The Lion King (franchise)
Introduction '''''The Lion King''''' is a Disney media franchise comprising a film series and additional media. The success of animated original 1994 American feature film, ''The Lion King'', directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff, led to a direct-to-video sequel and prequel, a live-action remake in 2019, a television film sequel, two spin-off television series, three educational shorts, several video games, merchandise, and the third-longest-running musical in Broadway history, which garnered six Tony Awards including Best Musical. The franchise, led by the musical's box office at $8.1 billion (as of December 2017), is the highest-grossing entertainment property. The franchise as a whole has EGOT-ed, meaning it has won the four biggest awards of American show business.The franchise mainly revolves about a pride of lions who oversee a large swath of African savanna as their "kingdom" known as the Pride Lands, with their leader Simba watching over it as "king". The first three animated feature films are widely known for being influenced by the works of William Shakespeare, as well as other works based on his material.
Films FilmU.S release dateDirector(s)Screenwriter(s)Story byProducersProduction companiesDistributorsAnimated feature films''The Lion King''June 15, 1994Roger Allers and Rob MinkoffIrene Mecchi, Jonathan Roberts and Linda WoolvertonBrenda Chapman, Barry Johnson, Andy Gaskill, Kevin Harkey, Tom Sito, Rick Maki, Burny Mattinson, Lorna Cook, Gary Trousdale, Jorgen Klubien, Larry Leker, Ed Gombert, Mark Kausler, Thom Enriquez, Jim Capobianco, Chris Sanders, Joe Ranft and Francis GlebasDon HahnWalt Disney Pictures and Walt Disney Feature AnimationBuena Vista Pictures Distribution''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride''October 27, 1998Darrell Rooney and Rob LaDucaFlip Kobler and Cindy MarcusJeannine RousselWalt Disney Video Premiere, Walt Disney Television Animation, Walt Disney Animation Australia and Walt Disney Animation CanadaWalt Disney Home Video''The Lion King 1½''February 10, 2004Bradley RaymondTom RogersGeorge A. MendozaDisneytoon Studios and Walt Disney Animation AustraliaWalt Disney Studios Home EntertainmentPhotorealistic CGI feature films''The Lion King (2019 film)''July 19, 2019Jon FavreauJeff NathansonJon Favreau, Jeffrey Silver and Karen GilchristWalt Disney Pictures and Fairview EntertainmentWalt Disney Studios Motion Pictures''Mufasa: The Lion King''December 20, 2024Barry JenkinsAdele Romanski and Mark CeryakWalt Disney Pictures and Pastel ProductionsMusical film''Black Is King''July 31, 2020BeyoncéBeyoncé, Yrsa Daley-Ward, Clover Hope and Andrew MorrowJeremy Sullivan, Jimi Adesanya, Blitz Bazawule, Ben Cooper, Astrid Edwards, Durwin Julies, Yoli Mes, Dafe Oboro, Akin Omotoso, Will Whitney, Lauren Baker, Jason Baum, Alex Chamberlain, Robert Day, Christophe Faubert, Brien Justiniano, Rethabile Molatela Mothobi, Sylvia Zakhary, Nathan Scherrer and Erinn WilliamsParkwood Entertainment and Walt Disney PicturesDisney+=== Animated feature films ======= ''The Lion King'' ====''The Lion King'' is the original film of the franchise. It was directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff. It was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation, premiered in selected cities on June 15, 1994, and widely released to theaters on June 24 by Walt Disney Pictures. ''The Lion King'' belongs to an era known as the Disney Renaissance. The plot of the film is influenced by William Shakespeare's play ''Hamlet'', and is believed to have been inspired by Osamu Tezuka's 1960s Japanese anime series ''Kimba the White Lion''.==== ''Around the World with Timon and Pumbaa'' ====The series ''The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa'' had a direct-to-video film named ''Around the World with Timon and Pumbaa'', with Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella reprising their roles as Timon and Pumbaa respectively. The story tells of Pumbaa getting struck by lightning, losing all his memory, and Timon helps refrain every moment they spent. After Pumbaa gets his memory back, lightning strikes Timon losing his memory this time, making Pumbaa break the fourth wall by telling the viewers to rewind the tape to start at the beginning, being it was the only way to help Timon remember. Several episodes from the series are featured in this film. Aside from this film, two other DVDs, ''Dining Out...'' and ''On Holiday...'' are an hour compilation of other episodes of the series. No DVDs have been released in the U.S. but were released on VHS.==== ''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride'' ====''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride'' was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on VHS in the United States on October 27, 1998.It was directed by Darrell Rooney and co-directed by Rob LaDuca. It was first released on DVD as a limited issue on November 23, 1999, and placed into moratorium until it was again released on DVD on August 31, 2004, when it was a two-disc special edition. The plot of this animated film is heavily influenced by another Shakespeare play, ''Romeo and Juliet''.==== ''The Lion King 1½'' ====''The Lion King 1½'', also known as ''The Lion King 3: Hakuna Matata'' in some countries, is the second and final direct-to-video installment of the film series. It was directed by Bradley Raymond and released by Walt Disney Home Entertainment on February 10, 2004.The film is a chronologically concurrent sequel to the first film, focusing on Timon and Pumbaa. It was somewhat influenced by Tom Stoppard's play ''Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead'', in which the title characters are seen in every major event of ''Hamlet''.=== ''The Lion Guard'' television movies ======= ''The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar'' ====''The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar'' is a television movie that premiered on November 22, 2015, serving as a pilot for ''The Lion Guard'' television series, which debuted in early 2016 on Disney Junior. ''Return of the Roar'' was directed by Howy Parkins and written by Ford Riley. The film focuses on Simba and Nala's cub Kion, who as second-born to the throne, becomes leader of the Lion Guard, a group that protects the Pride Lands and defends the Circle of Life. As leader of the Lion Guard, Kion is gifted with a power called the Roar of the Elders which when used, causes the great lion spirits of the Pride Lands' past to roar with him. Going against tradition, Kion chooses non-lions to be members of his guard; his friends Bunga the honey badger, Ono the egret, Beshte the hippo, and Fuli the cheetah.==== ''The Lion Guard: The Rise of Scar'' ====A television movie, or extended episode, which premiered on July 29, 2017 on Disney Channel during season 2 of ''The Lion Guard''. As the dry season begins, the Lion Guard continues to protect the Pride Lands, and Rafiki takes on an apprentice named Makini. Meanwhile, Janja the hyena and his clan, along with their new ally Ushari the cobra, orchestrate events that allow them to summon the spirit of Scar in order to defeat the Lion Guard and take over the Pride Lands.==== ''The Lion Guard: Battle for the Pride Lands'' ====A television movie which premiered on August 3, 2019 on Disney Channel during season 3 of ''The Lion Guard''. In the film, Scar enacts the final stage of his plan against the Pride Lands, and the Lion Guard begin a final battle with him which dovetails into the events which separate the Lion Guard from the rest of the Pride Lands during the events of ''Simba's Pride''.=== Photorealistic CGI feature films=======''The Lion King''====A photorealistic computer-generated imagery remake of ''The Lion King'' was directed by Jon Favreau and produced through his production company Fairview Entertainment. The film's voice cast features Donald Glover as Simba, Chiwetel Ejiofor as Scar, Beyoncé as Nala, Alfre Woodard as Sarabi, John Oliver as Zazu, John Kani as Rafiki, Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen as Timon and Pumbaa, and James Earl Jones reprised his role as Mufasa. The remake was released on July 19, 2019.====''Mufasa: The Lion King''====A follow-up film is in development with Barry Jenkins attached to direct and Jeff Nathanson set to return as screenwriter. While it has been referred to as a prequel, the film has been described as being set after the events of the 2019 film while also exploring Mufasa's formative years. Aaron Pierre will be voicing young Mufasa and Kelvin Harrison Jr. will voice young Scar. The film, titled ''Mufasa: The Lion King'', is scheduled for release in 2024.
Television series ===''The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa''===''The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa'' is a spin-off cartoon series that follows the adventures of Timon and Pumbaa (and occasionally, the film's other supporting characters). The show ran for three seasons, airing on the syndicated block ''The Disney Afternoon'' and CBS in the United States, and BBS in Canada from September 8, 1995, to November 1, 1998.It had Bobs Gannaway and Tony Craig serving as the executive producers for the first two seasons. As of Season 3, the show was produced by Chris Bartleman and Blair Peters, with Tedd and Patsy Cameron-Anasti serving as the executive producers. Since February 8, 2009 (after its final airing on the now-defunct Toon Disney before replaced by Disney XD), this show was no longer on the air, but returned along with some other favorites on March 23, 2012, for a limited time, as part of the new Disney Junior TV channel. The series uses fast-paced slapstick comedy in order to convey life lessons to young viewers.===''The Lion Guard''===A second TV show called ''The Lion Guard'' premiered on Disney Junior and Disney Channel; it first appeared as a television movie called ''The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar'' which debuted on November 22, 2015, followed by a series which began airing on January 15, 2016.A preschool-oriented spin-off, the series was developed by Ford Riley, who also serves as writer and executive producer. It centers around Simba and Nala's second-born cub Kion, who becomes leader of the Lion Guard, a team that protects the Pride Lands and defends the Circle of Life. As leader of the Lion Guard, Kion is gifted with a power called the Roar of the Elders which when used, causes the great lion spirits of the Pride Lands' past to roar with him. ''The Lion Guard'' is a sequel to ''The Lion King'' and takes place during the time-gap within the 1998 film, ''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride'', with the last two episodes of Season 3 taking place after the events of that film. Various characters from the first two films also make appearances in the show, including Kiara, Timon, Pumbaa, Rafiki, Zazu, and Mufasa. New characters Bunga the honey badger, Ono the egret, Beshte the hippo, and Fuli the cheetah are Kion's friends and members of his Lion Guard.
Shorts ===''Find Out Why''===''Find Out Why'' is a short educational series that features Timon and Pumbaa answering science questions like why there is lightning, why pandas don't live in deserts, why there is wind, and why an airplane flies. These shorts are for educational purposes at schools, non-residential and residential uses for people, including students and kids everywhere in the world.===''Timon and Pumbaa's Wild About Safety''===Together with Timon (voiced by Bruce Lanoil) and Pumbaa (voiced by Ernie Sabella), students learn a variety of safety lessons for around the house, for the environment, and for in the water that will help themselves and others avoid injuries, live problem-free, and be Safety Smart. At the end of each episode, Timon and Pumbaa sing a musical number reviewing all that they learned on the episode in question.A series of shorts based on the "Wild About Safety" series, called "Safety Smart: On the Go! ", was also released. Based on the "Wild About Safety" episode of the same name, "Safety Smart: On the Go" is a series of shorts that detail topics on how to be safe when traveling, such as when riding vehicles, using bikes & scooters, walking to travel as pedestrians, or even when visiting amusement parks. The "Safety Smart: On the Go!" short series is most well known for being displayed in resorts in Walt Disney World (Florida) & Disneyland (California), in addition to a "Wild About Safety" video about how to be safe in resort hotels & the original "Wild About Safety" episode that the "Safety Smart: On the Go!" short series is based on.===''It's UnBungalievable''===A short-form series in which Bunga and Ono from ''The Lion Guard'' pick two animals to compete in contests such as "Who's Quicker?" "Who Has Better Hair?" and "Who's Hungrier?" The series features live-action animal footage provided by Disneynature.
Theatrical ''The Legend of the Lion King'' was an underground stage performance retelling the story of the film using fully articulated puppets in Magic Kingdom's Fantasyland. This attraction ran from June 1994 to February 2002.A Broadway-caliber short-form stage musical named ''Festival of the Lion King'' is performed live in Disney's Animal Kingdom at Walt Disney World, Florida and in Adventureland at Hong Kong Disneyland. It uses the concept of tribal celebration in combination with ideas from Disney's Electrical Parade. The show is in the form of a revue, and not a condensed version of either the film or Broadway show. However, it features the award-winning music from the first film, written by Elton John and Tim Rice. The show uses songs, dance, puppetry and visual effects to create an African savannah setting filled with lions, elephants, giraffes, birds, zebras and gazelles.===Broadway musical===A Broadway musical, based on Disney's 1994 animated feature film, debuted July 8, 1997, in Minneapolis, Minnesota at the Orpheum Theatre. Directed by Julie Taymor, produced by Disney Theatrical Productions, and written by the co-director of the original film, Roger Allers, with writer Irene Mecchi. The musical features actors in elaborate animal costumes, and complex puppetry, created by Taymor and Michael Curry. The musical is divided in two acts and has music by Elton John and lyrics by Tim Rice, along with the musical score created by Hans Zimmer with choral arrangements by Lebo M. The musical incorporates several changes and additions to the storyline as compared to the film, as well as adding more songs.The musical became a success even before premiering on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theater on October 15, 1997, in previews with the official opening on November 13 the same year. On June 13, 2006, the Broadway production moved to the Minskoff Theatre to make way for the musical version of ''Mary Poppins'', where it is still running. It is now Broadway's third-longest-running show in history. The show debuted in the West End's Lyceum Theatre on October 19, 1999, and is still running. The cast of the West End production were invited to perform at the Royal Variety Performance 2008 at the London Palladium on December 11, in the presence of senior members of the British Royal Family. Other productions within the U.S. include a Los Angeles production at the Pantages Theatre, in Charlotte at the Blumenthal Performing Arts Center, and a Las Vegas production at Mandalay Bay. International productions include a British at the Lyceum Theatre in London, a Canadian at the Princess of Wales Theatre in Toronto, a Mexican in Mexico City, and a South African in Johannesburg, among others. The first ever UK tour opened at Bristol Hippodrome on August 31, 2012.
Video games Two video games based on the first film have been released. The first, titled ''The Lion King'', was published in 1994 by Virgin and was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (only in Europe), Super NES, Game Boy, Master System, Mega Drive/Genesis, Game Gear, MS-DOS, and Amiga. The second game, called ''The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure'', was published in 2000 by Activision and was released for the PlayStation and Game Boy Color. It was based on the first film and its storyline continued into the sequel.In 1996, Disney Interactive and 7th Level released ''Timon & Pumbaa's Jungle Games'' for the PC. It was later seen on the SNES. The ''Games'' include: one in which Pumbaa uses his gas to destroy fruits and bugs (and even a kitchen sink) that fall out of trees, a variation of pinball, a game where players use a peashooter to hit enemy creatures in the jungle, a game where Timon has to jump onto hippos in order to cross a river to deliver bugs to Pumbaa, and a variation of ''Puyo Puyo'' called ''Bug Drop''.An educational game called ''Disney's Adventures in Typing With Timon and Pumbaa'' was released by Disney Interactive in 1998 for PCs with Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. The game teaches children how to type through use of five games. It features the characters Rafiki, Timon and Pumbaa.In the Disney Interactive Studios and Square Enix video game ''Kingdom Hearts'', Simba appears as an ally that Sora can summon during battles. He also appears again as a summon character in ''Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories''. In ''Kingdom Hearts II'', the Pride Lands are a playable world and a number of characters from the film appear, including Nala, Timon and Pumbaa, Rafiki and Mufasa, with Scar and the three Hyenas serving as enemies.A game called ''The Lion King 1½'' was published in 2003 for the Game Boy Advance, based on the direct-to-video film and featuring Timon and Pumbaa as the playable characters. Some of the film's characters are playable in ''Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure'', a spin-off of the ''Tony Hawk'' games.Simba is also a character in the video game ''Disney Friends'', where the player can interact with him. Timon and Pumbaa also appear as supporting characters in game.In the world builder video game ''Disney Magic Kingdoms'', a limited time Event based on ''The Lion King'' introduced Simba, Nala, Timon, Pumbaa, Rafiki, Zazu and Scar as playable characters, as well as some attractions based on locations of the film. Shenzi, Banzai and Ed were also included as playable characters in a later update of the game. In the game the characters are involved in new storylines that serve as a continuation of ''The Lion King'' (ignoring other materials in the franchise).
Other media A 70 mm film entitled ''Circle of Life: An Environmental Fable'' is shown in the Harvest Theater in The Land Pavilion at Epcot in Walt Disney World, Orlando, Florida. It opened on January 21, 1995 replacing ''Symbiosis''. It stars the characters from ''The Lion King'', where the story follows Timon and Pumbaa chopping down trees and clogging up rivers to build the Hakuna Matata Lakeside Village. Simba comes to them and explains how their actions are harmful to nature. This lesson is explained with live-action footage, some left over from ''Symbiosis''. The film ran for 23 years before ultimately closing on February 3, 2018.Roger Allers, who was the animated feature film's co-director, and Irene Mecchi, who was the animated feature film's screenplay co-writer, authored the animated feature film's book adaptation. ''The Lion King: Six New Adventures'', a collection of six spin-off books was published in 1994 by Grolier Enterprises Inc. These books were approved by Disney and take place after ''The Lion King''. The story of these books center around Kopa, the son of Simba who is mischievous and adventurous but good-hearted just like his father was when he was young. In each book, while doing mischief Kopa learns a life-lesson and meets up with Rafiki who gives him wisdom by narrating the past tales of the Pridelands. ''The Lion King Celebration'' was a parade based on the film that ran at Disneyland from June 1, 1994, to June 1, 1997.It was designed as though the story of Simba was a tale passed down in Africa for generations. The parade featured six floats designed around different aspects of Africa, dancers dressed in animal costumes and a Pride Rock float featuring Simba and Nala.The many characters from ''The Lion King'' appear in the Disney Channel series ''House of Mouse''. Some of them also appear in the series' spin-off films ''Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse'' and ''Mickey's House of Villains''. The characters also appear at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts as meet and greet characters.A digital storybook app called ''The Lion King: Timon's Tale'' retelling the story of The Lion King from Timon's point-of-view was released on February 24.2012 for iOS devices.
Plot and themes The story is set in a kingdom of anthropomorphic animals in Africa known as the Pride Lands, where a lion rules over the other animals as king. ''The Lion King'' begins when Rafiki, a mandrill, anoints Simba, the newborn son of King Mufasa and Queen Sarabi, presenting him to a gathering of animals at the Pride Rock. Simba is next seen as a young cub, with Mufasa teaching him about the "Circle of Life". Simba's uncle and Mufasa's brother Scar plots to take the throne for himself and tells Simba about an elephant graveyard, a place where Mufasa has warned Simba not to go. When Simba and his best friend Nala sneak off to the elephant graveyard, Shenzi, Banzai and Ed, three hyenas aligned with Scar, attack and try to kill the two cubs, but they are stopped by Mufasa. Scar's next plan is to lure Simba into a gorge while the hyenas create a wildebeest stampede. Alerted by Scar, Mufasa races to rescue Simba from the stampede. He saves his son but is left clinging to the edge of a cliff, which results in Scar flinging him into the stampede below and killing him. Scar then tricks Simba into thinking that he is responsible for his father's death and tells him to run away, only to later order the hyenas to kill Simba, but they fail. Scar informs the pride that both Mufasa and Simba were killed and that he is assuming the throne as the next in line. Simba is later found unconscious by Timon and Pumbaa, who adopt and raise him. It is not until Simba is a young adult lion that he meets Nala again, and the two lions fall in love. Along with Rafiki and Mufasa's ghost, Nala convinces Simba to return to the Pride Lands and claim the throne. Simba, along with Nala, Timon, and Pumbaa go to the Pride Rock, where Simba confronts, fights, and defeats Scar, who is later betrayed and killed by his own army of hyenas as a result of Scar's blaming of the hyenas for Mufasa's death. The film concludes with the Pride Lands turning green with life again and Rafiki presenting Simba and Nala's newborn cub. ''The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa'' follows the further adventures of the titular meerkat and warthog duo, as they continue to live by their problem-free philosophy Hakuna Matata. Timon and Pumbaa are seen having their own (mis)adventures both within' and outside of the Serengeti, encountering new allies and enemies throughout their journey, such as Speedy the Snail, Boss Beaver, and human nemesis Quint. The series also has episodes centering respectively on Rafiki, Zazu, and hyena trio Shenzi, Banzai, and Ed. Simba himself also makes recurring appearances throughout the show. The episode "Once Upon a Timon" reveals the (original) story of how Timon and Pumbaa first met and how their friendship came to be. ''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride'' begins with the presentation of Simba and Nala's daughter named Kiara. Simba is very protective of his daughter and assigns Timon and Pumbaa to be her guardians. One day, the young cub sneaks into the Outlands, the place in which a group of lions loyal to Scar called the Outsiders reside after Simba exiles them from the Pride Lands. In the Outlands, Kiara meets a young male cub named Kovu, Scar's hand-chosen successor, and the two of them befriend each other until Simba and Kovu's mother, Zira arrive and a fight between Pride Landers and Outsiders almost takes place. Later in the film, Zira decides that she can use Kovu's new friendship with Kiara to get her revenge against Simba. Kiara is next seen as an adolescent lioness and is set to go for her first solo-hunt, but discovers that her father still sends Timon and Pumbaa to watch her. Furious, Kiara goes further from home until Zira's other children, Nuka and Vitani, set fire to the plains where Kiara is hunting, causing her to faint and giving Kovu the chance to rescue her. Simba finds that Kovu has helped Kiara and reluctantly allows him into the Pride Lands. While Simba struggles with the idea of accepting Kovu, Kiara and Kovu eventually fall in love. One morning, Simba invites Kovu for a walk but they are ambushed by Zira and her pride. They attack Simba but, while chasing him, Nuka got killed by the logs, resulting in Zira blaming and scratching Kovu for his death giving him a scar over his left eye. A wounded Simba exiles Kovu as he thinks Kovu was behind the ambush, but Kiara, knowing that Kovu would never do such a thing, runs away from Pride Rock against her father's orders and reunites with Kovu and convinces him to return with her to reunite their prides. Meanwhile, Zira leads her pride in a war against Simba and the Pridelanders and a fierce battle breaks out. Kovu and Kiara leap between them and Kiara reminds her father that, by his own words, "we are one". Zira refuses to end the battle, but Vitani and the other Outsiders understand Kiara's words and abandon their leader and join the Pridelanders. Now alone, Zira leaps for Simba, but Kiara pushes her away and they fall over a cliff. Kiara lands on a rock, but Zira slips and falls into the lake to death. Simba allows the Outsiders, including Kovu, to return to the Pride Lands, and Kovu is allowed to stand with Kiara at the top of Pride Rock. ''The Lion King 1½'' is a retelling of the events of the first film from Timon and Pumbaa's perspective. It also tells the story of Timon's origin, how he first met Pumbaa, and how their friendship came to be, serving as a reimagined version of the "Once Upon a Timon" episode of ''The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa''.In ''The Lion Guard'', the majority of the series takes place after Kiara meets Kovu, but before her first hunt. The series follows the adventures of Simba and Nala's son Kion as he assembles the titular group of animals to protect the Pride Lands. In Season 2, Scar, the antagonist of the original film, makes his return in the animated series as a flame spirit, and plots revenge against Simba and plans to overthrow him as King by gathering up all the Outlanders to form an army. In the special "Battle for the Pride Lands" which serves as a prequel and pilot for Season 3, Kion continues to battle the spirit of Scar. In a series of events (ones involving Janja's betrayal of Scar), Kion managed to defeat and destroy Scar forever, but not before receiving a facial wound identical to his great uncle's, courtesy of the cobra Ushari (who is later killed in the fight). Season 3 featured Kion journeying throughout the Pride Lands to the Tree of Life to heal his scar before the venom corrupts him into the lion Scar once was. The last 2 episodes of Season 3 take place after the war between Simba's pride & Zira's outsiders.
Cast and characters A total of thirteen supervising animators from Walt Disney Animation Studios and Disney's Hollywood Studios were responsible for establishing the personalities and setting the tone for the first film's main characters. The animation team studied real-life animals for reference, as was done for the earlier film ''Bambi''. The animation of the characters was created with supervision by wildlife experts such as Jim Fowler, who visited the studio on several occasions with an assortment of lions and other jungle inhabitants to discuss behavior and help the animators give their drawings an authentic feel. He taught them how lions greet one another by gently butting heads, and show affection by placing one's head under the other's chin, mannerisms that can be appreciated in Simba and Nala's encounter during the song "Can You Feel the Love Tonight". Fowler also talked about how they protect themselves by lying on their backs and using their claws to ward off attackers, and how they fight rivals by rising on their hind legs. Screenwriter Irene Mecchi joined the directing team to help in the character development process as well as to define each character's personality. Story head Brenda Chapman, gave insight to the challenge of the characters and the story by stating that "it was our job to make the main character likeable and sympathetic. It was also challenging to make the environment and characters interesting. In real life, lions basically sleep, eat and have no props. "Two spin-off television series have been produced, one focusing on the characters of Timon the meerkat and Pumbaa the warthog called ''The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa'', and the other focusing on new character Kion called ''The Lion Guard''. Three sets of educational shorts have also been produced. *  Characters Main films Television series Television film Remake films ''The Lion King'' ''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride'' ''The Lion King 1½'' ''The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa'' ''The Lion Guard'' ''The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar'' ''The Lion King'' ''Mufasa: The Lion King'' Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Simba Matthew Broderick Cam Clarke Rob Lowe Donald Glover Jonathan Taylor Thomas Cam Clarke Matt Weinberg Jason Weaver Joseph Williams JD McCrary Evan Saucedo Timon Nathan Lane Nathan Lane Kevin Schon Billy Eichner Quinton Flynn Pumbaa Ernie Sabella Seth Rogen Nala Moira Kelly Moira Kelly Gabrielle Union Beyoncé Niketa Calame Laura Williams Shahadi Wright Joseph Sally Dworsky Rafiki Robert Guillaume Khary Payton John Kani Zazu Rowan Atkinson Edward Hibbert Edward Hibbert Jeff Bennett John Oliver Jeff Bennett Mufasa James Earl Jones Gary Anthony Williams James Earl Jones Aaron Pierre Scar Jeremy Irons Jim Cummings David Oyelowo Chiwetel Ejiofor Kelvin Harrison Jr. Jim Cummings Shenzi Whoopi Goldberg  Whoopi Goldberg Tress MacNeille Florence Kasumba  Banzai Cheech Marin   Cheech Marin Rob Paulsen Keegan-Michael Key  Ed Jim Cummings   Jim Cummings Eric André  Sarabi Madge Sinclair    Alfre Woodard  Sarafina Zoe Leader  Penny Johnson Jerald  Gopher Jim Cummings Jim Cummings Kiara Neve Campbell Eden Riegel TBA Mary Gibbs Michelle Horn Charity Sanoy Liz Callaway Ashley Edner Kovu Jason Marsden Jason Marsden Jason Marsden Ryan O'Donohue Gene Miller Zira  Suzanne Pleshette Nika Futterman Nuka  Andy Dick Andy Dick Vitani Jennifer Lien Lacey Chabert Lacey Chabert Lacey Chabert Crysta Macalush Ma Julie Kavner Uncle Max Jerry Stiller Flinchy Jason Rudofsky Quint Corey Burton Speedy Corey Burton Fred S. Scott Bullock Irwin Charlie Adler Natives Jeff Bennett Cheetata Rob Paulsen  Rob Paulsen Cheetato Jim Cummings  Jim Cummings Boss Beaver Brad Garrett Toucan Dan Jeff Bennett Mr. Bear Jim Cummings Little Jimmy Joe Alaskey Kion Max Charles Max Charles Max Charles Aaron Daniel Jacob Bunga Joshua Rush Fuli Diamond White Beshte Dusan Brown Ono Atticus Shaffer Janja Andrew Kishino Cheezi Vargus Mason Chungu Kevin Schon Makucha Steve Blum Makini Landry Bender Anga Bryana Salaz Rani Peyton Elizabeth Lee Lana McKissack
Development ===History===Early production of ''The Lion King'' began in late 1988, with the film originally being titled ''King of the Kalahari'' and later ''King of the Jungle''. The treatment, inspired by ''Hamlet'', was written by Thomas M. Disch (author of ''The Brave Little Toaster'') as work-for-hire; Disch received no credit or royalties. Production took place at the Walt Disney Animation Studios in Glendale, California. Also, nearly 20 minutes of the film were animated at the Disney-MGM Studios. Ultimately, more than 600 artists, animators and technicians contributed to ''The Lion King'' over its lengthy production schedule. More than one million drawings were created for the film, including 1,197 hand-painted backgrounds and 119,058 individually colored frames of film.In October 1991, after finishing work on ''Beauty and the Beast'' as Head of Story, Roger Allers joined ''The Lion King'', as the initial director. Allers worked for 6 months on story development and was then joined by co-director, Rob Minkoff. A 2-day story session was held to revamp the story with the two directors, Allers and Minkoff, joined by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, directors of ''Beauty and the Beast'', and Producer Don Hahn who presided over the discussion. The creative think-tank produced a character makeover for Simba and a radically revised second half of the film. Irene Mecchi joined the team that summer to help further develop the characters and define their personalities. Several months later, she was joined by Jonathan Roberts in the rewriting process. Working together in the animation department and in conjunction with the directors and story team, they tackled the unresolved emotional issues in the script and also added many comic situations. Some of the lead production crew made a trip to Africa to better understand the environment for the film. The trip gave production designer Chris Sanders a new appreciation for the natural environments and inspired him to find ways to incorporate these elements into the design of the film. The filmmakers also made use of computers to better present their vision in new ways. The most notable use of computer animation is in the "wildebeest stampede" sequence. Several distinct wildebeest characters were created in a 3D computer program, multiplied into hundreds, cel shaded to look like drawn animation, and given randomized paths down a mountainside to simulate the real, unpredictable movement of a herd. Similar multiplication occurs in the "Be Prepared" musical number with identical marching hyenas. Five specially trained animators and technicians spent more than two years creating the 2½ minute stampede sequence.At one time, the Disney Feature Animation staff felt ''The Lion King'' was less important than ''Pocahontas''. Both projects were in production at the same time, and most of the staff preferred to work on ''Pocahontas'', believing it would be the more prestigious and successful of the two. As it turned out, while both films were commercial successes, ''The Lion King'' received more positive feedback and larger grosses than ''Pocahontas''.The sequel ''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride'' was directed by Darrell Rooney and produced by Jeannine Roussel, with Flip Kobler and Cindy Marcus writing the screenplay. Disney believed that ''Simba's Pride'' would be so popular that it shipped 15 million copies to stores for the October 27 release date.===Music===The original motion picture soundtrack for the first film was released by Walt Disney Records on June 13, 1994, two days before the film's release. It contains songs by songwriter Elton John and Tim Rice, who wrote five original songs, with Elton John performing "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" during the end credits. Additionally, "The Morning Report", a song which was not present in the original theatrical film, was later added to the IMAX theater and to the DVD Platinum Edition release. The film's score was composed by Hans Zimmer and supplemented with traditional African music and choir elements arranged by Lebo M. Elton John thought his career had hit a new low when he was writing the music to the song "Hakuna Matata". However, the strongly enthusiastic audience reception to an early film trailer which consisted solely of the opening sequence with the song "Circle of Life", suggested that the film would be very successful. Out of the five original songs, "Hakuna Matata" was listed at number 99 in the AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs list in 2004, and "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" won the Oscar for Best Original Song during the 67th Academy Awards. The soundtrack itself was the fourth best-selling album of 1994 on the ''Billboard'' 200 and the top-selling soundtrack.Disney released ''Rhythm of the Pride Lands'' on February 28, 1995, as a sequel to the soundtrack of the first film. Rhythm of the Pride Lands was initially printed in a very limited quantity, but was later re-released in 2003, included in some international versions of The Lion King's special edition soundtrack with an additional track, "Circle of Life".An audio CD entitled ''Return to Pride Rock: Songs Inspired by Disney's The Lion King II: Simba's Pride'' was released on September 8, 1998.Although not promoted as a soundtrack to ''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride'', it contained all the songs from the film and some additional songs inspired by it by Lebo M. Tina Turner recorded a version of "He Lives in You" for the film. On August 31, 2004, Disney released an "enhanced soundtrack" to coincide with the release of the film's 2-Disc Special Edition DVD. However, the CD only contains the songs featured in the film, without any of the inspired songs by the first film. ''Siskel & Ebert'' noted that it was best the film was direct-to-video, since the music was lacking and not remotely equal to the original's soundtrack.The soundtrack for the third film, ''The Lion King 1½: Songs From Timon and Pumbaa's Hilarious Adventure'', was released to CD by Disney on February 10, 2004.It includes two songs from the original film, "That's All I Need" and "Hakuna Matata", re-performed by Nathan Lane who took over the role of voicing the character Timon. The rest of the soundtrack includes various R&B tracks, including remakes of the Kool and the Gang classic "Jungle Boogie" by artist French, and two instrumental pieces from film composer Don Harper. The soundtrack also includes Ennio Morricone's theme from "The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly".
Reception During its release in 1994, ''The Lion King'' was widely acclaimed, grossing more than $783 million worldwide, becoming the most successful film released that year. The film was the highest grossing animated film of all time until the release of Disney/Pixar's ''Finding Nemo''. ''The Lion King'' is still the highest grossing traditionally animated film of all time in the United States. The film received many award nominations, and won the Academy Award for Best Original Score, the Golden Globe award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, and the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature. The song "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" alone won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the Golden Globe for Best Original Song, the BMI Film Music Award, and the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance Male.On home video, ''The Lion King'' became the best-selling film on VHS, selling 32million tapes, and grossing  in video sales. ''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride'' sold 3.5 million copies in three days. Thirteen million copies were sold while it was still in print in the late 1990s. By 2000, it had sold 15million VHS copies, and grossed about  in sales and rentals. ''The Lion King 1½'' sold 6million DVD and VHS units in North America. ''The Lion King'' musical has grossed nearly  as of 2017, and is the highest-grossing musical of all time.Both sequels won the Annie Award for Best Animated Home Entertainment Production. ''The Lion King 1½'' also won five DVD Exclusive Awards. The musical won six Tony Awards including Best Musical.===Box office performance=== '''Film''' or'''Musical''' '''Release date''' '''Box office (in millions)''' '''United States''' '''Outside US''' '''Worldwide''' ''The Lion King'' (1994) June 15, 1994 $422.8 $545.7 $968.5 ''The Lion King'' (musical)  $1,652.8 $8,100 (2017) ''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride'' October 27, 1998 ''The Lion King 1½'' February 10, 2004 ''The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar'' November 22, 2015 ''The Lion King'' (2019) July 19, 2019 $543.6 $1,113.2 $1,656.8===Critical response=== Films Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore ''The Lion King'' (1994) 93% (136 reviews) 88 (30 reviews) A+ ''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride''  62% (13 reviews)   ''The Lion King 1½''  78% (18 reviews)   ''The Lion King'' (2019) 52% (430 reviews) 55 (54 reviews) A
Notes
References