Operation Atlante
Introduction '''Operation Atlante''' was a military operation of the First Indochina War which consisted of three stages, ''Aréthuse'', ''Axelle'' and ''Attila'', taking place across six months from January 20, 1954.French Army commander General Henri Navarre employed 53 battalions of French infantry and artillery in an attempt to ensnare 30,000 Việt Minh troops thought to be secreted among the 2,000,000 strong local population in the marshy lagoons between Da Nang and Nha Trang in southern Vietnam. The objective was to pacify the local populace and re-establish the sovereignty of the Bảo Đại government.Through initial deployment across four weeks of amphibious landings on the coastline in ''Aréthuse'' between January 20 and 29, the French forces were continually reinforced through eight weeks of ''Axelle''. ''Attila'', envisaged as a two-month stage where the full French force closed out the Việt Minh, was made infeasible come March as French casualties mounted. Snipers and mines whittled the French force down, while Việt Minh attacks in the highlands diverted French attention. The French faced a series of sacrificed rearguard actions for each village while the main Việt Minh forces remained elusive. Võ Nguyên Giáp's troops gathered momentum and began to strike back, and together with the conduct of the Vietnamese National Army this forced the French to abandon ''Atlante''. Navarre would later declare ''Aréthuse'' and ''Axelle'' as successful, while ''Attilla'' remained unrealised. ''Atlante'' led to much consideration among the French command. The conduct of the ANV prompted French Chief of Defence Staff Paul Ely to comment that "It is now clear that, however sceptical I was when Monsieur Pleven asked my opinion on the possibility of the Vietnamese reliving us in the short term, I was still too optimistic. They are incapable of doing anything serious for several years." It had been the ANV's first major test in military operations. Chief of the Air Staff General Fay wrote that "It would have brought better results if we had consistently concentrated the maximum of bombs on one or two points and ensured the almost permanent cutting of the route at these points by harassing the repair work." Navarre received criticism for focusing on ''Atlante'' while operations were taking place at Dien Bien Phu, however historian Martin Windrow argues this to be unjustified given the contrasting nature of the two events.
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