List of steepest gradients on adhesion railways
Introduction The inclusion of steep gradients on railways avoids the expensive engineering work required to produce more gentle gradients. However the maximum feasible gradient is limited by how much of a load the locomotive(s) can haul upwards. Braking when travelling downhill is also a limiting factor. There have been various solutions to hauling rail mounted vehicles up or down inclines. These include simple rail adhesion, rack railways and cable inclines (including rail mounted water tanks to carry barges). To help with braking on the descent, a non-load-bearing "brake rail" located between the running rails can be used, similar to the rail used in the Fell system, e.g. by the Snaefell Mountain Railway on the Isle of Man.Tramways and light railways often have steeper gradients than heavier railways. This is because all wheels are usually connected to engine power in order to give better acceleration. Grades of 5% are not uncommon on them. Metros and pure commuter railways often also allow steeper gradients, over 4%, for the same reason. High-speed railways commonly allow 2.5% to 4% because the trains must be strong and have many wheels with power to reach very high speeds. For freight trains, gradients should be as gentle as possible, preferably below 1.5%.
Examples The list below is of some of the steepest gradients on adhesion railways, in order of decreasing steepness: GradientLine Notes 1 in 7.2 (13.8%) Calçada de São Francisco, Lisbon Tramways, Portugal  1 in 8.6 (11.6%) Pöstlingbergbahn, Austria 1 in 9 (11.1%) Cass Scenic Railway, West Virginia, United States Former logging railway, steepest non-electrified adhesion railway 1 in 9 (11%) or 1 in 10 (10%) Estrada de Ferro Campos do Jordão, Brazil 1 in 10 (10%) Sheffield Supertram, Sheffield, England  1 in 10.4 (9.6%) Gmunden Tramway, Austria  1 in 11 (9.1%) Allentown light rail line, Pittsburgh, United States Saint-Gervais–Vallorcine railway, France J Church line, San Francisco 1 in 11.13(9.0%)BC Forest Discovery Centre, Duncan, B.C., CanadaThe steepest incline on a 3 ft narrow-gauge railway in Canada, the BC Forest Discovery Centre is a Forestry and Logging Museum that runs a tourist train, using a combination of steam locomotives and diesel locomotives, usually with trains consisting of 1-3 coaches in length, as well as motor cars. 1 in 11.4 (8.8%) Cinci Drumuri–Pădurii, Iași Tramways, Iași, Romania  1 in 11.4 (8.75%) A and B Loop and NS Line of the Portland Streetcar system, Portland, Oregon, United States Located in the block of Southwest Harrison Street between 1st Avenue and 2nd Avenue1 in 11.8(8.5%)Stuttgart light rail system, GermanySteepest gradient in Alexanderstraße on the southern part of line U15.1 in 12 (8.33%) Nilgiri Mountain Railway, Tamil Nadu, IndiaPossibly the steepest incline on a metre-gauge railway in Asia. The steam locomotives are marshalled at the downhill (Mettupalayam) end of the train. The average gradient in this rack section is 1 in 24.5 (4.08%), with a maximum of 1 in 12 (8.33%). Between Coonoor (ONR) and Udagamandalam (UAM), the train is operated by a YDM4 diesel locomotive using conventional rail adhesion principles. 1 in 12.5 (8%) Hakone Tozan Line, Japan 1 in 12.5 (8%) Trieste-Opicina tramwayMixed adhesion and rope-hauled operation. The maximum gradient on adhesion is 8% between Vetta Scorcola and Cologna stops. Maximum gradient on the rope-hauled section is 26% between Romagna and S. Anastasio stops. 1 in 12.5 (8.0%) Appenzell–St. Gallen–Trogen railway, Appenzeller Bahnen, Switzerland 1 in 12.6 (7.9%) Uetliberg railway line, Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg Bahn, Switzerland 1 in 12.7 (7.85%)Green Line B branch, Boston, Massachusetts, United StatesThe steepest gradients are near Washington Street station. 1 in 13.7 (7.3%) Montreux–Lenk im Simmental line, Switzerland 1 in 14 (7.1%) Driving Creek Railway, Coromandel, New Zealand 1 in 14 (7.1%) Hopton Incline, Cromford and High Peak Railway, England This incline has only carried passengers, by adhesion, on enthusiast special trains, but is now completely closed. 1 in 14.1 (7.1%) Erzberg Railway (Erzbergbahn), Austria Built as a rack railway, adhesion operation only by passenger railbuses, now only museum operation on part of the line. 1 in 14 (7.0%)Red Marble Grade, Topton, North Carolina.A 2015 survey lists the 3.5 mile stretch between MP 87 and MP 90.5 at a 4% average grade and says there are isolated stretches approaching 7%. When originally built the ruling grade was 4.2% as listed by southern railway. But due to the fills settling it has drastically changed. This segment of track has always been worked by adhesion. This line is owned by Great Smoky Mountains Railroad and in 2019 is out of service. 1 in 14.2 (7.0%) Bernina Railway, Switzerland MAX Light Rail system, Portland, Oregon, United States System's ruling gradient of 7.0% is located on the viaduct connecting the Steel Bridge with Southwest 1st Avenue. Sacramento Light Rail, Sacramento, California, United States 1 in 15 (6.67%) Usui Pass, former Shin'etsu Main Line, Japan Former Keihan Keishin Line Toden Arakawa Line (Tokyo Sakura Tram), Japan 1 in 15.4 (6.5%)  Incline from the Causeway Street Tunnel up to the Lechmere Viaduct on the Green Line (MBTA), Boston, Massachusetts, United States This incline is commonly believed to be the "steepest grade of tracks in the T system." 1 in 15.9 (6.3%) Alishan Forest Railway, Taiwan 1 in 16.4 (6.1%) Hunsrückbahn, Germany Built as a rack railway. Keihan Keishin Line1 in 16.6 (6.0%) Ligne de Cerdagne, France Arica, Chile to Bolivia With  radius curves.1 in 16.6 (6.0%)Terni–Perugia–Sansepolcro railway (Perugia Sant'Anna branch)Steepest standard gauge line in Italy 1 in 17 (5.89%) Madison Incline, Madison, Indiana, United States Steepest standard gauge, line haul railroad in North America. Worked as a rack railway until 1868 when the Reuben Wells was built to work the hill by adhesion. 1 in 17.1 (5.88%) Docklands Light Railway, London, England On the ramp from the original London and Blackwall Railway viaduct to the tunnel leading to Bank.1 in 17.5 (5.7%)Mukilteo, Washington, United States, Boeing Factory SpurRail line for delivering parts shipped from overseas to the Boeing Everett Factory. 1 in 18 (5.5%) Near Alausi, Ecuador on line to Quito Flåmsbanen, Norway Höllentalbahn (Black Forest), Germany1 in 19.2 Hong Kong Tramway, Hong Kong Along the section of King's Road between the junctions with Kornhill Road and Shau Kei Wan Road/Taikoo Shing Road 1 in 19 (5.3%) Camden Tram, New South Wales, AustraliaThis line has been closed for over 50 years. Foxfield Railway, Staffordshire, England This incline is on a preserved colliery railway which briefly carried passengers over this steep section but does not now normally do so. Kangra Valley Railway, Himachal Pradesh, India 1 in 20 (5.0%) Rapperswil - Samstagern, Südostbahn, Switzerland Murg Valley Railway, Germany Kurobe Gorge Railway, Japan Eizan Electric Railway Kurama Line, Japan Nankai Electric Railway Koya Line, Japan Kobe Electric Railway (Shintetsu) Ao Line and Arima Line, Japan Tateyama Erosion Control Train, Japan 1 in 20 (5.0%)/1 in 25 (4.0%) Matheran Hill Railway, India Near Mumbai 1 in 21 (4.7%) Saluda Grade, Saluda, North Carolina, United States The steepest standard gauge mainline railroad grade in the United States. Worked by adhesion between 1878 and 2001, currently out of service.1 in 22(4.5%)Balsam Mountain GradeBalsam N.C.Balsam Mountain, home of highest railroad station east of the Rockies; average grade about 4.0%, max 4.5%.1 of 2 grades on southern railways former Murphy branch that are +4% grade. Balsam Mountain has seen many runaways. It is still in service operated by the Blue Ridge Southern Railroad (Watco). 1 in 22 (4.5%) Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, India 1 in 22 (4.5%) Big Hill, British Columbia, Canada Operated from 1884 to 1909 when it was replaced by two spiral tunnels. 1 in 22.5 (4.4%) Thamshavn Line, Norway 1 in 23 (4.3%) Ballochney incline, Ballochney Railway, Scotland The steepest standard gauge inclines used regularly by passenger trains by adhesion in Britain. Both closed to passengers from 1 May 1930 by the London and North Eastern Railway and since closed completely. Causewayend incline, Slamannan Railway, Scotland 1 in 25 (4.0%) Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line, Germany Chosica - Galera, Central Railway, Peru Selketalbahn, Germany Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad, Colorado, United States Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad, Colorado, United States  to , Iida Line, Japan Fujikyuko Line, Fuji Kyuko Railway, Japan Batlow branch, New South Wales, AustraliaThis line has been closed for many years. Newnes branch, New South Wales, AustraliaThis line has been closed for many decades. The Glowworm Tunnel on its former route is a popular tourist attraction. Oberon branch, New South Wales, AustraliaThis line has been closed for decades. Dorrigo branch, New South Wales, AustraliaThis line has been closed for decades. There have been several attempts by the Dorrigo Steam Railway and Museum and Glenreagh Mountain Railway to reinstate part of it as a historic/tourist rail line. Luxembourg to St Michel-Notre Dame, RER Line B, Paris, France 1 in 26 (3.85%) Iquique Railway, Chile  Ōu Main Line (Yamagata Shinkansen), Japan 1 in 27 (3.7%) Mersey Railway Tunnel, England Werneth Incline, England Regular passenger service withdrawn 7 January 1963 and since closed completely. Holywell branch line, Wales Regular passenger service withdrawn 6 September 1954 and since closed completely. Mauritius Railways  1 in 28 (3.6%) LGV Sud-Est high-speed line, France 1 in 28.5 (3.5%) Kyushu Shinkansen, Japan
See also * Grade (slope)* Hillclimbing (railway)* Lickey Incline, steepest British main-line gradient* Longest trains* Mountain railway* Rack railways* Ruling gradient* Spiral (railway)* Zig zag (railway)
Further reading *
References
External links *  Sample Curve & Gradient Diagram, Page 5