autumn 361Briefly returns to AntiochAmmianus 21.15.1/2October 361At HippocephalusAmmianus 21.15.2Falls ill at TarsusAmmianus 21.15.23 November 361Dies at Mopsucrenae in CiliciaJerome, ''Chronicon'' 242b; Ammianus 21.15.3 (date emended from 5 October); ''Chronica minora'' 1.240; Socrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.47.4; 3.1.1
Constans DateEventSource337, c. SeptemberConfers with Constantinus and Constantius in PannoniaJulian, ''Oratio'' 1, 19a, cf. Libanius, ''Oratio'' 59.756 December 337At Thessalonica''Codex Theodosianus'' 11.1.4; 11.7.8S (353 mss. )338/346Campaign against the Sarmatae''Corpus Incriptionum Latinarum ''3.1248312 June 338At Viminacium''Codex Theodosianus'' 10.10.427 July 338At Sirmium''Codex Theodosianus'' 15.1.5; ''Codex Justinianus'' 10.48.7339†, 6 AprilAt Savaria''Codex Theodosianus'' 10.10.6S (342 mss. )19 January 340 – 2 February 340At Naissus''Codex Theodosianus'' 12.1.29; 10.10.5Hears of Constantinus' invasion of his territory while in DaciaZonaras 13.59 April 340At Aquileia''Codex Theodosianus'' 2.6.5; 10.15.325 June 340At Milan''Codex Theodosianus'' 9.17.1340†Visits Rome†''Passio Artemii'' 9 = Philostorgius, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 3.1A24 June 341At Lauriacum''Codex Theodosianus'' 8.2.1 = 12.1.31Late 341Campaigns against the Franci in GaulJerome, ''Chronicon'' 235b; ''Chronica minora'' 1.236342Wins a victory over the Franci and signs a treaty with themLibanius, ''Oratio'' 59.127–136; Jerome, ''Chronicon'' 235e; ''Chronica minora'' 1.236; Socrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.13.4Summer 342In TrierSocrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.18Autumn 342Interviews Athanasius in MilanAthanasius, ''Apologia ad Constantium'' 4.34 December 342At Milan''Codex Theodosianus'' 9.7.325 January 343At Bononia''Codex Theodosianus'' 11.16.5, cf. ''Codex Justinianus'' 3.26.6Crosses to Britain in winterFirmicus Maternus, ''De errore profanarum religionum'' 28.6; Libanius, ''Oratio'' 59.137–140; Ammianus 20.1.1Spring 343Returns from Britain to Gaul soon after his departureLibanius, ''Oratio'' 59.139, 14130 June 343At Trier''Codex Theodosianus'' 12.1.36Summer 343Interviews Athanasius in TrierAthanasius, ''Apologia ad Constantium'' 4.4, cf. 3.7Autumn 344In PannoniaLibanius, ''Oratio'' 59.133Early 345Receives an embassy from Constantius at PoetovioAthanasius, ''Apologia ad Constantium'' 3.37 April 345At Aquileia at Easter, where he interviews AthanasiusAthanasius, ''Apologia ad Constantium'' 15.4, cf. 3.7; ''Festal Index'' 1715 May 345At Trier''Codex Theodosianus'' 10.10.79 June or 11 July 345At Cologne''Codex Theodosianus'' 3.5.7Autumn† 345Interviews Athanasius in TrierAthanasius, ''Apologia ad Constantium'' 4.5, cf. 3.7346†, 5 MarchAt Sirmium''Codex Theodosianus'' 10.10.8S (353 mss. )23 May 346At Caesena''Codex Theodosianus'' 12.1.3817 June 348At Milan''Codex Theodosianus'' 10.14.227 May 349At Sirmium''Codex Theodosianus'' 7.1.2 + 8.7.3350, shortly after 18 JanuaryKilled at Helena in GaulEutropius, ''Breviarium'' 10.9.4; Jerome, ''Chronicon'' 237c; ''Chronica minora'' 1.237; ''Epitome de Caesaribus'' 41.23; Zosimus 2.42.5
Gallus DateEventSource15 March 351Proclaimed Caesar at Sirmium''Chronica minora'' 1.238 (day); ''Passio Artemii'' 12 = Philostorgius, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 3.26a7 May 351Reaches AntiochSocrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.28.22Campaigns in Mesopotamia†Philostorgius, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 3.28Summer 352Suppresses a Jewish rebellion in GalileeJerome, ''Chronicon'' 238fLate summer 353 – spring 354At AntiochAmmianus 14.1.4–9, 7.1–4354, c. MarchVisits HierapolisAmmianus 14.7.5354, c. 1 SeptemberLeaves AntiochAmmianus 14.11.1214–30 September 354At Nicomedia†''Papyri Laurentius'' 169 (consular date of 354 restored)Stripped of his imperial rank at PoetovioAmmianus 14.11.19/20October 354Tried and executed near PolaAmmianus 14.11.20–30
Julian DateEventSource6 November 355Proclaimed Caesar at MilanAmmianus 15.8.7; ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' 12, p. 277; ''Chronica minora'' 1.238; Socrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.34.56–30 November 355At MilanAmmianus 15.8.181 December 355Leaves MilanAmmianus 15.8.18Travels via Turin to VienneAmmianus 15.8.18–21December 355 – spring 356At VienneAmmianus 16.1.1, 2.1April/May 356Present at the Council of Baeterrae†Hilary, ''Ad Constantium'' 2 (''Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum'' 65.198.5–15)24 June 356Reaches AutunAmmianus 16.2.2Passes through AuxerreAmmianus 16.2.5Advances via Troyes, Reims, Decem Pagi, BrotomagusAmmianus 16.2.6–8356, c. AugustRecaptures CologneAmmianus 16.3.1/2, cf. Julian, ''Epistula ad SPQ Atheniarum'' 279bVisits TrierAmmianus 16.3.3356/7Winters at SensAmmianus 16.3.3, 7.1, 11.1Spring 357Goes to ReimsAmmianus 16.11.1Marches toward Strasbourg and wins a victory over the AlamanniAmmianus 16.11.8–12.67Returns to Tres TabernaeAmmianus 17.1.1Goes to MainzAmmianus 17.1.2Conducts raid across the RhineAmmianus 17.1.2/3December 357 – January 358Besieges barbarians at a fortified town on the Meuse for 54 daysAmmianus 17.2.2/3January–July 358Winters in ParisAmmianus 17.2.4, 8.1July–autumn 358Campaigns against the Salian Franci in ToxandriaAmmianus 17.8.3–10.101 January 359In winter quarters at ParisAmmianus 18.1.1Strengthens the Rhine frontier from Castra Herculis to BingenAmmianus 18.2.4Crosses the Rhine from Mainz and conducts a raid into German territoryAmmianus 18.2.7–191 January 360In winter quarters at ParisAmmianus 20.1.1360, February†Proclaimed Augustus at ParisJulian, ''Epistula ad SPQ Atheniarum'' 283a–285a; Ammianus 20.4.4–22; Zosimus 3.9.1–3Summer 360Crosses the Rhine at Tricesima and attacks the Franci AttuariiAmmianus 20.10.1/2Autumn 360Marches up the left bank of the Rhine to Rauracum, then via Besançon to VienneAmmianus 20.10.36 November 360 – 361, c. MarchWinters at VienneAmmianus 20.10.3; 21.1 (6 November 360); 21.2.5 (6 January 361), 3.1Spring 361Attacks Germans, crosses the Rhine, and goes to RauracumAmmianus 21.3.3–4.8, 8.1Leaves Rauracum, advances up the Rhine, then down the DanubeAmmianus 21.8.1–10.2Mid-July 361Continues advancing down the Danube via Sirmium as far as the Pass of SucciAmmianus 21.8.1–10.2Returns to NaissusAmmianus 21.20.5At NaissusAmmianus 21.12.1; Zosimus 3.11.2After receiving news of Constantius' death, leaves Naissus and travels via Philippopolis and Heraclea/Perinthus to ConstantinopleAmmianus 21.12.3; 22.211 December 361Enters ConstantinopleAmmianus 22.2.4; ''Chronica minora'' 1.240; Socrates, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 3.1.2c. May 362Sets out for AntiochAmmianus 22.9.2Winter 362Julian winters at Antioch, planning the campaign on the Sassanian frontAmmianus 23.2.6March 5 363Julian sets out on his campaign from Antioch, makes it to Hierapolis in his first stageAmmianus 23.2.6March 27 363Julian arrives in KallinikosAmmianus 23.3.7Beginning of April 363Julian enters KirkesionAmmianus 23.5.1April to June 26 363Julian continues his campaign eastward, until he dies on the battlefield on 26 June 363Ammianus 25.3.21, 22
References ===Ancient sources===*Ammianus Marcellinus. ''Res Gestae''. :*Yonge, Charles Duke, trans. ''Roman History''. London: Bohn, 1862.Online at  Tertullian. Retrieved 27 December 2014.:*Rolfe, J.C., trans. ''History''. 3 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1939–52.Online at  LacusCurtius. Retrieved 27 December 2014.:*Hamilton, Walter, trans. ''The Later Roman Empire (A.D. 354–378)''. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986.Abridged edition*Athanasius of Alexandria. :*''Festal Index''. ::*Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. ''Festal Letters''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892.Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at  Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 27 December 2014.:*''Epistula encyclica'' (''Encyclical letter''). Summer 339.::*Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. ''Encyclical letter''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892.Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at  New Advent and  Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 27 December 2014.:*''Apologia Contra Arianos'' (''Defense against the Arians''). 349.::*Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. ''Apologia Contra Arianos''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892.Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at  New Advent. Retrieved 28 December 2014.:*''Apologia ad Constantium'' (''Defense before Constantius''). 353.::*Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. ''Apologia ad Constantium''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892.Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at  New Advent. Retrieved 28 December 2014.:*''Historia Arianorum'' (''History of the Arians''). 357.::*Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. ''Historia Arianorum''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892.Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at  New Advent. Retrieved 29 December 2014.:*''De Synodis'' (''On the Councils of Arminium and Seleucia''). Autumn 359.::*Newman, John Henry and Archibald Robertson, trans. ''De Synodis''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892.Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at  New Advent. Retrieved 29 December 2014.:*''Historia acephala''. 368 – c. 420.::*Robertson, Archibald, trans. ''Historia Acephala''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892.Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at  New Advent and  Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 29 December 2014. *''Chronica minora'' 1, 2.:*Mommsen, T., ed. ''Chronica Minora saec. IV, V, VI, VII'' 1, 2 (in Latin). ''Monumenta Germaniae Historia'', Auctores Antiquissimi 9, 11.Berlin, 1892, 1894.Online at . Retrieved 27 December 2014. *''Codex Theodosianus''. :*Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. ''Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes''2 (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, 1905 1954.Compiled by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984.Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999.Preface, books 1–8.Online at  University College London and the  University of Grenoble. Retrieved 29 December 2014.:*Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at  AncientRome.ru. Retrieved 27 December 2014. *''Codex Justinianus''. :*Scott, Samuel P., trans. ''The Code of Justinian'', in ''The Civil Law''. 17 vols. 1932.Online at the  Constitution Society. Retrieved 28 December 2014. *Ephraem the Syrian. ''Carmina Nisibena'' (''Songs of Nisibis''). :*Stopford, J.T. Sarsfield, trans. ''The Nisibene Hymns''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 13.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890.Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at  New Advent. Retrieved 27 December 2014.:*Bickell, Gustav, trans. ''S. Ephraemi Syri Carmina Nisibena: additis prolegomenis et supplemento lexicorum Syriacorum'' (in Latin). Lipetsk: Brockhaus, 1866.Online at  Google Books. Retrieved 27 December 2014. *''Epitome de Caesaribus''. :*Banchich, Thomas M., trans. ''A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores''. ''Canisius College Translated Texts'' 1.Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009.Online at  De Imperatoribus Romanis. Retrieved 28 December 2014. *Eusebius of Caesarea. :*''Oratio de Laudibus Constantini'' (''Oration in Praise of Constantine'', sometimes the ''Tricennial Oration''). ::*Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. ''Oration in Praise of Constantine''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890.Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at  New Advent. Retrieved 26 December 2014.:*''Vita Constantini'' (''Life of Constantine''). ::*Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. ''Life of Constantine''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890.Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at  New Advent. Retrieved 27 December 2014.*Festus. ''Breviarium''. :*Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. ''Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People''. ''Canisius College Translated Texts'' 2.Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001.Online at  De Imperatoribus Romanis. Retrieved 28 December 2014. *Firmicus Maternus. ''De errore profanarum religionum'' (''On the error of profane religions''). :*Baluzii and Rigaltii, eds. ''Divi Cæcilii Cypriani, Carthaginensis Episcopi, Opera Omnia; accessit J. Firmici Materni, Viri Clarissimi, De Errore Profanarum Religionum'' (in Latin). Paris: Gauthier Brothers and the Society of Booksellers, 1836.Online at  Google Books. Retrieved 28 December 2014. *Hilary of Poitiers. ''Ad Constantium'' (''To Constantius''). :*Feder, Alfred Leonhard, ed. ''S. Hilarii episcopi Pictaviensis Tractatus mysteriorum. Collectanea Antiariana Parisina (fragmenta historica) cum appendice (liber I Ad Constantium). Liber ad Constantium imperatorem (Liber II ad Constantium). Hymni. Fragmenta minora. Spuria'' (in Latin). In the ''Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum'', Vol. 65.Vienna: Tempsky, 1916. *''Itinerarium Alexandri'' (''Itinerary of Alexander''). :*Mai, Angelo, ed. ''Itinerarium Alexandri ad Constantium Augustum, Constantini M. Filium'' (in Latin). Regiis Typis, 1818.Online at  Google Books. Retrieved 27 December 2014.:*Davies, Iolo, trans. ''Itinerary of Alexander''. 2009.Online at  DocStoc. Retrieved 27 December 2014.*Jerome. :*''Chronicon'' (''Chronicle''). ::*Pearse, Roger, ''et al''., trans. ''The Chronicle of St. Jerome'', in ''Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts''. Tertullian, 2005.Online at  Tertullian. Retrieved 27 December 2014.:*''de Viris Illustribus'' (''On Illustrious Men''). ::*Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. ''De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men)''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 3.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892.Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at  New Advent. Retrieved 28 December 2014.*Julian. :*Wright, Wilmer Cave, trans. ''Works of the Emperor Julian''. 3 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1913.Online at the Internet Archive:  Vol. 1,  2,  3.*Libanius. ''Oratio'' 59 (''Oration'' 59).:*M.H. Dodgeon, trans. ''The Sons of Constantine: Libanius Or. LIX''. In ''From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views, A Source History'', edited by S.N.C. Lieu and Dominic Montserrat, 164–205.London: Routledge, 1996. *''Origo Constantini Imperatoris''. :*Rolfe, J.C., trans. ''Excerpta Valesiana'', in vol. 3 of Rolfe's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus' ''History''. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1952.Online at  LacusCurtius. Retrieved 28 December 2014. *''Papyri Abinnaeus''. :*''The Abinnaeus Archive: Papers of a Roman Officer in the Reign of Constantius II'' (in Greek). Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri. Online at  Perseus and the  Duke Data Bank. Retrieved 27 December 2014. *''Papyri Laurentius''. :*''Dai Papiri della Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana'' (in Greek). Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri. Online at  Perseus and the  Duke Data Bank. Retrieved 27 December 2014.*Philostorgius. ''Historia Ecclesiastica''. :*Walford, Edward, trans. ''Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, Compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople''. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855.Online at  Tertullian. Retrieved 26 December 2014.*Socrates. ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''History of the Church''). :*Zenos, A.C., trans. ''Ecclesiastical History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 2.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890.Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at  New Advent. Retrieved 27 December 2014.*Sozomen. ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''History of the Church''). :*Hartranft, Chester D. ''Ecclesiastical History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 2.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890.Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at  New Advent. Retrieved 27 December 2014. *Sulpicius Severus. ''Sacred History''. :*Roberts, Alexander, trans. ''Sacred History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 11.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1894.Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at  New Advent. Retrieved 28 December 2014.*Theodoret. ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''History of the Church''). :*Jackson, Blomfield, trans. ''Ecclesiastical History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 3.Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892.Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at  New Advent. Retrieved 28 December 2014.*Themistius. ''Orationes'' (''Orations'').:**Zosimos. ''Historia Nova'' (''New History''). :*Unknown trans. ''The History of Count Zosimus''. London: Green and Champlin, 1814.Online at  Tertullian. Retrieved 28 December 2014.An unsatisfactory edition. Consult TLG version for original language:*Unknown trans. ''Histoire Nouvelle'' and ''ΖΩΣΙΜΟΥ ΚΟΜΙΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΠΟΦΙΣΚΟΣΥΝΗΓΟΡΟΥ'' (in French and Greek). Online at the  Catholic University of Louvain. Retrieved 27 December 2014.===Modern sources===*Barnes, Timothy D. "Imperial Chronology, A.D. 337–350." ''Phoenix'' 34:2 (1980): 160–66. *Barnes, Timothy D. "The Career of Abinnaeus." ''Phoenix'' 39:4 (1985): 368–74. *Barnes, Timothy D. "Ammianus Marcellinus and His World." ''Classical Philology'' 88:1 (1993): 55–70. *Barnes, Timothy D. ''Athanasius and Constantius: Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. *Callu, Jean-Paul. "Un 'Miroir des Princes': Le 'Basilikos' libanien de 348" (in French). ''Gerión'' 5 (1987): 133–52.Online at the  Universidad Complutense Madrid. *Jones, A.H.M. ''The Later Roman Empire 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey''. London: Basil Blackwell, 1964, 3 vols. ; rept. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1986, 2 vols. *Matthews, John. ''The Roman Empire of Ammianus''. London: Duckworth, 1989. *Heather, Peter, and David Moncur, ed. and trans. ''Politics, Philosophy, and Empire in the Fourth Century: Selected Orations of Themistius''. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2002. *Seeck, Otto. ''Die Briefe des Libanius zeitlich geordnet'' (in German). Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, 1906.Online at the  Internet Archive. Retrieved 28 December 2014. *Vanderspoel, John. ''Themistius and the Imperial Court: Oratory, Civic Duty, and Paideia from Constantius to Theodosius''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995.
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