Kope Formation
Introduction The '''Kope Formation''' is one of the three component bedrock formations of the Maquoketa Group that primarily consists of shale (75%) with some limestone (25%) interbedded. In general, it has a bluish-gray color that weathers light gray to yellowish-gray and it occurs in northern Kentucky, southwest Ohio, and southeast Indiana, United States.
Description === Depositional environment ===The depositional environment of the Kope was shallow marine. The central North American continent was a tropical epeiric sea at the time.Jennette and Pryor (1993) interpret the Kope, along with the Bellevue and Fairview Formations, as a progradational succession on a carbonate ramp. The Kope is the most distal facies of the ramp complex.=== Notable outcrops ===The type section of the Grand Avenue Member is a cliff to the west of Grand Avenue in Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio.The type section of the Wesselman Tongue of the Kope Formation is an east-facing embankment on an unnamed creek that is followed by Wesselman Road in Miami Township, Hamilton County, Ohio. The embankment is  south of Zion Hill bridge.=== Fossil content ===''Zygospira modesta'', atrypid brachiopods, preserved in their original positions on a trepostome bryozoan; from Cincinnatian Series (which includes Kope Formation), Indiana.Brachiopods, trilobites, bryozoans, rugose corals, and echinoderms (including crinoids, asteroids, and edrioasteroids) are all present in the Kope. Due to their mid-continent depositional environment, the fossils are almost free of deformation caused by tectonic activity common in the Appalachian Mountains.The brachiopods ''Dalmanella'' sp., ''Hebertella'' sp., ''Leptaena'' sp., ''Petrocrania'' sp., ''Philhedra'' sp., ''Platystrophia'' sp., ''Pseudolingula'' sp., ''Rafinesquina'' sp., ''Sowerbyella'' sp., ''Strophomena'' sp., ''Trematis'' sp., and ''Zygospira'' sp. have been recorded from the Cincinnatian Series, which includes the Kope Formation.The trilobites such as ''Triarthrus eatoni'', ''Cryptolithus tessellatus'', and ''Proetidella parviusculus'' have been identified in the Kope, and the Ohio State Fossil, ''Isotelus maximus'', can most likely be found in it.The bryozoans ''Ceramophylla'' sp., ''Eridotrypa mutabilis'', ''Peronopera vera'', ''Batostoma jamesi'', ''Dekayia aspera'', ''Heterotrypa ulrichi'', ''Parvohallopora'' sp., and ''Amplexopora septosa'' have been found in the Kope.Among echinoderms, the crinoids ''Cincinnaticrinus varibrachialis'', ''Ectenocrinus'' sp., and ''Iocrinus'' sp. are present in the Kope. Edrioasteroids and asteroids (starfish), generally rare, are common in overlying formations, and may be present in the Kope.A very large and unusual fossil, informally named "Godzillus", was discovered in the Kope Formation in 2011 by amateur paleontologist Ron Fine, of the Cincinnati Dry Dredgers. The reassembled fossil had a roughly elliptical shape with multiple lobes totaling almost  in length and is believed by Fine to have been nine feet-tall () when upright. David L. Meyer, of the University of Cincinnati geology department, believed it to be a fossilized mat of algae. In 2016, Ron Fine, David L. Meyer, and two other scientists published a study implicating that the fossil might not be a new taxon and could instead have been a complex preservation of trilobites.
Age Relative age dating of the Kope places it in the Late Ordovician period.
References === Bibliography ===*  ''Fossils of Ohio'', Bulletin 70, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, Edited by Rodney M. Feldmann and Merrianne Hackathorn, 577 p., 232 plates (some in color), drawings, maps, and tables, 1996.