Talpanas
Introduction '''''Talpanas lippa''''', the '''Kauaʻi mole duck''', is an extinct species of duck. It was first described by Andrew N. Iwaniuk, Storrs L. Olson, and Helen F. James in the journal ''Zootaxa'' in November 2009.It is the only known member of the genus '''''Talpanas'''''. It was endemic to the Hawaiian island of Kauai where the fossil remains were unearthed in the Makauwahi Cave, Maha‘ulepu. The archaeological association of the bones is about 6000 years BP (around 4050 BCE).
Etymology The genus name ''Talpanas'' is taken from the Latin word ''talpa'', meaning mole and referring to the small size of the eyes, and the Greek word ''anas'', or duck. The species name ''lippa'' is from the Latin ''lippus'', meaning "nearly blind".
Description The tarsometatarsi (lower leg bones) of ''Talpanas lippa'' were short and stout, and the braincase shallow and wide relative to its length. It had very small orbits (eye sockets) and also very small optic foramina (holes in the skull through which the optic nerves pass as they travel from the eyes to the brain). Together, these physical characteristics show that the eyes and optic nerve of this duck were quite reduced in size, and it can be assumed that this species was probably both blind and flightless. However, the maxillo-mandibular foramina (holes through which the trigeminal nerve passes) are extremely large, indicating larger nerves were travelling through it. The authors hypothesize that this blind, or nearly blind, duck would have used tactile and olfactory stimuli (the senses of touch and smell) from its beak to explore its surroundings in the absence of good vision.The holotype, a partial skull, is stored at the Smithsonian Institution with specimen number USNM 535683.
Biology ''Talpanas lippa'' was probably nocturnal and terrestrial, similar to kiwi in New Zealand which prey on small invertebrates in forest soil litter. Its bill may have resembled that of a platypus.
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