Mammillaria spinosissima
Introduction '''''Mammillaria spinosissima''''' (), also known as the '''spiny pincushion cactus''', is a species of flowering plant in the cactus family Cactaceae, endemic to the central Mexican states of Guerrero and Morelos, where they grow at elevations of approximately . The species was described in 1838 by James Forbes, gardener of the Duke of Bedford. Botanist David Hunt collected a specimen in 1971, when he located one near Sierra de Tepoztlan, Mexico.''M. spinosissima'' thrive in well-drained soils that are sandy or loam, with a pH ranging from acidic to neutral. They prefer low humidity and full, filtered sun. Plants are typically watered once every two or three weeks, and kept nearly dry during the winter months. They require no pruning and make good patio and container plants. They are relatively disease resistant, but susceptible to pests such as mealybugs. Synonyms of ''M. spinosissima'' include ''Mammillaria centraliplumosa'', ''Mammillaria haasii'', and ''Mammillaria virginis''.
Taxonomy Sierra de TepoztlanCarl Linnaeus designated ''Mammillaria'' as a type genus for cactus in 1753.In 1838, James Forbes, gardener of the Duke of Bedford, listed and described a species he called ''Echinocactus spinosissimas'' from a group of cacti he had acquired in Europe three years earlier. Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose believe that Forbes was given that name by Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer, but the plant was actually ''Mammillaria spinosissima''.Pfeiffer had published the first infrageneric division of ''Mammillaria'' in 1837, dividing the genus into two groups based on distinct spine characteristics. In 1845, Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck – based on work by Frederick Scheer – expanded the classification into eight groups. With at least 145 recognized species, it is one of the largest and most morphologically variable genera in the cactus family. Others estimate there are as many as two hundred species of ''Mammillaria'', including sixty-two cultivated species from India. Though larger, the genus ''Opuntia'' is less popular with gardeners and landscapers. ''Mammillaria'' was previously thought to be monophyletic, but phylogenic analysis indicates that ''Mammilloydia'' is "embedded within a 'core' group of ''Mammillaria'' species." A specimen of ''Mammillaria spinosissima'' was collected by Botanist David Hunt in September 1971, when he located one in Mexico, near the Morelos Cautla-Cuernavaca toll road in Sierra de Tepoztlan, at an altitude of .===Similar species, subspecies and synonyms===Species similar to ''Mammillaria spinosissima'' include ''Mammillaria backebergiana'' and ''Mammillaria meyranii''. Subspecies include ''M. spinosissima pilcayensis'', synonym: ''Bravo'' (D. R. Hunt), ''M. spinosissima tepoxtlana'' (D. R. Hunt), and ''M. spinosissima spinosissima'' (Lem.). Synonyms of ''M. spinosissima'' include ''Mammillaria centraliplumosa'' (Fittkau), ''Mammillaria haasii'' (J. Meyrán), and ''Mammillaria virginis'' (Fittkau and Kladiwa).
Description In the United States Botanic Garden''Mammillaria spinosissima'', also known as spiny pincushion cactus, are cylindrical plants that grow up to  tall and  wide. They reach full height after five to ten years. The spines are red-brown or white, with cream-colored radials and pink, funnel-shaped flowers that grow in a ring around the apex of the stem to approximately  long. The relatively small cacti are globular or elongated, and the flowers produce generally bright red berries that are club-shaped, smooth, and juicy. ''Mammillaria'' species tend to grow low to the ground in solitary or grouped in clusters. The genus is marked by its dimorphic areoles: the spine bearing, or vegetative, areoles are located on the apex of the tubercle, and flowering areoles are located inside the axils of the tubercles. The stem is woolly and covered with bristles.
Native habitat The genus ''Mammillaria'' native habitat ranges from Colombia and Venezuela to the Southwestern United States. Its diversity is greatest in Mexico. Species have also been documented in the West Indies. ''M. spinosissima'' is endemic to central Mexico and concentrated in the states of Guerrero and Morelos, where they grow at elevations of approximately ; they prefer dry, tropical forests and xerophilous scrub. The subspecies ''pilcayensis'' is named for its occurrence in the Barranca de Pilcaya, in Guerrero.
Cultivation Britton and Rose believe that ''M. spinosissima'' has been in cultivation since at least 1835.The species thrives in well-drained soils that are sandy or loam, with a pH that is acidic, alkaline, or neutral. They prefer low humidity, and grow well under glass, with full, filtered sun from the south, north, and east. Plants are typically watered once every couple of weeks, and kept nearly dry during the winter months. Propagation is facilitated by offsets of seeds sown in early spring in  weather. They require no pruning and make good patio and container plants. They are disease resistant, but are susceptible to pests such as mealybugs. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Gallery File:Mammillaria spinosissima.jpeg|In a cluster, Kew Gardens, LondonFile:Mammillarspinosissima.jpg|FlowersFile:Mammillaria (aka).jpg|''M. spinosissima'' cv. 'un pico'File:Fuzzy cactuses.jpg|''M. spinosissima subsp. pilcayensis''
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