Nonlinear resonance
Introduction In physics, '''nonlinear resonance''' is the occurrence of resonance in a nonlinear system. In nonlinear resonance the system behaviour – resonance frequencies and modes – depends on the amplitude of the oscillations, while for linear systems this is independent of amplitude. The mixing of modes in non-linear systems is termed resonant interaction.
Description Generically two types of resonances have to be distinguished – linear and nonlinear. From the physical point of view, they are defined by whether or not external force coincides with the eigen-frequency of the system (linear and nonlinear resonance correspondingly). Vibrational modes can interact in a resonant interaction when both the energy and momentum of the interacting modes is conserved. The conservation of energy implies that the sum of the frequencies of the modes must sum to zero:  :with possibly different  being eigen-frequencies of the linear part of some nonlinear partial differential equation. The  is the wave vector associated with a mode; the integer subscripts  being  indexes into Fourier harmonics – or eigenmodes – see Fourier series. Accordingly, the frequency resonance condition is  equivalent to a Diophantine equation with many unknowns. The problem of finding their solutions is equivalent to the Hilbert's tenth problem that is proven to be algorithmically unsolvable.Main notions and results of the theory of nonlinear resonances are:# The use of dispersion relations  appearing in various physical applications allows finding the solutions of the frequency resonance condition. # The set of resonances for a given dispersion function and the form of resonance conditions is partitioned into non-intersecting resonance clusters; dynamics of each cluster can be studied independently (at the appropriate time-scale). These are often called "bound waves", which cannot interact, as opposed to the "free waves", which can. A famous example is the soliton of the KdV equation: solitons can move through each other, without interacting. When decomposed into eigenmodes, the higher frequency modes of the soliton do not interact (do not satisfy the equations of the resonant interaction), they are "bound" to the fundamental.# Each collection of bound modes (resonance cluster) can be  represented by its NR-diagram which is a plane graph of the special structure. This representation allows to reconstruct uniquely 3a) dynamical system describing time-dependent behavior of the cluster, and 3b) the set of its polynomial conservation laws; these are generalization of Manley–Rowe constants of motion for the simplest clusters (triads and quartets).# Dynamical systems describing some types of the clusters can be solved analytically; these are the exactly solvable models.# These theoretical results can be used directly for describing real-life physical phenomena (e.g. intraseasonal oscillations in the Earth's atmosphere) or  various wave turbulent regimes in the theory of wave turbulence. Many more examples are provided in the article on resonant interactions.==Nonlinear resonance shift== Foldover effectNonlinear effects may significantly modify the shape of the resonance curves of harmonic oscillators.First of all, the resonance frequency  is shifted from its "natural" value  according to the formula:where  is the oscillation amplitude and  is a constant defined by the anharmonic coefficients.Second, the shape of the resonance curve is distorted ('''foldover effect'''). When the amplitude of the (sinusoidal) external force  reaches a critical value  instabilities appear. The critical value is given by the formula:where  is the oscillator mass and  is the damping coefficient.Furthermore, new resonances appear in which oscillations of frequency close to  are excited by an external force with frequency quite different from ===Nonlinear frequency response functions===Generalized frequency response functions, and nonlinear output frequency response functions  allow the user to study complex nonlinear behaviors in the frequency domain in a principled way. These functions reveal resonance ridges, harmonic, inter modulation, and energy transfer effects in a way that allows the user to relate these terms from complex nonlinear discrete and continuous time models to the frequency domain and vice versa.
See also * Duffing equation* Wave turbulence
Notes and references ===Notes======References===* *
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