Cornish heraldry
Introduction '''Cornish heraldry''' is the form of coats of arms and other heraldic bearings and insignia used in Cornwall, United Kingdom. While similar to English, Scottish and Welsh heraldry, Cornish heraldry has its own distinctive features. Cornish heraldry typically makes use of the tinctures ''sable'' (black) and ''or'' (gold), and also uses certain creatures like Cornish choughs. It also uses the Cornish language extensively for mottoes and canting arms.
Officials and law === Carminow v. Scrope ===The arms blazoned ''Azure, a bend or'', which were the subject of the casesOne of the earliest heraldic law cases brought in England was the 1389 case of Scrope v. Grosvenor. Scrope had found Grosvenor using the same arms as him, ''Azure a bend or'', and set out to prove his sole right to use them. In heraldic law no two unrelated families in the same country are permitted to bear the same arms. Following a long court case it was decided that Scrope had the right to the arms and Grosvenor was forced to change his arms to ''Azure a garb or''. It became known however that a Cornish knight by the name of Carminow was also using the disputed arms.Carminow, seeing Scrope's use of his arms, challenged the right of Scrope to bear the arms. In this case, the constable of England declared that both claimants had established their right to the arms. Carminow had proven that his family had borne the arms "from the time of King Arthur", while the Scrope family had only used the arms "from the Norman Conquest of England". (Neither of these claims to such antiquity were in fact possible as the era of heraldry did not start until the late 12th century). The two families were, however, considered of different heraldic nations, Scrope of England, Carminow of Cornwall, and as such could both bear the same arms. As stated in the records of the case, Cornwall was in effect deemed a separate nation, "a large land formerly bearing the name of a kingdom. "John Vivian and Henry Drake, in their preface to the ''Visitation of the County of Cornwall'', commented as follows: "Cornwall may be considered pre-eminent in the antiquity of its family heraldry, since it was admitted in court during the memorable Scrope and Grosvenor controversy that the same arms, ''Azure a bend or'', had remained in the family of Carminow from King Arthur. "=== Officials ===There are few recorded instances of heraldic officials in the Cornish tradition, however, heralds may commonly have been employed in Cornwall primarily as minstrels and story tellers. The harpist John Hilton was appointed by King Richard II as ''Cornwall Herald'' in 1398 at about the time of the Carminow case. A ''Cornwall Herald'' attended the coronation of Henry V in 1413 and there was a ''Cornwall Herald'' at the battle of Agincourt who, with the Duke of Norfolk, was too ill to take part. During the reigns of Edward IV and Henry VII the March herald was ''King of Arms'' of the west parts of England, Wales and Cornwall. Only one Cornish family is known to have had its own heraldic officer: Sir Richard Nanfan, Lord Deputy of Calais in 1503, retained a pursuivant or junior herald named Serreshal, but there may have been others.=== Heraldic law ===Cornish heraldry generally conformed with the rules and customs of English heraldry, and therefore with the Gallo-British tradition. However, the use of arms was far more widespread amongst the Cornish than the English and there was far less control over the use of heraldry. The antiquary Richard Carew wrote in the early 17th century, "The Cornish appear to change and diversify their arms at pleasure...The most Cornish gentlemen can better vaunt of their pedigree than their livelihood for that they derive from great antiquity, and I make question whether any shire in England of but equal quantitie can muster a like number of faire coate-armours". Jewers in his ''Heraldic church notes from Cornwall'', c. 1860-80, mentions the large number of landowners using arms never registered with the College of Arms in London. Every large farm or barton in Cornwall housed its own "Gentleman of Coat Armour".Historically primogeniture, the inheritance by the eldest son of the family estate, was not commonly practised in Cornwall. Amongst the Cornish, lands commonly were divided equally amongst all sons which resulted in smaller broken up estates, and if no sons existed lands were divided between daughters or closest relatives, male or female. This practice may have influenced the working and development of the Cornish tradition of heraldry. When primogeniture was practised, younger brothers were often married to an heiress. The heiress's arms were then adopted by the husband in place of his own family's.
Duchy of Cornwall Banner of the Duke of Cornwall The Duchy of Cornwall was created in 1337 from the former earldom of Cornwall. The first Duke was Edward, the Black Prince (1330-1376) who first used the badge of ''Three ostrich feathers''. Fox-Davies states that the badge associated with the Duchy is that of the Black Bull, often termed "of Clarence". Nevertheless, the Duchy is closely associated with the badge of the plume of feathers. The Black Prince erected a sculpted plume of feathers at the apex of the Duchy Palace roof at Lostwithiel when he paid his first visit there and to Restormel Castle in 1353.The arms of the Duchy are blazoned ''sable, fifteen bezants''. These arms were designed in the 15th century, based on the arms of Richard, Earl of Cornwall (1209-1272). A good explanation of the emblem of Cornwall is given by A. Fox-Davies in his “Book of Public Arms”: «In the days of the earlier Plantagenets, the pawnbrokers of Cornwall were the most enterprising and prosperous merchants in all England. When King John desired to hypothecate his crown jewels to raise money for a war in France, five of the principal "uncles" of Cornwall - Ben Levi of Truro, Ben Ezra of Penzance, Moses of Megavissey, (the other two names are illegible, see Manuscript CXLIX, British Museum) - formed an association, the Ancient and Honourable Association of Pawnbrokers, to take over his debts. The ‘trade-mark’ of the company was fifteen balls with the motto "One and All" to indicate that no business could be arranged without a quorum of all five members. When Edward I ascended the throne, this association was the most powerful in Cornwall. That Prince, following out his usual policy of exalting the merchant class, chose the trade-mark of the Ancient and Honourable Association of Pawnbrokers to be the coat-of-arms of the county of Cornwall.» Further information on the subject will be found in ‘An Ancyent and Ynterestyng Account of Ye Cornish Arms,’ of which there is a copy in the British Museum.The arms are today used as a badge by Prince William, Duke of Cornwall and they appear below the shield in his coat of arms. The supporters used with the badge are two Cornish choughs, each holding an ostrich feather, and the motto is ''Houmout'' (meaning "high-spirited") the personal motto of the Black Prince.===Duke of Cornwall===''For further reading; Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales'' Title  Escutcheon  Greater  Version  Blazon  Date of  Creation Duke of Cornwall 100px center ''Sables, Fifteen bezants or, five, four, three, two, one'' 1337 Duke of Cornwall  (as the Prince of Wales) 100px center ''Quarterly, 1st and 4th Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or armed and langued Azure (for England), 2nd quarter Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland), 3rd quarter Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland), with over all a label of three points Argent, and on an inescutcheon ensigned by the coronet of the heir-apparent, quarterly, Or and Gules four lions passant guardant counterchanged (for the Principality of Wales)'' 1911 Shield of Peace center ''Sables, three feathers argent, slipped through scrolls inscribed 'Ich Dien''' 1337
Cornish Symbolism A Cornish chough flying in PenwithThere are several charges and tinctures (colourings) used frequently in Cornish heraldry. These are derived mainly from Cornish royal and national symbolism.===Common charges===*Chough: the Cornish Chough, Cornwall's national bird, is very widely used in Cornish heraldry.Godolphin, featuring a double-headed eagleArms of the Killigrew family, featuring both bezants and a double-headed eagle*Double-headed eagle: eagles with two heads occur prominently in several Cornish arms, in contrast to the rest of Britain where they are rare. The popularity of this form of eagle is probably due to Richard, Earl of Cornwall, who bore such an eagle in his role as King of the Romans. *Bezants: Lower describes how Cornish families took the bezant from the arms of the ancient earls of Cornwall, "this coat is pretended to from Cadock or Cradock earl of Cornwall in the fifth century". The bezant in fact derives from the arms of Richard, Earl of Cornwall. *Rose: the rose is an extremely common charge in Cornish heraldry, thought by Lower to originate in the Wars of the Roses. William Smith Ellis thought it might have been derived from an unknown Anglo-Norman family in Cornwall using it as an emblem and passing it on to their supporters. It is more likely, however, to derive from the Cornish placename element ''ros'' meaning a promontory or heathland, or ''res'', a ford, Cornish gentry often using the name of their major estate as a surname. It is used by the family of Boscawen originally from Boscawen Rose.
Mottoes Many Cornish families from ancient times bore mottoes in the Cornish language, many of which were recorded in the 17th century. The practice of using Cornish language mottoes continues to this day. Examples include:===Familial examples===*Vaughan - ''Asgre lan dyogel ey pherchen'' (A good conscience is the best shield)*Carminow - ''Cala rag whethlow'' (A straw for the talebearer)*Glynn - ''Dre weres agan Dew ny'' (By the help of our God)*Truscott and Gay - ''Gwir yn erbyn y byd'' (the truth against the world)*Polwhele - ''Karenza wheelas Karenza'' (Love seeks out love)*Tonkin - ''Kensol tra Tonkyn, ouna Dew mathern yn'' (Before all things Tonkin, fear God in the King)*Williams - ''Meor vas tha dew'' (Gracious is thy God)*Polkinghorne - ''Rag Matern a pow'' (For King and Country)*Bolitho - ''Re deu'' (By God)*Ruddle - ''Ruthek ha yagh'' (Ruddy and hearty)*Tremenheere - ''Thrugscryssough ne Deu a nef'' (Do not disbelieve in God of Heaven)*Tonkin - ''Yn ton kyn nyjyaf'' (In a wave I swim)*Godolphin - ''Frank ha leal ettoga'' (Free and Loyal Forever) and ''Franc ha leal atho ve'' (Free and Loyal Am I)*Boscawen -''Bosco, Pasco, Karenza Venza'' (canting arms of unknown meaning, however ''Karensa a vynsa, covaytys ny vynsa'' (Love would, greed wouldn't) is a Cornish saying)*Harris of Keneggy - ''Car Deu reyz pub tra'' (Love God above all)*Noye of St Buryan - ''Teg yw hedhwch'' (Fair is peace)*Gwavas - ''En Hav perkou Gwav'' (In summer remember winter)*Sloggett of Tresloggett - ''Bethoh Dur'' (Be Bold)*Harvey - ''Arva hep arveth'' (To arm without aggression)*Tangye - ''Tangy an dorgallow''*Southcott - ''Nerth Dre Lelder'' (Strength Through Loyalty)*Trenear-Harvey - "Harth mes Len" (Boldly but sincerely)*Treen - ''A-barth an myghtern'' (For the King)===Corporate examples===The coat of arms of Cornwall Council*Cornish Guild of Heralds - ''Tyr ha Tylu'' (Land and Family)*Cornwall Council - ''Onen hag Oll'' (One and All)*Old Cornwall societies - ''Myghtern Arthur nyns yu marrow'' (King Arthur is not dead)*Federation of Old Cornwall Societies - ''Kyntelleugh an brewyon es gesys na vo kellys travyth'' (Gather ye the fragments that are left, that nothing be lost)*Gorseth Kernow - ''An gwyr erbyn an bys'' (The truth against the world)
List of Cornish Arms ===A=== Name  Escutcheon  Blazon  Seat or Residence Arundell 100px ''Sable, six martlets argent''  •  Trerice===B=== Name  Escutcheon  Blazon  Seat or Residence Basset 100px ''Barry wavy of six or and gules''  •  Tehidy Bond 100px ''Argent, a chevron sables with three bezants or''  •  Saltash Bodrugan 100px ''Argent, three bendlets gules a bordure engrailed sable'' Boscawen 100px ''Ermine, a rose gules barbed and seeded proper''   •  Falmouth Buller 100px ''Sable, on a cross argent quarter pierced of the field four eagles displayed of the first''  •  Trenant Park===C=== Name  Escutcheon  Blazon  Seat or Residence Calmady 100px ''Azure, a chevron between three pears or''  •  Stoke Climsland Carew 100px ''Or, three lions passant in pale sable''  •  Torpoint Carwythan  100px ''Argent, a fleur-de-lys gules a bordure engrailed'' Coryton 100px ''Argent, a saltire sable''  •  Pentillie Curnow 100px ''Argent, lion rampant gules with a ducal crown or'' Cutts 100px ''Argent, a bend engrailed sables, three roundels argent.'' •  Calstock===E=== Name  Escutcheon  Blazon  Seat or Residence Edgcumbe 100px''Gules, bend ermines cotised or three boar's heads couped argent''   •  Cotehele   •  Mount Edgcumbe, Maker Elliot 100px ''Argent, a Fess Gules, between double-cotises wavy Azure''   •  Port Eliot===F=== Name  Escutcheon  Blazon  Seat or Residence Fortescue 100px ''Azure, a bend engrailed argent plain cotised or''  •  Boconnoc Flamank 100px ''Argent, a cross between four mullets pierced gules''  •  Nanstallon   •  Bodmin Fox 100px ''Ermine, chevron azure, three foxes or, canton azure, fleur de lis or''  •  Falmouth Friend100px''Gules, chevron ermine, three deer argent''  •  Calstock===G=== Name  Escutcheon  Blazon  Seat or Residence Gilbert 100px ''Argent, a chevron gules with three roses argent.'' Godolphin 100px ''Gules, an eagle with two heads, displayed between three fleurs-de-lys, two and one, argent''  •  Godolphin House Goss 100px ''Argent, mullet gules, two, two, one, two, two''  •  Goss's boatyard, Calstock Gough 100px ''Sable, a chevron between three mermaids argent hair glass case and comb or''  •  Aldercombe   •  KilkhamptonGlencrossPer saltire ermine and azure, a lion rampant or, holding in the dexter forepaw a cross patonce of the last, in chief three chaplets of oak proper, fructed gold. * Luxstowe House Grenville 100px ''Gules, three clarions or'' Gross/Grosse 100px''Quarterly argent and azure, on a bend sable three martlets or''===H=== Name  Escutcheon  Blazon  Seat or Residence Hender 100px ''Azure semée of escallops or, a lion rampant'' Hunkin 100px ''Argent, a mascle sable over all a fess''===K=== Name  Escutcheon  Blazon  Seat or Residence Killigrew 100px ''Argent, bordure sables, 15 bezants or, eagle sables'' ===M=== Name  Escutcheon  Blazon  Seat or Residence Molesworth-St Aubyn 100px ''Ermine, on a cross sable five bezants''    •  Pencarrow===P=== Name  Escutcheon  Blazon  Seat or Residence Pascoe100px ''Argent, lion rampant sable''Pawley100px''Argent, a lion rampant sable, on a chief dancetty of the second three mullets'' Pengelly 100px Pennarth 100px ''Argent, a chevron between three bears' heads erased sables muzzled or'' Prideaux 100px ''Argent, a chevron sable in chief a label of three points gules''    •  Prideaux Place===R=== Name  Escutcheon  Blazon  Seat or Residence Rashleigh 100px ''Argent beaked and legged gules; in the second quarter: a text "T"; in the third and fourth quarters: a crescent all of the third''   •  Menabilly   •  Fowey Robartes 100px ''Azure, three estoiles and a chief wavy or''   •  Lanhydrock ===S=== Name  Escutcheon  Blazon  Seat or ResidenceScoble100px''Argent, lapel azure and three Fleur-de-lis gules''  •  CalstockSouthcott100px''Argent, chevron engrailed gules, three coots sable''   •  Calstock   •  CallingtonSpeccot100px''	Or, on a bend gules three millrinds argent''  •  Penheale St Aubyns 100px ''Ermine on a Cross Gules five Bezants all within a Bordure wavy of the second''  •  St Michael's Mount ===T=== Name  Escutcheon  Blazon  Seat or ResidenceThomas135x135px''Per pale nebuly argent and azure''•  St Just in PenwithTreen143x143px''Per chevron embattled Or and Vert, in chief two oak trees and in base a garb counterchanged. ''* Penwith Treffry Arms of Treffry ''Sable, a Chevron between three Trees Argent''   •  Place, Fowey Trefusis 100px ''Argent, a chevron between three spindles sable'' Trelawny 100px ''Argent, chevron sable''   •  Harewood House, Calstock   •  Trelawny, Pelynt Tremayne 100px ''Gules, three dexter arms conjoined at the shoulders and flexed in triangle or the fists clenched argent'' Trethurffe 100px ''Azure, a buck's head cabossed argent attired or''  •  Ladock Trevelyan 100px ''Gules, a demi-horse argent hoofed and maned or issuing out of water in base proper''   •  St Veep===V=== Name  Escutcheon  Blazon  Seat or ResidenceVautort100px''Argent, three bends gules a bordure sable bezantee''  •  Trematon===W=== Name  Escutcheon  Blazon  Seat or ResidenceWestlake100px''Azure, wavy argent''  •  Calstock   •  Gunnislake   •  TavistockWilcox100px''Ermine, chief chequy or and sable''  •  Kelly House, CalstockWilliams100px''Vair, three crescents or''  •  Harewood House, Calstock   •  St Michael Caerhays   •  Scorrier House; BurncooseWorth100px''Argent, eagle sable''   •  Calstock
Canting arms As in other heraldic traditions, canting, punning on the surname, is frequently used in Cornish heraldry. Often this uses the Cornish language, suggesting it was considered a high status language. These may not reflect the true origin of the name. Examples include:*Rose. Use is made of the rose as a charge for surnames containing ''ros'' and in mottoes can be a cant in English (''rose'') or Cornish (''rosen'', Cornish for rose). *Cleather (Cornish - , a sword) - ''Vert, a chevron between three swords pointed downwards Or. ''*Keigwyn (Cornish - , a white dog) - ''Vert, a chevron between three greyhounds courant Argent''*Trembleth (Cornish - , a wolf) - ''Sable, a wolf passant Argent''*Gregor (Cornish - , partridge, lit. heather-hen) - ''Argent, a chevron Gules between three partridges proper. ''*Molenick (Cornish - , a goldfinch or greenfinch) - ''Argent, a chevron Sable between three goldfinches proper. ''*Treen - ''Per chevron embattled Or and Vert, in chief two oak trees and in base a garb counterchanged:'' the trees make an English pun on the name. *Trenethyn (Cornish - , a bird) - ''Argent, a Cornish Chough Sable''*Treweek (Cornish - , sweet) - ''Argent, a beehive surrounded with bees volant proper. ''*Trevisa (Cornish - , corn) - ''Gules, a garb Or. ''*Harvey (Cornish - , arable land, ''harve'', to harrow) - ''Argent, a chevron between three harrows Sable''*Whetter (Cornish - , blower) - ''Argent, a bellows between two garbs proper. ''*Andean/Endean (Cornish - , the man) - ''Gules, a man statant naked proper holding in the dexter hand a cross fitchee Or, and in the sinister hand a sword Argent''*Penderill (Cornish - , oak trees) - ''Argent, on a mount an oak tree Vert, over all a fesse Purpure charged with three royal crowns Argent''*Penarth (Cornish - , bear head) - ''Argent, a chevron between three bears' heads erased Sable muzzled Or. ''*Penwyn (Cornish - , white head) - ''Gules, three boars' heads erased in pale Argent''*Penberthy (Cornish - , head bushes) - ''Argent, two choughs heads above a gorse bush proper. ''*Gwyn (Cornish - , white) - ''Per pale Azure and Gules, three lions rampant Argent''*Pellavere/Pellover/Pellower/Pellor/Pellow (Cornish - , gold ball) - ''Sable, a chevron Or between three bezants. ''* Trenear - Three Cornish Choughs near to each other: 'Three Near'
Supporters and crests Supporters are figures usually placed on either side of the escutcheon which hold it up-right. In British heraldry, the use of supporters is restricted to peers, royalty, Scottish barons and chiefs of clans. However a number of Cornish families, such as the Carminows and the Trevanions, do possess supporters, despite not being of noble rank as required in Scottish or English heraldry. The Carminows use: dexter, ''A pelican'' and sinister, ''A Cornish chough''. The Trevanions: dexter, ''A stag'', sinister ''A lion''. The Trevelyan family had ''Two dolphins proper'' as their supporters. Treffry had ''A man and a woman'' as supporters The St Legers of Cornwall used ''A wingless griffin.'' The office of Lord Warden of the Stannaries gave entitlement to the use of supporters. Sir Walter Raleigh, Lord Warden of the Stannaries 1584-1603, used ''Two wolves'' as his supporters from 1584 onwards.
Mythology === Attributed arms ===Attributed arms of the Saint Piran family* The heraldic achievements of the Vyvyan and Trevelyan families both reflect claims that they were descended from the only survivor of the destruction of Lyonesse who escaped on the back of a white horse. The Vyvyans having a horse for their crest and on their arms a lion rising out of the waves, whilst the Trevelyan's have a white horse rising out of the waves for their arms. *Saint Piran, a 6th-century abbot who later became Cornwall's patron saint, is said to have borne ''sable, a cross argent.'' This design is very popular today as a symbol of Cornwall, and it is used as the Cornish flag.
See also There is another list of armorial blazons "from Late 16th/Early 17th C Cornwall"  hereThere is a compendium of West Country arms, including many Cornish arms, collated from numerous primary and secondary sources,  here* Cornish symbols* Devon heraldry* Dorset heraldry* ''Great Cornish Families''*Cornish corporate heraldry
Further reading *Gilbert, Charles Sandoe, ''A Historical Survey of the County of Cornwall to which is added a Complete Heraldry of the same with Numerous Engravings'', 2 vols., London, 1820.Vol.2*Lysons, Daniel & Samuel, ''Magna Britannia, Vol. 3: Cornwall'', "Extinct Gentry Families"
References * Joseph Biddulph, Heraldry East (English & Cornish Armorials), 2001* Joseph Biddulph, Heraldry West: A Crop of Armory from Western Places in England and Cornwall, 2001*