Fontana Maggiore
Introduction The '''''Fontana Maggiore''''', a masterpiece of medieval sculpture, placed in the centre of Piazza IV Novembre (formerly Piazza Grande), is the monument symbol of the city of Perugia.
History The monumental fountain was designed by Frà Bevignate da Cingoli and built between 1275 and 1277 to celebrate the arrival of water in the acropolis of the city, by means of the new aqueduct. Bevignate cooperated with other talented professionals, as Boninsegna Veneziano, a hydraulic engineer, who accomplished an incredible audacious endeavour, being able to carry the water coming from monte Pacciano, located a few kilometres, without the help of pumps. By means of a forced pressure duct, he managed to give to the water the opposite movement, i.e., the water flowed uphill instead of downhill. Another co-worker was the melter Rosso Padellaio, who created the bronze upper part of the fountain. The marble reliefs were placed from 1278, carved by the most important sculptors of the period: Nicola Pisano, in partnership with Giovanni, his son. The fountain was damaged by the earthquake of 1348, with the subsequent random reconstruction of the tile order; it was refurbished the first time in 1948/49 and then again in 1995/99.The fountain inspired Jacopo di Grondalo for the construction of the fountain Sturinalto of Fabriano in 1285.In the early 20th century, the fountain was refurbished by the architect Giuseppe Sacconi.
Description Bas relief of a Griffin and a Lion, symbols of the cityThe fountain was prepared in a workshop and then assembled in the centre of the square; it was made of stone from Assisi. The fountain consists of two concentric polygonal marble basins, on top a bronze cup (by the artisan Rosso Padellaio from Perugia) decorated with a coloured bronze group of feminine figures (perhaps nymphs) out of which comes the water. The lower basin is made up of 25 mirrors, each divided into 2 tiles that describe the 12 months of the year, each of which is related to a zodiac symbol. Each month is connected to scenes of daily life and the farming work that characterize it. As in other contemporary sculptures from Europe, in which the months are represented, here the manual work obtains dignity. In this basin manual labour is in fact represented together with the arti liberali (liberal arts), with philosophy, with characters from the Bible and the history of Rome; in this specific order: The fountain seen from aboveThe fountain in Piazza IV Novembre* The month of January (a gentleman and his wife at the hearth – Aquarius) * The month of February (two fishermen - Pisces) * The month of March (the "spinario" and the pruning of the vineyard - Aries) * The month of April (two allegories of spring - Taurus)  * The month of May (two Knights on Falconry - Gemini) * The month of June (the harvest and flailing - Cancer) * The month of July (the threshing and the division of wheat - Lion) * The month of August (the fig harvest - Virgo) * The month of September (the crushing of must - Libra and the grape harvest) * The month of October (the filling up of casks - Scorpion and the construction of casks) * The month of November (the ploughing - Sagittarius and the sowing) * The month of December (the slaughter of the pork - Capricorn) * The Lion Guelph and the Griffin of Perugia * Grammar and Dialectic * Rhetoric and Arithmetic * Geometry and Music * Astronomy and Philosophy * Two eagles, on the right one the signature of Giovanni Pisano * The Original Sin and the expulsion from Eden * Samson kills the Lion and Samson and Dalila * Davide triumphant and Golia defeated * Romulus and Remus (represented as two falconers) * The she-wolf that fed Romulus, Remus and their mother Rea Silvia * Two of Aesop's fables (the fox and the crane and the wolf and the lamb) File:Perugia - Fontana Maggiore (sec. XIII) - Foto G. Dall'Orto 6 ago 2006 - 07.jpg|Detail of Fontana MaggioreFile:Perugia - Fontana Maggiore - 1 - Mesi - 01 - Gennaio - Foto G. Dall'Orto 5 ago 2006.jpg|Aquarius and the month of JanuaryFile:Perugia - Fontana Maggiore - 1 - Mesi - 02 - Febbraio - Foto G. Dall'Orto 5 ago 2006.jpg|The fishermen and the month of FebruaryFile:Perugia - Fontana Maggiore - 1 - Mesi - 03 - Marzo - Foto G. Dall'Orto 5 ago 2006.jpg|The "Spinario", the Aries and the month of March File:Perugia - Fontana Maggiore - 1 - Mesi - 04 - Aprile - Foto G. Dall'Orto 5 ago 2006.jpg|The allegories of spring and the Taurus for the month of AprilFile:Perugia - Fontana Maggiore - 1 - Mesi - 05 - Maggio - Foto G. Dall'Orto 5 ago 2006 1.jpg|Two Falconers for the month of MayFile:Perugia - Fontana Maggiore - 1 - Mesi - 06 - Giugno - Foto G. Dall'Orto 5 ago 2006 1.jpg|The harvest and the month of JuneFile:Perugia - Fontana Maggiore - 1 - Mesi - 07 - Luglio - Foto G. Dall'Orto 5 ago 2006 1 Bearbeitung 1.jpg|The flailing and the threshing of wheat in JulyFile:Perugia - Fontana Maggiore - 1 - Mesi - 08 - Agosto - Foto G. Dall'Orto 5 ago 2006.jpg|The fig harvest and the month of AugustFile:Perugia - Fontana Maggiore - 1 - Mesi - 09 - Settembre - Foto G. Dall'Orto 5 ago 2006.jpg|The crushing of grapes in SeptemberFile:Perugia - Fontana Maggiore - 1 - Mesi - 10 - Ottobre - Foto G. Dall'Orto 5 ago 2006.jpg|The preparation of wine in OctoberFile:Perugia - Fontana Maggiore - 1 - Mesi - 11 - Novembre - Foto G. Dall'Orto 5 ago 2006.jpg|The ploughing and sowing - NovemberFile:Perugia - Fontana Maggiore - 1 - Mesi - 12 - Dicembre - Foto G. Dall'Orto 5 ago 2006.jpg|the slaughter of the pork in DecemberFile:Perugia - Fontana Maggiore - 2 - Arti liberali - 1-2 - Grammatica e Dialettica - Foto G. Dall'Orto 5 ago 2006.jpg|Grammar and Dialectic File:Perugia 038.JPG|Rhetoric and ArithmeticFile:Perugia 035.JPG|Astronomy and Philosophy In the upper basin, 24 statues at the corners, representing saints and mythological and biblical characters from the New and Old Testament. As in the lower basin, there is no contrast between the new Judeo-Cristian civilization and the ancient Greek-Roman civilization, they are harmonized and placed in continuity. The basin can be seen as a wind rose, where at each cardinal point there are relevant characters; i.e., the representation of Augusta Perusia with the cornucopia on her lap, which draw nourishment from the ears of wheat brought by the lady of Chiusi (once the granary of Perugia) and from the fish offered by Domina Iacus, the nymph of the Lake Trasimeno. Then follows all the characters related to the city. In the opposite cardinal point, to the North, Euliste, the legendary founder of Perugia. To the West, Rome, related to the representation of the Roman Church and of Divinitas Excelsa and of Saints Pietro and Paolo. Another important character to the East is S. Giovanni Battista, for the role of the water as an essential and sacred element; it is associated with Salomè and other biblical characters. The representation of the 24 statues are: * San Pietro * The Church of Rome * Roma caput mundi (Rome capital of the world) * Divinitas Excelsa  * San Paolo * A Cleric of San Lorenzo * San Lorenzo, patron saint of the city * The nymph of the territory of Chiusi or Domina Clusi * Augusta Perusia * The nymph of Trasimeno or Domina lacus, who offers the fish to Perugia * San Ercolano, patron saint of the city * The Cleric traitor of San Ercolano * Saint Benedict  * John the Baptist * Solomon * David * Salomè  * Mosè * Matteo da Correggio, podestà of Perugia * The Archangel Michele * Euliste, the legendary founder of Perugia * Melchisedec * Ermanno da Sassoferrato, capitano del Popolo * The Victory In the lower frame of the second basins, Latin verses are carved; epigraphic abbreviation provides information on the authors and the date of the sculpture, and they are an invitation to examine and interpret the fountain: "Guarda tu che passi questa fontana dal lieto mormorio, se osservi bene puoi vedere cose mirabili…." (Look, you who pass by this fountain with its babbling, if you look closer you can see wonderful things.) File:Cup bronze with nymphs of the Fontana Maggiore in Perugia.jpg|The bronze cup with the 3 nymphsFile:Perugia - Fontana Maggiore (sec. XIII) - Foto G. Dall'Orto 6 ago 2006 - 03.jpg|The upper basinFile:Perugia - Fontana Maggiore (sec. XIII) - Foto G. Dall'Orto 5 ago 2006 - 04.jpg|''Melchisedec''File:Perugia 030.JPG|The church, Rome and TeologyFile:Perugia 055.JPG|The personification of PerugiaFile:Perugia 065.JPG|San BenedettoFile:Fontana Maggiore, particolare.JPG|DetailFile:Fontana Maggiore (Perugia).jpg|view
Stamp In 1974, the Poste Italiane (Italian Posts) dedicated to Fontana Maggiore a 40 Lire stamp (ex-Italian currency), for the collection "Fontane d’Italia"(Italian fountains).
See also * Piazza IV Novembre* Sturinalto
References
Bibliography * *