Piscogavialis
Introduction '''''Piscogavialis''''' is an extinct monospecific genus of gryposuchine gavialid crocodylian. The only species yet known is '''''P. jugaliperforatus'''''. Fossils of ''Piscogavialis'' have been found from the Mio-Pliocene Pisco Formation of the Sacaco Basin in southern Peru in 1998, where it coexisted with the much smaller gavialid ''Sacacosuchus''. ''Piscogavialis'' is known only from a single specimen, but it represents some of the best preserved gavialid material known from South America. The skull is preserved in three dimensions and is nearly complete. A mandible and some postcranial material have also been found in association with the skull. Several important features of the occipital region of the skull support a referral to the family Gavialidae, which also includes the extant gharial and false gharial.
Paleobiology The strata from which remains of ''Piscogavialis'' have been found suggest that it lived in a coastal environment. Another extinct marine gavialid, ''Sacacosuchus'', was described in 2022 and discovered in the same formation. ''Sacacosuchus'' was smaller, estimated to be up to  long, whereas ''Piscogavialis'' was nearly double the size.During the Miocene, what is now the Pisco Basin in Peru was largely covered by a shallow marine transgression that connected to the open ocean. The environment was marked by shallow waters, protected bays with rocky shores and small islands. The south-east Pacific coast was inhabited by at least two species of crocodilians, ''Piscogavialis'' and ''Sacacosuchus'', throughout most of this time period. The remains of both species were found alongside other animals typical for the marine environments of this region including various cetaceans, seals, seabirds, marine sloths and sharks. As the Peruvian sediments yielded bones of both adults and juvenile specimens, it is assumed that ''Sacacosuchus'' spent its entire life in saltwater. Although ''Piscogavialis'' was notably larger, it was also likely more specialized, feeding primarily on fast fish. ''Sacacosuchus'', meanwhile, in spite of being only half the length of its contemporary relative, was adapted to a more generalist diet.During the Miocene, environmental factors worked together to highly favor marine gavialoids, in particular warm temperatures and abundant shallow water coastal environments suited to their lifestyle. Subsequently, their diversity was high during most of this time period with their range extending as far south as Chile. However, despite these initially favorable conditions, global temperatures continuously dropped throughout the late Neogene. Initially, both ''Piscogavialis'' and ''Sacacosuchus'' weren't heavily affected, with the water temperatures of their habitat continuing to support these ectotherms until at least the end of the Miocene period. Eventually, however, the extinction of Peru's marine gavialids was brought on by the disruption of these coastal ecosystems, caused by dropping sea levels and the uplifting of the Andes Mountains, coupled with the more drastically dropping global temperatures of the Pliocene.
Phylogeny A phylogenetic analysis conducted in a 2007 study found Gryposuchinae to include the genera ''Aktiogavialis'', ''Gryposuchus'', ''Ikanogavialis'', ''Piscogavialis'', and ''Siquisiquesuchus''. Below is a cladogram from the 2007 analysis showing the phylogenetic relationships of gryposuchines among gavialoids:Alternatively, a 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data indicated that the members of Gryposuchinae may in fact be paraphyletic and rather an evolutionary grade towards ''Gavialis'' and the gharial, as shown in the cladogram below:The below cladogram is from the 2022 Salas-Gismondi ''et al.'' study describing the newly discovered co-existing ''Sacacosuchus'', and shows ''Piscogavialis'' as a more derived member of Gavialidae:
References