Action of 21 July 1781
Introduction The '''action of 21 July 1781''' (, or ) was a naval skirmish off the harbour of Spanish River, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia (present-day Sydney, Nova Scotia), during the War of American Independence. Two light frigates of the French Navy, captained by La Pérouse and Latouche Tréville, engaged a convoy of 18 British ships and their Royal Navy escorts. The French captured two of the British escorts while the remainder of the British convoy escaped.
Background Even since France had lost its colonies in Canada in the Seven Years' War, it had been seeking opportunities to tip the balance of power in America in its favour, and had been in contact with American separatists since the 1770s. The start of the American Revolution thus quickly yielding the outbreak of the Anglo-French War in 1778, and with the Franco-American alliance defined by the Treaty of Alliance of 1778, France entered the War of American Independence.Lafayette had already been supporting the Continental Army since 1777, in a private capacity. When he returned to France, Louis XVI received him and sent back as an emissary to George Washington on  in March 1780.On 11 June 1780, the French reinforced their naval presence with the arrival of the Expédition Particulière, under Admiral Ternay. ''Hermione'' stayed around Boston, carrying out reconnaissance for the squadron and engaging in commerce raiding.In June 1781 ''Hermione'' was attached to a frigate division under Lapérouse, recently promoted to Captain after capturing , with his flag on . Both ships were light frigates, designed for speed, coppered, and armed with 26 12-pounder long guns, a larger calibre than that carried by most privateers, but under-powered against larger naval ships. The two ships cruised off Pennsylvania, preying on British merchantmen, privateers, and smaller naval ships.In the morning of 21 July, ''Astrée'' and ''Hermione'' detected a 20-ship convoy, with two corvettes or frigates detaching to investigate. The convoy, which consisted of 18 merchant vessels, including nine colliers and four supply ships, was bound for Spanish River on Cape Breton Island to pick up coal for delivery to Halifax. The escorts were the frigate ''Charlestown'' (Charleston) (28), the sloops  (24) and  (20), the armed transport  (14), and ''Jack'' (14), a small armed ship commanded by Richard Peter Tonge.
Action As  and  approached the convoy, four further escorts joined the two that were sailing to meet them, while the convoy tried to escape to Spanish River. Five of the British warships, ''Charlestown'', ''Allegiance'', ''Vernon'', ''Vulture'' and ''Jack'', formed a line of battle. Lapérouse maneuvered to try to prevent the convoy from escaping, and it was not until 1830 that ''Astrée'' came in cannon range and opened fire. The French had the advantage in gunnery, as the British had 9-pounder guns, less powerful than the French 12-pounders. ''Astrée'' concentrated her fire on the British flagship ''Charlestown'', which sought support from the two ships preceding her, but ''Hermione'' then overtook ''Astrée'' and for 30 minutes she also fired broadsides into her. ''Charlestown'' stopped, but doing so she fell in ''Astrée'' line of fire again, while ''Hermione'' was free to fire on ''Jack'' at point-blank range. ''Jack'' struck her colours. Soon afterward, the maintop of ''Charlestown'' fell; with her captain dead, ''Charlestown'' also struck. By nightfall, the three remaining British warships were trying to escape, chased by ''Hermione''. ''Astrée'' took possession of ''Jack'' and signaled ''Hermione'' to take possession of ''Charlestown'', but by then ''Charlestown'' had established a jury rigging and she escaped into the darkness under her first officer, Lieutenant Michael Cashman. ''Hermione'' and ''Astrée'' gave chase but failed to find her again, and by 2200 they abandoned the pursuit. Meanwhile, Captain Rupert George of ''Vulture'' led the damaged escorts into a safe harbour. While the British escort was severely damaged, the convoy was still able to pick up a load of coal at Spanish River and deliver it to Halifax.Six French and seventeen British sailors were killed in the action. ''Hermione'' had three killed, six gravely wounded (three of whom died in the following days), and 13 lightly wounded; ''Astrée'' had three killed and 15 wounded. ''Hermione'' had sustained a dozen hits, was holed in three places, and had suffered two fires during the action. ''Charleston'' had 8 killed and 29 wounded; ''Allegiance'', 1 killed and 5 wounded; ''Vulture'', 1 killed and 2 wounded; and ''Vernon'', 7 killed and 6 wounded, totaling 13 killed and 42 wounded on the British side.After effective temporary repairs, ''Astrée'' and ''Hermione'' returned to Boston, arriving on 17 August.
Aftermath Learning of their presence, the British scrambled three heavy frigates to intercept ''Astrée'' and ''Hermione'', but the division did not meet and the French frigates returned safely to Boston. Captain Tonge and his crew were taken prisoner to Boston. The French sent ''Jack'' to Boston with a prize crew, as they had done with four other ships that they had captured in the previous days: the 18-gun corvette ''Thorn'', captured on 12 July;  the 12-gun merchantman ''Friendship'', captured on 17; the 8-gun merchantman ''Phoenix'', captured on 18; and the merchantman ''Lockard Ross'', taken on 19 July. The British recaptured ''Friendship'' and ''Lockard Ross'' while in transit. ''Jack'' was sold at Salem, only to be recaptured the following year in the Naval battle off Halifax. (Captain Tonge later commanded the ''Little Jack'', which after a brief skirmish with two American privateers in Canso, took American prisoners to Quebec. )Lapérouse and Latouche were at first irritated by ''Charleston''s escape, but expressed regrets when they learnt that Evans had died of his wound. Lapérouse called him "a very brave man". American privateers attacked British mining on Cape Breton throughout the war.In 1788, Rossel de Cercy painted a large depiction of the battle. The painting is now on display at the Musée national de la Marine in Paris.
Order of battle + British fleet Ship Rate Guns Commander Casualties Notes  Killed   Wounded   Total HMS ''Charlestown'' Fifth rate 34 Captain Henry Evans 8 29 37 HMS ''Allegiance'' Sloop 24 Commander David Phips 1 5 6 HMS ''Vulture'' Sloop 24 Lieutenant Rupert George 1 2 3  Transport 24  7 6 13 ''Jack'' Merchantman 14    + French fleet Ship Rate Guns Commander Casualties Notes  Killed   Wounded   Total  Fifth rate 32 Captain Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse 6 15 21  Fifth rate 32 Captain Louis-René Levassor de Latouche Tréville 6 15 21
Citations
References * * * * * * * * * * * '''External links'''*  The Royal Gazette, New York, 08 Dec 1781, p. 3, col. 2-3.