SS Tobruk
Introduction '''''Tobruk''''' was a  cargo ship which was built in 1941 as '''''Empire Builder''''' by William Gray & Company Ltd for the  Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). On completion she was handed over to the Polish government-in-exile (along with four others; ''Narwik'', ''Bałtyk'', ''Białystok'' and ''Borysław'', which in 1950 was renamed to ''Bytom'') and renamed ''Tobruk''. She was a member of a number of convoys during the Second World War. She was sold in 1951 to Polskie Linie Oceaniczne and served until 1967.She was scrapped in 1968.
Description ''Empire Builder'' was built by William Gray & Sons Ltd, West Hartlepool. She was yard number 1123. ''Empire Builder'' was launched on 19 November 1941 and completed in January 1942.The ship was  long, with a beam of  and a depth of . She was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine which had cylinders of ,  and  bore by  stroke. The engine was built by Central Marine Engine Works, West Hartlepool. It could propel her at  ''Empire Builder'' was listed on Lloyds Register as having a GRT of 7,090 and a NRT of 5,050. ''Tobruk'' was listed on Lloyds Register as having a GRT of 7,048 and a NRT of 4,977.Her DWT was 10,500.
Career ''Empire Builder's'' port of registry was West Hartlepool. On completion, she was handed over to the Polish Government on 30 January 1942 and renamed ''Tobruk'', after participation of Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade in defence of Tobruk. Her port of registry was changed to Gdynia. ''Tobruk'' was owned by the Polish government and operated under the management of Gdynia America Line, in charter of War Transport Administration. The first captain was Bronisław Hurko. ;PQ 13Convoy PQ 13 departed Loch Ewe on 10 March 1942 and arrived at Murmansk, Soviet Union on 31 March having lost six ships to enemy action. A further two were sunk at Murmansk after the convoy's arrival. The convoy dispersed in a snow storm on 25 March, and ''Tobruk'' travelled alone since then. On 30 March, near Murmansk, she was attacked by German bombers Junkers Ju 88 and was credited with shooting down one bomber and one probable. She was hit by one bomb, which luckily pierced a deck and went out through a board, exploding in a water, instead of in a cargo hold with explosives. However, on 3 April ''Tobruk'' was sunk by a pier in Murmansk by enemy bomb, which flooded stern holds. On 24 April she was refloated, towed away and stranded. Thanks to a dedication of the crew, the ship was kept partly afloat for several months, and provisionally repaired in Murmansk dock by September only. The repairs were hampered by enemy bombings, which killed one crewman. ;QP 14Convoy QP 14 departed Murmansk on 13 September 1942 and arrived at Loch Ewe on 26 September, having lost four ships to enemy action. ''Tobruk'' was carrying a cargo of Apatite. She departed Murmansk on 8 September bound for Archangelsk, from where she joined the convoy. ''Tobruk'' arrived safely, although with leaks due to depth charges. Crew members were joking later that the convoy departed on the 13th day of the month, the trip lasted 13 days, and ''Tobruk'' had the thirteenth position in the convoy. ;SL 178Convoy SL 178 departed Freetown, Sierra Leone on 25 November 1944 and arrived at Liverpool on 15 December. ''Tobruk'' was on a voyage from Pepel to Barry, Glamorgan. She was carrying a cargo of iron ore and two passengers. On 9 December, a deceased seaman from ''Tobruk'' was buried at sea. ;PostwarPostwar, ''Tobruk'' continued in Polish Government service. On 21 June 1946, the ship entered her homeport Gdynia in Poland for the first time. After disbanding of Gdynia Ameryka Line, from 1951 the ''Tobruk'' became part of Polish Ocean Lines fleet. In 1950 during a storm in the Bay of Biscay in order to prevent the ship from crashing into the local reefs the crew improvised a sail, saving the ship; this is the only known example of a modern bulk carrier using a sail. In June 1967 ''Tobruk'' was transferred to other Polish state-owned operator, Polska Żegluga Morska (Polsteam), but was stricken already in November 1967.She was scrapped at Gdynia by June 1968.
In popular culture The wartime history of the ship has been portrayed in a novel ''S.S. Tobruk – w konwojach śmierci'' (SS Tobruk – in the convoys of death) by Jan Kazimierz Sawicki.
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