Flora of Morocco
Introduction Morocco provides a refuge for a rich and diverse flora with about 4,200 taxa, of which 22% (879 taxa) are endemic. The phytogeographic zones of Morocco comprise 8 zones: the Mediterranean zone (central 0–500m, middle 500-1,000m and upper 1,100-1500m), the Cedar zone (1000-2000m), the sub-Alpine zone (2,000-2,500m), the Alpine zone (2,500m+), the semi-desert scrub zone, the Reg , the sandy desert zone and the oases.
Mediterranean or coastal zone Maquis and Garrique Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe, Mediterranean woodlands and forests, lower Northern slopes of Rif and Tell Atlas. The climax  of the Mediterranean coast is a well-developed maquis commonly associated with ''Clematis'', ''Smilax'', ''Lonicera'' and ''Asparagus''. Except in inaccessible or protected places the vegetation has been heavily grazed by domestic animals and this degraded maquis, called garrigue, is widespread. ''Poterium spinosum'', various ''Salvia'' and ''Cistus'' are the dominant plants of the garrigue. A prominent feature of the coastal vegetation is the presence of a large exotic flora: ''Casuarina'', ''Eucalyptus '', ''Citrus'', ''loquat'' and ''Opuntia ficus-indica'' are examples. Several species of steppe ''Acacia'' are common elements. The cultivated area which is extensive is wholly artificial and imported plants dominate the landscape. The meadows, orchards and wetter places in the maquis support such plants as fennel. ''Quercus suber'' the Cork Oak, a typical Mediterranean plantCharacteristic plants are ''Pinus halepensis'', ''Erica arborea'', ''Arbutus unedo'', ''Pistacia lentiscus'', ''Myrtus communis'', ''Clematis cirrhosa'', ''Asparagus acutifolius'', ''Phlomis viscosa'', ''Scilla autumnalis'' and ''Scilla peruviana'', ''Narcissus tazetta'', ''Iris palaestina'', ''Colchicum stevenii'', ''Arisarum vulgare'' ,  ''Quercus coccifera'', ''Quercus ilex'', ''Ceratonia siliqua'', ''Pistacia atlantica'', ''Pistacia terebinthus'', ''Crataegus azarolus'', ''Amygdalus communis'', ''Rhamnus alaternus'' Nerprun alaterne, ''Cistus'' spp., especially ''Cistus monspeliensis'', ''Cistus laurifolius'' and ''Cistus salviifolius'', ''Juniperinus phoenicea'', ''Phlomis'' spp. (''Phlomis lychnitis''), ''Helichrysum italicum'', '' Salvia'' spp., ''Satureia'' spp., ''Poterium'' spp., ''Arabis'' spp., ''Reseda'' spp., ''Aristolochia pallida'', ''A. boetica'', ''A. longa paucinervis'', ''A. fontanesi'', ''A. rotunda'', ''A. pistolochia'' :fr:Aristoloche pistoloche , ''Lavandula stoechas'', ''Jasminium fruticans'', and ''Brassica'' spp.
Central zone Mediterranean Acacia-Argania dry woodlands lie to the South of the Mediterranean zone. Further south in the Atlas Mountains Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests dominate.===The Cedar forests===''Cedrus libani'' var. ''atlantica'' protected at Parc national d'Ifran. Ifrane Middle Atlas, IfraneA mere remnant of their former glory the cedar forests are still impressive covering large areas of the Middle Atlas. The dominant plant ''Cedrus libani var. atlantica'' is peculiar to this zone along with ''Juniperus foetidissima'' and a multitude of low plants: ''Iberis odorata'', ''I. ciliata'', ''I. taurica'', ''Centaurea'' spp., ''Prunus amygdalus'', ''P. persica'', ''P. institia'', ''P. longipes'', ''Pyrus communis'', ''Malus domestica'', ''Crataegus oxyacantha'', ''Sisymbrium'' spp., ''Lunaria biennis'', ''Capparis spinosa'', ''Raphanus raphanistrum'', ''Isatis tinctoria'' continue. There is a total lack of the oak-dominated maquis of the Mediterranean zone and the lower limit of the zone of the Cedar is demonstrated by the lack of ''Berberis cretica''.===Middle Atlas Lakes (protected areas)===*Lac Aguelmame Aziza :fr:Lac Aguelmame Aziza in French*Lac Ouiouane :fr:Ouiouane in French*Lac Aguelmame Sidi Ali :fr:Lac Aguelmame Sidi Ali in French*Lac Daït Iffer :fr:Lac Daït Iffer in French*Lac Bin El Ouidanne OuaouizerthParc national d'Ifrane :fr:Parc national d'Ifrane in French*Parc national de Tazekka :fr:Parc national de TazekkaIn French
Sub-alpine zone The disappearance of ''Cedrus atlantica'' and the presence of ''Onobrychis cornuta'' signal the beginning of the sub-alpine zone characterised by the absence of trees most notably the fir and the cedar; this is a montane habitat of some vigour. Dominant vegetation is pads of thorny ''Astragalus'', ''Onobrychis'' (with ''cornuta'' as the most typical) and ''Acantholimon'', interspersed with stands of ''Berberis cretica''. ''Juniperus excelsa'' survives here and there. The sub-alpine zone is part in the Middle Atlas, part in the High Atlas.===Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe===(Cedar, juniper, pine, and oak forests cover approximately one-third of this eco-region. At high altitudes, junipers dominate the landscape. The key species is Juniperus thurifera. Even higher, the forests eventually give way to alpine meadows, pseudo-steppe vegetation, and finally scree slopes where purple cushion plants bloom. River valleys wind through the landscape, their rich, moist soil supporting willows, poplars, oaks, hawthorns, and a carpet of oleander).The High Atlas. Cultivation and high altitude endemic plants and spectacular peaks
Alpine zone Alpine conditions are encountered above 2,500m and the special features of high mountains are enhanced by the dryness of the climate. Typically the zone begins with the disappearance of ''Berberis'', ''Marrubium'' and ''Phlomis'' and the appearance of ''Vicia canescens'' in enormous quantity. The most important botanical characteristic is the presence of a hundred or so plants found nowhere else in Morocco, many of them endemic. The sub-alpine and alpine zones are both heavily overgrazed in many areas and this has left a mark on the vegetation. The success of plants such as ''Vicia canescens'' and ''Erodium trichomanifolium'' is undoubtedly due to the fact that they are unpalatable to goats.
The desert zones (semi-desert scrub, reg and sandy desert) The Little Atlas and Djbel (Montane) Sahara. Reg An inhospitable environment but here supporting a species of Acacia and desert hardy ''Deverra tortuosa''The Sahara desert is essentially a desert of herbs and small shrubs with larger shrubs and trees where moisture levels are higher. The dwarf-shrub community in the north comprises shrubs of less than 1 metre in height (usually about 50 cm. )as dominants. The bushes are often widely spaced, with a considerable amount of bare stony ground between the clumps which gives the vegetation a very parched appearance in the summers. Typical plants are ''Zizyphus lotus'', ''Ziziphus spina-christi'', ''Tamarix'' spp., ''Acacia'' spp., ''Moringa aptera'', ''Salvadora persica'', ''Thymus'' spp., ''Artemisia herba-alba'', ''Noaea mucronata'', ''Helianthemum'' spp., ''Braetama retam'', ''Periploca aphylla'', ''Suaeda'' spp., ''Salsola'' spp, ''Atriplex'' spp., ''Ephedra alata'', ''Haloxylon'' ''articulatum'', ''Pistacia atlantica'' and ''Achillea santolina''.In steppe areas where the scrub vegetation is hardly developed desert grasses of a multiplicity of species are the climax vegetation. Ephemerals are common in the north, halophytes in the sandy areas. Succulent plants are uncommon. The sandy desert has virtually no vegetation. With rain vegetation increases in wadis (oueds - vallies, gullies, or streambeds that remain dry except during the rainy season),depressions and wherever runoff water augments rainfall. The soils of the Sahara are formed of rock debris and desert detritus and are very weakly developed. The characteristic species of these true desert areas which decrease as desert scrub becomes reg and then sandy desert are:- ''Faidherbia albida'', ''A. raddiana'', ''A. seyal'', ''A. tortilis'', ''Achillea santolina'', ''Alyssum macrocalyx'', ''Anabasis aretoides'', ''A. articulata'', ''Androcymbium punctataum'', ''Aristoides coerulescens'', ''Aristida pungens'', ''Artemisia herba-alba'', ''A. monosperma'', ''Astragulus tribuloides'', ''Atriplex halimus'', ''Balanites aegyptiaca'', ''Caligonum comosum'', ''Caltropis procera'', ''Cenchrus ciliaris'', ''Citrullus colocynthus'', ''Danthonia forskalii'', ''Ephedra alata'', ''Euphorbia guyoniana'', ''Deverra scoparia''  , ''D. chloranthus'', ''Linaria aegyptica'', ''Annarrhinum fruticosum''  , ''Haloxylon guyonianum'', ''Maerua crassifolia'', ''Nerium oleander'', ''Olea europaea'', ''Panicum turgidum'', ''Phoenix dactylifera'', ''Populus euphratica'' , ''Prosopis stephaniana'', Rhus oxyacanthae, ''Roetboellia hirsuta'', ''Salsola foetida'','' S.inermis'', ''Salvadora persica'', ''Stipa tortilis'', ''Suaeda fruticosa'', ''S.vermiculata'', ''Tamarix articulata'', ''Zilla spinosa'', ''Zygophyllum coccineum'', ''Z. decumbens'', ''Z. dumosum'' s and ''Capparis spinosa''.In the depressions and inter-dunal areas, bushes ''Retama raetam'', ''Ziziphus lotus'' , ''Genista saharae'',''Calligonum comosum'', ''Acacia raddiana'', ''Acacia seyal'', ''Pistacia atlantica'', ''Tamarix aphylla'', ''Calligonum azel'' and ''Calligonum arich''. In the depressions of the ''dayas'' and ''uidians'' , there are endemic species such as ''Panicum turgidum'', ''Pituranthos'' sp., ''Neurada procumbens'',''Anastatica hyrochuntina'' and ''Astragalus gumbo''.The ''hammadas'' often have endemics such as ''Pituranthos chloranthus'' , ''Helianthemum lippii'', ''Gymnocarpos decander'', ''Helianthemum kahiricum'', ''Anabasis aretioides'',''Haloxylon scoparium'' and ''Arthrophytum schmittianum''.
Rivers and oases Fields of grain in Mhamid oasis in the Draa River valleyThe larger rivers serve to spread the vegetation of the Mediterranean zone q.v. further south and allow the introduction of the plants of Africa to the north. Both rivers and oases support many anthropogenic species resembling in extreme cases tropical botanic gardens.The zones were established by the International Phytogeographic Excursion of 1936.
See also *List of ecoregions in Morocco*Geography of Morocco
References * Rankou, H., Culham, A., Jury, S. L. & Christenhusz, M. J. M. 2013.The endemic flora of Morocco. ''Phytotaxa'' 78: 1–69. * Rübel, E. & Lüdi, W. (eds) (1936)'' Ergebnisse der Internationalen pflanzengeographischen Exkursion durch Marokko und Westalgerien 1936.Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes Rübel in Zürich'' ; 14* See * Pils, G. 2022.Illustrated Flora of Morocco, 608 pp.- Eigenverlag, Kostinbrod/Bulgarien, ISBN 978-3-200-08790-3.
External links ;Links in English*— Sahara Nature.com: Saharan flora — plant images *— Western Desert Flora images — ''in Egypt, but many shared species''. *–— Biodiversity of South-Western Morocco — ''photographs of flora and plant communities of Southwestern Morocco''. *— Herbarium.uk: Mediterranean Plants — identification & distribution*— Unep.org: Northern Africa ;Links in French* Parcs nationaux du Maroc* Biodiversité du Maroc - Tarrier & Delacre* Biodiversité du Parc Naturel d'Ifrane - Tarrier & Delacre* Les Papillons diurnes du Parc Naturel d’Ifrane (Maroc) par Michel Tarrier & Jean Delacre* Les oiseaux des cimes* Les initiateurs de la Maison de l'Écologie et des Écosystèmes du Maroc à Ifrane* Un éco-projet pour le Parc Naturel d'Ifrane par Michel Tarrier & Jean Delacre - Historique* Alerte-Nature-Maroc* Portail M.E.E.M coinitiateurs J.Delacre et M .Tarrier* Problèmatique du Val d'Ifrane* Histoire d'Ifrane* Faune du Maroc* G.E.R.E.S* Terre Maroc* Futura science Protection du singe Magot* Entomologie* Portail des berbères chleuhs imazighen du Maroc* Ifrane Moyen Atlas** Surpâturage * Les cédraies du Maroc en danger* Groupe d'etudes et d'observation pour la sauvegarde des animaux sauvages et des écosystèmes