Tong-Tai Mandarin
Introduction '''Tong–Tai''' (), also known as '''Tai–Ru''' (), is a group of Lower Yangtze Mandarin dialects spoken in the east-central part of Jiangsu province in the prefecture-level cities of Nantong (formerly Tongzhou) and Taizhou. The alternative name refers to the county-level city of Rugao within Nantong. This region includes the areas which are to the north of Yangtze River and to the east of Grand Canal. There are about 11.37 million speakers there (in 2004) and this region occupies about 15,000 square kilometers.This region can also be divided further into three districts: the west, the middle and the east. The west part includes Taizhou, Jiangyan, west of Hai'an, west of Dongtai, Dafeng, Xinghua, east of Jiangdu. The middle part includes Rugao, Rudong, Taixing, east of Dongtai, east of Hai'an and southwest of Jingjiang. The east part includes downtown of Nantong and southwest of Tongzhou. These vernaculars are distinguished by the difference in consonants.However these districts used to be the region of the Wu culture, so there are many features of Wu Chinese in these vernaculars, especially the vernacular in the middle part, known as middle Tong-Tai dialect. It is closely bounded on the Changzhou part in the Wu region.
Phonology The Nantong variety will be taken as representative.=== Consonants ===+ Consonants of Nantong  Labial  Alveolar Alveolo-palatal Post-alveolar Velar GlottalNasal mn   ŋPlosive aspirated pʰ tʰ     kʰ   unaspirated p t    k ʔ Affricate aspirated   tsʰ tɕʰ      unaspirated   ts tɕ     Fricative f, v s ɕ  ʃ x Lateral approximantw (labiovelar approximant) l j       ===Vowels===r-colored  ɜ:  ɜ˞tongue position for ø is slightly higher than the standard ø, but lower than yɛ is slightly lower than the standard ɛ, sounds close to æʌ is higher than the standard ʌ,close to ɜTonesDark level 阴平21  Light level 阳平35(Light)Rising 上声（阳上）55Light departing 阳去213  Dark departing 阴去42Light entering 阳入55ʔ  Dark entering 阴入42ʔ
Dialects ===Rugao dialect===The Rugaohua dialect of Jianghuai does not follow the T3 sandhi rule which most other Mandarin dialects follow. Linguists speculate that changes to pitch countours over time also removed the original motivation for T3 sandhi in the Beijing dialect underlying modern Standard Mandarin (putonghua), but the sandhi was retained.When Chinese people were subjected to listening to various dialects such as Northern Mandarin (Yantai dialect), Standard Mandarin (Putonghua), and Jianghuai Mandarin (Rugao dialect of Jiangsu), "cross dialectal" differences appeared in their reactions.
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