Athlete biological passport
Introduction An '''athlete biological passport''' is an individual electronic record for professional athletes, in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time. Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athlete's established levels outside permissible limits, rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances.Although the terminology ''athlete passport'' is recent, the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping. Maybe the first marker of doping that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood but instead the induced deviations in biological parameters is the testosterone over epitestosterone ratio (T/E). The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples. A decade later, in 1997, markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations, such as the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) and the Federation Internationale de Ski, to deter the abuse of recombinant erythropoietin that was undetectable by direct means at that time.In 2002 the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term "athlete passport". The advantages were listed in a science journal paper. and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency.While a new drug test must be developed and validated for each new drug, the advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the natural stability of the physiology of the human being. There can be a lag of between the availability of a new drug and the development of an effective test. In contrast, the physiology of the human being remains the same through several generations and all biomarkers developed today in the athlete passport will remain valid for at least several decades. For example, the blood module of the passport is already sensitive today to any new future form of recombinant erythropoietin, as well as to any form of gene doping that will enhance oxygen transfer to the muscles. Also, while a negative drug test does not necessarily mean that the athlete did not dope, the athlete can present his/her passport at the beginning of a competition to attest that he/she will compete in his/her natural, unaltered condition.The athlete passport was widely covered in the media when the blood module was established at the beginning of the 2008 racing season by the world cycling federation, the UCI. In May 2008 the UCI revealed that 23 riders were under suspicion of doping following the first phase of blood tests conducted under the new biological passport.The blood module of the athlete passport aims to detect any form of blood doping, the steroid module any form of doping with anabolic steroid and the endocrine module any modification of the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis. Each of these modules are however at different steps of development, validation and application in sports.
Athlete biological passport testing According to the World Anti-Doping Agency, the athlete biological passport is administered to establish whether an athlete is manipulating his/her physiological variables without detecting a particular substance or method. The biological passport uses the standardized approach of urine sampling to determine steroid abuse. The objective of this testing is to identify athletes in a haematological module and a steroidal module.The haematological module tests for certain markers in the body that identify the enhancement of oxygen transport. The specific markers the module tests for include haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell count, percentage of reticulocytes, reticulocytes count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean red cell distribution width, and immature reticulocyte fraction.The steroidal module collects information on markers for steroid doping and aims to identify endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. The specific markers the module tests for include testosterone, epitestosterone, the testosterone/epitestosterone ratio, androsterone, and etiocholanolone.The World Anti-Doping Agency recently released the 2014 Prohibited Substances list and it will take effect on 1 January. In the new list, the agency modified the definitions of exogenous and endogenous steroids being tested for in the steroidal module of the biological passport.
Cycling Ricardo Serrano was one of the five first riders that UCI opened a biological passport case against, in 2009.=== Whereabouts rules ===Under the new rules, registered riders have to give the Union Cycliste Internationale daily information about their location and provide a one-hour window for possible testing. They have to submit a form every quarter-year saying where they will be every day of the next quarter and they must notify the UCI if they change their whereabouts on any day. This means the whereabouts information provided in the whereabouts filings is accurate and sufficient in detail to enable any relevant Anti-Doping Organization to locate him for testing on any given day in that period of time.=== Cyclists sanctioned on basis of biological passports ===The biological passport programme has allowed the UCI to sanction riders for committing an anti-doping rule violation. Riders have also been targeted with further doping controls based on their biological passport.NameTeamCountryEventStart of disqualificationSanctionSanctionannouncedIneligibility startingIneligibility endingReference(s)António AmorimRoad racing24 July 20102 years ineligibility10 July 201314 April 2015Igor AstarloaRoad racing15 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility1 Dec. 201026 Nov. 201025 Nov. 2012Carlos Barredo, Road racing17 Oct. 2007–24 Sept. 2011, only2 years ineligibilityJuly 201418 Oct 201217 Oct 2014Leonardo Bertagnolli, , Road racing1 Jan. 2003–18 May 20112 years and 10 months ineligibilityJuly 201424 Nov. 2013Pietro CaucchioliRoad racing18 June 20092 years ineligibility3 June 201018 June 200917 June 2011Francesco De Bonis, Road racing18 June 20092 years ineligibilityMay 201018 June 200917 June 2011Leif HosteRoad racing2 years ineligibility29 Mar. 201329 Dec. 2015Rubén LobatoSaunier Duval–ScottRoad racing16 July 20102 years ineligibilityJuly 201016 July 201015 July 2012Denis Menchov, Road racing2009, 2010 & 2012 TdF, only2 years ineligibilityJuly 201410 April 20149 April 2015Franco PellizottiRoad racing7 May 20092 years ineligibilityMarch 20113 May 20102 May 2012Sérgio RibeiroRoad racing12 years ineligibility (2nd ARDV)14 July 2025Ricardo SerranoRoad racing7 May 20092 years ineligibility17 June 20107 May 20096 May 2011Jonathan Tiernan-Locke/Road racing2012 Tour of Britain & 2012 UCI Worlds,only2 years ineligibilityJuly 201431 Dec. 201331 Dec. 2015Tadej ValjavecRoad racing19 April–30 Sept. 2009,only2 years ineligibilityApril 201120 Jan. 201119 Jan. 2013During the first three years of UCI's bio passport program 26 riders were found positive for EPO. In 20 out of the 26 cases, it was the abnormal blood profile which raised suspicions leading to a targeted doping test. *Manuel Beltrán (Liquigas) tested positive for EPO at the 2008 Tour de France in a targeted test after anomalies appeared in a blood sample taken at the start of the Tour. The pre Tour blood samples were collected by the French Anti-doping Agency (AFLD) and the results from the testings were submitted to the UCI to form part of their database of profiles for their biological passport programme. *Gabriele Bosisio (LPR Brakes-Ballan) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in September 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction. *Antonio Colom (Team Katusha) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in April 2009, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction. *Thomas Dekker (Rabobank) tested positive for EPO in a retroactive test carried out on a urine sample taken in December 2007.Dekker's hematological profile led the UCI to review the EPO analyses for urine samples conducted since the introduction of the biological passport programme. *Danilo Di Luca (LPR Brakes-Ballan) tested positive for CERA twice during the 2009 Giro d'Italia after being targeted under the biological passport programme. *Alberto Fernández de la Puebla (Fuji–Servetto) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in October 2009, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction. *David George (MTB) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control 29 August 2012, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme of the South African Institute for Drug-Free Sport (the South African national Anti-doping agency). He admitted to having used EPO and received a two-year sanction. *Massimo Giunti (Androni Giocattoli) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in February 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction. *Eddy Ratti (De Rosa-Stac Plastic) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in January 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction. *Manuel Vázquez Hueso (Andalucía-Cajasur) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in March 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction.
Athletics The International Association of Athletics Federations, now known as World Athletics, introduced their Athletes Biological Passport programme in 2009, and announced the first sanction under the passport in May 2012.The Portuguese marathon runner Hélder Ornelas became the first track and field athlete to get suspended for doping based on the biological passport. He received a four-year suspension in May 2012.=== Track and field athletes sanctioned on basis of biological passports ===NameCountryEventDate of infraction/Start of disqualificationSanctionSanctionannouncedIneligibility startingIneligibility endingReference(s)Inga AbitovaFMarathon10 Oct. 20092 years ineligibility7 Nov. 201211 Oct 201210 Oct. 2014Anna AlminovaF1500 m16 Feb. 20092 years and 6 months ineligibility30 July 201416 Dec. 201115 May 2014Aslı Çakır AlptekinF1500 m29 July 20108 years ineligibility (2nd ADRV)17 Aug. 201510 Jan. 20139 Jan. 2021Elena ArzhakovaF800 m, 1500 m12 July 20112 years ineligibility30 April 201329 Jan. 201328 Jan. 2015Ahmed BadayMLong-distance26 March 20102 years ineligibility6 March 201531 Dec. 201430 Dec. 2016Sergey BakulinMRace walking25 Jan. 20113 years and 2 months ineligibility20 Jan. 201524 Dec. 2012Yassine BensghirMMiddle-distance7 June 20144 years ineligibility25 July 201612 April. 201611 April 2020Alemitu BekeleF5000 m17 Aug. 20092 years and 9 months ineligibility (Reduced from 4 years)16 Jan. 20133 March 20122 Jan. 2015Petr BogatyrevMRace walking12 July 20112 years ineligibility26 March 201416 Oct. 201315 Oct. 2015Valeriy BorchinMRace walking14 Aug. 20098 years ineligibility20 Jan. 201515 Oct. 2012Abderrahime BouramdaneMMarathon14 March 20112 years ineligibility28 Oct. 20152 Oct. 20151 Oct. 2017Yolanda CaballeroFMiddle-/long-distance24 Oct. 20114 years ineligibility25 May. 201628 April. 201427 April 2018Hafid ChaniMLong-distance19 March 20114 years ineligibility26 June 201511 March 201510 March 2019Bahar DoğanFMarathon3 June 20112 years and 6 months ineligibility25 Oct. 201531 March 201530 Sept. 2017Marta DominguezFSteeplechase5 Aug. 20093 years ineligibility19 Nov. 201524 June 201512 Oct. 2017Hamza DriouchM800 m, 1500 m.2 Aug. 20122 years ineligibility24 Feb. 201531 Dec. 201430 Dec. 2016Aliaksandra DubliaFMarathon11 Oct. 20132 years ineligibility27 Jan. 201628 Sept. 201527 Sept. 2017Stanislav EmelyanovMRace walking26 July 20102 years ineligibility28 July 201415 Dec. 201214 Dec. 2014Rkia El MoukimMMiddle-/long-distance19 March 20112 years ineligibility19 Feb. 201619 Feb. 201618 Feb. 2018Najim El QadyMLong-distance19 March 20112 years ineligibility24 June 20168 June. 20167 June 2018Meryem ErdoğanFLong-distance27 July 20102 years ineligibility25 July 201214 Feb. 2014Miguel Ángel GamonalMHalf marathon3 years ineligibility (2nd ADRV)28 Oct. 201526 Oct. 201525 Oct. 2018Abderrahim GoumriMMarathon22 April 20094 years ineligibility25 July 201214 March 2016Yelizaveta GrechishnikovaF5000 m18 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility3 Dec. 201316 Oct. 201315 Oct. 2015Lidiya GrigoryevaFLong-distance17 Feb. 20092 years and 6 months ineligibility24 June 201616 Feb. 201615 Aug. 2018Halima HachlafF800 m.14 Oct. 20134 years ineligibility24 April 201419 Dec. 201318 Dec. 2017Tetyana Hamera-ShmyrkoFMarathon26 Aug. 20114 years ineligibility20 Nov. 201530 Sept. 201529 Sept. 2019Hussain Al-HamdahM5000 m.26 March 20092 years and 6 months ineligibility25 Feb. 201515 Feb. 201314 Aug. 2015Ekaterina Ishova (née Gorbunova)F1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m.12.July 20112 years ineligibility3 Dec. 201323 Oct. 201322 Oct. 2015Stéphane JolyMCross country 14 Oct. 20102 years ineligibility5 June 201329 April 201328 April 2015Vladimir KanaykinMRace walking25 January 20118 years20 Jan. 201517 Dec. 201216 Dec. 2020Olga KaniskinaFRace walking15 August 20093 years and 2 months ineligibility20 Jan. 201515 Oct. 2012Natallia KareivaF1500 m.28 July 20102 years ineligibility29 Sept. 201422 Aug. 201421 Aug. 2016Ümmü KirazFMarathon3 June 20112 years and 6 months ineligibility25 Oct. 201531 March 201530 Sept. 2017Svetlana KireyevaFLong-distance26 June 20122 years ineligibility27 Jan. 20164 June 20153 June 2017Sergey KirdyapkinMRace walking20 August 20093 years and 2 months ineligibility20 Jan. 201515 Oct. 2012Svetlana KlyukaF800 m.15 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility25 July 20129 Feb. 2014Eirini KokkinariouFSteeplechase2 July 20094 years ineligibility25 July 201227 Oct. 201126 Oct. 2015Mariya KonovalovaFMarathonAug. 20092 years ineligibility5 Nov. 201527 Oct. 201526 Oct. 2017Yekaterina KostetskayaF800 m, 1500 m.30 Aug. 20112 years ineligibility28 July 201421 Jan. 201320 Jan. 2015Alena KudashkinaFLong-distance9 July 20122 years and 6 months ineligibility24 June 201623 Sept. 201522 March 2018Abdelhadi LabäliMMiddle-distance9 July 20122 years ineligibility25 May. 201627 April. 201626 April 2018Mikhail LemaevMMarathon20 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility26 Feb. 201330 Jan. 201329 Jan. 2015Anna LukyanovaFRace walking19 July 20102 years ineligibility19 Feb. 201626 Nov. 201525 Nov. 2017Irina MarachevaF800 m.26 June 20122 years ineligibility19 Feb. 201623 Jan. 201522 Jan. 2017Ildar MinshinMSteeplechase15 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility21 Sept. 201625 Aug. 201624 Aug. 2018Anna MishchenkoF800 m./1500m./3000 m.28 June 20122 years ineligibility19 Feb. 201618 Aug. 201517 Aug. 2017Tatyana MineevaFRace walking12 Nov. 20112 years ineligibility14 Dec. 201216 Nov. 2014Marco MorgadoMCross country running29 Oct. 20116 years ineligibility25 Feb. 201424 Feb. 201324 Feb. 2019Sergey MorozovMRace walking25 Feb. 2011Life ban18 Dec. 2012'''Life ban''' (2nd ARDV)Semiha MutluFRace walking20 Aug. 20112 years and 6 months ineligibility25 Oct. 20153 March 20152 Sept. 2017Maria NikolaevaF400 m./800 m.18 Feb. 20154 years ineligibility19 Feb. 20161 Oct. 201530 Sept. 2019Ilja NikolajevMMarathon16 April 20132 years ineligibility12 May 20153 Feb. 20152 Feb. 2017Maksym Cerrone ObrubanskyyM1500 m, 3000 m. 5000 m.17 Feb. 20134 years ineligibility25 Feb. 201430 May 201329 May 2017Nina OkhotnikovaFRace walking21 June 2011–17 Nov. 20112 years ineligibility17 March 201522 Jan. 201521 Jan. 2017Hélder OrnelasMMarathon8 March 20104 years ineligibility2 May 201212 Jan. 2016Hanane OuhaddouFSteeplechase14 August 20092 years ineligibility7 June 2014Tetiana PetlyukF800 m.18 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility5 April 201319 Feb. 2015Meliz RedifF400 m.26 June 20123 years ineligibility25 Oct. 201531 March 201530 March 2018José RochaMLong-distance11 Dec. 20102 years ineligibility28 Feb. 201425 March 201324 March 2015Yuliya RubanFMarathon8 March 20122 years ineligibility29 May 201525 Feb. 201524 Feb. 2017Yuliya RusanovaF800 m.3 March 20112 years ineligibility26 Feb. 201328 Jan. 201327 Jan. 2015Andrey RuzavinMRace walking18 Dec. 2011–18 Feb. 201213 Sept. 2013–13 Nov 20132 years and 6 months ineligibility17 March 20159 Oct. 20148 April 2017Pınar SakaF400 m.18 June 20103 years ineligibility28 Jan. 20143 June 20132 June 2016Mohammed ShaweenM1500 m.12 June 20113 years ineligibility28 July 201413 Feb. 201312 Feb. 2016Anzhelika ShevchenkoF1500 m.2 July 20112 years ineligibility5 April 201317 Feb. 2015Liliya ShobukhovaFMarathon9 Oct. 20092 years and 7 months (Reduced from 3 years and 2 months by WADA after first being extended from 2 years by CAS)29 April 201422 Jan. 201323 Aug. 2015Fernando SilvaMCross country running29 Oct. 20118 years ineligibility26 Feb. 201424 Sept. 201323 Sept. 2021Svitlana ShmidtFMiddle-distance8 March 20124 years ineligibility30 April 201517 March 201516 March 2019Olesya SyrevaF1500 m, 3000 m.3 March 20112 years ineligibility26 Feb. 20131 Feb. 201331 Jan. 2015Irina TimofeyevaFMarathon10 Oct. 20092 years ineligibility21 Sept. 20166 Sept. 20165 Sept. 2018Wang JialiFMarathon29 May 20122 years ineligibility25 Feb. 201426 Feb. 201325 Feb. 2015Nevin YanitFSprinting, hurdling28 June 20123 years ineligibility6 March 20156 March 20135 March 2016Igor YerokhinMRace walking25 Feb. 2011Life ban24 Sept. 2013'''Life ban''' (2nd ARDV)Lyudmyla YosypenkoFHeptathlon25 Aug. 20114 years ineligibility24 Sept. 201327 March 201326 March 2017Nailiya YulamanovaFMarathon2 years ineligibility25 July 20129 Feb. 2014Yuliya ZaripovaFSteeplechase20 July 20112 years and 6 months ineligibility30 Jan. 201525 July 2013Yevgeniya ZinurovaF800 m.6 March 20102 years ineligibility25 July 201212 Sept. 2013In March 2014 the Spanish athletics federation cleared Marta Dominguez in a bio passport case. ''El País'' reported that IAAF were going to take the case to CAS.In February 2014 IAAF announced they would appeal Aslı Çakır Alptekins ABP related doping case to CAS after the Turkish federation had cleared her. IAAF also suspended her provisionally. An IAAF spokesperson in January 2015 confirmed that Russian race walker Sergey Bakulin was provisionally suspended since December 2012 in an ABP related doping case. IAAF otherwise doesn't publicly announce provisional suspensions. In February 2015 Turkish press reported that Ümmü Kiraz, Bahar Doğan, Semiha Mutlu and Meliz Redif were under investigation in bio passport cases.
Triathlon In 2012 USADA sanctioned the American triathlete Mark Fretta "after variations in his individual longitudinal blood profile as well as other documentary evidence indicated the use of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents". Fretta received a four-year ban, and his results from 18 August 2010 onwards were annulled.
Football (soccer) In 2014, the biological passport was introduced in the 2014 FIFA World Cup; blood and urine samples from all players before the competition and from two players per team and per match were analysed by the Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses.
Notes
References
External links *  WADA: Athletes biological passport resources