Turkish State Railways
Introduction The '''State Railways of the Republic of Turkey''' (), abbreviated as TCDD, is a government-owned national railway company responsible with the ownership and maintenance of railway infrastructure in Turkey, as well as the planning and construction of new lines. TCDD was formed on 4 June 1929 as part of the nationalisation of railways in Turkey.The Turkish State Railways own and maintain all public railways in Turkey. This includes railway stations, ports, bridges and tunnels, yards and maintenance facilities. In 2016, TCDD controlled an active network of  of railways, making it the 22nd-largest railway system in the world. Apart from railway infrastructure, TCDD also owns several rail transport companies within Turkey as well as a 50% share of the İzmir-area commuter rail system, İZBAN.Prior to 2017, TCDD also operated all railways in Turkey. However, with the government taking steps to privatise some of the Turkish railway network, TCDD Taşımacılık was formed on 14 June 2016 to take over all railway operations. Handover of rolling stock was signed on 28 December of the same year and TCDD formally ceased all railway operations on 31 December 2016.
History Map showing the Ottoman railways on the eve of World War IAfter World War I and the Turkish Independence War, the Republic of Turkey was a new-formed country. Even though Turkey had a railway network, most of it was operated by foreign companies. The ''State Railways of the Republic of Turkey'' (TCDD) was formed on 31 May 1927.TCDD took over the Chemin de fer d'Anatolie-Baghdad, a holding company formed in 1924 by Turkey to take over some rail lines in Turkey, on 1 June 1927 and had control over the tracks of the former Anatolian Railway (CFOA) and the Transcaucasus Railway line in Turkish borders. TCDD now had rail lines to the cities Istanbul, İzmit, Ankara, Afyon, Adapazarı and Konya. On 1 January 1929, TCDD took over the rail line from Mersin to Adana (formerly the Mersin-Tarsus-Adana Railway). Apart from taking over already built lines, TCDD needed to build more line because many important cities were still not serviced by rail. In 1926, TCDD started to build a rail line east to Sivas, reaching Kayseri in 1927 and Sivas in 1930.TCDD continued to acquire from the other rail companies; taking over the Mudanya-Bursa Railway in 1931, the Smyrna Cassaba Railway in 1934, the Ottoman Railway Company in 1935 and the Oriental Railway in 1937.With most of the railways in Turkey under TCDD control, TCDD connected lines such as Kütahya with Balıkesir in 1932 and the former SCP line in Afyon with the former CFOA line. In 1932 TCDD completed the railway to Samsun heading north at Sivas. TCDD continued to build lines, reaching Zonguldak, Erzurum, Erzincan, Diyarbakır and Elazığ in the following years. World War II broke out in 1938, slowing down the building. Between 1938 and 1996 TCDD building decreased. The railway only extended to Gaziantep (1955) and Van (1962).===Formerly planned railways===In 1948 the State Railways released a plan of railway lines that were to be constructed to "ensure national progression and safety". The plan included  of new railway lines of which only  were actually completed; the Gaziantep-Karkamış section of the Narlı-Nusaybin railway was completed in 1960.
Operations The Turkish State Railways operate most trains in the country. Intercity, regional, suburban, freight and most industrial lines are owned and operated by the State Railways. The only other railways in Turkey include İZBAN (TCDD holds 50% of the company's shares) which operates commuter rail service around İzmir and a few other industrial railways. In addition to rail services, TCDD has been responsible since 1927 for operating several major ports which handle 30% of Turkish port activities.===Passenger operations===The Turkish State Railways operate passenger services on 90% of their system. These are intercity, regional, commuter and international services. In the railways first year 52% of passenger travel in Turkey was by rail, despite the system lacking connections to many parts of the country. Rail transport was the main mode of transport for passengers in the following two decades, reaching an all-time high of 57% of passenger transport in 1947, but then started to decline after 1950, due to the mass construction of roads. Today, the passenger ratio is slowly increasing with the opening of high-speed rail lines in Turkey.In 2019, almost 150 million people traveled by train in Turkey. 17.5 million on main lines, 8.3 million on high speed lines (2% increase compared to 2018) and 124 million used the Marmaray commuter railway. The share of railway in domestic travels in 2013 is about 2.2%.The types of passenger service are:*'''High-speed ():''' High-speed rail services and TCDD's premier service. *'''Mainline ():''' Intercity trains operating between major cities. *'''International ():''' Trains operating on international routes, toward Europe or the Middle East. *'''Regional ():''' Trains operating within their respective districts. *'''Commuter ():''' Commuter trains, currently operating in Ankara and Istanbul.====High-speed services====A TCDD HT80000 (Siemens Velaro TR) high-speed train (YHT) in AnkaraHigh-speed rail in Türkiye began service in 2009.TCDD has branded its high-speed service as Yüksek Hızlı Tren or YHT, directly translating to High-Speed Train, dubbed after the trains' capacity to reach 250 km/h (and in some advanced sections of the Ankara-Konya railroad up to 300 km/h). There had been previously tried but failed accelerated train projects, i.e. higher speed rail without the necessary upgrades on the railroad tracks, causing a number of accidents and ending up with losses incurred by TCDD in early 2000s. YHT, in stark contrast, became a commercially successful, safe and cheap alternative to Flights and Roads, cutting the travel time between the city centers of two largest cities of the country up to 4 hours. Currently, YHT trains operate 22 daily trips based from its central hub in Ankara, in addition to more trips on the Istanbul–Konya high-speed railway that bypass Ankara.YHT currently operates on two main lines: the Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway, and Ankara–Konya high-speed railway. In total, these lines connect 8 provincial capitals out of 81 Provinces in Türkiye, namely Adapazarı (via Arifli), Ankara, Bilecik, Eskişehir, Istanbul, İzmit, Karaman and Konya. There are currently ongoing construction projects aiming to link up at least 6 more provincial capitals, including third and fourth largest cities of the country İzmir and Bursa, besides Afyonkarahisar, Edirne, Kayseri, Sivas and other potential cities. Further ambitions at the planning stage eventually aim to link up East and West points of the country through high-speed railways and act as an international High-speed railway bridge across Europe and AsiaA TCDD HT65000 in EskişehirOn 13 March 2009, the first phase of the Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway entered service between Ankara and Eskişehir. On 25 July 2014, the Ankara-Istanbul high-speed line services began to reach the Pendik railway station on the Asian side of Istanbul, and on 13 March 2019 the services began to reach the Halkalı railway station on the European side of Istanbul, passing through the Marmaray railway tunnel under the Bosphorus strait. There were initially 6 daily departures in both directions. The high-speed line between Ankara and Istanbul has reduced the overland travel time to  hours, compared to 5 hours by car.On 23 August 2011, the YHT service on the Ankara–Konya high-speed railway was inaugurated. The Konya-Ankara line was later connected with the Istanbul–Ankara line at the Polatlı district of Ankara Province on 23 March 2013, essentially bypassing the city of Ankara and shortening the distance from Istanbul to Konya to 5 hours. Most recently on 8 January 2022, the Konya line was extended into another provincial capital Karaman.High-speed rail in Turkey is still developing, with new lines currently under construction or in the planning phase. By 2023, the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure expects Turkey's high-speed rail system to increase to 10,000 kilometers.====Mainline services====DE22000 series locomotive pulls the Karesi Express into MenemenMainline service () is the railway's main service. In 2010 mainline services made up for 24% of the railways passenger traffic. Mainline service includes 2 types of trains: Express and Blue Train.Express service is between major cities and are fast, comfortable and equipped with modern air conditioned TVS2000 railcars and only stop at important stations. Express trains have an average operating speed of  to . Express service has both day (e.g. İzmir-Bandırma) and overnight trains between major cities far apart (e.g. Ankara-Kars). These trains have coaches, a dining car and a sleeping car or a couchette car or sometimes both.The TVS2000 railcars used on mainline service are the most comfortable cars in TCDD's entire fleet. TVS2000 railcars may also be used on International services because international services are considered mainline services within Turkey.====International services=========International services to Europe=====Sirkeci Terminal on the European side of Istanbul was inaugurated in 1890 as the terminus of the Rumelia Railway and the Orient Express. * ''Istanbul-Sofia Express'', to Sofia, Bulgaria via Edirne, Kapıkule railway station, Kapitan Andreevo, Plovdiv, Pazardzhik and Sofia. * ''Bosfor Express'', to Bucharest, Romania via Edirne, Kapıkule railway station, Kapitan Andreevo, Dimitrovgrad, Ruse, and Bucharest.=====International services to Asia =====Haydarpaşa Terminal on the Anatolian side of Istanbul was opened in 1908 as the terminus of the Istanbul-Konya-Baghdad and Istanbul-Damascus-Medina lines.The Haydarpaşa Terminal is the terminus for a weekly train to Tehran in Iran, another train to Iran travels between Van, Turkey and Tebriz in Iran.Additionally, trains from Iran to Syria (and vice versa) pass through Turkey. * ''Trans-Asia Express'', to Tehran, Iran via İzmit, Bilecik, Eskişehir, Ankara, Kayseri, Sivas, Elazığ, Tatvan (train-ferry), Van and Tabriz. * ''Van-Tebriz Treni'' (Van – Tabriz train) Route:  Van, Özalp, Kapıköy, Razi, border crossing to Iran, Salmas, Tabriz (and back. )=====Former international services=====* ''Tehran – Damascus Train'', route: Tehran, Tabriz, Razi, Kapıköy, border crossing to Turkey, Van, (train-ferry), Tatvan, Muş, Elazığ, Malatya, Fevzipaşa, Islahiye, Meydanekbez, Turkey – border crossing to Syria, (via Chemins de Fer Syriens) – Meidan Ekbis, Aleppo, Damascus (and back.) This service was interrupted when the border between Syria and Turkey was closed due to the Syrian civil war. *''Taurus Express'' (''Toros Ekspresi''), route: Istanbul: Haydarpaşa Terminal, Eskişehir (Enveriye), Kütahya, Afyon, Konya, Adana, Fevzipaşa, Islahiye, Meydanekbez, border crossing to Syria (via Chemins de Fer Syriens) – Aleppo, Damascus (and back. )*''Gaziantep – Baghdad'': This service was indefinitely suspended since 13 March 2003 with the invasion of Iraq and the ongoing insurgency. Route: Turkey: Gaziantep, Karkamış, Akçakale, Ceylanpınar, Şenyurt, Nusaybin, border crossing to Syria, Al Qamishli, (via Chemins de Fer Syriens), border crossing to Iraq, El-Yaribieh, Rabia, Mosul, Baghdad. It was also running from Istanbul to Gaziantep as mainline until 2003.It is begun again on 16 August 2012 between Eskişehir-Adana but due to renovations, it's shortened to Konya-Adana route on 15 March 2013. * ''Dostluk/Fillia Express (IC 90/91)'', to Thessaloniki, Greece via Uzunköprü, Pythion and Alexandroupolis.The line however was eventually terminated in February 2011.====Regional services========Commuter services====İzmir transportation network map: IZBAN lines shown in greenAs of 2011, the Turkish State Railways operate commuter rail in Istanbul and Ankara, with previous commuter service in İzmir from up to 2006, which is now operated by İZBAN. The railways use the E14000 and the E23000 EMUs on their commuter services. Previously, the newly retired E8000 EMUs and the E4000 electric locomotives were used as well. The first commuter rail service in Turkey was the Istanbul-Halkalı Line on the European side of Istanbul, operating from Sirkeci Terminal to Halkalı in 1955.===Freight operations=======Rail freight transport====From 1980 onwards, rail freight tonne-kilometers transported by the TCDD rose slightly from ≈5000million tonne-km in 1980 to ≈7000million tonne-km in 1990 and to ≈9000million tonne-km in 2000.Approximately 50% of freight moved is minerals or ores, with construction materials increasing to ≈10% in 2000 from less than 5% in 1980, food/agricultural products, chemicals/petroleum, and metal sectors each account for between 5 and 10%. International freight accounted for approximately 5% of totals in 2000.As of 2012, 25.7 million ton is transported by rail in Turkey. Two steel companies, Erdemir and Kardemir, top 2 customers of TCDD, had transported 4.5 million ton in 2012, mainly iron ore and coal. 2.1 million tons of rail freight belong to international traffic. Most of international traffic is between Turkey and Europe, done via Kapikule. Several container trains are running in this route as well as conventional wagons.As of 2014, 26.6 million ton is transported on rail in Turkey. 7.1 million of it is done by private wagons. International transport went down to 1.7 million.Containers are widely used both in international and domestic transportation. 7.6 million ton is carried in containers. TCDD is supporting transportation by containers. Thus almost all of the private railway companies invested in container wagons, and carrying 20% of all rail freight by their own wagons.TCDD has plans to strengthen freight traffic by adding 4000 km conventional lines until 2023.That includes new international rail connections to Georgia, Iraq and Iran. TCDD is also constructing 18 logistic centers to enable transportation of more loads by rail.TCDD is planning to increase its transit traffic (11000 to in 2011) by constructing "iron silk road" to connect Europe to Asia. Marmaray is the most important part of this project which was completed in 2015 and now in service. Another project is Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway which is planned to be completed in 2016 and start functioning in 2017.Also, plans for another supplying project to Kars-Tbilisi-Baku railway, the Kars-Igdir-Nakhcivan high speed railway has been completed. TCDD wants to have share from the freight traffic between Europe and China through this line.====Ports====Port of HaydarpaşaThe State Railways own and operate seven ports throughout the country and has connections to two more ports. The ports TCDD owns are the Port of Haydarpaşa in Istanbul on the southern mouth of the Bosphorus, the Port of Izmir on the Aegean Sea, the Port of Mersin and the Port of İskenderun on the Mediterranean Sea, the Port of Bandırma on the Sea of Marmara, the Port of Derince on the Gulf of İzmit, and the Port of Samsun on the Black Sea. The railways have connections to the Port of Zonguldak, owned by Türkiye Taşkömürü Kurumu (Turkish Coal Company), the Port of Tekkeköy and the Port of Tekirdağ, owned by AKPORT AŞ. In 2004, the privatization of all ports except Haydarpaşa began.By 2014 Mersin, Iskenderun, Bandirma, Samsun ports are privatized. Tender for privatization of Derince Port has also completed and waiting for takeover.The state railways are planning on building rail connections to the Port of Güllük (via Çine) and to the Port of Ereğli, which TCDD serviced until 2004.The ports TCDD owns are the most important in Turkey. The country's five largest ports are owned by the state railways. The Port of Haydarpaşa will soon be decommissioned, when the Marmaray project is complete.===Performance, market share, assets and financial results===YHT passenger services|thumb|The ATG terminal in Ankara is a hub for the high-speed rail (YHT) services of the Turkish State RailwaysSince 1950, the railway system's market share of freight transportation dropped from 70% to ≈55% (1960), ≈25% (1970), ≈10% (1980, 1990) and to less than 10% in 2000.A similar trend was observed in the percentage of passenger transport performed by rail – dropping from a share of greater than 40% in 1950 to ≈25% in 1960; less than 10% in 1970; ≈5% by 1980; and reaching an all-time low of 2% by 2000.This was partly due to major investment and expansion in the road network.The TCDD receives subsidies from the government for socially necessary operations, but has registered increasing losses in all its areas of business except for port operations; which have high port tariffs (higher than 36%). By 2000, the cost to the Turkish government had exceeded $500 million per year in addition to a subsidy of over $100 million. In addition to the problems caused by the lack of investment from 1950 onwards, the TCDD organisation has been characterised as suffering from the common problems associated with state-owned enterprises; i.e. emphasis on production rather than customer needs; subject to government reliance and interference; and an inward-looking corporate culture.As of 2008, the amount of freight transported was the highest ever (18.343 million tonne-kilometers); though actual growth was small over the previous 10 years, and passenger figures had risen slightly overall over the past decade.As of 2008, the TCDD administers the ''Ankara Railway Factory'', ''Sivas Concrete Sleeper factory'', ''Afyon Concrete Sleeper factory'', ''Behiçbey rail welding and track machinery repair factory'' and ''Çankırı Switch factory''. Additionally, the state owned companies TÜLOMSAŞ,  and TÜVASAŞ are affiliates. The TCDD has a 50% share in the  (İZBAN A.Ş.) which operates the metro in İzmir, and a 15% share in EUROTEM.
Rolling stock ===Locomotives=== Model  Picture  Numbers  Built  Number built  Type  Power  Builder (Designer)  Notes  Main Line DE24000  125px  24001-24418  1970–84  418  Diesel Electric  2360 hp (1760 kW)  TÜLOMSAŞ (MTE)  Ordered for TCDD's complete dieselization of its fleet DE18100  125px  18101-18120  1978  20  Diesel Electric  1800 hp (1320 kW)  Matériel de Traction Electrique (MTE) Ordered for use in District 3 DE22000  125px  22001-22086  1985–89  86  Diesel Electric  2200 hp (1620 kW)  TÜLOMSAŞ (Electro-Motive Division)   E43000  125px  43001-43045  1987  45  Electric  4260 hp (3180 kW)  TÜLOMSAŞ (Toshiba)   DE33000  125px  33001-33089  2003–04  89  Diesel Electric  3300 hp (2463 kW)  TÜLOMSAŞ (Electro-Motive Diesel)  Based on the DE22000 E68000  125px  68001-68080  2013–  80  Electric  6800 hp (5000 kW)  Hyundai Rotem, TÜLOMSAŞ  First 8 built by Hyundai Rotem, later 72 are being built by TÜLOMSAŞ DE36000  125px  36001-36020  2013–  20  Diesel Electric  3600 hp (2680 kW)  TÜLOMSAŞ (General Electric)  GE PowerHaul type Shunting DE11000  125px  11001-11085  1985  85  Diesel Electric  1065 hp (780 kW)  Krauss-Maffei, TÜLOMSAŞ  First 20 built by Krauss-Maffei later 60 built by TÜLOMSAŞ DH7000  125px  7001–7020  1994  20  Diesel Hydraulic  710 hp (522 kW)  TÜLOMSAŞ   DH9500  125px  9501–9526  1999  26  Diesel Hydraulic  950 hp (700 kW)  TÜLOMSAŞ  Diesel-hydraulic redesign of TCDD DE11000 to work around short of spare parts for the traction motors of TCDD DE11000 E1000 125px  1000  2015–  1  Electric  1360 hp (1000 kW)  TÜBİTAK MAM, TÜLOMSAŞ  Prototype, mainly used for shunting operations (electric-only adaptation of TCDD DE11000)===Trainsets=== Model  Picture  Numbers  Built  Number Built  Type  Power  Builder (Designer)  Notes DMU MT15000  125px  15001-15012  2008  12  DMU  650 kW  Hyundai Rotem  Used for regional services MT30000  125px  15401-15452  2011–  14  DMU  650 kW  TÜVASAŞ  Used for regional services EMU E22000  125px  22001-22033  2010-2011  33  EMU    CAF  Used for İZBAN commuter rail E22100  125px  22001-22040  2012-2015  40  EMU    Hyundai Rotem  Used for İZBAN commuter rail E23000  125px  23001-23033  2009–???? 33  EMU    EUROTEM  Başkentray commuter rail E32000  125px  32001-32054  2011–???? 88  EMU    EUROTEM  Marmaray commuter rail High-speed trains HT65000  125px  65001-65012  2007-10  12  EMU  4800 kW  CAF  TCDD high-speed train sets HT80000  125px  80001 & 80101-80106  2013–2021  19  EMU  8000 kW  Siemens  TCDD high-speed train sets===Railcars=== Model  Picture  Numbers  Built  Number Built  Type  Power  Builder (Designer)  Notes MT5700  125px  5701-5730  1993  30  Railcar     Fiat  Used for regional services===Passenger cars=== Model  Picture  Built  Type  Builder (Designer) Regional Fleet  125px  1972  Coach  TÜVASAŞ Pullman Fleet  1980–90  Coach, Couchette, Diner, Generator  TÜVASAŞ TVS2000  125px  1992  Coach, Diner, Couchette, Sleeper, Generator  TÜVASAŞ===Retired fleet=======Locomotives==== Model  Picture  Numbers  Built  Acquired  Type  Power  Builder (Designer)  Notes  Road power E4000  125px  4001–4003  1955  1955  Electric  2170 hp (1620 kW)  Alsthom  Ordered for use on TCDD's first electrified line. DE20000  125px  20001-20005  1957–58  1957–58  Diesel Electric  1800 hp (1320 kW)  General Electric   E2000 125px  2000  1955  1961  Electric  2346 hp (1750 kW)  MTE  Ex SNCF BBB 20003 DH27000  125px  27001-27003  1961  1961  Diesel Hydraulic  ? ??? Krauss-Maffei   DE21500  125px  21501-21540  1964–65  1965  Diesel Electric  1580 hp (2150 kW)  General Electric   E40000  125px  40001-40015  1969  1971–1973  Electric  ? ??? hp (2945 kW)  Alsthom and TÜVASAŞ (Groupement 50 Hz)   E52500  125px  52501-52520  1967  1998–2005  Electric  5180 hp (3860 kW)  Končar (ASEA)  Originally built in 1967 as class 441, acquired and overhauled by TCDD in 1998.Returned after loan contract end. Switchers DH33100  125px  33101-33105  1953  1953  Diesel Hydraulic  350 hp (260 kW)  MaK  TCDD's first diesel locomotive. DH44100  125px  44101-44106  1955  1955  Diesel Hydraulic  800 hp (590 kW)  MaK   DH6000    6001  1959  1959  Diesel Hydraulic  610 hp (445 kW)  Jenbacher  Type DH600C DH4100    4101  1960  1960  Diesel Hydraulic  410 hp (300 kW)  Jenbacher  Type DH400C DH6500  125px  6501–6540  1960  1960  Diesel Hydraulic  650 hp (480 kW)  Krupp   DH3600  125px  3601–3624  1968  1968  Diesel Hydraulic  350 hp (260 kW)  MaK  Based on the DE22000.DH11500  125px  11501-11511  1960  1982  Diesel Hydraulic  1100 hp (810 kW)  MaK  Acquired from Deutsche Bahn in 1982.====Trainsets==== Model  Picture  Numbers  Built  Type  Power  Builder (Designer)  Notes MT5200  125px  5201–5202  1944  DMU  840 hp  MAN  MT5300  125px  5301–5516  1951  DMU  1100 hp  MAN  E8000  125px  8001–8030  1955  EMU  1020 kW  Alsthom  MT5500  125px  5501–5511  1968  DMU  580 hp  Fiat  E14000  125px  14001-14075  1979  EMU  1040 kW  TÜVASAŞ (Groupement 50 Hz) ====Railcars==== Model  Picture  Numbers  Built  Type  Power  Builder (Designer)  Notes 1-6 125px  5401–5420  1934  Railcar  85 hp  Škoda  21-25 125px  5401–5420  1935  Railcar  130 hp  MAN  MV5100 125px  5401–5420  1942  Railcar  210 hp  Uerdingen  MT5400  125px  5401–5420  1954  Railcar  300 hp  SCCF  RM3000 125px  5401–5420  1960  Railcar  340 hp  Uerdingen/Germany  MT5600        1990  Railcar  550 hp  TÜVASAŞ  Used for regional services
Network The TCDD network in 2016.TCDD directly owns and operates  of common carrier lines, of which  are electrified, throughout 57 provinces. Along with this, the railways own and operate over  of industrial lines and  of high-speed lines, with  of lines under construction. As of 2010, the railways consist of 763 tunnels, 25,441 bridges, 17 wyes and 7 loops. The railway's fleet consists of 467 main line Diesel locomotives, 67 Electric locomotives, 860 passenger coaches, 135 MUs, 33 High-speed rail sets and 15,384 freight cars. TCDD also owns 3 rail ferries.===Standards===* Rail Gauge – 1435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)* Electrification – 25 kV, 50 Hz AC Overhead lines* Loading gauge – UIC GC* Traffic – Right-Hand traffic* Pantograph – 1950 mm (Old) and 1600 mm (New, Rebuilt and High-speed lines)* Rail – UIC S49 (Old) and UIC 60 (New, Rebuilt and High-speed lines)* Sleepers – Wooden and Steel (Old) and Concrete (New, Rebuilt and High-speed lines)* Fastening – Baseplate based with Screw spikes (Old) and Tension Clamp (New, Rebuilt and High-speed lines)* Platform height – 380 mm (Low platforms), 550 mm (High-speed trains' platforms) and 1050 mm (Commuter rail platforms)* Coupling – Buffers and Chains (Locomotives and Passenger cars) and Scharfenberg (MUs)* Brake – Air* Curve minimum –  and  (High-speed lines)===Electrification===A TCDD HT65000 high-speed train on the Ankara–Konya YHT lineTurkey has chosen to electrify at the conventional 25 kV 50 Hz AC. The first electrified lines were the Istanbul suburban lines on the European side, from Sirkeci to Soğuksu, on 4 December 1955, and in the same period the E8000 electrical multiple units were taken into use. The suburban lines on the Asian side of Istanbul, from Haydarpaşa to Gebze, were electrified in 1969; while the Ankara suburban trains were electrified in 1972, on the line from Sincan to Kayaş.On 6 February 1977 the tracks from Gebze to Adapazarı were made double track and electrified, allowing the first main line operation of electric trains in Turkey. The line from Arifiye outside Adapazarı to Eskişehir were further electrified in 1989 and in 1993 to Sincan, allowing electric train passages from Istanbul to Ankara. In 1994 the European lines from Istanbul to Edirne, Kapıkule and the Bulgarian border were also electrified. The same year the line from Divriği to İskenderun in eastern Turkey was also electrified, though this line is not connected to the rest of the electrified network. In 2006 the İzmir suburban system was also electrified.===Railway links with adjacent countries=======West neighboring countries====*  Bulgaria – open  –  – 25 kV, 50 Hz AC*  Greece – open  –  – 25 kV, 50 Hz AC (but no train runs since February 2011)====East neighboring countries====*  Georgia – open – break-of-gauge / at Akhalkalaki (Georgia; see the Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway)*  Armenia – closed since 1993 – break-of-gauge / (see the Kars-Gyumri-Tbilisi railway line)*  Azerbaijan – no direct link – break-of-gauge / via Georgia open since 2017*  Iran – open, via Lake Van train ferry – *  Iraq – no direct link, traffic routed via Syria – *  Syria – closed because of the Syrian civil war – ===Logistic centers===TCDD is constructing 18 logistic centers to be completed till 2023 to increase the portion of railway in freight transportation. These centers (also called as freight villages) will have railway connected container yards, cranes, warehouses, customs service and other facilities. These 18 logistic centers are:Halkali, Samsun-Gelemen, Usak (completed)Kosekoy-Izmit, Hasanbey-Eskisehir, Kaklik-Denizli, Bogazkopru-Kayseri (partially completed)Yesilbayır-Istanbul, Gökköy-Balikesir, Bozüyük-Bilecik, Kayacık-Konya, Yenice-Mersin, Sivas, Türkoğlu-Kahramanmaraş, Kars, Palandöken-Erzurum, Mardin (under construction)===Yards and depots===TCDD owns and operates many facilities throughout Turkey. These facilities are; yards for storing freight and passenger cars, depots and locomotive shops for repair and maintenance and freight facilities for transferring or storing freight.Güvercinlik Yard in central Ankara is the largest railway facility in Turkey. This multi-use facility includes a marshaling yard, passenger yard, 3 repair shops, for passenger cars, freight cars and locomotives, freight transfer terminal and a grain silo siding. The Haydarpaşa Yard is the second largest yard in Turkey, consisting of a freight yard, passenger yard, 3 maintenance shops for locomotives, passenger cars and freight cars, and a loop for trains. *'''Güvercinlik Yard''' in Ankara is the largest rail yard in Turkey. *'''Haydarpaşa Yard''' in Istanbul is the largest passenger yard in Turkey. *'''Etimesgut Yard''' in Ankara is the largest high-speed rail yard in Turkey (under construction). *'''Ispartakule Yard''' in Istanbul is a high-speed rail yard in Turkey (under planning). *'''Tüpraş loading facility''' is the largest freight yard in Turkey. *'''Halkalı logistics center''' is the largest multipurpose freight yard in Turkey (under re-construction). *'''Güvercinlik Maintenance Facility''' is the largest electrified maintenance facility in Turkey. *'''Halkapınar Maintenance Facility''' is the largest non-electrified maintenance facility in Turkey. *'''Eskişehir Railway Shops''' are the largest railway construction facility in Turkey.===Ferries===Van Lake Train Ferry and Van terminalA TCDD Train Ferry in Istanbul.The Turkish State Railways own and operate two rail train ferries and connects to three others.The most famous of these would be the Bosphorus train ferry in Istanbul. This ferry connects Haydarpaşa, on the Asian side, with Sirkeci, on the European side. ''Demiryolu'' and ''Demiryolu II'' are the two ferries that operate on the route and are owned by TCDD.By starting the project of Marmaray, TCDD ended the Bosphorus train ferry and announced an alternative ferry for the freight trains passing from Europe to Asia or vice versa: Tekirdağ-Derince Ferry. It's a private ferry named Erdemir working as a subcontractor of TCDD. Ferry did trials in 2012, and had started regular transportation at the end of 2013.Ferry has 5 lines with 800-meter total length.The other train ferry owned by TCDD would be the Lake Van ferry, connecting Tatvan and Van via Lake Van, Turkey's largest lake. This ferry is a part of the only railway connection between Turkey and Iran, and thereby between Europe and India. ''Van'' is the name of the ferry that operates on the route and is also fully owned by TCDD.Other train ferries:*Derince, Turkey to Chornomorsk, Ukraine – TCDD owns and operates the Port of Derince. *Zonguldak to Ereğli – Operated by Alyans Tempo Group. * Samsun to Kavkaz – Operated by UPM.===Network extensions and modernizations===The Turkish State Railways currently has many network extension and modernization projects planned. TCDD is seeing the largest investment since the 1930s and with these investments is constructing new lines, primarily high-speed lines.In addition to 5000 km high-speed line, Turkish Ministry of Transportation announced the construction of 4000 km new conventional rail lines as a part of 2023 strategy.TCDD has also been renewing the existing lines, some to be electrified, signalized and/or made double tracked. The budget for renewals and infrastructure of existing lines is more than 1 billion TL in 2014.There are also commuter rail projects (renewal or new lines) like Marmaray, İzban, Başkentray or Gaziray that are completed.
See also * General Directorate of Highways (Turkey) * TCDD Taşımacılık* List of countries by rail transport network size* List of countries by rail usage* Turkish Airlines* Transport in Turkey* Turkish State Highway System* High-speed rail in Turkey* Rail transport in Turkey* Otoyol
References and notes ===Notes======References===
External links *  Turkish Railways Company Website*  Turkish Railway Company (TÜVASAŞ) Website*  A Short History of Turkish Railways including maps*  Turkish Railways Company Workers and Retired Personnel Social Aid Foundation*  Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture – Ankara Railway Museum*  Republic of Turkey Ministry of Transport