Rocket Lab
Introduction '''Rocket Lab USA, Inc.''' is a publicly traded aerospace manufacturer and launch service provider that operates and launches lightweight Electron orbital rockets used to provide dedicated launch services for small satellites. The company plans to build a larger Neutron rocket as early as 2024.Electron rockets have launched 43 times from either Rocket Lab's Launch Complex 1 in New Zealand or at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport in Wallops Island, Virginia, United States. Two attempts have been made to recover an Electron booster by helicopter. In addition, six attempts have been made at soft water recovery. As of 2022, the company is developing the bigger Neutron reusable unibody rocket; Photon satellite buses, and rocket engines: Rutherford, Curie, HyperCurie, and Archimedes.The company was founded in New Zealand in 2006.By 2009, the successful launch of Ātea-1 made the organization the first private company in the Southern Hemisphere to reach space. The company established headquarters in California, US in 2013 and developed the expendable Electron rocket. The first launch of the rocket took place in May 2017.In August 2021, the company became a public company, listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange through a SPAC merger. In May 2022, after four years of development, the Electron booster attempted recovery by a helicopter.The company also builds and operates satellites for the Space Development Agency, a space-based missile defense program of the United States Space Force established by Michael D. Griffin (who later became a Rocket Lab board member) in his role as Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering during the Trump administration. The company's participation drew controversy in New Zealand, where members of parliament noted the company is contributing to the "weaponization of space" and could be in violation of New Zealand's nuclear-free zone laws.The Union of Concerned Scientists warns SDA will escalate global tensions and called the project "fundamentally destabilizing".In 2021, the company had 525 staff in New Zealand and about 150 in the rest of the world, mostly the United States. The acquisition of SolAero added 425 staff members in the United States in January 2022.
History === Founding (2006–2012) ===The company was founded in June 2006 by Peter Beck in New Zealand, after a trip to the United States. During the trip, Beck realized the possibility and potential for a low-cost small vehicle. While contacting potential investors, he met Mark Rocket, who would later become a key seed investor in the company and was the co-director from 2007 to 2011.Other investors to the company includes Stephen Tindall, Vinod Khosla, and the New Zealand Government.The company became the first private company in the Southern Hemisphere to reach space after launching its Ātea-1 sounding rocket in November 2009.The payload was not recovered, as it was deemed to be unsuccessful. The payload was a ballistic instrumentation dart and its trajectory depended only on the boost phase of flight. The launch took place off the coast of New Zealand, from the private island (the Great Mercury Island) of Michael Fay, a New Zealand banker and Rocket Lab investor. A second early investor was Stephen Tindall, a New Zealand entrepreneur.In December 2010, the company was awarded a U.S. government contract from the Operationally Responsive Space Office (ORS) to study a low cost space launcher to place CubeSats into orbit. The agreement with NASA enabled the company to contract for limited NASA resources such as personnel, facilities, and equipment for commercial launch efforts.=== Moving to United States (2013–2020) ===Peter Beck and 450x450pxAround 2013, the company moved its registration from New Zealand to the United States, and opened headquarters in Huntington Beach, California. The move coincided with the company receiving funding from American sources, and was in part due to increased U.S. government involvement in the company. The New Zealand company became a subsidiary of the American company. In 2020, Rocket Lab moved its headquarters to Long Beach, California. The move was motivated by the need to accommodate the company's growing workforce and to be closer to major suppliers and customers. The new facility includes a state-of-the-art production facility for manufacturing the company's Electron launch vehicle, as well as administrative offices and other support facilities. The move to Long Beach further solidifies Rocket Lab's position as a key player in the rapidly growing commercial space industry.In 2013, additional funding was obtained from Khosla Ventures, and Callaghan Innovation (a Crown entity of New Zealand). Bessemer Venture Partners invested in 2014 and Lockheed Martin became a strategic investor in 2015.Rocket Lab announced in March 2017 that it had raised an additional US$75 million in a Series D equity round led by Data Collective with participation by Promus Ventures and several previous investors. In May 2017, the investments of Callaghan Innovation was reported to total NZ$15 million. In November 2018, the company reported raising a US$150 million Series E round led by Future Fund. The first NASA mission, launched in 2018, was valued by the space agency at US$6.9 million (with launch services, etc., included).In 2018, Rocket Lab began to develop reusable first-stage technology, after previously stating publicly that they had no intention of attempting to recover and then reuse their small low-cost launch vehicles. They disclosed the effort to study the potential recovery of an Electron first stage in August 2019, aiming to use a parachute and mid-air retrieval, with a goal of a stage recovery attempt before mid-2020.In December 2019, they flight tested the reentry technology — a Rocket Lab proprietary aerothermal decelerator — on Electron flight number 10, and were able to decelerate the rocket and successfully bring it through the space-to-dense-atmosphere transition. They did not attempt to recover the rocket on this first test; but they planned to add guided parachutes to future test flights, to recover the booster by snagging the rocket with a helicopter in the lower atmosphere.In March 2020, the company announced that it had acquired Sinclair Interplanetary, a Canadian manufacturer of components for small satellites. Rocket Lab said that it will use Sinclair technology on its Photon line of small satellite buses, and that it would help Sinclair increase production of small satellite components for sale to other firms. Since then, Rocket Lab has launched a variety of missions with some or all of the payload being made by Sinclair Interplanetary.=== Trading as a public company (2021–present) ===In March 2021, the company announced that it was planning to go public through an initial public offering (IPO) of stock in the second quarter of 2021.The company planned to accomplish the IPO through a merger with a special-purpose acquisition company (SPAC) called Vector Acquisition Corporation (VACQ). The deal had been rumored and some details of the impending deal had leaked out the previous day in New Zealand news outlets. The merger was planned to value the company at US$4.1 billion and provide the company with US$790 million in working capital in order to begin development of a new medium-lift two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicle called ''Neutron'', aiming for the mega-constellation satellite deployment market. Neutron was planned to be partially reusable with the booster stage performing a RTLS Landing, to be refurbished and launched again.The company began trading on the Nasdaq on 25 August 2021 after it merged with SPAC Vector Acquisition, which valued Rocket Lab at $4.8 billion in equity, and the transaction added $777 million in gross cash proceeds. At the time of going public, Rocket Lab had over 500 employees and it had launched 105 satellites into orbit up to that point in time. Rocket Lab's launch business booked revenues of $13.5 million in 2018, $48 million in 2019 and an estimated $33 million in 2020.Rocket Lab expects to spend about $200 million of the cash gained from going public to develop its next-generation rocket Neutron. Rocket Lab aims to launch Neutron for the first time by 2024.As of August 2021, the company intended to build a new factory in the United States to build the rockets as well as new launch infrastructure for Neutron at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport in Wallops Island, Virginia, United States. In October 2021, the company acquired Advanced Solutions, Inc (ASI), a Colorado-based spacecraft flight software company. In November 2021, the company acquired Planetary Systems Corporation (PSC), a manufacturer of satellite separation systems for $81.4 million. In January 2022, the company acquired SolAero, a supplier of space solar power products.On 3 May 2022, the company launched its Electron rocket from New Zealand, hoping to recover it for the first time. It was able to capture the falling rocket booster in mid air, a historic first. Beck later said that the booster was hanging improperly, so it was allowed to parachute into the water where it was pulled out by a ship.In August 2022, the company revealed plans to become the first private company to reach Venus. The company is building a small probe, called the Venus Life Finder (VLF), which is designed plunge through Venus's upper atmosphere for roughly five minutes between  and  above the planets' surface, searching for organic compounds. As of March 2023, the target launch date aboard the Electron rocket is January 2025 with arrival scheduled for June 2025.In October 2023, Rocket Lab officially opened its new engine development facility in Long Beach to support the development of the Archimedes engine. The facility, including production assets such as machinery and equipment, had been acquired in May 2023 out of Virgin Orbit's bankruptcy proceedings.In January 2024, it was announced that Rocket Lab would be the prime contractor for a $515M USSF military satellite project; the largest contract they have so far received.
Hardware === Ātea sounding rocket ===The first and only launch of the ''Ātea'' (Māori for "space") sub-orbital sounding rocket occurred in late 2009.The  long rocket weighing approximately  was designed to carry a  payload to an altitude of around . It was intended to carry scientific payloads or possibly personal items. Originally, a project for ''Ātea-2'' was developed. However, it never launched and was eventually cancelled in favor of working on the Electron. ''Ātea-1'', named ''Manu Karere'' or ''Bird Messenger'' by the local Māori iwi, was successfully launched from Great Mercury Island near the Coromandel Peninsula on 30 November 2009 at 01:23 UTC (14:23 local time). Fueling problems delayed the scheduled 20:10 UTC (07:10 local time) liftoff to the actual time. The rocket was tracked by GPS uplink to the Inmarsat-B satellite constellation. After the flight, Atea-1 splashed down approximately  downrange. The payload had no telemetry downlink, but had instrumentation including the launch vehicle's uplink to Inmarsat. The payload was not required to be recovered as it was only a dart and nothing of importance or value. The company advised that should it be encountered by vessels at sea, the payload should not be handled as it was "potentially hazardous" and contained delicate instruments. However, performance characteristics were completely determined by the boost stage, which did have downlink telemetry and was recovered. A second launch of Ātea-1 was planned. However, the launch was never attempted as the program was cancelled. This allowed Rocket Lab to place the entire team working on the Electron=== Electron orbital rocket ===300x300pxElectron is a two-stage launch vehicle which uses Rocket Lab's Rutherford liquid engines on both stages. The vehicle is capable of delivering payloads of 150 kg to a 500 km Sun-synchronous orbit, the target range for the growing small satellite market. The projected cost is less than US$5 million per launch.Rocket Lab's Electron Rocket, Labeled The Rutherford engine uses pumps that are uniquely driven by battery-powered electric motors rather than a gas generator, expander, or preburner. The engine is fabricated largely by 3D printing, via electron beam melting, whereby layers of metal powder are melted in a high vacuum by an electron beam rather than a laser. By March 2016, the  second-stage Rutherford engine had completed firing tests. The first test flight took place on 25 May 2017 at 04:20 UTC from Māhia Peninsula in New Zealand's North Island. After reaching an altitude of about , the rocket was performing nominally but telemetry was lost so the decision to destroy it was made by range safety.On 21 January 2018 at 01:43 UTC, their second rocket, on a flight named "Still Testing", launched, reached orbit and deployed three CubeSats for customers Planet Labs and Spire Global. The rocket also carried an additional satellite payload called ''Humanity Star'', a  of wide carbon fibre geodesic sphere made up of 65 panels that reflect the Sun's light. ''Humanity Star'' re-entered Earth's atmosphere and burned up in March 2018.On 11 November 2018, the first commercial launch (third launch in total) of Electron occurred from Māhia Peninsula carrying satellites for Spire Global, GeoOptics, a CubeSat built by high school students, and a prototype of a dragsail.On 4 July 2020, an issue during the second-stage burn of flight 13, named "Pics or It Didn't Happen", caused Electron to fail to get into orbit and its payloads were lost. On 19 November 2020, a successful launch mission named "Return to Sender" deployed its payload of 29 small sats into orbit. In addition to satellite deployment, a new method of the first stage recovery was successfully implemented. "After stage separation, the first stage will reorient itself for reentry, then deploy a drogue parachute and a larger main parachute before splashing down in the Pacific Ocean about 400 kilometers from the launch site". On 15 May 2021, the company launched the mission "Running Out Of Toes" which successfully utilized the first stage recovery method like the one used on "Return to Sender". However, the rocket failed to place its payload of two BlackSky satellites into orbit after an issue occurred with the second stage. On 15 September 2022, Rocket Lab launched "The Owl Spreads Its Wings" mission, sending a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite into Earth orbit. On September 19, 2023, the Electron failed its mission to deliver a Capella Space synthetic aperture radar imaging satellite when the rocket's second stage failed shortly after separation. Electron successfully returned to flight on December 14 with the launch of a Japanese radar imaging satellite, which also marked a record 10th flight for the rocket in 2023.=== HASTE suborbital rocket ===HASTE (Hypersonic Accelerator Suborbital Test Electron) is a suborbital testbed derived from the Electron orbital rocket. HASTE provides flight test opportunities for hypersonic and suborbital system technology development. HASTE successfully launched its first mission "Scout's Arrow" on 18 June 2023, the customer was Leidos.HASTE has a payload capacity of 700 kg, which is twice as much as Electron, it can deploy payloads from 80 km altitude and higher.=== Neutron reusable rocket ===A design concept image of Neutron, which is set to launch in 2024The company announced in March 2021 that they were developing a new medium-lift two-stage human rated launch vehicle called ''Neutron''. Neutron is expected to be  tall with a  diameter fairing. It will have 13 and 15 ton capacities. Rocket Lab have said they are going to aim to make the first stage of the vehicle reusable with landings planned on a floating landing platform downrange in the ocean. This method is similar to how SpaceX recovers the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets. During a Q&A with space and rocket communicator Scott Manley, Peter Beck indicated a preference to avoid fixed assets such as landing barges. This indicated that design work had proceeded on the basis that the Neutron would return for landing rather than landing downrange.Neutron launches are intended to take place from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) on the eastern coast of Virginia. Rocket Lab is expected to modify the existing launch pad infrastructure at Launch Pad 0A (LP-0A). In March 2022, Rocket Lab announced that Neutron will be manufactured at a facility adjacent to Launch Complex 2 at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport. Launch Complex 2 is currently being used for Electron launches. Rocket Lab began to break ground for this facility on 11 April 2022.As of March 2021, the company is planning for the first launch no earlier than 2024.=== Photon satellite bus ===Based on Rocket Lab's Electron kick stage, Photon is a satellite bus. It can utilize a variety of engines, including those developed by the company itself, such as the Curie and HyperCurie engines, as well as engines from third-party sources, such as the one powering the EscaPADE mission. Photon communicates on the S-band. Depending on the orbital inclination (37° to Sun-synchronous orbit), it is expected to have a maximum payload capacity of . In October 2019, Rocket Lab announced plans to use Photon to launch small payloads into lunar orbit as soon as fourth quarter 2020.A modified version of Photon would have bigger propellant tanks and the HyperCurie engine for interplanetary missions. The low Earth orbit version of Photon can take  to Sun-synchronous orbit. The interplanetary version will have a  payload capacity. HyperCurie is an evolution of the Curie engine, which comes in a monopropellant version and a bipropellant version, while the HyperCurie is a hypergolic version. HyperCurie is electrically pumped.The first satellite to use the Photon bus (or a demo-version of it) was Photon Pathfinder, Rocket Lab's first in-house designed and built Photon demonstration satellite. It was launched aboard an Electron rocket on 13 June 2020.The second Photon satellite was the First Light satellite. It was launched aboard Electron rocket on 31 August 2020 on the 14th Electron mission "I Can't Believe It's Not Optical". On that mission, the Electron rocket lifted First Light and the customer satellite, Capella 2, to orbit; then the First Light satellite, acting in the capacity of a kick stage (final rocket stage which inserts the payload satellite into desired orbit), inserted the customer satellite into its orbit and then went on to begin its own orbital mission as a standalone satellite. First Light thus had a dual role in the mission: first as the final rocket stage delivering the customer satellite and then as a standalone satellite. The purpose of First Light standalone mission is to demonstrate the new (as compared to "plain" kick stage) systems for operating in orbit as a long-duration standalone satellite. To demonstrate Photon bus' payload hosting, the First Light had a low-resolution video camera.=== Viscous liquid monopropellant ===In 2012, the company demonstrated a rocket propelled by a Viscous Liquid Monopropellant (VLM) developed in work sponsored by DARPA and the Office of Naval Research (NRL). The VLM was reported to be thixotropic, so that it behaves as a pseudo solid until a shear force is applied, at which point it flows like a liquid. The VLM was reported to have a density comparable to solid-rocket fuels, with a specific gravity of about 1.72, whereas the specific gravity of liquid rocket fuels was reported to rarely be above 1.The VLM reportedly required no special handling, was non-toxic, water-soluble, had low sensitivity to shock, a high ignition point, and was barely flammable in atmosphere. The company has been issued  on a Viscous Liquid Monopropellant which discloses additional details.=== Instant Eyes ===Back in 2011 Rocket Lab had a program called "Instant Eyes". The Instant Eyes UAV was designed for military personnel seeking a bird's-eye view of the battlefield, much like the capabilities of modern-day drones. Instant Eyes was a mini solid rocket motor that could be hand launched in a special launching tube. Upon launching, the rocket with its 5MP camera would launch up to an altitude of 1 km within 20 seconds. Upon reaching the correct altitude, Instant Eyes would deploy it's parachute and start wirelessly live streaming the footage. At the maximum altitude, the operator would receive a 1 km field of view of the battlefield. Once the rocket reached the ground, roughly 120 seconds after reaching the maximum altitude, the UAV would self-destruct. Instant Eyes was co-developed with L2 Aerospace.
Facilities === Manufacturing ===Payload preparation inside a Rocket Lab facility at 300x300pxIn October 2018, the company revealed their new manufacturing facility in Auckland, New Zealand. It is intended for the production of propellant tanks and stage builds, and is in charge of the overall integration of launch vehicles at Launch Complex 1.The company's headquarters in Long Beach, California, produces their Rutherford engines and avionics.The company's manufacturing process is designed to maximize efficiency and minimize costs, while maintaining a high level of quality control. The company's primary manufacturing facility is located in Huntington Beach, California, where rocket components are manufactured and assembled before being shipped to the launch site in New Zealand.The manufacturing process begins with the production of the Electron rocket's first stage, which is built using a unique carbon composite material. The composite material is specially designed to be lightweight, yet incredibly strong, making it ideal for use in spaceflight applications. The composite material is also resistant to the extreme temperatures and pressures experienced during launch and flight, ensuring that the rocket can withstand the stresses of spaceflight.Once the first stage is complete, it is transported to the launch site in New Zealand, where the second stage and other components are added. The second stage is powered by a single Rutherford engine, which is designed and manufactured by Rocket Lab in-house. The engine uses an electric pump-fed propulsion system, which allows for greater control and efficiency compared to traditional chemical propulsion systems.Manufacturing the carbon composite components of the main flight structure has traditionally required 400 hours, with extensive hand labor in the process. In late 2019, Rocket Lab brought a new robotic manufacturing capability online to produce all composite parts for an Electron in just 12 hours. The robot was nicknamed "Rosie the Robot", after The Jetsons character. The process can make all the carbon fiber structures as well as handle cutting, drilling, and sanding such that the parts are ready for final assembly. The company objective as of November 2019 is to reduce the overall Electron manufacturing cycle to just seven days.Rutherford engine production makes extensive use of additive manufacturing and has since the earliest flights of Electron. This allows the capability to scale production in a relatively straightforward manner by increasing the number and capability of 3D printers.=== Launch Complex 1 ===The company's Launch Complex 1 (LC-1) is a private orbital launch site located on the Māhia Peninsula in New Zealand. The site consists of a launch pad, a vehicle integration facility, and a range control center. It was designed to support the company's Electron launch vehicle, which is optimized for small satellite launches.The company originally planned to use the Kaitorete Spit as their primary launch site and Mahia as a more secondary one. After encountering difficulty in obtaining resource consent for the Kaitorete Spit launch site, Rocket Lab announced in November 2015 that its primary launch site would be on the Māhia Peninsula, east of Wairoa in the North Island. The site is licensed to launch rockets every 72 hours for 30 years. Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1 (LC-1A) was officially opened on 26 September 2016 (UTC; 27 September NZDT). In December 2019, Rocket Lab began construction of a second pad on Māhia Peninsula named Launch Complex 1B. On 28 February 2022, Launch Complex 1B hosted its first launch: "The Owl's Night Continues".LC-1 has been in operation since 2017 and has supported numerous launches for a variety of customers, including NASA, the U.S. Air Force, and commercial satellite operators. LC-1A was the first part of LC-1 and was introduced in 2017.The first launch supported from LC-1A was "It's a Test". LC-1B was added later in February 2022. "The Owl's Night Continues" was the first launch supported from LC-1B.=== Launch Complex 2 ===In October 2018, after several months of search, the company announced their selection of the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility as their second launch site. The site was chosen for a number of factors. First was the speed and ease in which the new pad could be built due to infrastructure readiness. Second was the low number of launches from other companies. Third was the location's ability to supplement orbital inclinations provided by LC-1.It was expected to be capable of monthly launches serving United States government and commercial missions. Launch Complex 2 (LC-2) is located within the fence line of MARS Launch Pad 0A. In December 2019, construction of the launch pad was completed and Rocket Lab inaugurated the LC-2.In March 2021, the company announced that they would modify the pad infrastructure at Launch Complex 0A in order to be able to launch the medium-lift launch vehicle Neutron from LP-0A, with the initial launch planned for as early as 2024.This plan was later abandoned, and a new launch pad for Neutron will be built at MARS.The first launch from LC-2 happened on 24 January 2023.On the "Virginia is for launch lovers" mission, which was named in celebration of the inaugural launch from LC-2, the Electron rocket launched. It successfully launched 3 satellites to orbit. Since then two more missions flew out of LC-2.Currently, the company's boosters are not recoverable after their LC-2 launches, since all of the recovery gear is in the Mahia area. The company does plans to be able to eventually have recovery gear stationed off the coast of Virginia as well. This would allow them to recover Electron.=== Launch Complex 3 ===In October 2023, construction of a new launch site between LP-0A and LP-0B was seen. The new launch site will be for Neutron and will be named '''Launch pad 0D (LP-0D).''' Rocket Lab will refer to LP-0D as launch complex 3 or LC-3 (located at ). In January 2024, considerable progress was reported on the construction of the launch site.
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