List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1990–1999)
Introduction The Padma Bhushan is the third-highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted on 2January 1954, the award is given for "distinguished service of a high order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The recipients receive a ''Sanad'', a certificate signed by the President of India and a circular-shaped medallion with no monetary association. The recipients are announced every year on Republic Day (26January) and registered in ''The Gazette of India'', a publication used for official government notices and released weekly by the Department of Publication, under the Ministry of Urban Development. The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the ''Gazette''. The names of recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are archived, and recipients who are struck from the register are required to surrender their medals; none of the conferments of Padma Bhushan during 1990–1999 have been revoked or restored. The recommendations are received from all the state and the union territory governments, as well as from Ministries of the Government of India, the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Vibhushan awardees, the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the Chief Ministers and the Governors of State, and the Members of Parliament including private individuals.When instituted in 1954, the Padma Bhushan was classified as "Dusra Varg" (Class II) under the three-tier Padma Vibhushan awards, which were preceded by the Bharat Ratna in hierarchy. On 15January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards as the Padma Vibhushan, the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri. The criteria included "distinguished service of a high order in any field including service rendered by Government servants", but excluded those working with the public sector undertakings with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards; this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute. The design was also changed to the form that is currently in use; it portrays a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion  in diameter and  thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of  side is embossed with a knob carved within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter  is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma" is placed above and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus written in Devanagari script. The State Emblem of India is displayed in the centre of the reverse side, together with the national motto of India, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari script, which is inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges and all embossing on either side is of standard gold with the text "Padma Bhushan" of gold gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband  in width with a broad white stripe in the middle. It is ranked fifth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations of the Indian civilian and military awards.In the 1990s, a total of 113 people were conferred with the award. Twenty-four awards were presented in both 1990 and 1991, followed by thirty-three in 1992.In February 1992, a writ petition was filed in the Kerala High Court questioning whether the civilian awards presented the Government of India were "titles" as per the Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of India. The subject constitutional article states that "no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State". Similar petition was also filed in August 1992 in the Indore Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court and a notice was issued on 25August that led to provisional suspension of all civilian awards. A Special Divisional Bench of the Supreme Court of India was set up with a panel of five judges that delivered the verdict on 15December 1995 that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles within Article 18 of the Constitution of India". Later in 1998 when the presentation of the awards resumed, eighteen recipients received the award followed by fourteen in 1999.The Padma Bhushan in the 1990s was also conferred upon five foreign recipients two from the United Kingdom and one each from Japan, New Zealand, and the United States. Individuals from ten fields were honoured that included twenty-six artists, twenty-three from literature and education, eighteen from science and engineering, fifteen from medicine, eleven from public affairs, ten from social work, three sportspersons, three from trade and industry, and two from civil services and other fields each.Journalist Nikhil Chakravarty declined the award in 1990 so as to "not be identified with the establishment". Historian Romila Thapar declined to accept the award in 1992, and later again in 2005, stating that she would accept awards only "from academic institutions or those associated with my professional work". Similar to Chakravarty, journalist and civil servant K. Subrahmanyam also refused the honour citing that "bureaucrats and journalists should not accept any award from the government because they are more liable to be favoured."
Recipients A recipient of the Ramon Magsaysay Award, social worker Rajanikant Arole (awarded in 1990) was the founder president of Maharashtra Social Forum, a popular NGO network in the state.Purushottam Laxman Deshpande (awarded in 1990) was a Marathi theatre personality and actor, acting in twenty five films. He has been the President of both the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan and Natya Sammelan.Sarangi player Ram Narayan (awarded in 1991) popularised the instrument as a solo concert instrument and is considered as first internationally successful sarangi player.Widely known for her "pioneering" work in the field of family planning, Shakuntala Paranjpye (awarded in 1991) also acted in movies like ''Sairandhri'' (1933) and ''Kunku'' (1937).Girish Karnad (awarded in 1992) is an actor, film director, writer and playwright in Kannada language. He is also the recipient of the Jnanpith Award.Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan (awarded in 1992) is an Indian space scientist who has headed the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) from 1994 to 2003 and the Karnataka Knowledge Commission.A recipient of the Sangeetha Kalanidhi, Padma Shri and the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, T. N. Krishnan (awarded in 1992) is a Carnatic music violinist.Sonal Mansingh (awarded in 1992) is an Indian classical dancer in Bharatanatyam and Odissi dancing style.Bhisham Sahni (awarded in 1998) was a Hindi writer, playwright and actor, famously known for his novel ''Tamas'', for which he received the Sahitya Akademi Award.George Joseph (awarded in 1999) has made significant contribution to Electro-optical sensor development.++ Key ===Padma Bhushan Award recipients in the year 1990===+ List of Padma Bhushan award recipients, showing the year, field, and state/country Year Recipient Field State1990  Social Work  Maharashtra1990  Science & Engineering  Delhi1990  Arts  Maharashtra1990  Literature & Education  Tamil Nadu1990  Science & Engineering 1990  Arts  Maharashtra1990  Medicine  Maharashtra1990  Arts  Maharashtra1990  Medicine  Delhi1990  Civil Service  Maharashtra1990  Literature & Education 1990  Social Work  Delhi1990  Trade & Industry  Maharashtra1990  Literature & Education  West Bengal1990  Literature & Education  Karnataka1990  Science & Engineering  Maharashtra1990  Literature & Education  Uttarakhand1990  Literature & Education  Odisha1990  Literature & Education  Tamil Nadu1990  Literature & Education  West Bengal1990  Literature & Education  Delhi1990  Public Affairs  1990  Science & Engineering  Maharashtra1990  Medicine  Kerala===Padma Bhushan Award recipients in the year 1991===+ List of Padma Bhushan award recipients, showing the year, field, and state/country Year Recipient Field State1991  Arts  Delhi1991  Sports  Delhi1991  Arts  Maharashtra1991  Arts  Maharashtra1991  Sports  Maharashtra1991  Arts  Delhi1991  Arts  Maharashtra1991  Social Work  Rajasthan1991  Medicine  Tamil Nadu1991  Arts  Maharashtra1991  Public Affairs  Delhi1991  Sports  Delhi1991  Public Affairs  Gujarat1991  Social Work  Maharashtra1991  Social Work  Bihar1991  Arts  Uttar Pradesh1991  Arts  Karnataka1991  Medicine  Andhra Pradesh1991  Arts  West Bengal1991  Literature & Education  Maharashtra1991  Literature & Education  Tamil Nadu1991  Literature & Education  Uttar Pradesh1991  Science & Engineering  1991  Public Affairs  Punjab===Padma Bhushan Award recipients in the year 1992===+ List of Padma Bhushan award recipients, showing the year, field, and state/country Year Recipient Field State1992  Public Affairs  Assam1992  Arts  Delhi1992  Arts  Maharashtra1992  Medicine  Tamil Nadu1992  Science & Engineering  Tamil Nadu1992  Civil Service  Delhi1992  Arts  Karnataka1992  Science & Engineering  Punjab1992  Public Affairs  Andhra Pradesh1992  Social Work  Maharashtra1992  Medicine  Delhi1992 Jaggayya Arts  Andhra Pradesh1992  Arts  Karnataka1992  Science & Engineering  Karnataka1992  Science & Engineering  Delhi1992  Others  1992  Arts  Andhra Pradesh1992  Arts  Tamil Nadu1992  Medicine  Maharashtra1992  Arts  Maharashtra1992  Literature & Education  Assam1992  Literature & Education  Gujarat1992  Arts  Delhi1992  Social Work  Tamil Nadu1992  Arts  Maharashtra1992  Literature & Education  Maharashtra1992  Trade & Industry  Maharashtra1992  Literature & Education  Andhra Pradesh1992  Arts  Gujarat1992  Medicine  Delhi1992  Medicine  Delhi1992  Arts  Karnataka1992  Arts  Maharashtra===Padma Bhushan Award recipients in the year 1998===+ List of Padma Bhushan award recipients, showing the year, field, and state/country Year Recipient Field State1998  Literature & Education  Karnataka1998  Science & Engineering  Karnataka1998  Literature & Education  West Bengal1998  Public Affairs  Punjab1998  Public Affairs  Madhya Pradesh1998  Literature & Education  Delhi1998  Medicine  Tamil Nadu1998  Medicine  Delhi1998  Literature & Education  Kerala1998  Science & Engineering  Kerala1998  Science & Engineering  Delhi1998  Medicine  Maharashtra1998  Science & Engineering  Karnataka1998  Literature & Education  Delhi1998  Arts  Tamil Nadu1998  Public Affairs  Delhi1998  Public Affairs  Uttar Pradesh1998  Medicine  Delhi===Padma Bhushan Award recipients in the year 1999===+ List of Padma Bhushan award recipients, showing the year, field, and state/country Year Recipient Field State1999  Medicine  Tamil Nadu1999  Public Affairs  Delhi1999  Social Work  Tamil Nadu1999  Social Work  Assam1999  Trade & Industry  Maharashtra1999  Science & Engineering  Gujarat1999  Science & Engineering  Maharashtra1999  Literature & Education  Kerala1999  Arts  Maharashtra1999  Literature & Education  Uttar Pradesh1999  Science & Engineering  Delhi1999  Social Work  Delhi1999  Literature & Education  Madhya Pradesh1999  Others  Uttar Pradesh
Explanatory notes ;Non-citizen recipients;Posthumous recipients
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