Metarhizium acridum
Introduction '''''Metarhizium acridum''''' is the new name given to a group of fungal isolates that are known to be virulent and specific to the Acrididea (grasshoppers). Previously, this species has had variety status in ''Metarhizium anisopliae'' (var. ''acridum''); before that, reference had been made to ''M. flavoviride'' or ''Metarhizium sp.'' describing an "apparently homologous and distinctive group" of isolates that were most virulent against ''Schistocerca gregaria'' (desert locust) in early screening bioassays.
Biology ''M. acridum'' almost exclusively infects grasshoppers in the order Orthoptera.''M. acridum'' infects only grasshoppers and locusts. Researchers believe that this has to do with the ''Mest1'' gene which is not present in ''M. acridum''. By taking a strain of ''M. robertsii'' that has a nonfunctioning ''Mest1 gene'', researchers found that the mutant was only able to infect ''Melanoplus femurrubrum'', which is consistent with ''M. acridum'' activity. This allows the initiation of the infection process on the specific targets. The expression of '' Mest1'' in the entomopathogen ''M. acridum'' is triggered by substances that are only found on the waxy coat of the grasshoppers, which explains why this pathogen specifically only targets grasshoppers and locusts.
Applications === Biological Insecticide ===It has been used to control locusts. The international LUBILOSA programme (which developed the product Green Muscle) identified and addressed key technical challenges for exploitation of microbial control agents, including isolate selection, mass production, and delivery systems (formulation and application). Insect control (mortality) depends on factors such as the number of spores applied against the insect host, the formulation and weather conditions. Oil-based formulations allow the application of fungal spores under dry conditions, and are compatible with existing ultra-low volume (ULV) application techniques for locust control.As of 2012 ''M. acridum'' was under consideration by the USDA for release in the Western U.S. for control of native grasshoppers and crickets.=== Important isolates ===* IMI 330189 (= ARSEF 7486) is the ex-type of the species, originally collected from Niger: the active ingredient of 'Green Muscle'. * CSIRO FI 985 (= ARSEF 324) is an Australian isolate: the active ingredient of 'Green Guard'. * EVCH077 (= IMI 382977) has been isolated from an unidentified grasshopper in Benin: the active ingredient of 'NOVACRID'.
Gallery Metarhizium acridum infecting locust (PLoS).jpgCSIRO ScienceImage 1367 Locusts attacked by the fungus Metarhizium.jpg|CSIRO isolate
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