Hawsha
Introduction '''Hawsha''' (, ''Hǔsheh'', also '''Husha''') was a Palestinian village located  east of Haifa, about  above sea level.During the late Roman period, Hawsha was the site of the ancient Jewish town of Usha, which was the seat of the Sanhedrin. Ruins on the site include ancient mosaics and tombs. The village had a Maqam (shrine) for Nabi Hushan.In 1945, it had a population of 580 inhabitants, 400 of whom were Arab Muslims and 180 of whom were Jewish. The built-up area of the village was 50 dunums, and 717 dunums were used for agriculture. All but 7 dunums of public land were owned by Jews by this time.Hawsha was depopulated during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on April 16, 1948, as part of the Battle of Ramat Yohanan.
Location The village was located on a low hilly area between the plain of Haifa and ''Marj ibn Amr'' (Jezreel Valley) and situated on an east–west axis. To the west lay a wide valley, ''Wadi Husheh'', that was the dividing area between it and the neighboring village of Khirbat al-Kasayir.
History ===Israelite city: unlikely===19th-century researchers have connected Hawsha to the biblical village of Hosah (Chossah), a border settlement of the Israelite tribe of Asher. More recently, this biblical city tends to be identified with archaeogical sites closer to Tyre.===Roman- and Byzantine-period Jewish city===19th-century researchers such as Leopold Zunz and those from the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF), among others, have identified Hawsha as the site of the Roman- and Byzantine-period city of Usha, the seat of the Sanhedrin after AD 135.===Crusader domain===Hawsha was mentioned as part of the domain of the Crusaders during the hudna between the Crusaders based in Acre and the Mamluk sultan al-Mansur Qalawun, declared in 1283.===Ottoman period: shrine, ancient ruins, well===Under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, the lands at Hawsha belonged to the inhabitants of Shefa 'Amr. The site contained many ancient ruins, parts of which were used to build some structures, including a shrine known as ''Maqam Nabi Hushan'', a well (''Bir Husheh''), and tombstones. William M. Thomson, writing in 1859, identifies the shrine as ''Neby Hǔshǎ'', which he translates as the "Prophet Joshua," and describes it as a "white-domed mazar ... a place of great resort." In the ''Survey of Western Palestine'' (SWP; 1838), it is noted that the Prophet Hosea is said to be buried near "Kh. Husheh." Also in the village was a mosaic floor from an ancient building.V. Guérin, who visited the site in 1875, provides a lengthy description of the ancient ruins in evidence throughout the area. He states his belief that this is the site of ancient Usha and speculates that the ruins of a finely built edifice, in which there are the remnants of many columns, was a synagogue. He then says a synagogue of ''Ousha'' should be constructed if there is not already such a place of worship in the vicinity. Also noting the presence of the domed ''wali'' of ''Neby Houchan'' consecrated to the prophet Hosea, he cites the Muslim tradition that this prophet is here interred. He describes the shrine as being constructed of what appear to be ancient stones, with what seems to be a mihrab at its base, noting there are shreds of clothing strewn and floating about it.In an 1890 quarterly statement for the PEF, the ancient ruins of Hawsha are described as follows: "This ruin ... must have been an important place, to judge from the mass of building stones and the fragments of columns lying about. Now that the grass is dried up a regular city wall can be traced. On the main road running from the well towards the ruin some fine capitals are lying about, which have a close resemblance to those which on other sites have been stated to be remains of synagogues. The shafts of columns lying about generally have the basis or capital worked out of the same piece, have a diameter of 18 inches, and are composed of Nari limestone. "In the same report, it is noted that the water of ''Bir Husheh'', located at the western edge of the ruin, is praised by the locals for its "excellence." Older inhabitants relayed how Jezzar Pasha and Abdullah Pasha, former governors of 'Acca, had their drinking water supplied from the well, and tended to camp by the well during their trips to the interior. Also mentioned in the report is a Greek-language inscription found on a flat stone  to the east of the eastern city wall of the ancient city and  to the west of a small olive grove, in a rocky region just to the south of a road leading to Shefa 'Amr. The inscription was discovered by natives of Shefa 'Amr who showed it to a priest from Beirut, who in turn shared it with Gottlieb Schumacher of the  PEF.===British Mandate village===In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Husheh  had a total population of 165, all Muslims,  increasing in the 1931 census to 202, still all  Muslims, in a total of 53 houses.Hawsha was categorized as a hamlet in the Mandate-period ''Palestine Index Gazetteer''. The houses were clustered around the water cistern at the center of the village. The Muslim inhabitants shared a cemetery with Khirbat al-Kasayir. The villagers were agriculturalists and pastoralists who raised livestock. Beans were the most important agricultural product. The agricultural area of the village lay to the southwest. A small area north of the built-up part of the village was planted with olive and fruit trees.In 1937, Kibbutz Usha was established  west of Hawsha.In the 1945 statistics, Hawsha was counted among  Shefa-'Amr's  suburbs and was noted with a population of  400 Muslims.===1948 war and aftermath===On 11 April 1948, Fawzi al-Qawuqji ordered the ALA's Druze Battalion to begin operations around Kibbutz Ramat Yohanan. The Battalion occupied the semi-abandoned villages of Hawsha and Khirbat al-Kasayir and began to shell Ramat Yohanan and harass the neighboring settlements. The Haganah responded and on the night of 15–16 April, what is known as the Battle of Ramat Yohanan, after the Jewish settlement bloc close to where it was fought, also known by Palestinian historians as the 'Battle of al-Husha and al-Kayasr', after the Palestinian villages that were conquered by the Haganah forces by the battle's end, ensued. According to Morris, "Wailing refugees fled to Shafa-Amr, spreading rumors of Jewish atrocities". According to Benvenisti, the Arab inhabitants who remained in the village following its conquest were evicted in the months following the end of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, as were the inhabitants of neighboring villages whose lands were coveted for Jewish settlement.A volunteer effort to restore the cemetery of the depopulated village of Hawsha was undertaken in 1994 and overseen by the Al-Aqsa Association of the Islamic Movement in Israel.
Footnotes i.  Hoshea or Hosea is used to refer to different biblical characters: Joshua, whose name was changed from Hoshea/Hosea ("salvation") to Joshua ("Yahweh is salvation") by Moses; Hosea, the prophet mentioned in the Book of Hosea; and Hoshea, ruler of the Kingdom of Israel.
References
Bibliography ****** (p. 671) *** *************Zunz, L. (1841). "On the geography of Palestine from Jewish sources". In  (ed. ), ''The itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela'', Volume 2.Berlin:  printing house. p.  428.. Access date 29 January 2024. *
External links * Welcome To Hawsha* Hawsha,  Zochrot*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5:       IAA,  Wikimedia commons* Hawsha, from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center