Italian cruiser Fiume
Introduction '''''Fiume''''' was a  heavy cruiser of the Italian Regia Marina, named after the Italian city of Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia), she was the second of four ships in the class, and was built between April 1929 and November 1931.Armed with a main battery of eight  guns, she was nominally within the  limit imposed by the Washington Naval Treaty, though in reality she significantly exceeded this figure. ''Fiume'' saw extensive service during World War II, having participated in several sorties to catch British convoys in the Mediterranean. She was present during the Battle of Calabria in July 1940, Battle of Cape Spartivento in November, and ultimately the Battle of Cape Matapan in March 1941.In the last engagement, ''Fiume'' and her sister ships  and  were sunk in a close-range night engagement with three British battleships.
Design Profile and plan drawing of the ''Zara'' class''Fiume'' was  long overall, with a beam of  and a draft of . She displaced  at full load, though her displacement was nominally within the  restriction set in place by the Washington Naval Treaty. Her power plant consisted of two Parsons steam turbines powered by eight oil-fired Yarrow boilers, which were trunked into two funnels amidships. Her engines were rated at  and produced a top speed of . She had a crew of 841 officers and enlisted men.She was protected with an armor belt that was  thick amidships. Her armor deck was  thick in the central portion of the ship and reduced to  at either end. The gun turrets had 150 mm thick plating on the faces and the barbettes they sat in were also 150 mm thick. The main conning tower had 150 mm thick sides.She was armed with a main battery of eight  Mod 29 53-caliber guns in four gun turrets. The turrets were arranged in superfiring pairs forward and aft. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a battery of sixteen  47-cal. guns in twin mounts, four Vickers-Terni 40 mm/39 guns in single mounts and eight  guns in twin mounts. She carried a pair of IMAM Ro.43 seaplanes for aerial reconnaissance; the hangar was located in under the forecastle and a fixed catapult was mounted on the centerline at the bow. ''Fiume''s secondary battery was revised several times during her career. Two of the 100 mm guns and all of the 40 mm and 12.7 mm guns were removed in the late 1930s and eight  54-cal. guns and eight  guns were installed in their place. Two  15-cal. star shell guns were added in 1940.
Service history Built in the ''Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino'' in Trieste, ''Fiume'' was laid down on 29 April 1929, the first member of the class to be laid down. She was launched nearly a year later on 27 April 1930, the same day as her sister ship . Fitting-out work lasted another year and a half, and the new cruiser was commissioning into the ''Regia Marina'' (Royal Navy) on 23 November 1931.In January 1935, tests with autogyros were conducted aboard ''Fiume''; a wooden platform was built on the stern of the ship to support the aircraft. The experiments proved to be successful, although the autogyros themselves had very limited range and were unreliable. ''Fiume'' took part in a lavish ceremony held for the visit of Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Nazi Germany, in May 1938.She and ''Zara'' conducted a gunnery demonstration while Hitler and the dictator of Italy, Benito Mussolini, observed from the battleship .===World War II===''Fiume'' (right) along with ''Zara'' and ''Pola'' in NaplesWhen Italy formally joined the Second World War by declaring war on France and Britain on 10 June 1940, ''Fiume'' was assigned to the 1st Division with ''Zara'' and the four destroyers of the 9th Destroyer Flotilla. The unit was assigned to the 1st Squadron, under the command of Admiral Inigo Campioni. Two days later, ''Fiume'' and the rest of the 1st Division, along with the 9th Division, sortied in response to British attacks on Italian positions in Libya. While they were at sea, the British submarine  unsuccessfully attacked ''Fiume'' and her sister . On 6 July, a convoy left Naples, bound for North Africa; the following day, Italian reconnaissance reported a British cruiser squadron to have arrived in Malta. The Italian naval high command therefore ordered the 1st Division and several other cruisers and destroyers to join the escort for the convoy. The battleships ''Conte di Cavour'' and  provide distant support. Two days later, the Italian fleet briefly clashed with the British Mediterranean Fleet in an inconclusive action off Calabria.In late September, the Italian fleet, including ''Fiume'', made a sweep for a British troop convoy from Alexandria to Malta, but it made no contact with the British ships. ''Fiume'' was present in the harbor at Taranto when the British fleet launched the nighttime carrier strike on Taranto on the night of 11–12 November, but she was not attacked in the raid. Another attempt to intercept a British convoy in late November resulted in the Battle of Cape Spartivento. The Italian fleet left port on 26 November and clashed with the British fleet the next day, in an engagement that lasted for about an hour. Campioni broke off the action because he mistakenly believed he was facing a superior force, the result of poor aerial reconnaissance. The British heavy cruiser HMS ''Berwick'' was hit twice by 203 mm rounds during the engagement, either fired by ''Fiume'' or her sister ''Pola''.====Battle of Cape Matapan====Map of the movements of the Italian and British fleets during the Battle of Cape MatapanThe Italian fleet, now commanded by Admiral Angelo Iachino, made another attempt to intercept a British convoy in late March 1941.The fleet was supported by the ''Regia Aeronautica'' and the German 10th Air Corps. This operation resulted in the Battle of Cape Matapan; early in the battle, ''Fiume'' and the rest of the 1st Division were to the northeast of the rest of the Italian fleet, which had encountered the British to the southwest. The battleship  was torpedoed by British aircraft and forced to withdraw during this phase of the battle. The 1st Division remained on the port side of the Italian fleet as it began its return to port to screen against another possible British attack. A second British airstrike later in the day failed to locate the retiring ''Vittorio Veneto'' and instead torpedoed ''Pola'', which left the cruiser immobilized. ''Fiume'', ''Zara'', and four destroyers were detached to protect ''Pola''. The British fleet, centered on the battleships , , and , was at this point only  away.Guided by radar, the British fleet closed in on the crippled ''Pola'' in the darkness while ''Fiume'', ''Zara'', and the destroyers approached from the opposite direction. At 10:27, the searchlights aboard ''Warspite'', the leading British battleship, illuminated ''Fiume'' at a range of , followed immediately by a salvo of six  shells from her main battery; five struck ''Fiume'' and caused serious damage. Her superfiring rear turret was blown overboard before a second salvo from ''Warspite'' struck the ship. Shortly thereafter, ''Valiant'' fired four 15-inch shells into ''Fiume'', causing further devastation. ''Fiume'', now a burning wreck, was spared further destruction as the British battleships turned their attention to ''Zara''. ''Fiume'' fell out of line, listing badly to starboard, as ''Zara'' was similarly hammered by 15-inch broadsides. ''Fiume'' remained afloat for about 45 minutes before she capsized and sank stern first at 23:15.Two of the destroyers, ''Alfieri'' and ''Carducci'', were also sunk, as were ''Zara'' and ''Pola''. The action had lasted a mere three minutes. 812 men were lost with ''Fiume'', among them her commanding officer Capt. Giorgio Giorgis; the survivors were picked up by British destroyers on the following morning, Greek destroyers in the evening of 29 March and the Italian hospital ship ''Gradisca'' between 31 March and 3 April.
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External links *  Fiume (1930) Marina Militare website