Joseph Berger-Barzilai
Introduction '''Joseph Berger-Barzilai''' (, original name '''Itskhak Mordukhovich Zheliaznik''', ; 29 November 1904 – 31 March 1978) was a founding member and the secretary of the Communist Party of Palestine and a Comintern official in Soviet who fell victim to Stalin's purges.
BIography Berger-Barzilai was born in Kraków in 1904.In 1914, his family fled the Russian army which threatened to invade their city for Vienna, and returned in 1916.He emigrated to Palestine at the age of 15 in 1920.Originally a Zionist, he became a communist and took part in the founding of the Communist Party of Palestine in 1922 and became its secretary. In 1924, he was sent to Beirut to establish a branch of the party. The result was the Lebanese People's Party, a front organization, which was founded in October the same year around a communist party of Lebanon and Syria.In 1924-25, Berger-Barzilai spent a few months in Moscow, where he met his wife Esther Feldman, a Russian Jew. Upon his return to Palestine, he was arrested for illegal activities in the Communist party and Comintern, but was only fined. After another trip to Moscow, the police authorities refused to let him in on 16 August 1926.As a stateless citizen, he had to remain aboard an Italian ship that sailed back and forth for six weeks. The International Aid Organization for Arrested Revolutionaries, together with Zionists, managed to obtain his release. After that, he lived in an Arab village, Beit Safafa, under false identity. He continued to lead the party and met with Comintern emissaries.In the spring of 1928, he was again called to Moscow, where he had a five-hour meeting with Stalin on 5 May 1929.He received the order to sever the ties with the Arab Executive Committee and other parts of the Arab nationalist movement. He returned to Palestine in 1929 to take command of the party after the riots that year.In 1932, he was summoned to Moscow, where he became a Soviet citizen and, after a short period as lecturer at the University of Moscow, a militant Comintern official who headed the Near Eastern section, and worked close to Stalin. Two years later, however, he was dismissed from his post and expelled from the party, and on 27 January 1935, he was arrested.In a summary trial, he was sentenced to death, but was pardoned and sent to prisons and slave labor camps in Siberia. In 1951, he was released, only to be sentenced to another life term. His wife and son were also persecuted on his account, and they could see him only after 15 years, when they were allowed to visit him in Siberia. Berger remained a staunch communist, and relates that he and his family had lost a common language when they had abandoned Marxism. He spent twenty years in Siberia under severe hardships until he was released and rehabilitated in 1956.Thanks to his Polish origin, he was allowed to leave Russia, and eventually went to Israel.
Literature *Joseph Berger: ''Shipwreck of a generation: Memoirs'' (British title), ''Nothing But the Truth: Joseph Stalin's Prison Camps-A Survivor's Account of the Victim's he Knew'' (American title), (1971).
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