List of heads of state or government who have been in exile
Introduction In some cases, the deposed head of state or head of government are allowed to go into exile following a coup or other change of government, allowing a more peaceful transition to take place or to escape justice. In some cases, governments in exile are created.There have also been instances where they managed to return to power, as did Charles II of England. Examples in chronological order include:NameTitleHome country Exile periodExiled country or countriesJehoahazKing of JudahKingdom of Judah609 BC–unknownEgyptJeconiahKing of JudahKingdom of Judah597 BC–562 BCBabylonPisistratusTyrant of AthensAthens561 BC–556 BC556 BC–546 BCRhaecelusArcesilaus IIIKing of CyreneCyrene518 BC–515 BCSamosLucius Tarquinius SuperbusKing of RomeRoman Kingdom509 BC–495 BCCaere, Clusium, Tusculum, and CumaeLycophron IITyrant of PheraePherae352 BC–after 352 BCAthensArybbasKing of EpirusEpirus343 BC–unknownAthensNectanebo IIPharaoh of EgyptEgypt342 BC–unknownUpper EgyptNubiaAeacidesKing of EpirusEpirus316 BC–313 BCPyrrhusKing of EpirusEpirus302 BC–297 BCCleombrotus IIKing of SpartaSparta240 BC–unknownTegeaCleomenes IIIKing of SpartaSparta222 BC–219 BCAlexandria, Ptolemaic EgyptDemetrius III EucaerusKing of SyriaSeleucid Empire87 BC–after 87 BCParthiaHerod AntipasTetrarch of Galilee and PereaGalilee and Perea39 AD–after 39 ADGaulMithridates IIIKing of the BosporusBosporan Kingdom45–68Rome, Roman EmpireRomulus AugustulusRoman EmperorWestern Roman Empire476–after 511Campania (''Castellum Lucullanum'')HeraclonasByzantine EmperorByzantine Empire641–642RhodesZhongzongEmperor of the Tang dynastyTang dynasty684–698Fang PrefectureJun PrefectureJustinian IIByzantine EmperorByzantine Empire695–702/703ChersonEadwulf IKing of NorthumbriaNorthumbria705–717Dál Riata or PictlandJunninEmperor of JapanJapan764–765Awaji Island, Hyōgo PrefectureAlhredKing of NorthumbriaNorthumbria774–unknownPictlandTelerigKhan of BulgariaBulgaria777–777Byzantine EmpireÆthelred IKing of NorthumbriaNorthumbria779–790EcgberhtKing of WessexWessex789–802Frankish EmpireOsred IIKing of NorthumbriaNorthumbria790–792Isle of ManOsbaldKing of NorthumbriaNorthumbria796–799LindisfarneEardwulfKing of NorthumbriaNorthumbria806–808Frankish EmpireIrene of AthensByzantine EmpressByzantine Empire802–803LesbosWiglafKing of MerciaMercia829–830Theodora IIByzantine EmpressByzantine Empire857–867Gastria, CyprusYahya IVEmir of MoroccoMorocco922–946Fatimid CaliphateConstantine LekapenosByzantine EmperorByzantine Empire945–946/948SamothraceHassan IISultan of MoroccoMorocco974–985Caliphate of CórdobaOtto OrseoloDoge of VeniceRepublic of Venice1026–1032Byzantine EmpireCasimir IDuke of PolandDuchy of Poland1034–1039 Kingdom of HungaryHoly Roman EmpireConstantine IX MonomachosByzantine EmperorByzantine Empire1035–1042LesbosBagrat IVKing of GeorgiaKingdom of Georgia1050–1053Byzantine EmpireRomanos IV DiogenesByzantine EmperorByzantine Empire1072–1072ProtiSultan Shah ibn RadwanSultan of AleppoAleppo1118–after 1125Władysław IIHigh Duke of PolandDuke of SilesiaDuchy of PolandDuchy of Silesia1146–1159AltenburgSutokuEmperor of JapanJapan1156–1164Sanuki Province, ShikokuGo-TobaEmperor of JapanJapan1221–1239Oki Province, Oki IslandsDemetriusKing of ThessalonicaKingdom of Thessalonica1224–1230Holy Roman EmpireMitso AsenTsar of Bulgaria1257–before 1277/78Byzantine EmpireIvan Asen IIITsar of Bulgaria1280–1303George Terter ITsar of Bulgaria1292–1301Byzantine EmpireAl-Nasir MuhammadSultan of Egypt Mamluk Sultanate1294–1299Al-Karak1309–1310Ivan IITsar of Bulgaria1300–before 1330Byzantine EmpireChristopher IIKing of Denmark1326–1329Northern GermanyIvan StefanTsar of Bulgaria1331–1373 SerbiaGo-DaigoEmperor of JapanJapan1331–1333Oki Province, Oki IslandsDavid IIKing of Scots1333–1341Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn OthmanSultan of MoroccoMorocco1348–1351High AtlasMuhammad VSultan of Granada Granada1359–1362 MoroccoLeo VKing of ArmeniaArmenian Kingdom of Cilicia1375–1393GongyangKing of Goryeo Goryeo1392–1394Wonju, JoseonSamcheok, JoseonMin Saw MonKing of ArakanKingdom of Mrauk U1406–1429Bengal SultanateConstantine IITsar of Bulgaria Tsardom of Vidin1422–1422 SerbiaDanjongKing of JoseonJoseon1457–1457YeongwolMuhammad XIISultan of Granada Granada1492–1533 MoroccoPiero de' MediciLord of Florence Florence1494–1503YeonsangunKing of JoseonJoseon1506–1506Ganghwa IslandTabarijiSultan of Ternate1535–1544Goa,  Portuguese IndiaHairunSultan of Ternate1544–1546Goa,  Portuguese IndiaNarapati IVKing of AvaKingdom of Ava1555–unknownPeguAntónio IKing of Portugal1580–1595Saidi BerkatSultan of Ternate1606–1628 Spanish PhilippinesRory O'DonnellKing of TyrconnellTyrconnell1607–1608 Spanish NetherlandsKhalifeh SoltanGrand Vizier of the Safavid Empire1632–1645QomNgarolamoSultan of TidoreSultanate of Tidore1634–1639Charles IIKing of England and IrelandKing of Scotland1651–1660The Low CountriesZhu Youlang (Yongli Emperor)Emperor of the Southern MingSouthern Ming1661–1662BurmaGovinda ManikyaMaharaja of TripuraTwipra Kingdom1661–1667Chittagong Hill TractsKingdom of Mrauk UJames II and VIIKing of England and IrelandKing of Scotland1688–1701Chakdor NamgyalKing of Sikkim1700–1707TibetCharles XIIKing of Sweden1709–1714Ottoman EmpireVakhtang VIKing of KartliKingdom of Kartli1724–1737Russian EmpireTheodore IKing of Corsica Kingdom of Corsica1736–1756Pasquale PaoliPresident of Corsica Corsican Republic1769–17901795–1807Chaophraya Nakhon (Nu)King of Nakhon Si ThammaratNakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom1770–1776 Thonburi KingdomŞahin GirayKhan of CrimeaKhanate of Crimea1783–1787Russian EmpireOttoman EmpireTenzing NamgyalKing of Sikkim1788–1793TibetLouis XVIIIKing of France1791–1814William I and VIKing of the NetherlandsGrand Duke of LuxembourgPrince of Orange-Nassau1795–1813Shah Shujah DurraniEmir of Afghanistan1809–1839PunjabCornelio SaavedraPresident of the Primera Junta1811–1815Hamengkubuwono IISultan of YogyakartaYogyakarta Sultanate1812–1815 Penang1817–1826Ambon, TenskwatawaLeader of Tecumseh's ConfederacyTecumseh's Confederacy1813–1824 CanadaNapoleonEmperor of the French 1814–1815 Elba1815–1821 Saint HelenaSri Vikrama RajasinhaKing of Kandy1815–1832Vellore Fort,  British IndiaBaji Rao IIPeshwa1818–1851Bithur,  British IndiaAhmad Tajuddin IISultan of Kedah Kedah Sultanate1821–1842 Penang MalaccaBernabé AráozPresident of the Republic of Tucumán Republic of Tucumán1823–1824 Salta, Río de la PlataAgustín IEmperor of Mexico1823–1824 TuscanyCharles XKing of France 1830–1836 Louis XIX1830–1844Henry V1830–1883Charles IIDuke of Brunswick 1830–1873 Pakubuwono VISusuhunan of Surakarta Surakarta Sunanate1830–1849Ambon, Miguel IKing of Portugal1834–18471847–18511851–1866Antonio López de Santa AnnaPresident of Mexico 1836–1837 1845–1846 Cuba1848–1853 British Jamaica Colombia1855–1864 Cuba Colombia St. Thomas1864–1867 Cuba St. Thomas1867–1874 CubaPratap SinghChhatrapati1839–1847Benares State,  British IndiaJoaquin Mora FernandezHead of State of Costa Rica1839–1842 Dost Mohammad KhanEmir of Afghanistan1840–1842MussoorieTomás BobadillaPresident of the Dominican Republic1844–18491868–1871 Puerto RicoLouis Philippe IKing of the French1848–1850 Juan Manuel de RosasGovernor of Buenos Aires1852–1877 Duleep SinghMaharaja1854–1893Wajid Ali ShahNawab of Awadh1856–1887Metiabruz, Bahadur Shah IIMughal EmperorMughal Empire1857–1862 British BurmaBirjis QadrNawab of Awadh1858–1887 NepalFaustin IEmperor of Haiti Haiti1858–1867 British JamaicaBartolomé CalvoPresident of the Granadine Confederation1861–1876 Puerto RicoJosé Antonio PáezPresident of Venezuela1863–1873George VKing of Hanover1866–1878Napoleon IIIEmperor of the French1871–1873 Muhammad Khudayar KhanKhan of KokandKhanate of Kokand1875–1886Abdullah IISultan of Perak1876–1894 British Mauritius (Seychelles)Michel DominguePresident of Haiti1876–1877 British JamaicaIsmail PashaKhedive of Egypt Egypt1879–1895Thibaw MinKing of Burma Burma1885–1916 British IndiaJajaKing of OpoboOpobo1887–1891 British Windward IslandsHàm NghiEmperor of VietnamĐại Nam1888–1943 French AlgeriaPedro IIEmperor of Brazil 1889–1891DinuzuluKing of the Zulu NationZulu Kingdom1890–1897Yusuf Ali KenadidSultan of Hobyo Sultanate of Hobyo1890–1911Aden ProtectorateGungunhanaEmperor of GazaGaza Empire1895–1906Khalid bin BarghashSultan of Zanzibar Zanzibar1896–1927† British Mauritius (Seychelles)WobghoMogho Naba of OuagadougouOuagadougou1897–1904Ranavalona IIIQueen of Madagascar Madagascar1897–1907 Réunion French AlgeriaOvonramwenKing of BeninBenin1897–1914 British Southern NigeriaManuel BarillasPresident of Guatemala1898–1907Paul KrugerPresident of the South African Republic1900–1904Francis William ReitzPresident of the Orange Free State1902–1907Mussa MolohKing of FuladuFuladu1903–1931 British Gambia British Sierra LeoneThành TháiEmperor of Vietnam French Annam1907–1954 French Cochinchina RéunionPierre Nord AlexisPresident of Haiti1908–1910 British JamaicaCipriano CastroPresident of Venezuela1909–1924Mohammad Ali Shah QajarShah of Iran 1909–1925 (1909–1920) (1920–1921) (1921–1925)José Santos ZelayaPresident of Nicaragua1909–1919Manuel IIKing of Portugal1910–1932Porfirio DíazPresident of Mexico1911–1915Victoriano HuertaPresident of Mexico1914–1916Guillermo BillinghurstPresident of Peru1914–1915Abbas IIKhedive of Egypt Egypt1914–1944Muhammad UsmanSultan of Ternate1915–1932Java, Duy TânEmperor of Vietnam French Annam1916–1945 Réunion France French Equatorial AfricaAlexander KerenskyPrime Minister of Russia1917–1970Constantine IKing of the Hellenes1917–19201922–1923Ferdinand ITsar of Bulgaria1918–1948Wilhelm IIEmperor of Germany1918–1941Nikola IKing of Montenegro1918–1921Ludwig IIIKing of Bavaria1918–1918 Austria1919–1920 HungaryMarie-AdélaïdeGrand Duchess of Luxembourg1919–1924Charles I and IVEmperor of AustriaKing of Hungary1919–19211921–1922Francisco BertrandPresident of Honduras1919–1926Symon PetliuraChairman of the Directorate of Ukraine1920–1926Sayid AbdullahKhan of Khiva1920–1933Mohamoud Ali ShireSultan of WarsengaliWarsangali Sultanate1920–1928 British SeychellesJameel Al-MadfaaiPrime Minister of Iraq1920–19231941Mahmud BarzanjiKing of Kurdistan Kurdistan1921–19221932–1941 (Nasiriyah)Carlos HerreraPresident of Guatemala1921–1930Akaki ChkhenkeliPrime Minister of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic Transcaucasia1921–1959Noe ZhordaniaPrime Minister of Georgia1921–1953Mehmed VISultan of the Ottoman Empire1922–1926Mahammad Amin RasulzadePresident of the Azerbaijani National Council1922–1955IdrisChief of the Senussi OrderEmir of CyrenaicaEmir of Tripolitania Italian Cyrenaica1922–1947 EgyptKing of Libya1969–1983Ahmad Shah QajarShah of Iran 1923–1930Arturo AlessandriPresident of Chile1924–1925George IIKing of the Hellenes1924–19351941–1945 EgyptHussein bin AliKing of Hejaz1925–1930Ali bin HusseinKing of Hejaz1925–1935Amanullah KhanKing of Afghanistan1929–1960 British IndiaWashington LuísPresident of Brazil1930–1947Carlos Ibáñez del CampoPresident of Chile1931–1937Alfonso XIIIKing of Spain1931–1941 PrajadhipokKing of Siam1935–1941Niceto Alcalá-ZamoraPrime Minister of Spain Spain1936–1949 (1936–1942) (1942–1949)Haile Selassie IEmperor of Ethiopia Ethiopia1936–1941Juan Bautista SacasaPresident of Nicaragua1936–1946Yasin al-HashimiPrime Minister of Iraq1936–1937Nuri al-SaidPrime Minister of Iraq1936–19371941Edvard BenešPresident of Czechoslovakia1938–1945Augustinas VoldemarasPrime Minister of Lithuania1938–19391940–1942Manuel AzañaPrime Minister of Spain Spain1939–1940Władysław SikorskiPrime Minister of Poland1939–1943Haakon VIIKing of Norway1940–1945Johan NygaardsvoldPrime Minister of Norway1940–1945CharlotteGrand Duchess of Luxembourg1940–1945WilhelminaQueen of the Netherlands1940–1945Dirk Jan de Geer Prime Minister of the Netherlands 1940–1941 Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy1940–1945Hubert PierlotPrime Minister of Belgium1940–1945Antanas SmetonaPresident of Lithuania1940–1944 Eduardo SchaererPresident of Paraguay1940–1941Zog IKing of Albania1941–1961Rezā ShāhShah of Iran 1941–1944 British MauritiusEmmanouil TsouderosPrime Minister of Greece1941–1944 EgyptSofoklis Venizelos Prime Minister of Greece 1944 EgyptGeorgios Papandreou1944–1945Arnulfo Arias MadridPresident of Panama 1941–1945, 1951–1960Latin America1968–1978, 1984–1988Moncef BeyBey of Tunis Tunisia1943–1948 French AlgeriaMaximiliano Hernández MartínezPresident of El Salvador1944–1966Jorge UbicoPresident of Guatemala1944–1946Isaías Medina AngaritaPresident of Venezuela1945–1953Miklós HorthyRegent of Hungary1945–1957 (1945–1949) (1949–1957)Peter IIKing of Yugoslavia1945–1970Victor Emmanuel IIIKing of Italy1946–1947Umberto IIKing of Italy1946–1983  Simeon IITsar of Bulgaria1946–1996Leonardo Argüello BarretoPresident of Nicaragua1947–1947 Pridi BanomyongPrime Minister of Thailand1947–19471948–1971Thawan ThamrongnawasawatPrime Minister of Thailand1947–1948Teodoro Picado MichalskiPresident of Costa Rica1948–1960 José Bustamante y RiveroPresident of Peru1948–1955Rómulo BetancourtPresident of Venezuela1948–1958Rómulo GallegosPresident of Venezuela1948–1958Michael IKing of Romania1948–1997 Sultan bin Salim Al QasimiRuler of Ras Al Khaimah1948–1951Shukri al-QuwatliPresident of Syria Syria1949–1955TribhuvanKing of Nepal Nepal1950–1951Carlos Prío SocarrásPresident of Cuba1952–1975Farouk King of Egypt 1952–1965Fuad II1952–presentLaureano GómezPresident of Colombia1953–1959Mohammed VSultan of Morocco1953–1955 (1953–1954) (1954–1955)Fawzi SeluPresident of SyriaPrime Minister of Syria1954–early 1960sHusni al-BaraziPrime Minister of Syria1954–1975Adib ShishakliPresident of SyriaPrime Minister of Syria1954–1964Jacobo ÁrbenzPresident of Guatemala1954–1971 (1957–1960) (1960–1965) (1965–1971)Juan PerónPresident of Argentina1955–1973 (1955–1958) (1958–1973)Mohammed Ben AarafaSultan of Morocco1955–1976 TangierBảo ĐạiEmperor of Vietnam Vietnam1955–1997Paul MagloirePresident of Haiti1956–1986Imre NagyPrime Minister of Hungary1956–1957 (embassy)Plaek PhibunsongkhramPrime Minister of Thailand1957–1964Gustavo Rojas PinillaPresident of Colombia1957–1958 orIskander MirzaPresident of Pakistan1958–1969Marcos Pérez JiménezPresident of Venezuela1958–19631968–2001Tenzin Gyatso14th Dalai Lama1959–presentGhalib al-HinaiImam of Oman Imamate of Oman1959–2009Fulgencio BatistaPresident of Cuba1959–1973Anselmo Alliegro y MiláPresident of Cuba1959–1961Andrés Domingo y Morales del CastilloPresident of Cuba1959–1979Syngman RheePresident of South Korea1960–1965Kigeli VKing of Rwanda1961–2016Joaquín BalaguerPresident of the Dominican Republic1962–1966Manuel Prado UgartechePresident of Peru1962–1967Albert KalonjiMulopwe1962–19641965–?Unknown1997–2005Moïse TshombePresident of Katanga1963–1964Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo1965–1969Juan BoschPresident of the Dominican Republic1963–1966Abdullah AfeefPresident of the United Suvadive Republic1963–1993Nazim al-QudsiPresident of Syria1963–1998EuropeKhalid al-AzmPrime Minister of Syria1963–1965Maamun al-KuzbariPrime Minister of Syria1963–1998Maarouf al-DawalibiPrime Minister of Syria1963–2004Jamshid bin AbdullahSultan of Zanzibar Zanzibar1964–presentJuscelino KubitschekPresident of Brazil1964–1967Víctor Paz EstenssoroPresident of Bolivia1964–1978 1980–1982SaudKing of Saudi Arabia1964–1969João GoulartPresident of Brazil1964–1976 (1964–1973) (1973–1976)Mohamed BoudiafChairman of the High Council of State1964–1992 (Kenitra)Fulbert YoulouPresident of the Republic of Congo1965–1972 Democratic Republic of the CongoNguyễn KhánhPrime Minister of South Vietnam 1965–2013Saqr bin Sultan Al QasimiRuler of Sharjah 1965–1972 Bahrain EgyptMutesa IIPresident of UgandaKabaka of Buganda1966–1969Kwame NkrumahPresident of Ghana1966–1972 (1966–1971) (1971–1972)Mwambutsa IVKing of Burundi1966–1977 Republic of the CongoNtare VKing of Burundi1966–1972Shakhbut bin Sultan Al NahyanRuler of Abu Dhabi1966–1970Amin al-HafizPresident of Syria1966–2003Salah al-Din al-BitarPrime Minister of Syria1966–1980Constantine IIKing of the Hellenes1967–2013 Fernando Belaúnde TerryPresident of Peru1968–1980Abd ar-Razzaq an-NaifPrime Minister of Iraq1968–1978Muhammad al-BadrKing of Yemen Yemen1969–1996Norodom SihanoukPrime Minister of Cambodia1970–1993Said bin TaimurSultan of Oman1970–1972Moshoeshoe IIKing of Lesotho1970–19701990–1992Milton ObotePresident of Uganda1971–19791985–2005Ahmad bin Ali Al ThaniEmir of Qatar1972–1977, Son Ngoc ThanhPrime Minister of the Khmer Republic1972–1977Mohammed Zahir ShahKing of Afghanistan1973–2002Thanom KittikachornPrime Minister of Thailand1973–1976Américo TomásPresident of Portugal1974–1980Marcello CaetanoPrime Minister of Portugal1974–1980António de SpínolaPresident of Portugal1974–1976Cheng HengPresident of the Khmer Republic1975–1992Lon NolPresident of the Khmer Republic1975–1985In TamPrime Minister of the Khmer Republic1975–2006Nguyễn Văn ThiệuPresident of South Vietnam 1975–2001Nguyễn Bá CẩnPrime Minister of South Vietnam 1975–2009Boun OumPrime Minister of Laos1975–1980Alimirah HanfareSultan of Aussa Aussa Sultanate1975–1991Abdurrahim El-KeibPrime Minister of Libya1976–2011Michel MicomberoPresident of Burundi1976–1983James ManchamPresident of the Seychelles1977–1992Abdul Hamid BakkushPrime Minister of Libya1977–2007Ange-Félix PatasséPrime Minister of the Central African Empire1978–1979  1980–19811982–1992President of the Central African Republic2003–2009 Jafar Sharif-EmamiPrime Minister of Iran1978–1998Gholam Reza AzhariPrime Minister of Iran1978–2001Ali AminiPrime Minister of Iran1979–1992Shapour BakhtiarPrime Minister of Iran1979–1991Mohammad Reza PahlaviShah of Iran 1979–1980Idi AminPresident of Uganda1979–2003 (1979–1980) (1980–2003)Jean-Bédel Bokassa(Bokassa I)Emperor of Central Africa1979–1986 (1979–1983) (1983–1986)Fred DegazonPresident of Dominica1979–2008Félix MalloumPresident of Chad1979–2002Moktar Ould DaddahPresident of Mauritania1979–2001Anastasio Somoza DebaylePresident of Nicaragua1979–1980Pascal LissoubaPrime Minister of the Republic of the Congo1979–1990President of the Republic of Congo1997–2020 (1997–2004) (2004–2020)Ahmed Ben BellaPresident of Algeria1980–1990Luís CabralPresident of Guinea-Bissau1980–2009 (1980–1984) (1984–2009)Johan FerrierPresident of Suriname1980–2010Ali ZeidanPrime Minister of Libya1980–2012Isabel PerónPresident of Argentina1981–presentAbolhassan BanisadrPresident of Iran1981–2021Yusuf ZuayyinPrime Minister of Syria1981–2016Luis García MezaPresident of Bolivia1981–1995Jean Nguza Karl-i-BondFirst State Commissioner of Zaire1981–1985Prime Minister of Zaire1996–2003Hendrick Chin A SenPresident of Suriname1982–1995 Dương Văn MinhPresident of South Vietnam1983–2001 Jules SedneyPrime Minister of Suriname1983–1987Ahmadou AhidjoPresident of Cameroon1983–1989 Nguyễn Văn LộcPrime Minister of South Vietnam 1983–1992Benazir BhuttoPrime Minister of Pakistan1984–19871999–2007Gaafar NimeiryPresident of Sudan1985–1999Goukouni OueddeiPresident of Chad1985–2007 Saeb SalamPrime Minister of Lebanon1985–1994Jean-Claude DuvalierPresident of Haiti Haiti1986–2011Ferdinand MarcosPresident of the Philippines1986–1989Tito OkelloPresident of Uganda1986–1993Jean-Baptiste BagazaPresident of Burundi1987–1993 1998–2002 Henri NamphyPresident of Haiti1988–2018Ahmed al-MirghaniPresident of Sudan1989–2001Alfredo StroessnerPresident of Paraguay1989–2006Erich HoneckerGeneral Secretary1989–1994 (1989–1991) (1991–1993) (1992–1994)Hissène HabréPresident of Chad1990–2021Jabir III al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-SabahEmir of Kuwait1990–1991Michel AounPresident of Lebanon1990–2005Amine GemayelPresident of Lebanon1990–2000Jean-Bertrand AristidePresident of Haiti1991–1994 2004–2011 (2004) (2004–2011)Siad BarrePresident of Somalia1991–1995 (1991) (1991–1995)Chatichai ChoonhavanPrime Minister of Thailand1991–1992Mengistu Haile MariamPresident of Ethiopia1991–presentSultan Ali KeshtmandChairman of the Council of Ministers of Afghanistan1991–presentAlan GarcíaPresident of Peru1992–2001Ayaz MutallibovPresident of Azerbaijan1992–2012Mohammad NajibullahPresident of Afghanistan1992–1996 (mission)Joseph Saidu MomohPresident of Sierra Leone1992–2003Jorge Serrano ElíasPresident of Guatemala1993–presentDidier RatsirakaPresident of Madagascar1993–19962002–2011Théodore SindikubwaboPresident of Rwanda1994–1998Dawda JawaraPresident of the Gambia1994–2002 Abdumalik AbdullajanovPrime Minister of Tajikistan1994–present Khalifa bin Hamad Al ThaniEmir of Qatar1995–2004Carlos Salinas de GortariPresident of Mexico1995–1999 Faustin TwagiramunguPrime Minister of Rwanda1995–20032003–2023Sylvestre NtibantunganyaPresident of Burundi1996–1997 (embassy)Valentine StrasserHead of State of Sierra Leone1996–2000Burhanuddin RabbaniPresident of Afghanistan1996–2001Northern AllianceAbdalá BucaramPresident of Ecuador1997–2017Ahmad Tejan KabbahPresident of Sierra Leone1997–1998Mobutu Sese SekoPresident of Zaire 1997–1997 Akezhan KazhegeldinPrime Minister of Kazakhstan1997–presentJoachim Yhombi-OpangoPresident of the Republic of Congo1997–2007 Norodom RanariddhPrime Minister of Cambodia1997–19982007–2008Nawaz SharifPrime Minister of Pakistan1999–20072019–2023Henri Konan BédiéPresident of Ivory Coast1999–2001João Bernardo VieiraPresident of Guinea-Bissau1999–2005Jamil MahuadPresident of Ecuador2000–presentPierre-Célestin RwigemaPrime Minister of Rwanda2000–2011Alberto FujimoriPresident of Peru2000–2007 (2000–2005) (2005–2007)André KolingbaPresident of the Central African Republic2001–20032003–2010 Mullah OmarSupreme Leader of Afghanistan2001–2013 Zabul Province, Afghanistan (in hiding)Abdul KabirActing Prime Minister of Afghanistan2001–2021Gonzalo Sánchez de LozadaPresident of Bolivia2003–presentCharles TaylorPresident of Liberia2003–2006Martin ZiguéléPrime Minister of the Central African Republic2003–2005Jean-Paul NgoupandéPrime Minister of the Central African Republic2003–2005Gustavo NoboaPresident of Ecuador2003–2005 Norodom SihanoukKing of Cambodia2004–2012 Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed TayaPresident of Mauritania2005–present (2005) (2005–present)Lucio GutiérrezPresident of Ecuador2005–2005Askar AkayevPresident of Kyrgyzstan2005–presentNikolai TanayevPrime Minister of Kyrgyzstan2005–2020Thaksin ShinawatraPrime Minister of Thailand2006–20082008–2023Pervez MusharrafPresident of Pakistan2008–20132016–2023Marc RavalomananaPresident of Madagascar2009–2014 (2009) (2009–2014)Manuel ZelayaPresident of Honduras2009–2011 (2009) (2010–2011)Kurmanbek BakiyevPresident of Kyrgyzstan2010–presentZine El Abidine Ben AliPresident of Tunisia2011–2019Amadou Toumani TouréPresident of Mali2012–2017François BozizéPresident of the Central African Republic 2013–2019Michel DjotodiaPresident of the Central African Republic 2014–2020 Tom ThabanePrime Minister of Lesotho August–September 2014 Viktor YanukovychPresident of Ukraine2014–present Mykola AzarovPrime Minister of Ukraine2014–present Mikheil SaakashviliPresident of Georgia 2014–2021Mauricio FunesPresident of El Salvador2014–presentBlaise CompaoréPresident of Burkina Faso2014–present Abd Rabbuh Mansur HadiPresident of Yemen2015–presentYahya JammehPresident of the Gambia 2017–present Rafael CorreaPresident of Ecuador2017–presentYingluck ShinawatraPrime Minister of Thailand2017–presentEvo MoralesPresident of Bolivia 2019–2020Guillaume SoroPrime Minister of Ivory Coast2019–presentAshraf GhaniPresident of Afghanistan2021–presentGotabaya RajapaksaPresident of Sri LankaJuly–September 2022Paul-Henri Sandaogo DamibaInterim President of Burkina Faso2022–presentSuccès MasraPrime Minister of Chad2022–2023Jair BolsonaroPresident of Brazil2022–2023Ernest Bai KoromaPresident of Sierra Leone2024–present
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