Working Time Regulations 1998
Introduction The '''Working Time Regulations 1998''' ( SI 1998/1833) is a statutory instrument in UK labour law which implements the EU Working Time Directive 2003.It does not extend to Northern Ireland.
Contents The Working Time Regulations create a basic set of rights for the time people work, particularly 28 days paid holidays, a right to 20 minute paid breaks for each 6 hours worked, a right to weekly rest of at least one full 24 hour period, and the right to limit the working week to 48 hours. These are designed to be minimum standards, which anybody's individual contract or collective agreement through a trade union may improve upon. The Regulations apply to all workers (not just employees) and stipulate minimum rest breaks, daily rest, weekly rest and the maximum average working week.===Paid holidays===Regulations 13 and 13A create a right to paid annual leave of 28 days, expressed as "four weeks" and an additional "1.6 weeks" (including bank holidays and public holidays). In the Working Time Directive article 7 refers to paid annual leave of "at least four weeks", and under article 5 states that the "weekly rest period" means a "seven-day period". When the Directive was implemented in the UK, regulation 13 originally stated "four weeks" but many employers only gave their workers four five-day periods of leave (i.e. 20 days). In response the UK government amended the regulations in 2007 to add the further 1.6 week period, bringing the minimum in line with the European Union requirement for four full weeks (i.e. 28 days). However, this confusion led to the argument that the UK had gone beyond the minimum standards required by the Working Time Directive 2003, even though no country in the EU has a right to fewer holidays than 28 days.===Rest periods===Regulation 10 creates the right to a minimum period of rest of 20 minutes in any shift lasting over 6 hours.Under 18's are entitled to a 30 minute break for every 4.5 hours worked.===Weekly working time===Regulations 4-5 set a default rule that workers may work no more than 48 hours per week (although one may opt out of it).ECJ case law has confirmed that statutory holiday will continue to accrue during career breaks or sabbaticals.
Case law "It is impossible to establish universal uniformity of hours without inflicting very serious injury to workers. "*''UK v Council (Working Time Directive)'' 1996 ECR I-5755*''Sindicato de Médicos de Asistencia Pública v Conselleria de Sanidad y Consumo de la Generalidad Valenciana'' 2000 ECR I-7963*''R v DTI ex parte BECTU'' 2001 3 CMLR 7*''Blackburn v Gridquest Limited'' 2002 IRLR 604*''Landeshauptstadt Kiel v Jaegar'' 2003 ECR I-08389*''MacCartney v Oversley House Management'' 2006 IRLR 514*''Lyons v Mitie Security Ltd'' 2010 IRLR 288, EAT decides a worker who does not give notice to take holidays may lose their paid annual leave entitlement (questionable compatibility with the WTD 2003).
See also *Tax credit**Child tax credit**Working tax credit*Wage regulation
Notes
References *E McGaughey, ''A Casebook on Labour Law'' (Hart 2019) ch 7(1)(a)
External links * Direct.gov.uk guidance for workers* Businesslink.gov.uk guidance for businesses* Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time* Old EU Working Time Directive 93/104/EC