Fortifications of Paris in the 19th and 20th centuries
Introduction Vestige of the Thiers Wall(the poterne des Peupliers)Fort de CharentonThe '''fortifications of Paris in the 19th and 20th centuries''' comprise:*The Thiers Wall, surrounding the city of Paris, and farther from the city,*The detached forts and their complementary fieldworks.They were built in two stages:*1840–1845: the Thiers Wall and the first ring of forts, about five kilometers from the city;*1874–1885: the second ring of forts, about twenty kilometers from the city.From a military point of view, Paris is a fortified camp situated in a basin. During the 19th century, both Prussian invasions (1814–15 and 1870) saw the bombardment of Paris from the surrounding heights. Fortifications were extended outwards after each invasion as the range of artillery continued to develop, in order to deny the use of the heights to the enemy.
Chronology === Louis XIV ==='''1670''' The king demolishes the walls of Charles V and Louis XIII. Paris becomes an open city and remains so for two centuries. '''1689''' Vauban recommends the enclosure of Paris, with the construction of a second enclosure to include the then-villages of Chaillot, Montmartre and Belleville (located on heights overlooking the city), and two citadels flanking the city to the east and west to delay an enemy's approach.=== Louis XVI ==='''1784''' The king orders the construction of the Farmers General Wall, built not as a fortification, but as a means of taxation.=== Empire ==='''1814-1815''' Paris is occupied twice at the end of the reign of Napoleon I.=== First fortification program ==='''1818''' Minister of War Laurent de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr creates a commission to "present its views on the best defense system" for Paris. '''1820''' The commission concludes that Paris must be placed in a state of defense, but proposes no specific project. '''1830''' Creation of a committee to study fortification which returns to the debate and again concludes that fortification is necessary, without consensus on how this is to be done. '''1833''' The defense plan for Paris envisages:* The improvement of the Farmers General Wall (a tariff barrier) to a height of six meters, two ranges of crenelations and 65 towers or bastions;* In advance of the Farmers General Wall, several delaying fortifications, along with a fortified line along the canal between Romainville and Saint-Denis, and a system of floodable areas around Saint-Denis;* Ground works with casemates and star-shaped forts and redoubts on the heights between Saint-Denis and Nogent-sur-Marne; transformation of the Château de Vincennes into a modern fort. The works, carried out by General Éléonor-Zoa Dufriche de Valazé were often stopped and were not completed. In fact, two options worked in opposition:* Option 1.A broad continuous enclosure that includes the suburbs in the defensive system, but not employing the Farmers General Wall. Valazé supports this scheme, a continuation of the plans of Vauban and François Nicolas Benoît, Baron Haxo. * Option 2.The arrangement of the capital as a vast fortified camp, based on permanent forts occupying the principal positions while keeping a "containment shell" behind. Criticisms of this option relate to the insufficiency of the guarantee of defense: an enemy could easily penetrate between the obstacles, then engage the Farmers General fortifications. '''1836''' Creation of a commission on the defense of the kingdom. '''1838''' On July 16 a plan of defense is adopted, combining the two options in a show of unanimity. '''1840''' The Treaty of London excludes France. Adolphe Thiers, considering that the new treaty includes the germ of a new invasion threat, seizes the occasion to commence the construction of the new fortifications. On September 1 General Guillaume Dode de la Brunerie is named director of the fortification program. The appointment and work is publicly announced on September 13. '''1841''' Over the reservations of the General Council of the Seine, 140 million francs are appropriated for the work, allocated, including 17,970 million francs for land acquisition, 16,608 million francs for earthwork, and 83,356 million francs for masonry. The law authorizing work was promulgated by Louis-Philippe I on April 3, authorizing a continuous wall for both sides of the Seine, known as the Thiers Wall, supported by sixteen detached forts. '''1845''' Work is completed.'''1860'''. The limits of the city of Paris are extended from the Farmers General Wall to the Thiers Wall, in accordance with the reorganization of the Paris urban fabric planned and executed by Georges-Eugène Haussmann.===Franco-Prussian War==='''July 1870''' France declares war on Prussia, July 13. '''September 1870''' Napoleon III is captured at Sedan and capitulates. A republic is proclaimed and the Prussians move toward Paris. The capital is transformed into a fortified camp. A portion of the Thiers Wall gates are closed, along with canals and rail line entries. Houses are demolished in the designated  "zone 'non aedificandi" to clear lines of fire. The Prussians arrive on 19 September and establish a siege, which will last four months. '''January 1871''' On the 28th the Treaty of Versailles is signed, stipulating that all of the forts forming the perimeter defense of Paris, together with their armaments, be handed over to the German forces. The treaty further stipulates the disarmament of the Thiers Wall. '''March 1871'''  The German army abandons the forts on the left (south) bank of the Seine. '''20 September 1871''' The German army abandons the forts on the right (north) bank of the Seine.=== Second program of fortification ===German post card prior to the 1914-1918 war, showing the defenses of ParisFort de Villiers, 1878-1880, second ring of the Ile de FranceDuring the 1870 war, the fortifications were relatively ineffective. '''1874''' On 17 July, a law inspired by the ideas of Séré de Rivières creates new programs for defensive works in the north and east of France, including some intended for the defense of Paris.'''1885'''. The program is completed. 196 forts, 58 smaller works and 278 batteries are in place on the borders and at strategic points within France at an estimated cost of 450 million francs for the works and 229 million francs for their armament.=== The removal of the Thiers Wall ==='''1883''' On June 11 the municipal council of Paris votes to request the removal of the Thiers Wall, the property's transfer to the city and the end of restrictions on building in its vicinity. '''1918''' During World War I the Thiers Wall proves to be ineffective in the defense of Paris, as the range of German artillery such as the Paris Gun (120 km) renders walls irrelevant. '''1919''' On 19 April the city purchases the property for 100 million francs from the State of France. The city must purchase or expropriate the associated grounds and must maintain the "''zone non aedificandi''." Work begins on the demolition of the walls. '''1925-1930''' The ''"territoire zonier"'' is annexed to the city. '''1930''' A law is enacted to regulate the methods for compensation of the ''"zoniers."''
The forts === Military doctrine for the employment of the forts ===The doctrines for the use of the forts depend on the context of the time. During the 19th century the roads were few. Armies were obligated to move along existing lines of communication in order to maintain their provisioning without resorting to dirt roads in unfavorable seasons. Therefore, a fortification located on an important road would be able to slow or stop a large troop formation. For example the Fort de Charenton was placed to dominate Route Nationale 6, the Paris-Geneva road, and Route Nationale 19, the road to Belfort, as well as the :fr:Pont de Charenton on the Marne and the :fr:Pont à l’Anglais on the Seine.In wartime, the fort would fulfill several functions, in the manner of a fortified town. * The fort would provide a place of shelter for troops while passively resisting an assault by the enemy. * If the enemy ignores the fort and circumvents it, they will be subject to attack from the rear by the fort's garrison, obliging a portion of the attacking forces to remain behind as protection. * It is a point of concentration and protection for artillery* It is a point of support for friendly forces===First ring of forts===The first ring of sixteen detached forts and complementary works, constituting the first line of defense a few kilometers from Paris, and supporting the Thiers Wall encircling Paris.====The sixteen forts====Panorama of the Fort de Romainville, at the beginning of the 20th centuryFort de NoisyThe sixteen forts built around Paris between 1840 and 1845 are shown in the following table.The order described in the first column describes the forts in order as they appear as one proceeds clockwise around Paris (north-east-south-west). Forts are named for the communities they defended, not necessarily those in which they are located. Order Dir. Name Emplacement Distancefrom theFarmers General wall Distancefrom theLouvre Other works1NFort couronne de la BricheSaint-Denis6900 m9600 m2NFort de la Double-CouronneSaint-Denis6850 m9600 m3N/EFort de l'EstSaint-Denis5000 m7900 m4N/EFort d'AubervilliersAubervilliers3875 m7250 mWorks and battery5EFort de RomainvilleLes Lilas3500 m6650 mLunette + Courtine6EFort de NoisyRomainville4800 m8300 mLunette + Redoubt7EFort de RosnyRosny-sous-Bois5750 m9800 mLunette8S/EFort de NogentFontenay-sous-Bois5900 m10300 mLunette9S/EFort Neuf de VincennesVincennes2800 m7800 m10S/EFort de CharentonMaisons-Alfort4000 m8400 mRigole11SFort d'IvryIvry-sur-Seine3900 m7300 m12SFort de BicêtreLe Kremlin-Bicêtre2650 m6100 m13SFort de MontrougeArcueil2900 m5800 m14SFort de VanvesMalakoff3600 m6400 m15SFort d'IssyIssy3900 m6850 m16WFort Mont-ValérienSuresnes5250 m9100 m==== Complementary works ==== Order Dir. Name Emplacement Date1Digue du CroultSaint-Denis2Digue du ru de Montfort, Saint-Denis3Batterie des VertusAubervilliers4Redoute de la FlacheAubervilliers5Batterie de Pantin Pantin6Redoute de Montreuil7Redoute de la Boissière Rosny-sous-Bois18318Redoute de Fontenay-sous-BoisFontenay-sous-Bois9Redoute de GravelleParis (bois de Vincennes)10Redoute de la Faisanderie11Batterie du Rouvray=== Second ring of forts ===This section includes those works completed between 1870 and 1890 as part of the Séré de Rivières fortifications, in the region of 20 kilometers from the capital. Dir. Name  Emplacement Date1NFort de Cormeilles-en-ParisisCormeilles-en-Parisis2NFort de MontlignonMontlignon3NFort de DomontDomont4NFort de MontmorencyMontmorency5NFort d'ÉcouenÉcouen6NRedoute de la Butte-PinsonMontmagny1875–18777NFort de StainsGarges-les-Gonesse8EFort de VaujoursCourtry9EFort de ChellesChelles10EFort de VilliersNoisy-le-Grand187811EFort de ChampignyChampigny-sur-Marne12EFort de SucySucy-en-Brie13EFort de VilleneuveVilleneuve-Saint-Georges187614S/WFort de PalaiseauPalaiseau15S/WFort de ChâtillonChâtillon-sous-BagneuxFontenay-aux-Roses16S/WFort de VillerasSaclay17S/WBatterie de BouviersGuyancourt187918S/WBatterie du Ravin de BouviersVersailles19S/WFort du Haut-BucBuc (Yvelines)187920S/WFort de Saint-CyrMontigny-le-Bretonneux187921S/WFort du Trou-d'EnferMarly-le-Roi188122S/WFort de Bois-d'ArcyBois d'Arcy
Sources *''This page is a translation of its French equivalent.''
See also * City walls of Paris* Siege of Paris (1870–1871)* City gates of Paris
References
Bibliography * Félix et Louis Lazare, ''Dictionnaire historique des rues et monuments de Paris en 1855'' ; rééd. par Maisonneuve et Laroze, 1993, p. 132. * Renaud Gagneux et Denis Prouvost, ''Sur les traces des enceintes de Paris'', Parigramme, 2004. * Jacques Hillairet, ''Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris''* Guy le Hallé, ''Histoire des fortifications de Paris et leur extension en Île-de-France'', Éditions Horvath, 1995. * Guy le Hallé, « Sur les traces de l'enceinte du prieuré Saint-Martin-des-Champs », « La Ballade des Fortifs », in ''Paris aux cent villages'', numbers 34 to 45.
External links *  Les enceintes de Paris (with plan) *  Guy Le Hallé, ''La saga des “fortifications” à Saint-Ouen''  * "La question des fortifications de Paris - 1840"  Les chemins de mémoire (Ministere des Armees) * Association de sauvegarde du Fort de Villiers (ASFV), ''Les forts de la deuxième ceinture autour de Paris - Inventaire du devenir des 16 forts construits de 1870 à 1885'', avril 200 :  *  Association Chelles Fortifs, ''Le système  Séré de Rivières en Île-de-France''