Comparison of General American and Received Pronunciation
Introduction One aspect of the differences between American and British English is that of specific word pronunciations, as described in American and British English pronunciation differences. However, there are also differences in some of the basic pronunciation patterns between the standard dialects of each country. The standard varieties for each are in fact generalizations: for the U.S., a loosely defined spectrum of unmarked varieties called General American (abbreviated "GA") and, for Britain, a collection of prestigious varieties most common in southeastern England, ranging from upper- to middle-class Received Pronunciation accents (often classified along a continuum with local Estuary English), which together here are abbreviated "RP". However, other regional accents in each country also show differences, for which see regional accents of English speakers.Received Pronunciation has been the subject of many academic studies, and is frequently used as a model for teaching English to foreign learners. The widely repeated claim that only about two percent of Britons speak RP is no more than a rough estimate and has been questioned by several writers, most notably by the phonetician Jack Windsor Lewis.
Phonological differences * Rhoticity – GA is rhotic while RP is non-rhotic; that is, the phoneme  is only pronounced in RP when it is immediately followed by a vowel sound. Where GA pronounces  before a consonant and at the end of an utterance, RP either has no consonant (if the preceding vowel is ,  or , as in ''bore'', ''burr'' and ''bar'') or has a schwa instead (the resulting sequences being diphthongs or triphthongs). This leads to several RP mergers characteristic of non-rhotic accents, whereas GA maintains these distinctions. Similarly, where GA has r-colored vowels ( or , as in "cupb''oar''d" or "b''ir''d"), RP has plain vowels  or . The "intrusive R" of many RP speakers (in such sequences as "the idea-r-of it") is absent in GA; this is a consequence of the rhotic/non-rhotic distinction. * The trap–bath split has resulted in RP having the back unrounded open vowel  in many words where GA has a front open unrounded vowel ; this RP vowel occurs typically (but not always) when followed by:**, , , , , or  (e.g. ''aunt, branch, chance, pass, laugh, path''). * is usually tensed before , , and sometimes  in GA; in other words, ''rap'' is  but ''ram'' is . *Several foreign names and loanwords spelled with  use  in RP but  in GA, such as ''kebab'', ''pasta'', ''macho'', and ''taco''. In a small number of words, these phonemes are exactly reversed in the two dialects, such as ''banana'', ''khaki'', and ''Pakistan''. * RP has three open back vowels, where GA has only two or even one. GA speakers use  for both the RP  (''spot'') and  (''spa''): the father–bother merger. ** Nearly half of American speakers additionally use the same vowel for the RP  (the cot–caught merger). * While the ''lot–cloth split'' is no longer found in  RP, it is found in those GA speakers who do not have the cot–caught merger (which otherwise neutralizes this split). This results in  in some words which now have  in RP, particularly before voiceless fricatives and sometimes before  (where it is always  in RP, both older and contemporary). This is reflected in the "eye dialect" spelling "dawg" for ''dog''. * "Long ''o''" and "short ''o''" before intervocalic /r/ have merged in American English. Thus "moral" and "oral" rhyme in GA (), while in RP they do not rhyme, being pronounced  and , respectively. * RP has a marked degree of contrast of length between "short" and "long" vowels (the long vowels being the diphthongs plus , , , , and ). In GA this contrast is somewhat less evident and non-phonemic, so the IPA length symbol () is often omitted. * The "long ''o''" (as in ''boat'') is realised differently: GA back first element ; RP central first element . However, there is considerable variation in this vowel on both sides of the Atlantic. * The distinction between unstressed  and  is lost in GA, while in RP it is retained. Thus in RP, ''edition''  and ''addition''  are not homophones. * Where GA has  in an unstressed syllable at the end of a morpheme, conservative RP has , not having undergone ''happy''-tensing. For many RP speakers, the vowel does tense word-finally, but this distinction is still retained in inflected forms (e.g. ''candied'' and ''candid'' are homophones in RP, but not in GA). * In GA, flapping is common: when either a  or a  occurs between a sonorant phoneme and an unstressed vowel phoneme, it is realized as an alveolar-flap allophone . This sounds like a  to RP speakers. is an allophone of  in conservative RP. The degree of flapping varies considerably among speakers, and is often reduced in more formal settings. It does occur to an extent in nearly all speakers of American English, with ''better'' pronounced with a flap almost ubiquitously regardless of background. Pronouncing the t would be considered overly formal. This does not mean it always completely merges with ''bedder'', as  in the latter can be somewhat longer than in ''better''. * ''Yod''-dropping occurs in GA at the onset of stressed syllables after all alveolar consonants, including ; i.e. historic  (from spellings ''u'', ''ue'', ''eu'', ''ew''), is pronounced . In contrast, RP speakers:** always retain  after : e.g. ''new'' is RP , GA ;** retain or coalesce it after : e.g. ''due'' is RP  or , GA ;** retain or drop it after : e.g. ''allude'' is RP  or (as GA) ;** retain, coalesce in stressed or unstressed syllables, or drop it after : e.g. ''assume'' is RP , or (as GA) . * RP speakers also drop the ''yod'' especially in ''coupon'' and ''Pulitzer'' as  and  respectively, but many GA speakers retain it, becoming  and , although ''Pulitzer'' with the ''yod'' is widely incorrect. *''Yod''-coalescence occur in both GA and RP in unstressed syllables or after a stressed vowel. RP however more often retains the yod, especially in carefully enunciated forms of words. For example, ''issue'' is RP  or (as GA) , ''graduate'' may be carefully enunciated in RP as , but ''nature'' is always coalesced . In both GA and RP, however, the sounds of word-final , , , and  (spelled either ''s'' or ''z'') can coalesce with the sound of word-initial  (spelled ''u'' or ''y'') across word boundaries in casual or rapid speech, becoming , , , and  respectively, thus ''this year'' () can sound like ''thi(s) shear/sheer''. This is also found in other English accents. * For some GA speakers from any U.S. region whose accents are derived from, or similar to, those that originate especially in California, other Western states, and even Midwestern areas, including the Upper Midwest, the unstressed I in ''-ing'' () is tensed (i.e., raised) and the G is dropped, so that ''-ing'' is enunciated to sound like ''ean'' (as in ''mean''), ''een'', or ''ene'' (as in ''scene''; ), thus ''coding'' is similar to ''codeine'' (), akin to how "in" is typically pronounced by speakers from Australia, where the target for  is closer to cardinal , or Romance languages-speaking countries like France and Spain, whether as a standalone word or a syllable, but shorter than the long vowel of ''bean'' or the traditional RP pronunciation of ''been'' (). However, this pronunciation is considered incorrect, but it had already been widespread in American television as early as 1990 and was described in that year's ''Orlando Sentinel'' article as a "corruption of the language" so that it has been either unconventional or nonexistent in RP. * For some RP speakers (upper class), unlike in GA, some or all of ''tyre (tire)'', ''tower'', and ''tar'' are homophones; this reflects the merger of the relevant vowels. * The voiceless stops /t/, /p/, and /k/ have a stronger aspiration in RP. * Most General American accents, but not British ones, have undergone vowel mergers before /r/: the ''nearer''–''mirror'' and ''hurry''–''furry'' mergers, and some variation of the ''Mary''–''marry''–''merry'' merger, a total three-way merger being the most common throughout North America. * GA accents usually have some degree of merging weak vowels. * Disyllabic laxing is more common in American than in British English, with a short vowel in GA and a long vowel in RP in such words as ''era'', ''patent'' and ''lever''. * Trisyllabic laxing however is somewhat less common in GA than in RP, for example in ''privacy'', ''vitamin'' and ''spherical''.
See also *Phonological history of the English language: After the American–British split, up to the 20th century (c. AD 1725–1900) and After 1900. *American and British English pronunciation differences*General American*Received Pronunciation
References
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