Italia-class ironclad
Introduction The '''''Italia'' class''' was a class of two ironclad battleships built for the Italian ''Regia Marina'' (Royal Navy) in the 1870s and 1880s. The two ships— and —were designed by Benedetto Brin, who chose to discard traditional belt armor entirely, relying on a combination of very high speed and extensive internal subdivision to protect the ships. This, along with their armament of very large  guns, has led some naval historians to refer to the ''Italia'' class as prototypical battlecruisers.Despite serving for over thirty years, the ships had uneventful careers. They spent their first two decades in service with the Active and Reserve Squadrons, where they were primarily occupied with training maneuvers. ''Lepanto'' was converted into a training ship in 1902 and ''Italia'' was significantly modernized in 1905–1908 before also becoming a training ship. They briefly saw action during the Italo-Turkish War, where they provided gunfire support to Italian troops defending Tripoli. ''Lepanto'' was discarded in early 1915, though ''Italia'' continued on as a guard ship during World War I, eventually being converted into a grain transport. She was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1921.
Design  of the , which provided the basis for the ''Italia'' designStarting in the 1870s, following the Italian fleet's defeat at the Battle of Lissa, the Italians began a large naval expansion program, at first aimed at countering the Austro-Hungarian Navy. The ''Italia''s were the second class of the program, which also included the , designed in the early-1870s by Insp Eng Benedetto Brin. The ''Italia'' class was ordered by Admiral Simone Antonio Saint-Bon, the Italian naval minister, who envisioned an improved version of the ''Duilio'' class that also had the ability to carry large numbers of soldiers, as the Navy had been given the responsibility of defending Italy's lengthy coastline.Brin prepared the initial design in 1875.The need to keep the size of the ships under control, coupled with developments in armor-piercing shell technology, forced him to make significant alterations compared to the ''Duilio'' design to incorporate Saint Bon's requirements. It had come to be realized by naval designers in Italy and abroad that armor plate could no longer effectively resist the latest shell designs, so Brin reasoned that the great weight of an armor belt was unwarranted. Armor plate also tended to fragment when struck by shells, creating damage beyond that caused by the projectile itself, further militating against its use. Additionally, fitting belt armor on a ship the size of ''Italia'' would cause a prohibitive increase in displacement, and so he discarded it completely in favor of a thin armored deck, unlike foreign capital ship designs.Illustration comparing several European ironclads built in the 1870s, including ''Italia'' (center left), though not to scaleBrin originally planned for the ships to displace , to have a main battery of two  guns in individual barbettes, a secondary armament of eighteen  guns, and to carry  of coal for increased range over that of the ''Duilio'' class. Brin opted to use open barbettes over the heavy, enclosed gun turrets of the ''Duilio''s to save weight, which permitted the addition of a full upper deck. This, in turn, provided the space to carry a division of 10,000 soldiers according to Saint Bon's requirements.As the design evolved, developments in related technologies prompted changes to Brin's design. The development of slow-burning propellants led General Rosset, an artillerist in the Italian Army, suggested that slightly smaller,  guns could be built with longer barrels for the same weight as the 450 mm guns. The longer barrels could take advantage of the slow-burning propellant to increase muzzle velocity, giving the guns better penetrating power. After the original guns were bought by Britain during a war scare with the Russian Empire in 1878, Brin altered the design to incorporate Rosset's ideas. The single 450 mm guns were replaced with pairs of 432 mm guns. By that time, he had made other changes, including reducing the 149 mm armament to eight weapons, and the coal capacity to , on  displacement. The number of 149 mm guns was reduced because it was found that the additional guns could not have been manned when the 432 mm guns were in use.The ships were authorized in 1875, with funding allocated to begin construction the following year, though design work continued even after they had been laid down in 1876.They were faster and more seaworthy than the preceding ''Duilio'' class, owing to their higher freeboard. They were very large and fast warships for their time, displacing over 15,000 tons at full load;  could make , while  could achieve . Other ironclads of the era could not make more than . Their high speed, powerful main battery, and thin armor protection has led to some naval historians to characterize the ships as proto-battlecruisers. Designed at a time when the primary threat to capital ships was a slow-firing gun equipped with cast iron shot, the ''Italia''s had the poor luck to enter service after quick-firing guns with explosive shells had been developed, rendering their protection scheme useless.===General characteristics===Plan and profile drawing of the ''Italia'' classThe ships of the ''Italia'' class were  long between perpendiculars and  long overall. ''Italia'' had a beam of , while ''Lepanto'' was slightly narrower, at . The ships had a draft of  and , respectively. ''Italia'' displaced  normally and up to  at full load, while ''Lepanto'' displaced  normally and  fully laden. The ships' great size allowed the designers to use very fine hull lines, which gave them high hydrodynamic efficiency and contributed to their speed.Both ships' hulls had a ram bow and were constructed of steel, which offered a significant weight savings of 15 percent compared to iron hulls. Below the waterline, ''Italia''s hull was sheathed in wood and zinc to prevent biofouling, but ''Lepanto'' was not similarly fitted. They had a double bottom that extended for , a distance that spanned the propulsion machinery rooms and the ammunition magazines. The hulls were divided into sixty-nine watertight compartments below the armor deck and another eighty-four in the double bottom. Steering was controlled by a single rudder, which was steam operated aboard ''Italia'' and hydraulically driven aboard ''Lepanto''.The ''Italia''-class vessels had a minimal superstructure. Both were fitted with a single military mast with fighting tops placed directly amidships; a small hurricane deck connected the ships' funnels and the mast. The deck was placed highly enough to allow the main battery guns to fully traverse, even with their barrels at maximum elevation. Atop the deck, a small bridge was placed. ''Italia'' had a crew of 37 officers and 719 enlisted men, while ''Lepanto'' had the same number of officers and 656 enlisted men. The ships had  of freeboard. They each carried a number of small boats, including two second-class torpedo boats aboard ''Italia'' and three picket boats aboard ''Lepanto''.===Propulsion machinery===Their propulsion system consisted of four compound steam engines each driving a single screw propeller, which were  in diameter. The engines could be run either in compound mode for greater fuel efficiency or in direct-acting mode for higher speed. Steam was supplied by twenty-six coal-fired, oval fire-tube boilers aboard ''Italia'', while ''Lepanto'' received eight of the oval boilers and sixteen locomotive boilers. The ships' engine rooms were placed amidships, each engine in its own watertight compartment, with three boiler rooms on either end the engines. ''Italia''s boilers were trunked into six funnels, placed in two sets of three all on the centerline. ''Lepanto'' only had four funnels in two pairs; during ''Italia''s refit in 1905–1908, her funnels were reduced to an identical arrangement.The ships' propulsion system was projected to produce  using forced draft to reach the intended top speed of . On her initial speed trials, ''Italia''s engines produced a top speed of  from a maximum of , and she could maintain this speed for about an hour. ''Lepanto'' was faster, with a top speed of  from . The ships had a coal storage capacity of , though in practice likely carried . Figures for the ships' cruising radius vary; ''Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships'' reports that they could steam for  at a speed of , while the historian Sergie Vinogradov states that they had a range of  at the same speed.===Armament===Admiral Felice Napoleone Canevaro and the officers of ''Italia'' pose under a pair of her 17-inch (432-mm) guns. ''Italia'' and ''Lepanto'' each carried a main armament of four  breech-loading guns. ''Italia'' received three 26-caliber guns and one 27-caliber gun, while ''Lepanto'' was equipped entirely with 27-caliber guns. The former guns were the A model, and they fired a  shell at a muzzle velocity of around , significantly better than the older 432 mm guns'  for the same weight shell. The longer 27-caliber weapons produced an even higher velocity of ; armor penetration at the muzzle was  and  of wrought iron, respectively. Both caliber guns' rate of fire was very slow, taking eight minutes to reload after each shot, though they were still faster than the muzzle-loading 432 mm guns.The guns were mounted in pairs ''en echelon'' amidships in a single, large, diagonal, oval barbette, with one pair of guns on a turntable to port and the other to starboard. The port pair was mounted aft of the starboard pair. The magazine was below the armored deck, and ammunition was brought up to the main guns via an armored trunk. They had to be returned to a fixed loading position after every shot: the forward guns pointed 45 degrees off the bow while the aft guns were 45 degrees from the stern. Records of ammunition storage vary; contemporary British sources report that ''Italia'' carried forty-five shells per gun and ''Lepanto'' was fitted with forty, while a Russian source reports fifty shells per gun for both vessels. The ships' high freeboard allowed the main guns to be mounted  above the waterline, and the design and location of the barbette and turntables gave the guns good fields of fire. Their elevation ranged from −10 degrees to +15, which allowed them to engage targets as close as .The ships carried a secondary battery of eight medium caliber guns in single pivot mounts. ''Italia'' carried the originally-intended 149 mm 26.7-caliber guns, while ''Lepanto'' received newer  32-caliber guns. These guns were distributed along the length of the ships; one was on the upper deck forward as a bow-chaser, four were on the broadside forward of the main battery, another pair were astern of the main guns, and the eighth gun was on the upper deck as a stern-chaser. These were supported by a battery of four  guns, also in single mounts. The ships also carried a pair of  mountain guns and two machine guns for use by landing parties ashore. As was customary for capital ships of the period, they carried four  torpedo tubes. These were placed on the broadside above the waterline. The torpedoes carried a  warhead and had a range of .===Armor===Sketch of the armor layout aboard ''Italia''Instead of belt armor the ships were protected by a mild steel armored deck, the details of which are unclear. Vinogradov notes that contemporary sources report a range of thicknesses from 3 to 4.7 in. He suggests that the most likely explanation is that the ships were not identical. British intelligence reports credit ''Italia'' with a deck thickness of  in the central portion of the ship and reduced to 3 in at the bow and stern. The same reports state that ''Lepanto'' had a uniform 3 in deck. The armored deck sloped downward to meet the ships' sides at a point  below the waterline and combined with two bulkheads that ran the entire length of the ships, set back several feet from the side, and numerous other bulkheads interspersed among the two main bulkheads to create a hull extensively divided into watertight compartments. The resulting "cellular raft" of small compartments was designed to detonate shells before they could penetrate very far into the ships; confining the resulting explosion and flooding to limited areas, dampening and containing the effect.For rest of the ship's protection, recently developed compound armor was selected for ''Italia'', which was manufactured by the British firms Cammell Laird and John Brown & Company. ''Lepanto'' received an improved steel that had been developed by the French company Schneider-Creusot. The ships' conning tower was armored with  of plate on the sides. The barbettes had  on the sides to protect the guns, back with a layer of teak that was  thick. The tops of the barbettes had two layers of  to protect the gun crews from small arms fire from enemy fighting tops. Each ship had armored tubes connecting the barbettes to the magazines below; these had  thick sides. The bases of the funnels, where the boiler uptakes connected to them, also received 15.7 in of armor.===Modifications===''Italia'' as she appeared after her 1905–1908 refitTheir secondary batteries were revised over the course of their careers. During a refit in the late 1890s, the ships were given a tertiary battery for close-range defense against torpedo boats. Each ship received twelve  Hotchkiss guns and twelve  Hotchkiss guns in individual mounts. In another refit completed by 1908, ''Italia'' had her 150 mm guns replaced with seven 152 mm weapons, and her anti-torpedo boat armament was reduced to six 57 mm guns and two 37 mm guns. The historian Sergei Vinogradov notes that some sources report that two additional torpedo tubes were fitted to ''Italia'' at this time, but states that "this seems unlikely." The refit also saw the removal of the central military mast and the installation of two light pole masts.By 1911, ''Lepanto'' had had a second refit as well, which removed all of her 152 mm guns and torpedo tubes and reduced her tertiary battery to nine 57 mm and six 37 mm guns. While serving as a floating battery at Brindisi during World War I, ''Italia'' had all of her secondary and tertiary guns removed, and in 1918, when she was converted into a grain transport vessel, her main battery was removed as well, though she received two 120 mm 32-caliber guns for defense.
Construction + Construction data Name Builder Laid down Launched Completed  3 January 1876 29 September 1880 16 October 1885  4 November 1876 17 March 1883 16 August 1887
Service history ''Italia'' at her launching''Lepanto'' in the Mediterranean Sea in the late 1880s''Italia'' and ''Lepanto'' spent the first decade of their careers alternative between the Active and Reserve Squadrons of the Italian fleet. ''Italia'' served as the flagship of the Active Squadron after entering service in 1886 but was reduced to the reserve the following year. She resumed flagship duties in early 1888, and was joined in the unit by ''Lepanto'' later that year. ''Italia'' was again laid up in late 1890 and ''Lepanto'' was similarly deactivated the next year. Over the following five years, both ships alternated between active and reserve status. During their active careers, they were primarily occupied with training exercises. As Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance at the time, the simulated opponent in these maneuvers was typically France; during the 1893 annual fleet maneuvers, both ships served in the squadron simulating an attack on the Italian coast.In 1896, both ships began to serve in auxiliary roles, ''Italia'' as a gunnery training ship and ''Lepanto'' as a training vessel for signalmen and helmsmen. The following year, in June 1897, ''Lepanto'' steamed to Britain to represent Italy at the Fleet Review for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. The ships continued to alternate between the squadrons for the rest of the decade, with 1897 and 1898 in the Reserve, and 1899 in the Active Squadron. During this period, the Italian Navy considered rebuilding the ships along the same lines as the ironclad , but the project proved to be too costly, and by 1902 the plan was abandoned. ''Lepanto'' was removed from front-line service in 1902 and converted into a gunnery training ship; to aid in this task, the ship received a variety of light weapons that trainees would go on to use in the fleet. During this period, she also took part in annual training exercises with the rest of the fleet. In October 1910, she was reduced to a barracks ship. ''Italia'' was modernized in 1905–1908, losing two of her funnels and several of her small-caliber guns; from 1909 to 1910, she served as a torpedo training ship. She was then used as a barracks ship in 1911.Both ships were reactivated in September 1911 after the outbreak of the Italo-Turkish War, initially assigned to the 5th Division. After the capture of Tripoli in October, ''Italia'' and ''Lepanto'' were intended to be sent to the city to provide gunfire support for the soldiers defending it, but the plan came to nothing and they remained in Italy. ''Lepanto'' was stricken from the naval register on 26 May 1912, but she was reinstated on 13 January 1913 as an auxiliary. ''Italia'', meanwhile, had been reduced again to training duties in December 1912, this time for non-commissioned officers and engine room personnel. ''Lepanto'' did not remain in service long, being stricken again on 1 January 1914 and being sold to ship breakers on 27 March 1915. ''Italia'' was stricken from the register on 4 June 1914, but was not discarded before the start of World War I the following month. In April 1915, as Italy prepared to enter the conflict on the side of the Triple Entente, ''Italia'' was towed to Brindisi to be used as a guard ship, and she was restored to the naval register on 23 May. In December 1917, she was taken to La Spezia, where she was converted into a grain carrier, serving briefly with the Ministry of Transport in June 1919 before being transferred to the State Railways in July. The ship returned to the Navy in January 1921, but was stricken in November that year and sold for scrap.
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External links *  Italia (1880) Marina Militare website