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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41808 | Skip to content
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Are “Hypoallergenic” Cosmetics Really Better?
When shopping for cosmetics or skin care products, you'll frequently see labels that say the products are "hypoallergenic." That means they are less likely than other cosmetics to cause allergic reactions. It also suggests that these products will be gentler or even safer for the skin.
However, there are no federal regulations that govern the use of the term "hypoallergenic." So it's entirely up to the manufacturer whether or not to label a product this way. And no proof that a product labeled this way causes fewer allergic reactions is needed.
When labeling cosmetics "hypoallergenic" first became popular, the FDA tried to regulate the use of the term. In 1975, the FDA issued a regulation stating that a cosmetic could be labeled "hypoallergenic" only if scientific studies on human subjects showed that it caused a significantly lower rate of adverse skin reactions than similar products not making the claim. The manufacturers were to be responsible for carrying out the required tests. But this rule was declared invalid by U.S. courts, leaving manufacturers free to apply the term as they wish.
The FDA Office of Cosmetics and Colors Fact Sheet notes that ingredients used to make cosmetic products are basically the same throughout the industry. Decades ago, harsh ingredients were sometimes used, and they did sometimes cause adverse reactions for some people. But these ingredients are no longer used. Still, though, there is a lack of studies that show certain products or classes of products cause fewer adverse reactions.
The bottom line is that the term "hypoallergenic" has very little meaning and is primarily used as a marketing tool. It is impossible to guarantee that a cosmetic or skin care product will never produce an allergic reaction. Since the FDA does require cosmetic ingredients be listed on product labels, consumers who have had allergic reactions or problems with a specific substance can avoid purchasing products that contain it by reading the labels.
Brush Up on Beauty
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41823 | Tech Biz : People RSS
Clive Thompson on Social Networks and the Wrath of Moms
By Clive Thompson Email 10.20.08
Illustration: Topos Graphics
The big draw at UrbanBaby.com used to be the discussion boards. The forums were completely anonymous, without even nicknames or handles to identify the participants. As you can imagine, the anonymity sparked some scandalous, rollicking threads—descriptions of boozed-up parenting, icy marriages, and moms who flatly regretted having procreated.
But the nine-year-old Web site aimed at mothers in big cities like New York and San Francisco wasn't all titillation. The boards were also extremely useful. When my wife asked questions—What do you do for colic? What's the best school in Brooklyn?—she received four or five thoughtful replies in less than a minute. I'd never seen such a dynamic, active online community.
They perfectly re-created the look and feel of the old boards. Better yet, they made improvements, including a souped-up search engine and privacy controls that make sure your spouse can't use your computer to find out what you've been posting. They also set up a blog to capture users' requests for site improvements and to outline what YouBeMom plans to do about them.
Within days, there was a mass exodus of users from UrbanBaby to the new site. CNET won't give out traffic figures, and neither will the owners of YouBeMom. But I logged on to both sites recently and compared how often people posted. I'd estimate that YouBeMom has three times the traffic of UrbanBaby. That's just how fragile a social application can be. People have a very sophisticated sense for their online hangout—if you mess up the feel of it, or impede the ways they want to schmooze online, they're gone.
What's more, the speed at which a rival can come online is simply mind-boggling. Given the dirt-cheap prices of bandwidth and server space, you don't even need capital. The YouBeMom folks created their site in their spare time, working around their day jobs, and have spent (they say) almost no money. Unlike YouBeMom, CNET has a staff to pay, so it needs to run ads. You can't compete with free, which is, increasingly, the cost of creating online community.
Other Web sites could run into the same forces that blindsided UrbanBaby. They all face a paradox: It's very hard to make money off a social-network site, but it's incredibly easy for a competitor to emerge. All that a company like Twitter, Dopplr, or Pownce has to do is greatly annoy its audience—usually by trying to squeeze revenue out of them—to be at risk. Some smart coder or two will launch a rival service from their basement, with no financing at all. Hell, they'll launch it without even quitting their day job.
Maybe that's the future of most social apps: They won't be businesses, they'll be hobbies, run as little side projects, like blogs. You'll be having drinks at a bar, and the tech- support dude next to you will casually mention that his online guitar- player network has 3 million Strat- wielding members. And that guy who works in check processing at your company, what's his name? Zuckerberg? Apparently his Facebook thing is making a comeback.
Email [email protected].
Related Topics: |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41824 | Web Enhancements07/13/2001
Return to the Temple of Elemental Evil
Caves of Ancient Secrets
Return to the Temple of Elemental Evil offers an epic adventure that takes characters from 4th to 14th levels. Caves of Ancient Secrets contains 22 additional encounter areas designed to be played with that adventure -- plus an all-new map by cartographer Todd Gamble! This small section of caverns, older than The Temple of All-Consumption (see Part 2 of Return to the Temple) is played during Chapter 5: The Crater Ridge Mines. It climaxes in a meeting with the half-fiend aboleth who took over the role of the Master from the current Second of the Triad (see Chapter 6: The Inner and Outer Fanes).
The bonus material in the Caves of Ancient Secrets web enhancement adds to the background and theme of the entire Return to the Temple of Elemental Evil adventure. It's exclusive to this website. Here's a preview:
6. Shrine (EL varies)
Read or paraphrase the following aloud:
This large area is cold. The walls are black and carved in an elaborate relief that gives the impression of writhing tentacles or snakes (or both). The floor is covered in a woven mat of dried, purple seaweed that is occasionally stained with reddish-brown splotches. Hovering in the air, a nimbus of black energy 10 feet across fluctuates menacingly.
This entire area is unholy, as described in the spell unhallow. In addition to the protection from good effect, and the -4 to turning undead attempts (+4 to rebuke undead attempts), the unhallow continually grants all evil beings an aid spell as cast by an 10th-level caster while they remain in this room.
Any creature of good alignment that touches the black energy suffers 10d6 points of damage (no save). Any creature of good alignment that even enters this room draws a pulse of the black energy that summons a wraith from the darkness.
The kuo-toa treat the blackness as an altar of sorts, praying to the Dark God through it. It is a direct extension of his power.
Creatures. These wraiths attack good creatures immediately.
Wraiths (varies): hp 82; see Monster Manual page 185.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41843 | Jeep Wrangler Forum
Jeep Wrangler Forum (
- Alabama Jeep Forum (
- - Backspacing question (
YJ6262 09-09-2011 09:51 AM
Backspacing question
what backspacing is required to run 35's on 10' rims. I have a issue with my 35's getting into my leafs with 15X8 and i want to upgrade to 15x10 and want to do away with the rubbin.
aelwero 09-09-2011 10:10 AM
10 foot rims :eek: I thought 24's were over the top...
but seriously, backspacing measured in inches, like most jeep rims are, instead of the + or - metric notation, isn't dependant on width. It's just a straight measurement. Take the backspace you have now and subtract an inch or two depending on how deep you are into your leafs, keeping in mind that the farther you get from half the rim width, the more leverage you put on your hubs, especially if you go rock crawling or off camber. Someone might have a YJ specific answer for you on here, but it's something you can measure on your own pretty easily, especially if you got a spare :)
YJ6262 09-10-2011 08:38 AM
thanks Aelwero, i will check it out...
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41873 | Gazans protest Shalit's Barca visit - Israel Culture, Ynetnews
Israel News
Israel News
World News
Israel Opinion
Israel Business
Israel Culture
Israel Travel
Gilad Shalit in Barcelona shirt Photo: AFP
Gilad Shalit in Barcelona shirt Photo: AFP
Sunday's Barcelona-Real Madrid match Photo: AFP
Sunday's Barcelona-Real Madrid match Photo: AFP
Gazans protest Shalit's Barca visit
Palestinians freed from Israeli jails hold their own version of Barcelona-Real Madrid soccer match to protest presence of former captive Israeli soldier at actual fixture
Published: 10.08.12, 10:22 / Israel Culture
Palestinians freed from Israeli jails held their own version of the Barcelona-Real Madrid soccer match on Sunday to protest at the presence of a former captive Israeli soldier at the actual fixture.
The five-a-side kick-about in Gaza comprised mostly of Palestinian ex-prisoners that Israel swapped for Gilad Shalit. He was abducted by Gaza terrorists in a cross-border raid in 2006 and they held him for over five years.
Freed Soldier
Starting over / Gilad Shalit
Op-ed: Gilad Shalit shares plans for coming year; offers tips on coping with crises
Full story
"Barcelona has always wanted to promote peace and harmony in the Middle East."
In a small protest in front of the Spanish consulate in east Jerusalem, a group of some 30 demonstrators held up placards with the club's insignia daubed in red paint signifying blood, and at least one trampled on a Barcelona shirt.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41877 | 1. Thumbnail
Lefty's Lament - a song for Left Handers Day
2. Thumbnail
Left handed golf clubs
3. Thumbnail
Left-handed dressmaking scissors not cutting?
4. Thumbnail
Left handed scissors
5. Thumbnail
Lefty Book - Being left-handed, difficulties and frustrations
6. Thumbnail
View left handed product information
7. Thumbnail
Changing display currency in Left Handed Shop
8. Thumbnail
Change cart contents in left handed shop online
9. Thumbnail
Left handed diary 2011 - ring bound and opens left to right
10. Thumbnail
Left handed block calendar 2011 by Cary Koegle
11. Thumbnail
Travel corkscrew left handed with backwards screw thread
12. Thumbnail
Left handed corkscrew with anti-clockwise thread
13. Thumbnail
Left handed scissors
14. Thumbnail
Left handed pencils
15. Thumbnail
2 For 1 Offers for Left Handers Club Members
16. Thumbnail
Left handed tin opener
17. Thumbnail
Left handed bread knife - cut straight slices lefthanded
18. Thumbnail
Left handed knives - straight safe cut left handed knife
19. Thumbnail
Stabilo Smove Easy pens and pencils
20. Thumbnail
Stabilo Easy colouring pencils left handed box of 12
21. Thumbnail
Stabilo Easy colouring pencils left handed 6 set
22. Thumbnail
Stabilo Easy gel rollerball pen left handed
23. Thumbnail
Pencut folding scissors - safety scissors for your pocket
24. Thumbnail
Pencil grip for writing skills, pencil holder rubber grip
25. Thumbnail
Pencil grip helps left handed writers, lefthanders rubber grip
26. Thumbnail
Jarspoon to get the last bits from jars and tins
27. Thumbnail
Sending a left handed gift
28. Thumbnail
Using coupon codes at Anything Left Handed
29. Thumbnail
Ladies purse left handed in soft leather
30. Thumbnail
Left handed guitars: left hand guitar players Blue Volume
31. Thumbnail
Left handed guitar: left hand guitar players Red Volume
32. Thumbnail
Left handed guitar players & left handed guitars
33. Thumbnail
Handi Writer writing aid gives you a perfect grip
34. Thumbnail
Playing cards left-handed
35. Thumbnail
left-handed nail scissors to cut nails on your right hand
36. Thumbnail
left-handed manicure scissors to cut nails on your right hand
37. Thumbnail
conference folders left handed for left-handers
38. Thumbnail
Tommy Firefly - The Prettiest Star
39. Thumbnail
Griffix wax crayon for learning handwriting
40. Thumbnail
How to order the ink eraser pens
41. Thumbnail
Swiss army knives left-handed from Wenger
42. Thumbnail
Ink eraser and corrector pen to remove ink mistakes
43. Thumbnail
Griffix fountain pen for developing writing skills
44. Thumbnail
Griffix ink writer for learning handwriting skills
45. Thumbnail
Griffix lead pencil for learning handwriting precision
46. Thumbnail
Griffix learn writing system
47. Thumbnail
Left handed cartridge pen
48. Thumbnail
left handed desk diary
49. Thumbnail
left handed calendar - block design
50. Thumbnail
Culinare one touch jar opener - amazing!
51. Thumbnail
Culinare one touch can opener - amazing!
52. Thumbnail
Plymouth Belvedere 1965 Drag racing
53. Thumbnail
Fun in the snow - skiing adventure
54. Thumbnail
Jetstream non-smudge pen
55. Thumbnail
Left handed kitchen items
56. Thumbnail
Left handed items and tools
57. Thumbnail
Left handed stationery
58. Thumbnail
Left handed boomerang
59. Thumbnail
Culinare One Touch Can Opener
60. Thumbnail
Writing Left Handed
61. Thumbnail
Writing equipment
62. Thumbnail
Problems with writing
63. Thumbnail
Writing help and advice for left handers
64. Thumbnail
Writing challenges for left handers
65. Thumbnail
Writing left handed
66. Thumbnail
Left handed scissors and cutting left-handed |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41912 | Visual Eyes
Instagram of the day
Johanna Larsson makes a serve during the Western and Southern Open Friday afternoon. The Enquirer/Cara Owsley
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Visual Eyes
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41924 | elbee-elgee / comments.php
* This file is responsible for displaying both the comment form
* and the list of comments on a post.
* @package Elbee-Elgee
* @copyright Copyright (c) 2011, Doug Stewart
* @license http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html GNU General Public License, v2 (or newer)
* @since Elbee-Elgee 1.0
if( have_comments() ) { ?>
<h2 id="comments"><?php comments_number(); ?></h2>
<ol class="commentlist">
<?php wp_list_comments(); ?>
if( comments_open() ){
} else {
?><small>(Comments are closed)</small><?php
Tip: Use camelCasing e.g. ProjME to search for ProjectModifiedEvent.java. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41929 | This discussion is archived
1 Reply Latest reply: Nov 6, 2012 11:31 AM by 827092 RSS
How to filter BAM report content by user (ReportViewerUserName) ?
972867 Newbie
Currently Being Moderated
I have a need to filter the report data by each user and I found an existing parameter in BAM called [PARAMETER: ReportViewerUserName]. I thought I could use a filter rule like this: "the name of the userID column in my data table" equals Value [PARAMETER: ReportViewerUserName], but this does not work. How does the parameter work? What is the form of the username it refers to? Has anyone had any similar issues?
Many thanks!
• Correct Answers - 10 points
• Helpful Answers - 5 points |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41932 | Make WordPress Core
Opened 10 years ago
Closed 9 years ago
#115 closed enhancement (fixed)
No UI control over category_nicename
Reported by: Tomer Owned by: matt
Milestone: Priority: normal
Severity: normal Version: 1.2
Component: Administration Keywords:
Focuses: Cc:
There is no control for the category_nicename from the administration intereface.
Change History (2)
comment:2 matt9 years ago
• fixed_in_version set to 1.3
• Owner changed from anonymous to matt
• Resolution changed from 10 to 20
• Status changed from new to closed
Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41933 | id,summary,reporter,owner,description,type,status,priority,milestone,component,version,severity,resolution,keywords,cc,focuses 14290,register_new_user() can't handle WP_Error result from wp_create_user(),coffee2code,nacin,"register_new_user() in wp-login.php does not properly handle a WP_Error object, which is the potential return value from its call to wp_create_user(). wp_create_user() is basically a pass-through to wp_insert_user(). As a result of [12778], the commit of a patch that was part of #11644 (the MU-merge ticket), new checks were added to wp_insert_user() which changed the potential behavior of the function to return a WP_Error object. register_new_user() can thus fail with a FATAL error: {{{ Notice: Object of class WP_Error could not be converted to int in /Users/scott/Sites/wp30.dev/wp-includes/functions.php on line 3150 Catchable fatal error: Object of class WP_Error could not be converted to string in /Users/scott/Sites/wp30.dev/wp-includes/formatting.php on line 2782 }}} Currently it is not likely the above situation would be tripped. But this is only because register_new_user() and wp_insert_user() perform almost identical error checks (the former does more, actually). However, the errors generated in register_new_user() can all be suppressed by plugins via the 'registration_errors' hook. However, some those same error checks will then be performed in wp_insert_user() and thus return a WP_Error (without a way to suppress those). Related issues aside, the fact of the matter is that wp_create_user() can return a WP_Error object and register_new_user() can't handle it. The fix is simple and attached. ",defect (bug),closed,normal,3.7,Users,3.0,normal,fixed,has-patch needs-unit-tests,, |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41934 | id,summary,reporter,owner,description,type,status,priority,milestone,component,version,severity,resolution,keywords,cc,focuses 14537,Support Google Chrome Frame,nacin,nacin,"This was something that came out of the core development days after WordCamp SF, but I realized we never created a ticket for it: support Google Chrome Frame in the admin. I think we should just add the meta tag, versus also prompting for installation, etc.",feature request,closed,normal,3.2,Administration,,normal,fixed,has-patch commit,, |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41942 | The accepted behaviors for contrib modules is that they have to namespace their hooks. Thus, ubercart should be using hook_ubercart_add_to_cart as a hook, not hook_add_to_cart.
There are other carts in Drupal... There are other "add to cart" modules. There are other functions called add_to_cart(). It's important to change all hooks to include the ubercart namespace.
This problem was responsible for #494304: Add to Ubercart Cart creates Amazon Cart error messages in Amazon Store module. Amazon store had an innocent amazon_store_add_to_cart() function, which unfortunately got called when Ubercart did an add to cart.
This got postponed last time I tried...
Priority:Normal» Critical
This raises its ugly head again in #611044: Fatal error: Unsupported operand types in .../uc_order.module on line 1459. Changing to critical.
Version:6.x-2.0-rc3» 6.x-2.x-dev
I think everyone agrees on this - the issue has been mentioned in dozens of other threads and I've not heard any objections. Can you roll a patch to make it happen?
I'm strongly in favor of hook_uc_add_to_cart() as the new name, as that is much more consistent with Ubercart naming conventions.
All of the hooks will be namespaced for the next version of ubercart/Drupal Commerce - this is in the vision/plan for D7, etc. There's no reason to do it piecemeal.
I should mention that it hasn't been done to date because of the number of affected contrib modules. But it will get done, especially since the 1.0 release broke on this issue.
Priority:Critical» Normal
Status:Active» Postponed
Well, OK, then let's mark it as non-critical and postpone it until later.
Was that a death knell I just heard?
Nah, that's just tinnitus. You need to turn your iPod down, dude.
But seriously, if even the OP doesn't care about the issue anymore I don't see any sense keeping it open. I'm certainly not going to do the work myself if no one wants it done. I don't have CVS privs so I can't personally fix anything, but I *can* attempt to reform the community process here by contributing and managing the issue queue instead of leaving it to rot. I get that you're disillusioned with the past dysfunctionality, but the constant sniping doesn't help those of us trying to change that. If you've given up on Ubercart, then let it go already, otherwise we could use some help investigating bug reports and reviewing patches.
Title:Ubercart must not use hook_add_to_cart() - Change to hook_ubercart_add_to_cart() (and namespace any other hooks)Ubercart must namespace its hooks
Priority:Normal» Critical
Status:Postponed» Active
OK, since Ubercart is being ported to D7, it seems like a good time to fix this problem. It's a contrib-breaking API change, so if it's ever going to happen, the port is the time to do it. It would be naïve of us to expect all of the Ubercart contrib modules out there to upgrade their hook implementations during the 2.x branch, and it's not right for us to break people's websites without a major version change.
Status:Active» Needs review
new81.73 KB
I think I found them all, from the uses of module_invoke_all(), to drupal_alter, to the example hooks in the .api.php files. The patch also rearranges the examples so that they are still in alphabetical order, so it is a little bigger than expected.
new86.69 KB
Re-roll of the patch, since it no longer applies cleanly.
I had some problems applying the patch. First, I did a cvs update -C to ensure I had the current revisions of the code, then I ran the patch. Most of the changes were successful, but a few failed and a few looked like they were reversed:
# patch -p0 < 510382_normalize_hooks_0.patch
patching file payment/uc_2checkout/uc_2checkout.module
patching file payment/uc_authorizenet/uc_authorizenet.module
patching file payment/uc_credit/test_gateway.module
patching file payment/uc_credit/
Apply anyway? [n]
Skipping patch.
1 out of 1 hunk ignored -- saving rejects to file payment/uc_credit/
patching file payment/uc_credit/uc_credit.module
Hunk #3 FAILED at 315.
1 out of 3 hunks FAILED -- saving rejects to file payment/uc_credit/uc_credit.module.rej
patching file payment/uc_cybersource/uc_cybersource.module
patching file payment/uc_google_checkout/uc_google_checkout.module
patching file payment/uc_payment/
Apply anyway? [n]
Skipping patch.
1 out of 1 hunk ignored -- saving rejects to file payment/uc_payment/
patching file payment/uc_payment/uc_payment.api.php
patching file payment/uc_payment/uc_payment.module
Hunk #5 FAILED at 500.
1 out of 7 hunks FAILED -- saving rejects to file payment/uc_payment/uc_payment.module.rej
patching file payment/uc_payment_pack/uc_payment_pack.module
patching file payment/uc_paypal/uc_paypal.module
patching file payment/uc_paypal/
patching file shipping/uc_flatrate/uc_flatrate.module
patching file shipping/uc_quote/
patching file shipping/uc_quote/uc_quote.api.php
patching file shipping/uc_quote/uc_quote.module
patching file shipping/uc_quote/
patching file shipping/uc_shipping/
patching file shipping/uc_shipping/uc_shipping.api.php
patching file shipping/uc_shipping/uc_shipping.module
patching file shipping/uc_ups/uc_ups.module
patching file shipping/uc_usps/uc_usps.module
patching file shipping/uc_weightquote/uc_weightquote.module
patching file uc_attribute/uc_attribute.module
patching file uc_cart/uc_cart.api.php
patching file uc_cart/uc_cart.module
patching file uc_cart/
patching file uc_cart/
patching file uc_cart_links/uc_cart_links.module
patching file uc_cart_links/
patching file uc_catalog/uc_catalog.module
patching file uc_file/
patching file uc_file/uc_file.api.php
patching file uc_file/uc_file.module
patching file uc_file/
patching file uc_order/
patching file uc_order/uc_order.api.php
patching file uc_order/
patching file uc_order/uc_order.module
patching file uc_order/
patching file uc_product/
patching file uc_product/uc_product.api.php
patching file uc_product/uc_product.module
patching file uc_product_kit/uc_product_kit.module
patching file uc_roles/uc_roles.module
patching file uc_store/
patching file uc_store/uc_store.api.php
patching file uc_taxes/uc_taxes.api.php
patching file uc_taxes/uc_taxes.module
Status:Needs review» Needs work
Ah, I guess I committed that change for uc_payment_process(). There's no getting around that change since there's a new, undocumented hook_process() in D7. That needs its own issue in the Documentation queue.
Status:Needs work» Needs review
new84.57 KB
Status:Needs review» Reviewed & tested by the community
Patch works fine. Let's get it committed!
Status:Reviewed & tested by the community» Fixed
Wahoo! Committed to CVS.
I really need to get CHANGELOG.txt started, eh?
Congratulations and thanks!
Status:Fixed» Closed (fixed)
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41952 | Nantucket Blob
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Samples of the Nantucket Blob.
The Nantucket Blob was an unidentified mass (globster) that washed ashore on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, sometime during November 1996.[1] Analysis of samples in 2004 suggests that the Nantucket Blob was a large mass of adipose tissue from a whale.[2]
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41953 | Randy Kuhl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Randy Kuhl
Randy Kuhl.jpg
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 29th district
In office
January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2009
Preceded by Amo Houghton
Succeeded by Eric Massa
New York State Senator
from the 52nd District
In office
January 1, 2002 – December 31, 2004
Preceded by Michael Nozzolio
Succeeded by George H. Winner, Jr.
New York State Senator
from the 53rd District
In office
January 1, 1987 – December 31, 2002
Preceded by William T. Smith
Succeeded by Tom Libous
Member of the
New York State Assembly
from the 127th District
In office
January 1, 1981 – December 31, 1986
Preceded by Charles Henderson
Succeeded by Donald Davidsen
Personal details
Born John R. Kuhl, Jr.
(1943-04-19) April 19, 1943 (age 70)
Bath, New York
Political party Republican
Residence Hammondsport, New York
Alma mater Union College
Syracuse University
Occupation attorney
Religion Episcopalian
John R. "Randy" Kuhl, Jr. (born 19 April 1943), is an American Republican politician, and former member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. He represented New York's 29th congressional district for two terms before being defeated for reelection by Eric Massa on November 4, 2008 by a margin of 51%-49%. After waiting for two weeks pending recounts, Kuhl conceded to Massa on November 21, 2008.[1]
Early life and education[edit]
New York legislature[edit]
Kuhl was a member of the New York Assembly from 1981 to 1987. In 1986, after the retirement of Bill "Cadillac" Smith, Kuhl ran for Smith's seat and won. Kuhl served in the New York State Senate from 1987 to 2004. His career included posts as the attorney for several municipalities including Steuben County. He was appointed the Senate's Assistant Majority Leader for Operations at the beginning of the 1995 legislative session.[2] During his time in the legislature, he was a practicing lawyer with an office in Bath.
One of Kuhl's signature issues in the state legislature was Upstate secession.[3] Each year, he regularly introduced a bill "to let New York City, Long Island and Westchester and Rockland Counties became a separate state called New York; the rest of the counties would become West New York. At least one poll in upstate has found the idea to be wildly popular."[3] Kuhl summed up his secessionist views by saying that "his constituents in the Finger Lakes region often wonder, 'Why don't you just cut the City of New York off and let it drift out to sea?'"[3]
House of Representatives[edit]
2004 election[edit]
In 2004, Kuhl ran for the House seat of retiring U.S. Representative Amo Houghton, a Republican multimillionaire who had displayed a moderate bent during 18 years in Washington. In the Republican primary, Kuhl, who was supported by Houghton,[5] defeated Monroe County Legislator Mark Assini. He then defeated 27-year-old Democrat Samara Barend.
Political positions[edit]
Kuhl supported making then-President Bush's tax cuts permanent. In addition, he also advocated for a 10-cent reduction in federal gasoline taxes.[7]
He supported the Iraq war and rebuilding efforts, saying "we must see this effort through." However, after the Democratic Party takeover of the House of Representatives in the 2006 elections, Kuhl shifted his focus somewhat. He went on record as opposing the military's "stop-loss" policy [8] and addressed the issue of families in which both parents serve in the military.[9]
In September 2007, Kuhl was noted in the news as being one of the most outspoken opponents of a plan by then-New York Governor Eliot Spitzer to allow illegal aliens to apply for driver's licenses.[11] He also became a prominent opponent of the SCHIP expansion, a stance for which he earned significant animosity from various groups including MoveOn, the Service Employees International Union, and even former New York Governor Eliot Spitzer.[12]
He voted for the Bailout bill on October 3, after voting against it the first time.[14]
Committee assignments[edit]
• Agriculture Committee
• Subcommittee on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture
• Education and Labor Committee
• Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary and Secondary Education
• Subcommittee on Higher Education, Lifelong Learning, and Competitiveness
• Transportation and Infrastructure Committee
• Subcommittee on Aviation
• Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings, and Emergency Management
• Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment
• Deputy Minority Whip
2006 re-election campaign[edit]
Preliminary results from the November election showed Kuhl narrowly beating Massa by a margin of approximately 5,600 votes (out of about 193,000 cast).[16] Massa had initially refused to concede the election and was expected to file a challenge, but on November 15, 2006 Massa conceded the election and contacted Kuhl to congratulate him.[17] According to the final election results, which were certified by the New York State Board of Elections on December 14, 2006, Kuhl won by a margin of 6,033 votes (out of 206,121 cast).[18]
2008 re-election campaign[edit]
Post-congressional career[edit]
Randy Kuhl currently lives in Hammondsport; he is the father of three sons and is divorced. His son, James Kuhl, has been mentioned as a potential political candidate in his own right, as a potential successor to James Bacalles in the New York State Assembly.
1. ^ [1][dead link]
2. ^ a b "Meet the Freshmen of the House of Representatives", BIPAC, November 2004. Retrieved September 24, 2006.
3. ^ a b c Tierney, John (1999-05-24) The Big City; The Moochers From Upstate? Cut 'Em Loose, New York Times
4. ^ "Candidate Biography: Randy Kuhl (R)*". Fox News Channel. Retrieved 2009-06-26. [dead link]
6. ^ American Conservative Union ratings of New York state members of Congress
10. ^ Thomas (Library of Congress): HR 4777
14. ^ http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2008/roll681.xml
16. ^ Election results from "CBS News", November 7, 2006
18. ^ NYS Board of Elections Results
19. ^ Unofficial election results from the Cattaraugus County Board of Elections
20. ^ "Seat Up For Grabs - post-journal.com | News, Sports, Jobs, Community Information - Jamestown". Post-Journal. 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
External links[edit]
New York Assembly
Preceded by
Charles Henderson
New York State Assembly, 127th District
Succeeded by
Donald Davidsen
New York State Senate
Preceded by
Bill Smith
New York State Senate, 52nd District
Succeeded by
Thomas W. Libous
Preceded by
Michael Nozzolio
New York State Senate, 53rd District
Succeeded by
George H. Winner, Jr.
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Amo Houghton
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 29th congressional district
Succeeded by
Eric Massa |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41974 |
Re: revising the first cd contents...
Josselin Mouette wrote:
> The "gnome" metapackage is for an overblown desktop with all options.
> The official GNOME release is in the "gnome-desktop-environment"
> package. To get numbers, maybe you should look at sid as there are some
> changes with GNOME 2.6.
Ok, I'll make tasksel only require gnome-desktop-environment be
available, though still install all of gnome if possible.
> > I didn't think standard was supposed to be so big. In a clean chroot, if
> > I do a tasksel -irsn (install important, required, standard only), it
> > downloads 52 mb. There are less than 100 mb used for the base system on
> > a netinst CD. So what are the other 300+ mb that is included in "standard"?
> Maybe the kernel images? I remember they can be pretty big...
IIRC, all the kernels do use 100 mb or something like that, but I don't
think it's responsible for all of it.
see shy jo
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41975 |
Bug#658713: Re[2]: Bug#658713: RFS: manaplus/ [NEW] -- Extended client for Evol Online and The Mana World
Thanks for review.
ttf-liberation and ttf-mplus changed to fonts-
Descriptions now without additional separation to new lines.
Cleaned rules as was suggested.
Changed debhelper version to 8
Menu included in debian/
I also updated copyright file for some files.
Reply to: |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41976 |
Monitoring OCaml transition to 3.11.0
I've just commited to svn a script that generates that:
Our goal is basically to make everything green.
It entirely relies on the contents of a mirror, so it shows the status of the transition from a user's point of view. The page is updated every 6 hours.
Note: this script computes almost everything that is needed to generate a massive binNMU request, I will probably adapt it later for this purpose, and drop the other script written in Python.
Reply to: |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41981 | [Mailman-Users] "Admin only" archives?
Greg Stein gstein at lyra.org
Mon Mar 29 01:19:26 CEST 1999
Greg Connor wrote:
> in... but I'll set up another path to them within apache using an
> ".htaccess" protected directory.
I would recommend modifying the Apache config itself. Specifically,
doing something like:
<Location /mailman/private/the-archive>
AuthName "admin-private archives"
AuthType Basic
AuthUserFile whatever
Require user adminuser
Note that you are protecting a Location rather than a directory. This is
why a .htaccess file isn't possible. I forget what the actual URL is for
private archives, but this should give you the right idea.
Please let me know if this really does work. I'm just hypothesizing :-)
Greg Stein, http://www.lyra.org/
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41985 | why use special config formats?
Sybren Stuvel sybrenUSE at YOURthirdtower.com.imagination
Fri Mar 10 16:04:29 CET 2006
tomerfiliba at gmail.com enlightened us with:
> i came to this conclusion a long time ago: YOU DON'T NEED CONFIG
> FILES FOR PYTHON. why re-invent stuff and parse text by yourself,
> why the interpreter can do it for you?
Because you generally don't want to give the configuration file writer
full control over the Python virtual machine.
> for the most common case, static configuration, you just have a
> human-edited config file holding key-and-value pairs. so just add to
> your package a file called config.py, and import it.
Which only works if there is only one configuration file per
installation of your package, and is writable by the users that need
to configure it. For example, per-user database connection parameters
should be in $HOME/.programrc on UNIX systems. A program's preference
settings should be stored in a user-writable file to, preferably in
the user's homedir.
capital punishment for stupidity, but why don't we just take the
safety labels off of everything and let the problem solve itself?
Frank Zappa
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41990 | Skip to Content
General Laws
Section 36. An officer of the department of public health or of the division of regulatory services of the department of food and agriculture, an inspector of milk or collector of samples of milk, or other officer of the commonwealth or of a city or town who obtains a sample of milk for analysis shall, within ten days after obtaining the result of the analysis, send it to the person from whom the sample was taken or to the person responsible for the condition of such milk.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41997 | Shared publicly -
TIME • SPACE • Life Clocks by +sue joe
beyond the sundial-kevin kern
maloke Nkadimeng's profile photoShah Rukh's profile photoLokeshwar Reddy's profile photoquyet chien Nguyen's profile photo
OMG, from day to day. This is very sad :(
Aaron A
nicely put there! . . . .
Aaron A
seney salaef >>>Girl mentioned as bed & cot there! Ding dong!
whats do you want. is not paradise
That only meant "Hang out"-"Share" or leave a comment . Not hang on for dear Life, tiring desperately to keep up with Life & it's realistic Rituals.(someday's meaning more or less?)
lol nice but not true, the eating is on the computer table^_^
no subway, taxi or car (no commute)?
lol someone spy my life? :)
sri sri
new human time
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/41999 | Cover photo
Charles Daney
Attended MIT, Yale, Stanford
Lived in Elyria, OH
7,755 have him in circles
Good advice from Apple. Let the deniers just go buy any dirty old oil stock they want. Perhaps one that's had a major oil spill somewhere.
Jaques Strapp's profile photoTarik Ahmia's profile photoIsaac Garcia's profile photoTerrence Lee Reed's profile photo
Good for him.
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Charles Daney
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The fatal effects of "austerity"
Greg Batten's profile photoBanksters's profile photo
Austerity was brainless and spiteful approach from the very outset imho.
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Charles Daney
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Google, Facebook, Twitter, etc. are like giant funnels that collect all this kind of stuff...
Chantal M's profile photoGert Sønderby's profile photo
.... We're screwed.
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Charles Daney
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2013 wasn't all bad. Physics had a pretty good year.
Lars DeRuntz's profile photoUte Panzenboeck's profile photo
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In some sense today is "happy birthday" for Obamacare. It has many shortcomings, but most of those are the "heritage" of its parents: the radical right-wing of U. S. politics, which now hates its own child so passionately:
Jutt Rockjaw's profile photoEd Mahoney's profile photoAda Wang's profile photoDean Clark's profile photo
+Celine Zabel I don't know know where you get your information from, but perhaps you could find another source.
MA's health insurance was voted in by our legislature and governor, not some "people" vote like you claim. It is exactly like how PPACA became law.
PPACA is not socialized medicine, it is health insurance regulation. You don't not receive health care from government workers. You do not buy health insurance from government workers. The only socialization here is your misunderstanding of the word socialization.
But then, getting things straight doesn't serve some people. Like using the exceptions to invalidate a rule, turning logic upside-down to pseudo-prove a personal opinion. I've read all your contributions here, there is nothing of any factual substance in what you're offered.
The only thing I see is a blinded dissenting opinion, as if the people you're talking about are of lower standard than you hold yourself.
And you are from Colorado, where your governor has deemed your goals to become the "healthiest state". As a continuing resident of , you have no basis on which to declare some government program you don't like to be "socialized".
In the end, you're demonizing a program intended to help people, without a better alternative. The program may have failings, but they will be fixed; this is the history of large federal programs. Moreover, a repeal of PPACA means we go back to using federal tax dollars to pay the ER bills of the uninsured, which is socialism all by itself.
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Have him in circles
7,755 people
Charles Daney
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Dennis D. McDonald's profile photoRomain Brunias's profile photoJefferson Martin's profile photoSamitha Kulathunga's profile photo
The problem is, often times, if you want quality food or less common ingredients, most of the stores that have them also cater, somewhat, to the gullible, hippy side of the liberal crowd. Certainly still rather shop there than Wal-Mart, no matter how much eye rolling I have to do when browsing the goods.
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Charles Daney
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The death of mainstream journalism is proceeding on schedule.
Andreas Geisler's profile photoScott Hatch's profile photoAvi Waksberg's profile photo
Charles Daney
Shared publicly -
Still more evidence that the government is flatly lying when it claims "“These checks are essential to enforcing the law, and protecting national security and public safety, always with the shared goals of protecting the American people while respecting civil rights and civil liberties.”
In addition, it's rather astonishing how ignorant some judges are about how important modern technology is to many citizens these days: "Judge Korman cited the rarity of electronic device searches and questioned whether travelers need to carry computers containing sensitive data when they travel abroad."
Of course, travelers don't really need to take suitcases with changes of clothing, cameras, notebooks, personal grooming articles, etc. with them either. That's just modern technology people sometimes lug around with them when traveling. Hardly anybody thought such things were necessary 10,000 years ago. Transoceanic jet aircraft, on the other hand, have been around at least as long as humans, if not before...
Scott Hatch's profile photoCharles Daney's profile photo
Après moi le déluge
· Translate
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Have him in circles
7,755 people
• Science writer, 2005 - present
Elyria, OH - Boston, MA - Washington, DC - New Haven, CT - Storrs, CT - Palo Alto, CA - Cupertino, CA - Saratoga, CA - Monterey, CA
Science writer/blogger - most fields
I've done formal graduate work in mathematics and political science, learned a great deal of astrophysics independently, and learned much computer science through work experience. Also learned a smattering of cell and molecular biology along the way.
If you're interested in checking the sorts of things I write about, have a look at my blogs: Today's Science, Mathophilia, Science and Reason.
And besides those, I post stories from other sources about interesting science news at Science Briefs.
My stream will contain entries for new posts in these blogs (unless I forget to add them), along with other fairly random things.
New blog posts will also be noted on Facebook and Twitter - but I mostly use Google+, so very seldom interact on the others.
Random (other) things that interest me:
• Dogs
• Photography
• Politics
• Archaeology
Some music I like:
G Minor Fugue (Bach, BWV 578)
Mozart horn concertos
Finlandia (Sibelius)
Symphony No. 1, 1st movement (Brahms)
Appalachian Spring, Simple Gifts (Copland)
Marche Slave (Tchaikovsky)
Moonlight Sonata (Beethoven)
Symphony No. 7 (Beethoven)
Aida, Grand March (Verdi)
Ballades (Chopin)
Pictures at an Exhibition (Mussorgsky)
Cello Concerto No. 2 (Dvořák)
Bragging rights
Chemistry geek in high school. Summer intern jobs in both Congress and Executive branch. Graduate studies in both political science and mathematics. Have worked on computer messaging systems (like this one) since 1977. Implemented programming language interpreter/compiler.
• MIT, Yale, Stanford
Basic Information |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42002 | Otomo Vede
“Wide-eyed little girl, Crushed by neglect and sorrow, Chaff in the grindstone.”
Appearance and Personality
An accomplished student of sword and scroll, Otomo Vede is a both a talented shugenja and duelist who utilizes both natures, martial and spiritual, to his advantage in the highest courts in Rokugan. Vede is broad shouldered and sharp faced, his eyes always cold and calculating. He wears plain clothing, without mons or pretentious displays of power, and simple prayer beads, dressing practically at all times, save during courtly affairs. His hair is kept in a traditonal top-knot, which is always kept flawlessly without even a strand of stray hair out of place. Possessing something of a reputation as unyielding and singularly devoted, Vede is powerful, though not particularly well-liked. Often when the Otomo must submit to a challenge at court, Otomo Vede acts as their champion, both in contests of iaijutsu and taryu-jiai. At official functions Vede is seldom far from his closest confidant, his twin sister Otomo Yasako, who shares his frigid demeanor and unforgiving personality.
Vede’s father was a relatively minor player in the Imperial Court before he retired to a monastery. Though he was a small player his influence was still vast in comparison to most samurai. In an incident during Iweko’s first winter as the divine Empress, the Otomo courtier came to be in the debt of a Toku lord who had attended the court. The Toku asked in payment for his first born son to be wedded to the Otomo’s first born daughter. Many years later, Otomo Vede’s twin sister, Otomo Yasako was wedded to the Toku’s son, Toku Renga. Yasako was a woman with a gentle temperament, much like her younger sister, Haoko. Despite the friendship between the fathers, son and daughter were a poor match, and the boorish and crude Toku abused the woman, and she was twisted into a cruel and spiteful remnant with little of the wide-eyed girl who Vede had grown up with. Filled with hatred and disgust, Vede has privately vowed not to allow his remaining sister to be wed to an unworthy suitor, no matter what the cost.
photo otomovede_zps1199af68.jpg
Otomo Vede
Shadowed Autumn Leaves ohyoungmarriner |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42005 | Pretzel Crusted Key Lime Squares
For crust:
1 1/2 cups pretzel crumbs (about 3 cups of mini twist pretzels BEFORE you crush)
6 Tbsp melted butter
1 tsp kosher salt
3 Tbsp sugar
For filling:
2 large egg yolks
1-14 oz. can fat free sweetened condensed milk
1/2 cup key lime juice
Optional white chocolate drizzle:
1 oz melted white chocolate
Preheat oven to 350°.
Spray an 8x8 square pan with cooking spray.
In a food processor grind pretzels until they are a fine crumb. (You don't want dust, but you don't want chunks or it won't stay together)
In a bowl combine your pretzel crumbs, butter, salt and sugar.
Press firmly into your prepared pan (slightly up the sides) and bake for 10 minutes until golden.
Let crust cool.
Now combine your yolks, sweetened condensed milk and lime juice. Stir until well mixed.
Pour into your crust and bake 12-15 minutes until just set.
Cool completely and drizzle with white chocolate.
Refrigerate until ready to eat, at least an hour.
Cut into squares when ready to serve.
Store in refrigerator. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42021 | God’s Mysterious Plan Revealed
1When I think of all this, I, Paul, a prisoner of Christ Jesus for the benefit of you Gentiles# Paul resumes this thought in verse 14: “When I think of all this, I fall to my knees and pray to the Father.” . . . 2assuming, by the way, that you know God gave me the special responsibility of extending his grace to you Gentiles. 3As I briefly wrote earlier, God himself revealed his mysterious plan to me. 4As you read what I have written, you will understand my insight into this plan regarding Christ. 5God did not reveal it to previous generations, but now by his Spirit he has revealed it to his holy apostles and prophets.
6And this is God’s plan: Both Gentiles and Jews who believe the Good News share equally in the riches inherited by God’s children. Both are part of the same body, and both enjoy the promise of blessings because they belong to Christ Jesus.# Or because they are united with Christ Jesus. 7By God’s grace and mighty power, I have been given the privilege of serving him by spreading this Good News.
8Though I am the least deserving of all God’s people, he graciously gave me the privilege of telling the Gentiles about the endless treasures available to them in Christ. 9I was chosen to explain to everyone# Some manuscripts do not include to everyone. this mysterious plan that God, the Creator of all things, had kept secret from the beginning.
10God’s purpose in all this was to use the church to display his wisdom in its rich variety to all the unseen rulers and authorities in the heavenly places. 11This was his eternal plan, which he carried out through Christ Jesus our Lord.
12Because of Christ and our faith in him,# Or Because of Christ’s faithfulness. we can now come boldly and confidently into God’s presence. 13So please don’t lose heart because of my trials here. I am suffering for you, so you should feel honored.
Paul’s Prayer for Spiritual Growth
14When I think of all this, I fall to my knees and pray to the Father,# Some manuscripts read the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. 15the Creator of everything in heaven and on earth.# Or from whom every family in heaven and on earth takes its name. 16I pray that from his glorious, unlimited resources he will empower you with inner strength through his Spirit. 17Then Christ will make his home in your hearts as you trust in him. Your roots will grow down into God’s love and keep you strong. 18And may you have the power to understand, as all God’s people should, how wide, how long, how high, and how deep his love is. 19May you experience the love of Christ, though it is too great to understand fully. Then you will be made complete with all the fullness of life and power that comes from God.
Carregando Referência em Versão Secundária...
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42026 | Hello there and welcome to the BMW Car Club of America.
Understanding different model names
Discussion in 'DIY (Do-It-Yourself)' started by cappleberry, Apr 7, 2008.
cappleberry guest
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Does any one know of a book that explains the numbers and letters of all the different model names?
snikwad guest
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Aight check it.
You already know the 1st # is the series, or the model.
The letter "I" is an abbreviation for the german word for injection.
The last 2 #s are in some way, an indication of engine size. Back in the days of the e28, e30, e34 it was accurate, but when the e46 and e38, e39 came along it started getting off track.
Also a iS, used to mean injection sport back in the 80s and 90s, and was an indication of a coupe model, but that's been replaced by iC for injection, coupe, or Ci for convertible injection. I don't know for sure if CiC was a legitimate BMW designation so I won't speak on it.
Back in the E30 days a 316i was a 3 series, 1.6l sedan, and a 316iS was the same car in coupe form.
Same with the 318i, 318iS, 320i, 320iS, 325i and 325is. With 1.8, 2.0 and 2.5l engines respectively. Since the 5er was only available in sedan and touring you only had to look for 535i, 525i, 520i models, if there was a T at the end it was a wagon, not a turbo. Example 525iT, this was true for e34 models and I think e28s also. The 540 back then was a actual 4.0l V8.
When the e36 came along it maintained the names from the e30 predecessor. Though, right now I can't remember if the T was used in the 3 series name at all. Anyway, e39 comes along in 97 and the 540i had a 4.4 now, but since 540 sounds cooler than 544, which sounded volvo-ish, bmw kept the name. Same for the 740, imagine u buying a 744 bmw? Exactly. Too volvo-ish.
The 750 was indeed a 5.0 V12 so no tricks there.
When the e46 debuted in 99 in sedan form, if u wanted a 99, M3, coupe or cabriolet, you had to settle for the e36 style. Now remember in 96 bmw had bumped up the M52 to 2.8, so u already had a 328i and 328iS on the roads alongside the old trusty 2.5, 325. So when the e46 2.5 came out they wanted to deffrentiate it from the e36 2.5 since the 2.8s already shared names, so they decided on 323i, now this would lead u to think its a 2.3, but alas it was still a 2.5, just rebadged to deffrentiate from the older e36 2.5s.
When 00 came along the e36 coupe were replaced with e46 coupes and a little later convertibles. M3s took a year off and returned in 01. At that point bmw was in full swing with the new M54 engines, which mean the 2.8 328 was replaced by a 3.0 330, and the 323 name was dropped in favor of the rightfull 325 since there was no longer any other 2.5s being sold by bmw.
The new 7s had debutted also, and their engines a little bigger, so to help deffrentiate from the previous 2 generations of v8 7 series they named them 745 even tho in reality, they were still closer to 4.4s. The 750 name remained.
When the new 5s came along they adopted the new names, ie. 545 instead of 540 and 530 instead of 528. In other markets the 525 remained.
snikwad guest
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Fast fwd to the current lineup. E90 came out. Bmwna has 3 engines. The old M54 from the e46 330, alongside 2 new engines, a screaming 250hp 3.0 that makes 260hp in euro markets and a twin turbo 3.0. That's 3 different 3l engines. Solution call the old one a 328i the n/a screamer is called a 330i and the big boosted follow, called a 335i. Pretty slick huh.
Well u know already the 5er shares engines with the 3er so those names carried over, 535 and 530. I'm not sure about the older m54 3.0 in the newest 5s.
The 7 series also received a much needed facelift in 06 I think and some engine and name tweaking. They finally made the v12 bigger and its almost a full 6l, rumour has it bmw only did this for marketting reasons so as not to seem like their v12 was smaller than you know who's. Anyway, the facelifted 7 w/ v12 is called 760i, u already know the L on a 7 series indicated the long wheelbase version.
The v8 in the 7 and 5 also grew. And dropped the 545 and 745 names for 550 and 750. This v8 750 and previous v12 750 has a lot of bmw rookies fooled. But 1 look at the cars headlights or taillights and u will know which it is by telling if its a facelifted 7 or not. The difference between the facelifter 5er and the orginal e60 d isn't as easy to spot however but 545, 550, 540 they're all v8s.
The older trick to the 5er name is the 535 which has the 3l twin turbo, yet shares its name with the e38 3.5 n/a straight 6 screamer from the 80. I think there was a 535 for the e34 also.
So there, I hope I makes sense, it the 12th hour of work and I'm tired and want to go home. If u have any more question, feel free to ask, I'm sure one of the day bird will help you, or clarify or correct anything I may have said. If not ill get it tonight again.
snikwad guest
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Oh, and the iX and Xi models. X designates all wheel drive. Bmw used it 1st in the 80 with the e30 325iX and it returned with the E46 and a e60 in recent times.
X5 and x3, that's pretty obvious.
In other world markets a "d" indicates a oil burner.
• Member
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nice reply, musta took awhile! A minor addition - the "s" (ie, 'sport') designation indicated a level of performance-oriented trim or equipment, not necessarily that the car was a coupe. Most of the models w/ an 's' however, have been coupes. There were E28 5's that had an 's' designation. The E28 was the 535is, which was the performance 5er just under the E28 M5. Not sure, but I don't think there was a 533is, just a 533i, prior to the 535i.
The E30 325is came with leather interior, sport seats, 14x6.5 BBS Basketweave wheels (stock E30 wheels were 14x6 'bottlecaps'), on-board computer, stereo w/ upgraded rear deck speakers & additional speakers on the doors, body-colored mirrors, rear decklid spoiler, different front airdam w/ brake ducts (changed in the latter years and then was only nominally different from the stock E30's), slightly stiffer 'sport' shocks and springs (I forget if the swaybars were any larger or not), and solid rubber differential mount and possibly solid rubber control-arm bushings. Someone else will probably have some other details I'm not recalling.
The E28 535is was probably similarly outfitted. I think most other models that had an 's' designation were coupes. The E36 I believe had the 325is and 328is, and w/ the E46's, I think the 's' was moved in front of the 'i' for some models. Not sure, but I think lately, the 's' designation has been dropped, or mostly dropped.
The gorgeous coupe of the early-mid 70's had the C designation for Coupe (3.0csi = 3.0 coupe, sport, injected), which was re-introduced with the E46's.
I don't know if it was here in the U.S., but I believe the awd system ('x' designation) was available for E34 5ers at some point.
snikwad guest
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Good catch on the S, I can't believe I forgot the e28s with the S designation.
I'm pretty sure that atleast in the E36 gen iS means coupe. Especially since sports package is optional on the sedan, but standard on the coupe with the premium or cold weather package determining how "sporty" the car actually looks.
snikwad guest
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With the E30s, was there ever a 325iS sedan? I can't recall ever seeing a sedan with the S in E30 form.
Who wants to tackle the 2002, its names and how it evolved? All I know about them is that Tii meant bad ass
snikwad guest
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Oh yeah, as of 08 or maybe 07 bmwna dropped the whole C thing from the coupes, so its just plain ol 650i, 335i, 330i, 328i I may be wrong but I think the convertibles still carry the C but they dropped it from the coupes. Gotta stay on your toes man.
iS was also used for the X5 series to desognate the top dawg, Cayenne turbo wanna be version of the Ex Fizzle. Ie ExFivizzle, fo point 8 eye izzle or X5 4.8iS, which replaced the og 4.6iS. No coupe, just mad sporty, and if some sports car drivers don't watch their back they'll get eaten up too.
AIREDALE guest
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2002? Well the engine displacement was 1997cc so they rounded up. The 1st 2002 was in either '70 or '71 (cant remember) and by that time there was already a 2000 (which came out in the late '60's as a 4 door and also 2000c) so that name was taken. The -02 was also designated for the smaller engine in the same car which was the 1602. There was also the 4-door pre-Bavaria 1800 and 1802.
Keep in mind that of the cars in those days 1600 cc was normal and a full 2 liters was big time power - put you in the league with TR-8's, the 2000tc Rover, etc. VW Bugs went from 1100 to 1300 and later on 1600cc. Fiat Sport Coupes and convertibles ran 1600cc and only later broke the 2 liter barrier.
the initals:
t = touring
i = international (later on 'injected' - while MB still attached 'e' for 'einspritzer')
tii = touring international injected
then came the real Touring which was a 1602 or 2002 hatchback so then there was the 2002 Touring.
Their system had it's limits. When they came out with a turbocharged tii it would have been a 2002 tiit so they just called it the 2002 turbo.
Then there are the Euro convertible & targa variations such as the Bauer and cabriolet but I don't think they carried a nameplate (except maybe the bodybuilder's one someplace) and were imported into the US as 'grey market' by individuals (same for the Turbo).
Like the other poster said, in the late 70's the cars were then designated by their series and engine displacement. Oddities like the short-lived (but now restored) 'e' for economy (525e) meant a 5-series with a 2.5 motor (which was detuned for mileage) and the -td for turbo diesel)
CS was coupe sport and CSL +lightweight
The end of the Bavaria line in the '70's saw the car drop the name (the last time any BMW had a real name to my knowledge) and become the 3.0iS when it got the 1st Bosch Motronic 1 electric injection.
I'm still stuck in the '70's with a '74 tii and '76 2002 and when my son's friends flock around these cars and begin to talk about all the E-numbers I just nod and stare blankly because its all beyond me.
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There were no E30 325is 4 doors (all E30 are sedan technically) BUT there are 2 door E30s that are not "is" models. Now once we move on to the E36 series, then yes now the "is" means the car is a 2 door and just "i" means it is a 4 door. Both could be purchased with sport package.
Also some of this can be thrown out the window when you start talking about Euro versions.
On the coupe issue, technically a true coupe is a car with NO B-Pillar. The B-Pillar is the pillar is the post half way down the roof line or separates the front from the rear glass. So a coupe can be a 2 or 4 door.
A sedan HAS a B-Pillar and can also be either a 2 or 4 door.
The 8 series is a true coupe, so is the 2.5, 2.8, and 3.0 CS, CSI, CSL coupes from the 70s. Unfortunately I think only some of the 70s coupe could have their rear windows rolled down. I love the look of a coupe with all it's windows down.
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John in VA
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John in VA
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The 2002 was introduced in very late-'67 to early '68. The 2000 was a 4-door sedan, so -02 signified the 2-door "sedan." There was also a 1602 and 1502.
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It got off track before then. The very first US E28 was named wrong. It was a 2.7 liter M20 engine entirely different from the previous E12's 2.8 M30, but in order not to confuse us poor stupid 'Murricans, they called it "528e". They thought they'd screwed things up with the name change from the 530i to the 528i in the E12 was the reason, I guess.
They had already pulled the same trick a couple years before when the E21 320i got a 1.8 liter engine but continued to be known in the US as "320i".
FWIW, there was a 320iS at the end of E21 production. It was actually a 318 with some sporty parts on it. It certainly didn't distinguish it as a coupe since there was never a 4-door E21.
You're just too young to be talkin' about this. There was never a production E28 touring. The few that exist were custom built. There was an 's' package in the US in 1987 and 1988 with the 535is. It was generally equivalent (except for some plastic body cladding) to the Euro M535i.
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Yes, but the i stuck. You could still get carbureted BMWs in other countries for a long time after they were dropped here. Now, the i sets them apart from the diesel models, as well as a couple of oddballs (316g anyone?) Also, I believe that it helps set them apart from other car companies that use numbering schemes (Peugeot for one) since you can't trademark numbers (just ask Intel.)
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The only time I recall BMW using just a number here was the late 80's E30 sedan which was labeled "325" with no "e" even though it had the eta motor. I think this was 1987.
Also with regard to the Bavaria (which was a product of Max Hoffman's marketing genius), it was only named such here in the USA. The E3 evolved from just 2500 and 2800 models to in 1971 having the Bavaria and the 2800. The Bav was essentially the 2500's level of standard equipment with the engine from the 2800. In 1972, the M30 went to 3.0 liters, and the two E3 models were the Bavaria (with 3.0 liter six now) and the 3.0S (i.e. fully decked out E3, leather, power windows, power locks, etc). This was the same in 1973 and 1974. In 1975 the L-jectronic fuel injection M30 was introduced to the US market, and now BMWNA was running the show. The only E3 model for 1975 and 1976 was the 3.0Si (similar equipment to 3.0S but now with the L-jetronic).
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Very cool link John.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42053 | Tony sighed, it had been months since she had died upon that roof top and now...well now didn't matter. His hands moved over the lettering of her tombstone, he had always known she was out of his league but he never expected to lose her so soon. He sighed, his hands smoothing over his face before he collapsed to his knees. He remembered it like yesterday, the day that she left the world his world for the last time.
'We were laughing, McGee was in trouble but we were laughing. And then...all I remember is having my face smacked with warm liquid. It never registered what had happened until Gibbs shot blindly. That's when the reality of you being gone hit me, and I collapsed like I just did. Though it was to hold you one last time, the first real time I guess you could say. You were gone, but your eyes...they were open and glazed. It was almost like there was someplace you needed to be but you couldn't get there, I guess that place was the end of your life. Not the one Ari made, but the one that you were to make for yourself.
You know, McGee says that you thought it was coming? He said that you were talking about putting our lives on the line, Kate why? Did you have to be so protective of us? We were a team before you died, but you are gone and we are nothing anymore. Gibbs rarely comes to work, but then again he resigned after you died. Probie, he doesn't talk usually secluded in a computer room or something. And Abbs, my god Kate...she doesn't wear goth anymore. It's like when you died part of her died too. Then again you had that effect on alot of people, I mean after all it was you that brought light back into the life of so many people on this team.
You brought the life back into my life Kate, you and you alone gave me something to look forward to in the future. I mean Katie, you were the ideal woman. The day I met you, you know what I thought? Man, she is brillant and you know what? I want to marry someone just like her. Funny thing is, I didn't want a copy Kate. I wanted you in all your playful glory. Now look at you...six feet under and you never even got to hold a child.
God Kate, he stole so much from you. Your birthdays, your family, your anniversaries, and your wedding. You'll never get that back, and now, now I realize how much you meant to me. Kate you were my life, and I never knew it. It was you that brought me to work each day and you that helped me get through some of the toughest times I've ever had as an agent. I mean when I was lost in the field I felt you trying to guide me home, that time with the bees you were there for me, and the plague...Kate I could never tell you what you did for me. But you were the one that saved me, it wasn't Gibbs and it wasn't the strength of my body. It was the knowledge that you would risk your life to comfort me in my last hours.
I guess that's what hurts the most, me knowing that I wasn't able to do the same for you in your final hours. Knowing that you died in the most lonely of ways. At least you didn't suffer, that much I can say. But when you took that shot for Gibbs, Katie I wanted to die for you then. I thought you had left me, and then you really did and I'm hollow I can't go on like this Kate.
Your loss, it was the one thing that could break me. You once asked me what I was afraid of, you know what the answer was? Losing my team, and what happened? I lost my team and I lost the woman of my life. Of course you never knew it, and I wished you had afterwards. But you know what? If you had known, it would have made the pain worse. I never would have gotten over you, well I never would have let go anyway.
Kate you were my smile, my happiness, my motivation, and now you are my conscious. You had even become the voice in my head for better or worse, and that's all gone. And so is my spirit, my will to live, my heart. It's over Kate, there is nothing left for me in this world any more.'
His hands fell down to the gun at his waist, he couldn't take this pain any more. Couldn't handle this loss, not now not ever. He raised the gun, placed it to his temple and his eyes slid closed. It was time, and he knew it. He had had a good life, but this was the end he wanted.
The sound was muffled against his skull as his body was thrown to the side, Tony was gone in an instant. Just like that one light was dimmed for another's loss. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42054 | My readership should be informed about my odd relationship with the Sisters. It all began in the Hufflepuff common room, where I taught Donaghan Tremlett, my best mate, how to play the bass. As time passed and homework procrastination abounded, I exposed him to the greats of Muggle music. Yes, yes. I know. I created the genius that is the Weird Sisters. Then I explained to him very patiently that Celestina Warbeck and her brand of "pop", when played backwards, yielded Satanic messages. Finally he was ready to test the waters of stardom.
As we grew older and Donnie wanted to form a band, he asked me to be the lead singer. I demonstrated that if this had occurred, the only audience the band would get would be a few toads and Professor Flitwick. So he accosted Myron Wagtail of Ravenclaw, who was already establishing himself as a musician in his own right, and the Weird Sisters were born. The other guys- Heathcote, Herman, Kirley, Orsino, Gideon, and Merton- auditioned, and voila, they were recording an album and going on a European tour.
While many members of the band, especially darling Myron, are madly in love with me (owing to my superior sexiness, of course), I like to keep it simple and stay unattatched. Besides, they're all far too dirty and hairy.
"Oy, Tonks! You look a bit flummoxed!" shouts Gideon, the vast bagpipe player wearing a pink tartan kilt and Chuck Taylors. "Wotcher, Gid. You know, bad day"
"We missed you last night. Where were you? We thought we'd see you around backstage." This from the loud Myron. "Come over and sit 'ere." He pats the couch where there is a very narrow spot between him and the arm. I sit down and immediately regret it. He puts his muscly arm around me and begins to stroke my shoulder. "I had a bloody report to finish, innit, or I'd have been there in a second." I keep the weirded-out-ness and depressed-ness in my voice to a bare min. Instead, I put some pep into my request fot the boys to regale me with how the concert went.
"Smash, o' course," says Gideon, who has naturally raided my top-secret Honeydukes stash and was munching happily. "Twenty thousand heads, and not but eighteen riots"
"You call that a smash?" sulks the quiet but oddly snarky Orsino. "Last time we had twenty-five"
"Yeah, well, at least this time the MLE's didn't swoop down like vultures," says Heathcote, the lead guitarist with dark, leathery skin and golden caps on his two front bottom teeth. Donaghan shoots him a look that means "Get bent. I very cheerfully catch the look, and reply jovially, "No, no, Donoghan, let him say what he will... stupid MLE pussies, don't know what they're doing half the time, anyway." I grin, holding up my Aurur badge I retrieve from my cloak's inner pocket. "Aurors are the only ones who know what we're about"
Donaghan grins at me and gives me a high five. "Bad Ass Tonks, hmmm"
"Bet your boots." Myron squeezes me and looks down at me. I avoid his eyes. "So, anyway," I continue, "How did you play? Did they like it? Did you have fun backstage afterwards?" I wink at Merton, the youngest addition to the Sisters, whom they recruited after a stint in Dublin in which they witnessed him playing cello at the hotel they were using as a Fortress of Partying. Merton, it is generally believed by but not divulged to every member of the group, lost his virginity to a fan he had met backstage; his cello playing has certainly become more passionate since the night the incident is reported to have taken place.
The guys keep me up for two hours, talking, and apart from Myron's constant ministrations, I like it. It makes me feel young again, to know they are still keen on having me listen to them and their antics. But it's getting on and I feel my eyes yearning to stay closed when I blink. I unceremoniously kick them out, dodging Myron's attempted goodbye kiss, and after petting Sirius, they head out and Apparate back to their own flat. Just as I close my door on them, I turn around to find the fully grown Sirius in place of the dog. "You never told me you made it a habit of consorting with rock stars." Sirius is grinning.
"You like them?" I ask him offhandedly, bending over to pick up the eight or thirty chocolate wrappers Gideon left in his wake. "I do. That Myron bloke got terribly fresh with you, though. I had the keenest urge to box his ears. No one messes with my little Tonks," he explains affectionately as I give him an alarmed look. "Yeah, well, if only you had boxed in Richard's ears..." I mutter, not wanting to cause Sirius's protective feelings to swell again, but wanting to share all the same. It seems he didn't hear me. He is busy glancing around my apartment. "Hmmm," I hear him mutter. "Thinking of setting up shop here?" I ask him hopefully. "'Cause it's too small, but if you wanted to get a bigger place"
"Nah, I'm staying with Lupin. Although I think... If we weren't about to set up Headquarters... But that's neither here nor there," he finishes with an air of one trying to change the subject.
I do it for him. "Dinner?" He looks almost like a boy again. I should have offered him something sooner; I had been rather loudly preoccupied. "You got anything vaguely human? Kirley Duke offered me a Doggy Delite, and I didn't want him to think your pooch had bad manners"
"Er- well, I've got the Volatile Vanilla, and I can whip up some pasta in a mo', and"
There was the sound, once again, of the doorbell. I looked apologetically at my cousin, who shrugged as he went canine. "Probably just Remus again." I glance warily out the window and see that it is, indeed, Remus, accompanied by Kingsley, Mad Eye Moody, and none other than Albus Dumbledore himself. The three of them make their way past me into my modest parlor, where Sirius Black sat once again. "Do sit down," I manage uncomfortably, not having ever spoken personally with Moody, having been scolded three times by a very peeved Dumbledore, and having just properly become reacquainted with Lupin. They do not sit down at the moment, and instead, Albus steps forward. ""Nymphadora Tonks, I am here to discern the reasons for your interest in joining the Order of the Phoenix. It is our mission to see to it that we cleanse our numbers of the cowardly, the disloyal, and the slothful, so that only the bravest and purest of motive remain"
"What could possibly be 'impure of motive' about wanting to get rid of You-Know-Who?" I spurt before I can stop myself. Oh, shit, I think to myself, I've gone and done it.
But the headmaster of Hogwarts laughed a little, and Moody gave a gruff snort. "Got a point, the lass does, Albus. Go on"
Smiling at her kindly now, Dumbledore continued his speech as the four of them stood just inside the doorway."I will administer a test, which only a true, faithful servant of what is good shall pass. It is necessary, however, that we are alone. Is there another chamber to which we can adjourn?" He looks about him, amused. "I have heard that you are in posession of the Weird Sisters' Edinburgh Extrava-tacular Tour limited edition foil-stamped poster, from Kingsley. I should very much like to see it; I'm a big fan." I catch Lupin and Sirius giving Kingsley, then Dumbledore, awed looks, but don't respond. "Right this way, Professor." I lead him to my bedroom. He is looking around still, greatly amused at something, and Lupin, I notice vaguely as I look back, is mildly interested as well.
We arrive in my robin-egg blue bedroom, plastered much the same as my cubicle is with posters and sketches and framed portraits. Immediately, Dumbledore gasps in delight as he sees The Poster, and stops for five minutes to stare at it as if it were a posh exhibit by a famous painter. Then he wheels on his heels and looks me in the eyes quite unexpectedly, our noses nearly touching as it registers how close he is.
I get the feeling he is searching me on the inside, and it's not a Legilimency feeling, either. All Aurors in training have to endure that experience at least once in our education so we'll know what it's like. And all have fairly rigorous Occlumency lessons too, although I was never at the top of that class. But it's almost as if he were probing my soul, willing it to do something mutinous. 'I have quite a normal soul, thank you very much," says a voice inside me, and at this, Dumbledore laughs, pulling away.
He shook his head. "You are going to be a joy to work with, Miss Tonks." "What about the test?" I ask rather stupidly.
"You have already passed it," he answers enigmatically, with the kind of amused eye-twinkle that only he can pull off.
I beam in pride, feeling I have never pleased so great a wizard as Dumbledore before. A silly Hufflepuff; I had pleased Dumbledore!
"Thank you, Sir." I waited on him to go through the door I held open.
He looked as if he wanted to offer to hold the door instead, wisely thought better if it, and then we all joined the others. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42055 | Disclaimer: I don't own them. I have a slightly more realistic idea of what happens when five teenagers move in together than that. And no, I should not be allowed anywhere near children's shows, really.
This is set directly after the episode Go! I'm aware it's unlikely, but it was fun to write.
-Brooke Foss Westcott
001. Refuge
She didn't think she'd ever know why she did it.
But, well, she knew Starfire had no place to stay. She also knew the alien was likely following Robin already. Cyborg could take care of himself, obviously. It was clear the little shapeshifter hadn't wanted Cyborg to leave. She didn't know how, but she had ended up going out for pizza with Cyborg and Beast Boy after Robin and Starfire had left. She had split the cost with Cyborg, and if anyone asked, she was merely concerned that Beast Boy was in Jump City with no money. That was all it was.
No money, and no place to stay, she realized as she followed him to the park. He waited until no one was looking, then jumped into a tree and transformed into a squirrel mid-jump and darted into a hole in the trunk. She could see a green bushy tail flick out.
Sighing, she settled at the foot of the trunk and began meditating. When it began to rain, she flicked up a shield of dark energy and continued. She meditated well into the evening and by the time she came out of her trance the park was empty. Well, almost empty.
"Beast Boy," she said quietly, not moving from her lotus position, "shouldn't you have gone home by now?"
He scurried down beside her and resolved into human form, settling back on his haunches and looking at her. "I could ask you the same question. Although, I wouldn't be surprised if you lived out here in the dark with the bats." His voice strained slightly. She opened one eye and looked at him.
"I live nearby," she said calmly. "Your turn."
"Ah…." He rubbed the back of his head nervously. "I kinda….came here with no money….so, yeah. No one objects to another coupla animals in the park, yeah? Even if they are green." He laughed weakly. Raven dropped all pretense of not paying attention and turned to fully face him.
"How long have you been living in the park?" she asked him sternly.
He dropped his gaze and wouldn't look at her, drawing his arms around his knees and rubbing the fabric slightly. He mumbled something she couldn't make out. She stared at him and he winced before repeating, louder, "..A few…m-months…"
Raven did not reply this time. After several minutes of awkward silence, she stood and began walking away. Beast Boy felt his heart sink and curled in on himself a little more.
He heard Raven stop, a few feet away, and turn back towards him.
"Are you coming?"
He scrambled to his feet and followed her.
Raven unlocked the door to her apartment and wasted several minutes waiting for the shapeshifter to enter first. When she glanced back at him, annoyed, she realized he was busy waiting for her. Sighing, she stepped in and he followed slowly. She locked the door with a tiny flare of her aura before looking at him again. He was staring around the room, expression caught somewhere between surprise and fear.
"You look like you've never been indoors before."
The dry comment snapped him out of it. He swallowed once and smiled, but it was the smile he'd had when he was trying to talk Cyborg into hanging out with him before the aliens attacked- weak, trying, not quite a true smile. "It's been a while."
Raven studied him as he edged further into the room. He was drenched and shivering, eyes wide and ears back, and she felt a sharp stab of pity as his gaze darted around the room. As near as she could tell, he was marking any possible exits, which was exactly what she would have done in his place.
Not that I'd ever be in his place. Raven had the sense to arrive in Jump with enough money to hold her until she could find a job. She hadn't found one yet, but neither was she anywhere near running out of money.
"That," she said, pointing to a doorway across from where they stood, "is my room. You don't go in there, ever, period. Over there," she pointed again, "kitchen. If you can clean it you can use it, if you can cook it you can eat it, it wouldn't be a good idea to rely on me for food."
He didn't reply and she moved further into the apartment, opening the closet and tossing him a towel. "Bathroom's through there, go shower and I'll find some sheets or blankets."
By the time she turned back, he was gone and she could hear the shower starting. If he'd really been living in the park for the past few months he probably was pretty eager to have a shower.
…She hoped.
When Beast Boy got out of the shower- quite some time later, since he'd been reveling in the feeling of hot water- Raven was nowhere to be seen. There was, however, a deep violet blanket folded neatly on the couch with a matching pillow stacked on top of it. He'd shrugged back into his Doom Patrol uniform since he had nothing else to wear. It was dirty, but he'd usually shifted into an animal form in the park, so it wasn't too bad. At least it had mostly dried off now. He tugged the blanket over the couch and curled up under it, sighing in bliss- warm and dry and comfortable, with something soft to sleep on.
Raven stayed up later than usual, uneasy about having someone else in her living space. To say she was territorial would have been an understatement- her space was her space, end of conversation.
It was just for the night, she assured herself, going into the kitchen for a cup of tea. She glanced at her couch as she passed it. The changeling was curled up beneath the blanket with his arms wrapped around the pillow, only his head visible. He was still very deeply asleep. She guessed sleeping in the park hadn't been terribly restful, especially if he'd usually shifted into something like a squirrel that had natural predators to watch out for.
Thunder burst outside and Raven instinctively glanced at the window. Beast Boy ducked the rest of the way under the blanket without waking up.
He's just here to wait out the storm, she told herself. In the morning he'll find somewhere else to stay.
He was sick, as it turned out. He woke up at midday with a coughing fit that caused him to fall off the couch. Staying through the storm became staying until he was better, and one night became three days. Three days became a week. A week became two weeks. He'd long since recovered by then, but she never quite seemed to get around to kicking him out. She went out one day and came back with a set of clothes in his size, handing them to him without saying anything. They fought with the thermostat constantly- she liked the cold, he liked heat. They fought over meals, though not as much, since she ate whatever was easy to make and drank a lot of herbal tea and he ate all her fruits and vegetables. Their sleeping patterns clashed. He was semi-nocturnal and not very good at staying quiet, and the noise from the old half-broken television she kept and he insisted on trying to use kept her up at night. They fought over everything, really.
But he continued to sleep on her couch, and she could feel the nervous hesitation in him each argument. This had become his sanctuary and he really didn't want to give it up, but it was her home and she was well within her rights to kick him out. She held back in each argument to keep her powers in check. Occasionally they would get a call on their communicators from Robin, asking for their help in a bank robbery or a bomb threat or in catching a villain.
Beast Boy's 'one night' was approaching a month when they got the call. Between the two of them, Robin and Cyborg had somehow gotten permission to build on the island, using the fallen spaceship as their framework. The two of them and Starfire would be moving in as soon as possible, and would they like to come too?
The calls were separate, the others never having realized Beast Boy was staying with Raven, and the answers were separate but they were the same.
Raven asked Cyborg to see the blueprints early on. She changed them so that her room was next to Beast Boy's. If he noticed, he didn't comment.
She would never admit it, but it had become easier to sleep when she could hear him in the next room.
GuardianSaiyoko: Whitewater is a collection of short stories written whenever I've hit a difficult spot in One Which Makes the Heart Run Over. The name is because I've been whitewater rafting twice in my life. The first time was a awesome experience, the second time...when the guide says "wanna swim in the rapids?", "I'm all for it" is not the appropriate answer. I may have had a slight near-death experience that time, but it was still incredibly fun.
Review, please! |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42056 | Author's note: - Couldn't help it, the muse bit. Hope you enjoy.
I feel I should also point out that I had only seen the first half of season 1 when I wrote this, although I have subsequently read enough fanfic to get what the season finale was about. The similarities in plot were unintentional, so take this as set mid season 1
Synopsis: What would you give for your brother's life?
Sam coughed and blinked his eyes open, curling into the pain as it drew his breath, and he coughed again.
"Sam, Sammy," the voice was slightly rough, insistent, not matching the gentle touch to his cheek, the supportive hand around his back and shoulder. There was a deeper impatience to it, tinged with fear.
Sam finally blinked the pain induced tears from his eyes, and forced some sort of focus. His brother's eyes were wide and dark, and, whereas the fear had barely sounded in his voice, it was practically incandescent in his features.
"Dean?" Sam forced the name out and it sounded gravelly and weak, but from the way his brother's expression changed it looked like all of his Christmas wishes had arrived at once, the fear melted away for just a second and Dean gave a smile that flashed white teeth in stark contrast to his blackened features, and Sam heard the barely audible, "Thank God."
"Yeah Sam, you're gonna be OK," Dean stated, this time clear enough to be heard, and for a moment Sam thought he was going to pull him into a full embrace and hug him. Right about that moment it wouldn't have felt so bad, except maybe for the pain that still bit across his chest. He looked into his brother's eyes.
"What happened?" he asked, searching the fragments of memory that would not coalesce into a whole, for some idea of why he was lying on a filthy stone floor, in a room lit only by candlelight, of why pain stabbed across his chest and his head pounded and. . .The memories practically collided with his consciousness, drawing air from his lungs. He winced, not sure if it was from the physical pain or the terror that engulfed him. That thing had been literally tearing him apart and there was nothing he could do. He had seen the bodies, knew what was happening, with a sickening clarity, he knew.
"No," he whimpered, pulling back and scooting to the side, afraid of the figure next to him. For a moment unaware that it was his brother, that he was trying to help.
Dean felt the returning tension, saw the terror return as his brother pulled away from him and his heart ached with his own pain. He should have been here sooner, should have stopped it sooner.
Sam frantically scanned the room for any sign of the Demon that had been killing him. Not that he had much chance of seeing it. It only ever half formed, clouds of swirling blackness and flashes of silver and white, were all you ever saw, just before the claws raked down, and pain wiped vision, even as the form twisted again and disappeared in a swirling cloak of nothingness, and then there was the agonising wait, jumping at half shadows, watching and turning, not knowing where it was, where it would come from, where it would strike next. The fear stole his focus, the panic blurred his senses and consumed him for a moment in its intensity. Where was it now? Why couldn't he see it? When would it strike?
"Hey," Dean chased after his brother, "Calm down Sammy he's not here, he's gone." He bit off the for now, Sam did not need to hear that. Dean just had to get him out of here before he had to face that eventually and he swallowed hard, almost baulking at how difficult that task would be, but he had to, had to make him leave before. . .had to save at least one of them. He moved forward, allowing his hand to rest on his brother's cheek again, his other settling on his shoulder, drawing strength from the warmth, as he tried to quell the panicked reaction. "Can you hear me Sam? He's gone."
Sam continued to look around frantically, his head twisting in his brother's cupped hand, the words danced unprocessed at the edge of his consciousness. "Where was it ? How. .? Why. . ? Dean's presence suddenly registered again and he looked at his brother as thoughts finally connected. Dean? . .Dean was there? Dean was in danger too. He looked into his brother's eyes. "No," he stated with conviction. "You have to get out of here, you have to. . ."
Dean was having a hard time controlling his own fears, he couldn't remember seeing his brother this terrified before, small shivers ran through trembling muscles, blood dripped from the open wound that ran across his chest. "Sam," his hand dropped so that he now gripped both shoulders, attempting to stop his brother from twisting away again. He gave a slight shake. "Sam can you hear me? He's gone," he repeated as forcefully as he could.
Sam stopped struggling and stared into his brother's eyes as the words finally registered. "Gone," he repeated numbly.
Dean repeated it back to him "Gone," he stated.
Sam's shoulders, relaxed minutely, and Dean loosened his grip a little, but he was not ready to let go, not yet. He could still feel his brother shaking, could see the raw fear in his eyes.
"Are. . Are you sure?" Sam asked as his breathing became less ragged.
Dean nodded and even managed a half smile. "I'm sure. He won't be coming back after you," he stated with confidence.
Sam pulled a hand across his chest and dropped his head slightly as he attempted once again to breath through the pain. Complete trust in his brother's words sent relief coursing through his body like a warm flow. The adrenaline surge began to dissipate and he suddenly felt incredibly tired. The last of his memories finally connected and he gave another nod. "You found the crystal." It was a statement not a question. Destroying the crystal was the only thing that would stop the Demon and if it wasn't coming back then Dean must have found and destroyed the crystal.
There was only the slightest of shifts in the atmosphere in the room as Dean stood and backed away, but Sam sensed it, sensed that there was something wrong. Even if it wasn't a question Dean should have confirmed it. Should have been gloating about the fact that they had finally finished off this bastard that had been praying on. . He looked up and caught the flash of guilt on his brother's face.
"You didn't find the crystal?" He asked, his tone incredulous, fear and anger rising again in equal measure, as he pushed himself to his feet. "But you said it wasn't coming back. You said. .?" He couldn't stop himself from sweeping his gaze around the room again.
"Not quite what I said," Dean admitted, meeting and holding his brother's gaze. He would dearly have loved to have continued lying, to maintain the relief, to wipe that look of panic completely from his younger sibling's features, but that was not a luxury he could afford, not if he had any chance of getting his brother to leave without him. Sam had to go and he had to go now. He was already hurting, in terrible pain, he didn't need to go through any more. Dean wanted to spare him what was to come. He had just lived it, he didn't want his little brother to go through that. He had to get him to leave.
Sam rewound the conversation in his head and let out a breath. "You said he wouldn't be coming back," there was the briefest of pauses before the critical words, another breath "after me." He looked deep into his brother's eyes as tears formed in his own. "No," he shook his head. The ideas were connecting in his head and he tried to stop them, as though that would somehow alter the truth. "You didn't?" he asked softly.
The guilt and love in his brother's eyes was all the answer he needed, but he still didn't want to believe it. "Tell me that you didn't." His tone was more forceful as he scanned his brother's features, but there was still only guilt and love and. . and was that pain?
Denial burned up from his gut, and, although he knew the truth, he searched for evidence that he was wrong. He couldn't have. . .His eyes swept across the room to the rough stone table that eerily resembled an alter in some bad horror movie. There were the tell tale fragments of burnt parchment. Nausea threatened to overwhelm him as the true horror of his brother's actions hit. He turned back to face him and swallowed hard. Shook his head once more. "Why?" he asked, and he could see tears to match his own forming in his brother's eyes, but like his they didn't fall.
"That thing was killing you," Dean replied. "I couldn't. . ." He blinked and swallowed hard, fighting now to control the emotions that the memory evoked as his gut twisted in an agony of tension. "You were screaming," the words were almost whispered now, his head shaking minutely with each phrase. "I couldn't just stand by and let it. . " He paused as his brother's scream echoed clearly in his head. " I couldn't hear you. ." The image of his brother's face contorted in pain. "C. .couldn't watch you. . ." The words choked off.
Sam stared at him for a moment. "So now I have to watch the same thing happen to you? Is that it?" There was more than a hint of anger mixed with the pain. "Don't pull this big brother crap with me Dean," Sam almost spat the words as the emotions coiled around each other and distorted any perspective he had. He was shouting now. "You really think that's better?"
Dean glanced down the guilt twisting a little deeper. His brother was right, surviving this would be far harder, it was not something he was strong enough to do. Wasn't sure that Sam was either, but he had denied his brother the same choice that he had made. There had been only one parchment, only one shot at this. He shook his head, he couldn't have let him die, not for anything, not even if it meant. . . . Still his brother did not have to be here, did not have to watch. "You don't have to stay," he stated. "Get out of here. He won't. .can't come after you now." He took a step forward. "Just leave." It was as close to begging as Dean had ever come. "Please, just leave. Before. ."
Sam was about to argue, about to tell his brother that he was insane that they had to come up with something else that. . . but he saw the tell tale swirl of black and the words froze in his throat. He was too late.
Dean just had time to register the terror on his brother's face before his back ignited in agony and he screamed. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42059 | Oh man...I couldn't help but write another fic for Dark Angel (have so many other fics to write still haha) anyways, I hope you enjoy this first chapter...enjoy y'all!
As Alec strolled into Jam Pony, he put a pleasant smile on his face. He knew that it would be able to win Normal over as it usually did. The X-5 bit back a smirk as he heard trademark "Bip bip bip," and knew that he was probably trying to get everyone to work faster. He knew that most people thought that he just sweet talked Normal into getting him less shifts for more pay. A part of him was hurt that his friends thought that, but he kept his emotions compartmentalized. "Hey Golden Boy!" Normal exclaimed seeing Alec walk into the room. Alec bit back a groan, and kept his smile firmly in place.
"Hey Normal," he said in a cheery voice.
"Got nice package for you today..it is one of our most important and best tipping customers," he said, handing Alec the wrapped package. Alec sometimes did wish that Normal wouldn't treat him to every nice paying package. It wasn't fair to the other employees. Well whatever, he couldn't do anything about it. As he approached his locker, he saw Max stroll in.
"What's your excuse this time Missy Miss?" Normal questioned.
"Can it Normal, I really don't have time for your bullshit today," Max shot at him irritably. Alec looked at her from across the room, and could practically feel her exhaustion from across the room. She stalked past him, and stormed towards her locker. Alec looked at her and saw dark circles under her eyes. He was worried about her, and he knew if he let it show, Max would think that he was hitting on her.
"Hey Maxie," Alec said, leaning against his locker, giving her his trademark grin. To any other girl, that would have made them weak in the knees. Instead it earned him a smack upside his head, and a pointed glare from her.
"Don't call me Maxie," she snarled. He put his hands up in surrender, and knew something was definitely wrong with her. He rubbed his head with his hand, but kept back his teasing tone. He knew that this was definitely not the time to anger this particular female X-5.
"Pull another all nighter?" he questioned in a concerned voice. He wished that Logan wasn't even around. If it wasn't for that virus; Max would probably realize how big of an asshole he really was. Yet here he was every time he needed her, using the power of guilt that Logan held on her. It wasn't his fault that Logan got infected with the virus. He would have been thrown back into Psy Ops again. He held back a shudder, and hoped that his eyes didn't betray what he was truly feeling.
Alec wanted nothing more than to make Max his. Ever since he stepped foot in her cell as 494 and became Alec he knew there was something about her. He knew that there was going to be a time when they would be together, and it wouldn't be forced by him. Alec knew that the time may never come for Max to want him as much as he wanted her. He slipped back into friend mood, and listened as Max continued to complain about not being able to find enough funding for finding a certain lead for the cure.
He looked down at the package in his hands. Alec knew that he would make more than enough money this day, and knew that Max needed this more than he did. "Max...look I know it isn't much, but go ahead and take this...I know these people usually tip really well," That snapped Max out of her somber mood, and her chocolate eyes traveled to look up at his.
"What do you want in return?" Max questioned.
"Max...you don't think I am capable of one kind act?" he asked, feigning hurt. Well he was slightly hurt that Max assumed that he was just some Tom Cat only doing something nice for a girl to get in her pants.
Instead of fighting with him, she just reluctantly took the package Alec was offering. "Thanks Alec," she said warmly.
He gently tugged on the wrapped item playfully, trying to make Max smile. "Alec..." she said, biting her lip trying to hold back a laugh. There we go, he thought, there is his Maxie's smile.
He let it go, and Max gave him a grin. "Thank you Alec...you have no idea how much this means to me," always the friend, never the boyfriend he thought sadly.
"No problem," Alec mumbled. "So you heading to Crash after work?"
"I don't know..." Max whispered.
"Come on Max..." Alec murmured. "It will be fun," he said to her. What was Alec thinking; there was no way that Max was ever going to come to him. She needed to get some serious R&R.
"Well...it has been a while since I have been there," Max murmured softly.
"Good," he said, glad that she was going to get away from constantly looking for a cure. And on top for that, she had been doing all of those Eyes Only missions. "Well I am going to go see if Normal has any more packages for me,"
Max nodded her head, and looked towards Alec's retreating form. As she re-ran the conversation through her head, she didn't seem to notice a flash of sadness pass through his eyes. She shook her head; it probably was just her imagination.
A couple hours later, Max was in front of Crash wondering if she should go in or not. She looked down at her pager, and saw that Logan was paging her again. Here she had two people wanting her to be somewhere. She was getting a little agitated with Logan at the moment. It seemed like he was paging her every five minutes. She felt her pager vibrate again and Max let out an aggravated growl and turned around. She threw the annoying device and jumped when she saw Alec barely dodge out of the way. "Something bothering you Maxie?" he questioned.
"Logan is paging me again!" Max grumbled. Alec slightly widened his eyes in surprise when she didn't correct him.
"Well...I think we need to get your mind off of Logan and Eyes Only," he said with a smile.
"How are we going to do that?" Max inquired with a raised eyebrow.
"I think of night of drinking and playing pool will get your mind off things," he said, gently taking her by the elbow leading her inside Crash. He was once again surprised as she didn't yell at him for "man-handling," her.
"That...that sounds good," she said. Maybe she could let her defenses down around him. Her defenses suddenly kicked back up. Alec was nothing but a tom cat.
"Something wrong?" he questioned, looking at her.
"It's fine," Max said shortly. Alec ignored the tone she clipped towards him; he was more than happy to make sure Max finally had a night out for herself for once.
"I think Max needs a drink," Alec said with a small smirk. He led her over to the bar, and had her sit down on a bar stool. "Hey two shots of Wild Turkey!" Alec called out to the bartender. He nodded his head, and got out to shot glasses.
"Hard stuff already?" Max questioned with a raised eyebrow.
"Well, you know how we transgenics are," Alec breathed across her ear. Alec took the shot and placed it in her open palm. He then took his shot, and raised it towards hers. "This is the part where we clink glasses Max," he said as if he was talking to a five year old. She rolled her eyes, and lightly clinked her glass against his. They both lifted the shots to their lips and downed them. Max jerked lightly as the alcohol went down her throat.
He chuckled lightly and patted Max's back. "You ok?" he asked, trying not to chuckle.
"Yeah," she said, gently pushing his hand away from her. "Two more shots!" she called out, and Alec grinned at her. OC and Sketchy didn't show up, but for some odd reason that didn't seem to phase Max as she and Alec continued to drink.
As Alec looked at the other X-5, he couldn't help but continue grinning. He had other girls pining over him constantly, and yet this particular one was always clouding his mind. The fact that she was slowly opening up to him clearly made him overjoyed. "Maxie...I think you are a little buzzed,"
"Don't call me that," she said with a giggle. "And I am not buzzed," she said in a serious voice. She let out a yelp as she felt a buzzing in her jacket.
"What?" he asked, also slightly feeling the buzz coming on.
"My cell phone is going off...again," she said, reaching into her jacket. She saw it was Logan, and let out a slight growl. Alec tried not to seem surprised about her reaction. She clicked it off, and it fell to the ground. Alec bent down to pick it up, and suddenly he looked into her chocolate colored eyes. He could get lost in those eyes. Without even realizing it, he started to lean in closer looking at her face. Before he knew it, he closed the distance between them. He placed his lips whisper soft against hers, lightly cupping her face in his hands.
She responded to his kiss. It almost felt natural to her; her and Alec hanging out...and now this. Before Alec could begin to enjoy it, she pulled away. Reality came in like a bucket of ice cold water just got poured over Alec's head. Before Alec could even open his mouth to make even an apology come out, she quickly got off her seat. She sprinted out the door, and Alec felt something heavy on his heart. He let out a low even sigh, and left a wad of bills on the table before heading towards his motorcycle.
He swung his leg over his bike, and started it up. He felt his Manticore mask slip back on as he headed towards his apartment. That kiss made feelings he hadn't felt since Rachel come back to surface...except it felt real. Did Max actually think he just wanted to screw her and leave her the next morning? He was so deep in thought, he didn't realize that someone was tailing him. Suddenly his senses kicked in, and he sped up. Suddenly a gun shot rang out, and caught him on the shoulder. He lost control of his bike and was careening off his bike and into a wall.
The last thing he thought of was Max before darkness clouded his vision... |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42060 | TITLE: Prologue
A/N: An idea that has been slowly bouncing around in my head. Intended to become a long story. I've always been fascinated by Joss' fascination with powerful women, and as a massive Buffy fan, decided I wanted to examine those elements in a Firefly context. Not a Cross-over, although it is possible I will mention a character. But it should be accesible for everyone :)
In every generation there is a Chosen One.
She alone will stand against the vampires.
The demons.
And the forces of darkness.
Four words.
River Tam's eyes snapped open, her body frozen as her mind desperately tried to rebuild the shattered images that had made up her dreams. She remembered running, diving, fighting. A girl with hair like yellow sunshine telling her not to be afraid, that she wouldn't be alone. The same girl with green eyes holding a burden that few others could identify with, could even hope to carry. The feel of hands skimming her body, of rough grasps and shallow breathing. Him. She remembered darkness. Fear. Bloodlust racing, rising in her throat.
She glanced at the clock beside her narrow bed, silent in the backdrop of her brother's light snores. Her skin was damp and heated with perspiration, the pain of focusing on her current reality seeming like a sharp knife in her cranium. She worked to control her breathing, silent despite the fear and tension that laced every intake of oxygen.
She shook her head. Another reality, another world, another time that wasn't hers; the dream was just a dream. She closed her eyes, desperate to return to unadulterated sleep, desperate to forget the vivid dreaming. She felt her heart rate slow, felt her mind begin to calm itself.
But she couldn't shake the voice. That echoing, empty voice. That voice that spoke without doubt or interest, plainly informing the listener without concern for emotional response. That voice with its ancient accent, from a time long passed one earth that was. England. That voice infected her, changed her, laced every fibre of her being with the need to fight no matter the enemy.
That calm voice and those four words.
She is the slayer. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42061 | When Robert's sister Susannah gets taken to a Confederate camp, she falls in love with an officer there. Is he really who he seems, or will she find out his biggest secret?
I don't own any of the characters who actually lived. Everyone else is my creation.
Susannah POV
We have a story. A true story. One that you have never heard before. It is a story of love, life, and losses:
I woke up and found myself lying in the grass on a warm spring day. In any other circumstance, this would have been a pleasant thing, but it was 1863 and this was war territory. I slowly began to remember what had happened. I had been on her way to visit my brother, Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, and Major Cabot Forbes when my horse had been startled by gunfire. After falling from its back, I must have fallen unconscious and my horse had kept going.
Sitting up, I noticed that in the distance was a river. On each of its banks I was less than thrilled to see bodies. A lot of bodies. Suddenly I became aware of movement coming from the left and three men started to make their way towards me. The sun was to their backs and they became silhouettes to my eyes. As they came closer, I could hear their southern drawl. I realized with horror that they were Confederates!
One of them came really close and said, "Hey there, darlin. What's yer name? Yer mighty pretty." As… honored as I was by his comment, I was scared because his friends came and stood around me so that there was no way for me to escape. I silently prayed that they would leave me alone and keep on their way even though that seemed unlikely. But somehow, my prayers were answered in a different way. A way that would change my life.
A man came riding up on his horse, and much to my dismay, he was dressed in the grey uniform of the confederate soldier. "Soldiers," he snapped, and they immediately paid attention, much to my surprise. "Please explain what is going on here, Private Johnson." The man who had originally approached me responded to that address as I examined my savior. He possessed no accent, at least not a southern one, and he was tall. His hair was brown and his eyes seemed to be blue in the sunlight. He sounded very well educated and held himself in a position of authority without appearing proud.
"Miss?" he questioned, "are you alright?" I nodded to his response, unable to find my voice. "Are you with the Union?" Again I nodded, still as mute as before. "And what is your name?" he asked. "Su-susannh Shaw, sir," I choked out. "Well, Miss Shaw, would you mind coming with me to our campsite? This was a Confederate victory," he said, gesturing to the landscape, "and the Union armies are long gone. I promise that you will be safe with us and that no harm shall come to you." He sounded genuine and there was really no other place for me to go than with him, so I agreed to go with him.
I was drawn up onto his horse and I wrapped my arms around his torso, afraid that I might fall off from yet another horse. After a few minutes of riding in silence, he cleared his throat and said, "How rude of me not to introduce myself, Miss Shaw. I am-" he paused, "Major William Simon Davis of the Confederate Army." I was unsure of how to respond so I just thanked him. I noticed him pause before telling me his name and I was trying to decode why. It almost seemed as though he had been trying to tell himself who he was. I was quite confused and as time passed, I found myself becoming very drowsy.
William POV
She was quite beautiful, I must admit. Her hair was blonde and fell down in waves onto her shoulders- as well as mine, for she had fallen asleep with her head resting against my shoulder. She probably should have been wearing a hair ribbon, but I assumed it must have fallen out. What a disappointment, I joked to myself. Her eyes were brown, an unusual combination with her hair that simply made her more intriguing. The way that the wind blew wafted her scent to me. She smelled sweet, like after it rains. I would not have admitted it, but I enjoyed having her sleep on the comfort of my shoulder.
After a solid hour of riding, I discerned that we were nearing the camp, so I gently turned my body and shook Miss Shaw awake. Upon entering, I dropped her off at the tent where the other women stayed. There were a few women who had followed their husbands to war, as well as the only female nurse in the Confederacy. Strangely enough, there was one other woman who was from the Union and had come to us some weeks past in the same manner as Miss Shaw. "Here we are, Miss Shaw. This is where I shall be leaving you."
Susannah POV
"Will I see you again, Major Davis?" I asked, hoping not to sound eager. He had saved me and seemed to care, so I wanted to know him more that I did just knowing his name. He smiled, "It is very possible. This isn't a very large camp." He walked away and I stood until he disappeared from my view. I was curious about him, but it would have to wait. "Hello?" I heard from a female voice behind me. I turned around and saw a woman with the brightest red hair I had ever seen. "My name is Eliza Miller. Can I help you at all? Would you like some water?" I nodded and she led me into the tent and sad me down on an empty cot. There were four other women occupying the tent, but none of them paid any notice to me, save for Eliza.
She came back with a small cup and I drank the water gratefully. I had not realized how thirsty I was. "I'm Susannah Shaw," I said, "Major Davis brought me here after… well… I don't really remember what happened, to tell you the truth." Then I leaned in closer to her and whispered, "I do not mean to be rude, but who are all of these women and why are they here?" She explained, "Those three over there are wives of some of the soldiers. Mary Albright is on the left, Jeanette Haines on the right and Lisa Craft in the middle. Liza's husband just died, but she wants to stay along. She has no other family. The woman writing a letter is Margaret Wolfe. She is a nurse, the only woman nurse in the Confederacy." "And what about you, Eliza Miller, what is your story?" I asked. "You don't really want to hear about me, I'm from the Union so I don't get a lot of sympathy here except from Major Davis, General Lee, and a few others who want this war to end." I was overjoyed to hear that she was from the Union and told her that I was, too. She was very excited and we became friends in a matter of minutes.
William POV
"General Lee, there is a young woman who will be staying with us for a while. She is from the Union and I found her near the battlefield. Private Johnson and his partners in crime were about to, well to put it lightly, harass her. I believe she is currently in the care of Miss Eliza." The General nodded, pleased with my actions and asked me to do another task for him. "I have some… sensitive information to be delivered to General Armistead. I would like for you to deliver it right away. It must not fall into enemy hands, do you understand?" I nodded, accepted the papers he handed to me, stuffed them into my boot, and immediately started off to deliver the letters. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42062 | The young man with the silver hair had large pockets. Truly huge – eyeing them, Rikku was fairly certain she could easily fit inside and get lost. They also jingled when he moved, which was what had drawn the Gullwings' attention in the first place. Even after he'd made purchases at several of the shops in town, the clink of something was audible as he slouched down the street.
When he stopped to purchase some sea-salt ice-cream, she and Yuna exchanged glances: now was their chance.
Riku was raising his newly acquired treat to his lips, when a sharp pull on the end caused the cold confection to brush his nose and miss his mouth. Tilting his head sideways, he found a tiny person clinging on to the very tip of the wooden stick. She smiled brilliantly as he blinked at her in surprise, and then gave another tug. As he hadn't otherwise moved, this time his hand jerked and he bumped himself in the chin. Holding the ice-cream at arm's length, he glared at the pixie as he fumbled for a napkin to wipe his face.
"Can I help you?" he asked, practicing his sarcasm for the first time that day.
"Oh!" one tiny hand flying to her mouth in embarrassment, she bowed in mid-air. "That's so polite! Yes, I'd like some ice-cream, please!"
Mouth twisting to the side in a not-quite smile, Riku decided this must be one of the Gullwings that Sora had mentioned. Probably the little leader... Yuna, was it? But where were the other two? "So you decided to take mine?" he asked, glancing from side to side in search of more fluttery little kleptomaniacs.
"Would you really mind?" Dual-shaded eyes blinked innocently at him. "I won't eat much, I promise!" She'd released the ice-cream stick in order to clasp her hands in front of her, the picture of earnest persuasion. As he watched, her gaze flickered down to his waist, and then back to his face, quick enough he almost missed it.
A second later he felt a weight in his pocket, and clapped the hand holding his napkin down over the opening, trapping a small, wriggling form inside. He'd found Gullwing number two. "Too slow!" he exclaimed.
Yuna, abandoning her innocent act, shouted, "Rikku!" in a tone of great distress. Zipping down to his hip, she began begging to know if the other miniature trouble-maker was alright.
"Oh, foofie!" came the muffled but heartfelt reply, and Riku's lips twitched.
Wait... "Your friend's name is Rikku?" he demanded.
Yuna, giving every impression of hopping from foot to foot despite being in mid-air, barely spared him a glance. "Yes. Oh, let her out! Rikku! Rikku, can you breathe in there?"
"I'm fine, Yunie!" The words were accompanied by the distinctly odd sensation of someone trying to stand on the loose change in his pocket. "I was right!" and now there was a giggle in that muffled voice, "I can stand up in here! We should get Paine, and see if we can all fit."
Riku rolled his eyes. Just what he needed: pixies using his pockets for slumber parties. Reaching in he tried to grab her, and felt tiny little hands push him away with unexpected strength.
"Hey! Don't go shoving things in my face!" He'd almost suffocated her with that wad of paper.
"I'm not shoving things in your face," Riku retorted, "I'm putting my hand in my pocket, which is what they're for! Come out of there!"
"Nuh-uh. I'm still exploring. Besides, you didn't say please." The fabric of his pants shifted, and Riku could swear he saw the outline of folded arms and a huffy chin. Then she was moving, munny slipping and sliding beneath her feet as she wandered around. "It's nice and clean in here," she commented in an off-hand fashion, "no lint or anything."
Yuna, reassured by Rikku's chatter, had moved closer and now hung over the opening, hands clenched in the stitching, head inside. "Any treasure?" she asked hopefully, as if Riku couldn't hear their entire conversation.
"Nope. Just munny."
"Most people would consider that to be treasure," he found himself saying, and wondered how he'd ended up in this situation.
"LAME," came the response, in stereo no less, just as too little pin-pricks settled on the top of his head.
Ah. Gullwing number three had arrived.
"What are we doing?" The question strove hard to sound disinterested.
Yuna's head came up, and her bright little smile flashed again. "His pockets were jingling in a suspicious manner, and we'd watched him spend a lot of munny, so we thought he might have treasure in here."
"Does he?" Now her voice held disinterested curiosity, surely a feat in and of itself.
"No, just munny."
The most recent arrival made a sound of disgust.
"What exactly are you looking for?" Riku's voice was testy, finding it annoying to have these hand-span-high people criticizing the contents of his pockets.
"Well..." Yuna's tone was thoughtful. "Jewelry is always nice."
"Or hard candy," Rikku chimed in, still somewhere in the depths of his pocket.
"Or synthesis items," added the one on his head. Paine, he guessed, from Rikku's comment earlier.
"I don't have any of those," Riku said, tossing the balled-up napkin and long-forgotten ice-cream into a trash can. "Now come out of there!"
"Fine." The grudging agreement was accompanied by a sharp kick, as if someone had poked him in the leg, hard, and he yelped. She came rocketing out into the open, and he grabbed at her with both hands, catching only empty air.
"Too slow!" she chirped, repeating his earlier taunt. She hovered in front of his face, sticking her tongue out, then disappeared in a small flash of light.
"Work on those reflexes," Paine suggested, and then her weight was gone from his head.
"Sorry for the trouble!" Yuna apologized, darting in to press a kiss to his cheek. He had just enough time to realize she was blushing, before another flash – in a different color this time – surrounded her and she vanished, too.
Left in the street, alone, still blinking in surprise, Riku decided he was never – ever – telling Sora about this. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42063 | Getting Serious
Summary: The first time Mal finds his first mate making out with the pilot, none of them are quite pleased about it. Wash/Zoe.
A/N: I just finished the series, including Serenity, and so I'm using Wash/Zoe fluff in order to cope.
In retrospect, they probably should have tried for more patience. As it was, they'd only made it to the hall outside her bunk before the kissing started. Wash couldn't help the urge to push Zoe against the wall and kiss her, good and plenty.
He was only a man, after all, and she didn't seem to mind.
So that's how Mal found them, his first mate and pilot, passionately kissing just outside her bunk.
"Excuse me," he interrupted.
The pair turned around to look at him, with both embarrassment and...was that a shade of annoyance on Wash's face? Well, he guessed he'd find out.
"Okay, so I know I never mentioned this, mostly on accoun' of I never thought any of the women on the ship would give the men a second look," he said, "and I sure as hell didn't think this could happen – " he gestured to the couple.
"Hey!" interjected Wash. "I'll have you know, most women find me to be – "
"But there's no romance between crew," Mal said, talking over him. "It causes problems. You understand. So, you best be getting back to your own bunk, Washburne."
Wash was about to reply indignantly, but Zoe beat him to it, her voice icy. "Seems to me, Sir, that since you didn't mention it right at the off, and since me and Wash already got somethin' started here...well, I think you just oughta mind your own."
Mal looked mildly taken aback. "Zoe, it ain't nothing personal. You know that. But emotions run high out here, and relationships complicate things. I don't want anything getting in the way of doing what needs to be done."
"Then I'm guessin' you should just throw us off at the next stop – " argued Zoe.
"Wait a minute," Wash tried to interject, but both the Captain and Zoe ignored him.
"- because we're not gonna throw this away just because you don't trust us to be professional regardless."
Mal looked from Zoe to Wash. "I didn't realize it was that...serious."
"It is," she replied coolly.
Mal looked as if he didn't know quite what to say, then finally replied. "Fine. Just keep the, ah, affectionate displays to your bunks. Or at least somewhere else I won't be."
"We can do that," assured Zoe.
"Alright," replied Mal. He shook his head dazedly, then walked away, as if he didn't know quite where the conversation had gone wrong.
Wash turned to look at Zoe. "Um, Zoe, we've only been dating for a few weeks. When you said, 'serious,' what were you – "
"Calm yourself, Wash." she said. "I just wanted to shake him up, remind him he can't tell us everything he wants us to do. Or not do."
"Ooh, defying the Captain. Sexy. Let's continue, shall we?" Wash said excitedly, and moved in to kiss her again. As he was doing so, she reached out and pressed the button to open her bunk.
When it was open, she pushed him lightly away. "G'night, Wash. We're not that serious yet," she smirked.
Wash shook his head at her. "Oh you sly she-devil. You minx! To toy with my affections with such cruelty, such –"
She interrupted with a hard, breath-taking kiss. Then she pulled away, but pressed her hand gently to his face. "I promise it'll be worth the wait."
He sighed exaggeratedly. "Okay. Then wait I shall." Then he became more serious, sincere. "Goodnight, Zo."
"Goodnight, Wash," she said, retreating into her bunk. She gave him one last smile for the night, and he watched her until the door closed again, blocking her from view.
After a long moment, Wash set off for his own bunk, feeling elation and excitement for the days to come.
A/N: Reviews greatly appreciated. :) |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42064 | The Doctor surprises River in Stormcage and keeps her company for a while.
'This is River Song, back in her cell. I'll take lunch now' River was exhausted. She'd just been to visit a friend back in the 90s and they had spent the weekend out drinking and flirting with men. She hadn't found a guy worth bothering with, she had been off her head by the end of it and was incredibly lucky to have had her hangover cure with her.
She flopped down onto her bed, ready to sleep for several hours.
Nothing woke her, normally she trained herself to sleep but be aware of what was going on outside her cell. She was so tired on this occasion that she didn't bother.
In her dream a 'vwooorrrrp, vwooorrrp' sound came out of nowhere. She shifted slightly in her sleep then another familiar noise made an appearance. Thinking this was a coincidence, she half-opened her eyes, only to see her Doctor sonicing her cell door open and pulling the curtains back across. She still thought she was dreaming, though, this wouldn't happen in real life. She always had to call him. 'Well hello there, River Song' he grinned. 'Is this real?' She asked. 'Long night, was it?'
'It was, actually. I was trying to get some sleep' she smiled in spite of her tiredness, she was always happy to see him and they didn't have time to be angry for silly reasons. 'How did you get past the guards?'
'I changed the cell door controls, a hundred prisoners just escaped and they'll have to work out the new security code before they can start rounding them up' She was impressed. 'The security code is eight digits long, that'll take at least a couple of hours... What were you planning on doing?'
'Whatever you like, sweetie'
'Well I would normally jump at the chance to go and have a high risk adventure with you, but I am still worn out from last night –' He raised an eyebrow. 'Unfortunately I didn't find a man worth spending a night with'
'I should hope not. We are... Hang on, where are we in terms of timelines, River?'
'I'm twenty eight'
'Ah. Ok. Relatively early then. Have we, er...'
'We've had sex, yes' She grinned. 'Oh good' The Doctor grinned back. 'Do you want to have a lazy afternoon here then?'
'That would be great' she smiled happily. He lay down beside her; there was only just enough room for both of them so they were pretty close together. She rested her head on his chest and he held her close. She closed her eyes and pretty soon she drifted off to sleep again.
She was so peaceful when she slept. He played with her gorgeously wild curls, winding them around his finger and arranging them so they were off of her face. He traced invisible lines along her forehead, nose and gently on her eyelids which were incredibly soft. He drew invisible circles on her cheeks and continued down her neck. Her breathing was contented and she let out little sighs every so often. He admired the way her corset top pushed her full breasts up and how her short shorts showed off the curve of her hips. His finger was soon tracing lines on the top of her chest and down her cleavage; he couldn't help being drawn there, especially as the corset drew the eye. He was pretty surprised that she hadn't been snapped up last night. She started to moan quietly when he slipped a hand inside the corset and pinched her nipple. She wrapped a leg round him and arched her back. She was still asleep. As he continued to pinch her nipple he realised she wasn't wearing a bra at all and she tightened her grip on his shoulder and subconsciously moved on top of him. He kissed her lips to wake her up and she responded instantly. Her eyes fluttered open and she smiled seductively at him, moving her legs so she straddled him. 'I had a feeling you wouldn't let me sleep for long' she whispered. His other hand was now on her other breast, doing the same thing. As she grew more and more aroused, she felt him hardening beneath her. She rubbed against him, moaning even more. He rolled on top of her and tried to find the zip on her corset, while she wrapped her toned legs around his waist to feel his hardness against her most sensitive area. Finally managing the zip, he freed her breasts and took one in his mouth, earning an even louder moan from her. She thrusted upwards at him and he bit her nipple. 'Fuck' she gasped at the sensation. He discarded the corset on the floor and she dominated him again, pressing down on him. He made short work of her shorts and groaned upon discovering that she wasn't wearing any underwear at all. She unbuttoned his shirt and got his trousers off, then rubbed her wet entrance against his hardness through his boxers. He removed them himself and brought her down onto him with force. She shouted at him suddenly filling her and started to move back and forth. The friction was high and after a minute or so she moved and brought him on top of her, not breaking contact. He thrusted into her, then as they felt themselves get more and more ready for completion, he moved her legs so her knees rested on his shoulders and he went as deep as he could go, making her scream at him to go harder. He held the rail at the head of the bed to make this happen, and she screamed even louder when she tightened around him, squeezing him with her pelvic floor muscles and he kissed her as he went over the edge, moaning into her mouth and sucking her tongue.
Relaxed now, they lay tangled in the sheets, just about covered by them. 'I'm so relaxed now' River whispered, revelling in the gorgeous buzz of being with him. 'We need to make every single encounter count, don't we? I mean, if we keep meeting in the wrong order then surely there'll be a time when you don't know me?'
'River, I don't want to talk about that. Not today. Please, just kiss me' He needed to divert her; he had made up his mind he wouldn't think or talk about that today. She raised her head from where it was resting on his chest and kissed him lightly. He intensified it, tangling his fingers in her hair and massaging her head. He felt selfish with her – he never wanted her to love anyone else - only him, forever. There wouldn't be a typical forever but he intended to make this something to be remembered for centuries. He ran his fingers down her back, making her press her breasts into him and shiver with delight. He told her to flip over and when she was laying on her front he straddled her and started to massage her back. She sighed with pleasure and told him how amazing it felt. 'River...'
'Have we... oh don't worry. How many times have you met me now?'
'Have I ever talked about the 'L' word?'
'Which one?' She wasn't going to make this easy for him.
'Don't worry. River, I need to tell you something'
'Tell away, sweetie' he could hear her smile.
'I love you, River.'
She smiled the widest she had in a very long time, and cherished this moment. 'River... Have I told you that before?'
'Yes, sweetie, you have. But it gave me exactly the same amazed feeling, and I love you too. I know it's early for me from what you've said but I really do. Mmmm' He kissed her shoulders and she squirmed with the pleasure that it brought her. She rolled onto her back and brought his face down so that his lips met hers. She was holding back tears. 'I can't describe exactly how amazing this feels...'
'I know' he smiled. 'Some things have to be lived' |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42065 | Normality or a Lack Thereof
"Well, nobody's perfect," Osgood says cheerfully–
And the world stops and stares at him for a moment, trying to figure out if he could have really just said that.
Then the moment ends, as Sugar, apparently finished reuniting with Joe, leans over into the front of the motorboat. "Where are we going?" she asks breathily. Her wrap trails off her shoulders, and both ends of her jiggle. Osgood and Joe both stare at the end nearest them; Jerry-who-until-just-now-was-Daphne glowers at them both. Good lord, he thinks distractedly, she can't really not know what her breasts are doing right now. And my fi– Osgood is practically drooling on her. His hand itches to slap Osgood back into line; Daphne would have. He doesn't.
Osgood mugs at Sugar, surprisingly, in a grandfatherly rather than flirtatious fashion. "Out to my yacht. We're going to South America! I think."
"Nooo, we're not," Jerry says dully. "We ain't eloping, Osgood."
Joe leans past Sugar into the front of the motorboat as well. He's already back to being one hundred percent Joe, like the dress he's wearing and the past couple of weeks of his life just don't, and never did, exist. "Ohhh yes we are, Jerry. We're still going to South America."
Osgood pats Jerry's hand. "We'll talk about it later," he says, and turns to Sugar. "I don't think we've been introduced. I'm Osgood Fielding III. And you are?"
Introductions ensue, or re-introductions anyway. Sugar, upon learning Joe's name, giggles and says she gets it and begins telling him about another saxophone player who she fell for who was also named Joe. Jerry catches his breath and tries to return to the reality he's been away from for so long, the one he's been waiting to come back to.
And he realizes that he isn't succeeding. He's too confused. He's wearing a bellhop's uniform and high heels underneath a dress, and there's a wig on his lap, and he's sitting next to a man who apparently thinks that the two of them are eloping together and his real sex doesn't make any difference whatsoever to the situation. He's heard millionaires are supposed to be eccentric, and he knows Osgood is a little kooky, but this is not a little kooky – this is completely insane.
The Caledonia II looms up ahead of them in the dusk. It is enormous close up. Jerry's only ever caught glimpses of it from the shore before – he's been busy dragging Osgood off to roadhouses and things, too busy lying about seasickness and about everything else. To tell the truth, he has no idea whether or not he gets seasick, but he suspects miserably that he might. Well, it's not like he can remember the last time his personal convenience was anywhere near the top of the priority list anyway.
The crew is present today, and they help everyone on board. Jerry gives Osgood an arm up – the man is in his sixties, after all – and Osgood somehow twists it around so that he, Osgood, is giving Jerry his arm up. Jerry's too dazed to resist. He's feeling a bit lightheaded.
Osgood waves to the crew, who scuttle off to weigh anchor or do whatever they've been told to do previously, leaving just the four of them on deck. Joe sidles up to Osgood. "Hey, can me and Jerry borrow some clothes? We left our suitcases at the hotel."
Jerry glances at him sidelong. The hell he did; the only men's clothes either of them had, and it was only one suit anyway, came out Beinstock's suitcase and they both know it. But he does feel an urgent need to change out of all these clothes – at least then maybe his head will stop spinning quite so much.
Osgood nods agreeably and calls to the crew to show them to their rooms and provide them with some spare uniforms to change into. Sugar tags along, peeking over their shoulders into the large nautically-trimmed rooms, until Osgood takes her elbow and shows her into another room down the hall. Jerry glances in and sees a sea of pink – pink walls, pink shag carpet, pink bed, pink furniture, pink everything. Billows of perfume waft out the door and down the hallway.
Osgood leaves Sugar emitting cries of delight and sidles back down the hall to Jerry's side. "It was going to be yours," he says. "But I thought you might need some time to..."
Jerry nods and flees into his bedroom, slamming and locking the door behind him. There's running water in the bathroom, and he realizes that in fact he's just locked himself in Joe's room. That's okay, actually. That's good. Maybe Joe, for whom things always turn out okay against all logic, can talk some sense into this situation.
He changes out of his motley assortment of garments at the foot of the bed. The bellboy's uniform was really much, much too small for him, and he's feeling cheered up by the small comfort of getting to take it off. Right up, that is, until he notices the spray of tiny bloodstains on the jacket and pants, blank stencil marks in the cloth's folds and where Joe's arm was around him; Spats' blood. Then he feels sick. He wads the bloody uniform up in his dress and shoves the whole thing down at the bottom of the clothes hamper, then sinks down on the bed and sticks his face in his hands. "What am I going to do, Joe?" he calls to the bathroom. "What am I going to do?"
Joe emerges from the bathroom in the snappy blue-and-white nautical uniform worn by all the Caledonia's crew, wiping his face with a cloth. "Whaddaya mean, what are you going to do?" he demands from the doorway. "We don't have to do anything anymore, Jerry! We're sitting pretty! All our troubles are over! Your fiancé is taking us to South America, all expenses paid, and Sugar and I are engaged."
"My fiancé," Jerry repeats, "is a man. We're done pretending, okay, Joe? We're not with the band anymore, we're done dressing like ladies, and we're done with everything that went along with that. You understand that? Osgood and me are not engaged anymore."
"I know that, you idiot," Joe says. "But he's still our ticket outta all this. So we both gotta be nice to him, okay? Now go wash your makeup off."
Jerry realizes, in the bathroom, that he's shaking; the shock of all the enormous number of things that have happened in the last hour or so is just beginning to set in. Joe sits on the marble-topped counter by the sink and watches Jerry while he scrubs his face and stares at the last traces of Daphne swirling around the sink, down the drain, and disappearing. "We did good this time, Jerry," he says.
"No, we didn't," Jerry says, and walks out of the bathroom and out of the bedroom. Joe stares after him and sighs.
Osgood and Jerry do not talk about it later. Osgood and Jerry don't talk about much for the rest of the week, really – they make small talk just like everyone else on the boat. Everyone and everything seems to be in a sort of limbo – outside of the plot, outside of reality, outside of all commitments. They all know that eventually the yacht is going to arrive at its destination – somewhere in Guatemala or Nicaragua or one of those places, Osgood is the only one of them who really knows geography out of the United States at all – and they're going to have to pick up dealing with all the complications of their situations more or less where they left off, but for now they're taking a break from life. As a foursome, they play a lot of pinochle and pool and do some fishing and eat wonderful shipboard meals. Osgood does what he seems to usually do on the yacht, which is sit around on the bridge and drink things. Joe and Sugar make leaps and bounds of interpersonal discovery, Joe's bedroom almost always empty at night. It absolutely astounds Jerry that Joe's deception doesn't seem to bother Sugar at all, but then, that's Joe for you: he always gets what he wants.
Jerry... Jerry tans, and wanders around the boat in shirtsleeves, and tries, as much as he can manage, not to think about anything at all whatsoever. He mostly talks with Joe, who, bizarrely, has not changed a bit since before this whole situation, and he wonders about whether Joe and Sugar will really make it together even until they reach land. He mourns the loss of their bass and sax – he knows there's nothing that could be done about it, seeing as they were fleeing for their lives from gangsters, and Osgood has promised that he'll buy them new instruments when they reach land... but Osgood, Osgood as to do with Jerry is a touchy subject in any context, and anyway Osgood has been known to be fickle. Really, Jerry and Joe and Sugar should be thanking God, or perhaps questioning God, that he's even taking them to South America at all. But Jerry still misses having his bull fiddle, because with it he could at least have been Jerry the musician, and without it he is just very, very confused.
There is one awkward time when Joe walks into Jerry's bedroom without knocking and catches him in a pair of high heels which he's surreptitiously saved from the day when Joe ceremonially threw all of their women's clothing overboard. He almost punches him hard enough to break several of Jerry's ribs, but ends up just sighing and saying, "Jerry, I don't know what to do with you."
"If it's any comfort," Jerry says, "I don't know what to do with me either."
Life, or rather existence, goes on. And even though it shouldn't in any way, shape, or form, it shocks the hell out of Jerry when Osgood finally comes into his room one day and says "Daphne, can we talk?"
"My name's Jerry and you know it," Jerry says wearily. Scratch that, he isn't shocked as hell. He's terrified as hell.
But far be it from him to deny anything Osgood asks, even if he felt he had a right to. He pulls a couple chairs out from his dresser table – he has a dresser table, for god's sake, this is probably the first time in his life he has had a dresser table – and sits down in one of them. "Have a seat. What is it?"
Osgood sits down. Their knees are touching, so are their hands, and Jerry is both very aware of it and not at all sure what he's supposed to do about it. And he could be imagining it, but is it just possible that Osgood looks a tiny bit nervous as well?
"I, uh, just wanted to make sure you were doing okay," Osgood begins. Jerry looks at him rather uncomprehendingly. "What? Me? I'm doing fine. Just fine." He's never really known before, he thinks, how Osgood relates to other men. At least when he had been a woman, she'd known where she had stood with him, even if it was somewhat unstable and unsavory ground.
"You just seem very quiet," Osgood says. Jerry stares at him. He doesn't understand what is going on in this conversation. "Well, I've always been kind of quiet, I guess. Joe's the outgoing one, I just tag along with him. It's a bad habit really."
Osgood's still looking at him like that. He's got amazing eyes, really, big deep brown puppy dog eyes, and Jerry fully realizes that there is no way he should be registering that. He stops staring at them and remembers to register the rest of the dirty old man's face when Osgood says, "You know, when you were Josephine and Daphne, it was the opposite. Miss Kowalczyk's been telling me."
"Oh," Jerry says. His shoulders sag. And silence falls, with it that enormous tension of an unopenable subject being opened up and both sides waiting for the other side to continue the conversation.
Eventually Osgood says, "You know, I did mean what I said."
"Huh?" Jerry blinks. "When?"
Those puppy eyes take up the whole world. There's no looking away from them. "At the roadhouse," Osgood says, and he doesn't sound at all like a dirty old pervert. He just sounds like a man, a man in love. "On the motorboat." There should be a violin playing somewhere, some kind of music, but instead there's no soundtrack but static silence. "I love Daphne and I want to marry her, and I think she feels the same about me. I know we've got a lot to talk about, but..." He leans forward, staring right into Jerry's eyes. Daphne's eyes. Whoever's eyes. "But we can make it work. I promise you, Jerry, that Daphne will be happy."
Jerry stares at him for a long, long moment. And finally he swallows and says, in a hoarse whisper, "Can I... Can I borrow one of your wives' dresses?"
It takes about an hour. The makeup is easy, and she remembers how to put on all the clothes and stick the wig on so it'll stay, but the undergarments take some time to sort out and it takes them a while to find fitting clothes and a wig in the first place – Osgood's wives, who thankfully seem to have come in all different shapes and sizes, apparently left quite a lot of their outfits in various closets around the boat, but even so there isn't an enormously wide selection of dresses tailored to fit a 5'11" dame with shoulders like Daphne's. They do the best they can.
"You look wonderful," says Osgood.
"I look horrendous," snaps Daphne, turning this way and that in the mirror. "This dress looks like it was worn by my grandma."
"It might have been," Osgood admits. "Or someone very much like her, anyway. I'll get you some nicer clothes when we reach land. Now can we talk?"
Daphne sinks down on the bed and sighs. "Yeah," she says. "I was trying to avoid that."
"Don't worry," Osgood says. "I think we've already worked through the hard part." He sits down on the bed next to her.
"Daphne," he says. "I have a confession to make. I think it might change your mind about some things."
"Yes?" Daphne says, nervous.
"I knew."
Daphne frowns. "Knew what?"
"I knew what you were from the moment I saw you. I've been married seven times, I stopped being naive a long time ago. Doesn't make a difference to me. If someone wants to live their life as a girl, then as far as I'm concerned, they're a girl."
Daphne stares at him. "I didn't want to–" But she can't stop the enormous smile spreading across her face. "You knew the whole– as soon as you– Osgood!"
Osgood grins back. "Yes, Daphne?" And then he takes her face in his hands and kisses her until they both come up gasping for air. This is not make-believe anymore. This is completely, terrifyingly, wonderfully real.
As they fold back into the kiss and farther, the bit of Daphne which is Jerry worries briefly about what this new development means and about what will happen in the future and all that. But the bit of Jerry which is Daphne, and she always was more sensible than he is anyway, knows not to worry about it. Things have a way of working out if you let them. Especially if your husband is a millionaire.
A/N: I have been working on this fanfic for way too long. I mean, way, way, way too long. A couple months, at least. So it could probably still use some refining, but since I am just sick of it, you're getting it the way it is.
It's way too late at night to write author's comments. Maybe tomorrow. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42066 | Hey guys!
Thank you for all of the kind reviews. To the two anon reviewers:
Keepmovingforward: I'm glad you love it. :)
Paxton: Well, I'm glad you enjoyed it. I don't know...I just don't like it very much. Such is the life. Thank you for the encouragement, though.
And to the rest of you, thank you so much! Love you all!
I really like this chapter. Actually, I love this chapter. However, I did have my issues with it. Originally, it was in present tense, until I decided that it would mess up the flow of the story as a whole (because the rest of it is in past). And then I said 'Oh, well I think it feels better in present' but ultimately left it the way it was (the way it is now). So anyway...enjoy the chapter!
Reviews are welcome...
Starving artist- Will write for reviews.
P.S. Also, bonus points if you can guess the two fandoms I honor during this. Hint: They're both tv shows/cartoons.
4. Resurrection
She breathed.
Except…she didn't. She breathed, but inhaled a foul-tasting liquid instead (just what is that, anyway?). She (what was her name again?) vaguely noticed that her body was swimming frantically, trying to determine which way was up (which way to the surface? Which way?)
And then she broke the surface of the water (was it water?) and desperately breathed in the sweet, sweet oxygen. There were voices surrounding her (voices screaming, grunting all around her, disorienting her further) and she couldn't see where they were coming from. Her whole mind seemed disconnected from her body.
And then she was being carefully lifted out of the not-water into soothing, comforting arms, cradled back and forth ("It's alright, Artemis. You're going to be just fine. Just breathe, okay beautiful?") while she sobbed brokenly, trying in vain to connect the pathways in her brain.
She wanted freedom. She wanted to get out. She struggled wildly in the grip of her captor ("Artemis! Please, calm down! Please!") and he (for it was a he) was crying too, she realized, but in a disconnected way that didn't evoke any emotion in her. She didn't stop struggling. Then she was free; the arms circling her had vanished.
She ran. She didn't look back, she didn't know where she was going (she didn't even know her own name, though she thought it might be the name that red-headed boy shouted), and she didn't have a clue where she was. She just needed to get out.
She stumbled blindly down a maze of corridors and locked doors (she sensed somehow that it always seemed to be this way with her life) until she found one that was open. She slipped in and sunk to the floor, holding her knees (still half sobbing, half laughing hysterically).
She didn't expect to wake up. She remembered that much. Her thoughts seemed scattered. She couldn't focus on any one thing (fragments raced through her mind at a break-neck speed, only confusing and terrifying her further).
"Alice is in Wonderland. Can she come back?" She had no idea where this had come from (or even what it meant). Suddenly, she was babbling aloud to herself.
"Goodbye…no, that's not right? What's the other one? I'm sad. Will be sad…no, was sad. Why was I sad? There's a word…I'm…I'm…it's that word! The one that I am but I shouldn't be…something happened, and I'm not…I shouldn't be…agh! What's that word? No, don't get emotional, Alice…Jade. Wally. Where's Wally?"
"I'm right here, Artemis."
She squeaked, frightened, and quickly scooted back into the back corner of the closet (for that's what the door had been; a small, empty closet). The red headed boy was at the door, kneeling on his knees and looking at her.
They stared at each other in silence for some time (him in emotional turmoil, she in a petrified, speechless state with disjointed memories and emotions swirling through her head) before he spoke, softly and with an emotion in his voice she could not identify.
"It's alright, Artemis. I'm here. I'm not going to hurt you. I just want to talk with you, okay?"
His eyes (so green, like an emerald) stared at her with such sad intensity that she looked away. Those were the eyes of someone who had lost something precious, the eyes of someone whose soul had been irreparably hurt. The eyes of someone broken (wasted away to nothing, no laughter or joy in those eyes).
Artemis (she had deduced by now that her name was Artemis, though how she came up with Alice she still cannot understand) nodded hesitantly. The boy (Wally, a voice whispered in her mind. His name is Wally) started to talk then, words tumbling from his mouth like he couldn't control them (and he probably couldn't, she later realized).
"I'm…I'm going to tell you a story, okay Artemis? Okay. So, once there was a girl, an amazing, wonderful, annoying, snarky, irritating, gorgeous girl. She fought crime with her Team, the people she called her family. She had an amazing boyfriend that loved her to the ends of the earth and back.
And one day, the Team went on a mission, and the girl died. She got caught with a lucky shot to her stomach, and her boyfriend, her friends, her family, had to watch and cry as she bled to death on the floor of a cavern, reassuring them that she loved them and that she didn't blame them. And she died."
Artemis nodded along with this tale, memories swimming to the forefront of her mind. She now remembered lying on the floor (gasping for breath, the burning pain in her stomach) with the Team (her family) gathered around her, crying and assuring her she was going to be alright, that they could get her help in time (they couldn't, of course). She didn't tell Wally, though, and let him continue with his story.
"The Team spent months grieving for y…her. They brought her body back with them and gave her a funeral, simple and private. And they went back to missions. But it wasn't the same. The girl's death had touched them all, wounded them down to the core. Her boyfriend, a speedster, even considered retiring. He just couldn't do it anymore.
And then one day, when…the boy was visiting his love's grave, he came on a devastating sight. Someone had desecrated her grave, had dug up the coffin and made off with her body. The team was shocked. They were angry, irate, furious, enraged. They were emotionally devastated by the fact that their sister, their friend, had just been stolen away as though she were nothing more than a possession.
They searched for her. The whole Le…gion of superheroes searched for the fallen heroine's missing body, with few results. Then, one day, six and a half months after the girl died, six months after she was laid to rest, one of the heroes had a breakthrough, and found out that villains had raided the girl's grave and had taken her body for the purpose of bringing her back to life so she could serve them.
The heroes could not let this happen, so they sent m…the boyfriend to stop it. They didn't really want to send him, because they thought he was too emotionally close to the issue, but he begged and pleaded with them and they finally allowed him to go with the rest of the team. They broke into the complex, and while the rest of the team was occupied with taking down the goons, the speedster went off in search of the monsters that took his girlfriend's body.
He found them, but he was too late. They had just dumped y-her body in the Pit. He managed to take down all the villains and rescue his…breathing girlfriend from the Pit. She…was alive, living and breathing and talking and…sobbing. And then she ran off, confused and only half-functioning, and her boyfriend had to find her."
"That's…that's one of the saddest stories I've ever heard," She muttered, before a word clicked in her head.
"That's the word I was looking for! That big, complicated word I couldn't find!"
"Alive. Wally, I'm alive!"
He let out a breathy little laugh and swept her into a hug, tears streaming down his cheeks as he clutched her to his chest.
"Yes you are, Artemis. Yes you are."
(And later, when they returned and everyone broke down because she was alive, and Artemis had fully regained her memories and sanity, and the Team and the League and her mother didn't let her out of their sight for about a month, Artemis and Wally agreed it was for the best that they retire. Artemis couldn't handle going back to the superhero gig right now, and Wally needed to be beside her and wanted to support her. So they moved in together and started college. And the rest, as they say…is history.) |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42071 | Kirkus Reviews QR Code
Solving the Mystery of Whale Strandings
By Fran Hodgkins
Age Range: 9 - 14
Pub Date: Nov. 12th, 2007
ISBN: 978-0-618-55673-1
Publisher: Houghton Mifflin
Although their ancestors came from the land, whales now live completely in water except when they strand themselves on shore for reasons that scientists are now trying to understand. This latest addition to the Scientists in the Field series focuses more on the animals than the researchers, describing whales’ transformation from land to water mammal over the passage of eons, their first encounters with humans and the extensive whale-hunting industry before turning to the various scientific theories about their strandings. The author clearly explains the various possibilities: hearing damage, echolocation confused by shallow bays, magnetic variations, weather, illness and injury, toxins and whale social structure. Another chapter describes necropsies, DNA research and investigations of the cetacean ear. Finally, she presents two stranding events with very different endings. The text and color photographs are interesting and informative, although the lack of particular human focus distances the subject in ways that other volumes in the series do not. Still, the topic is new and the many questions still left for whale researchers should intrigue young readers. (bibliography, glossary, index) (Nonfiction. 9-14) |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42108 |
Re: [Linux-cluster] gfs2 assertion "!mapping->nrpages" failed on rsync
On Wed, 2009-12-02 at 18:25 +0200, Dan Candea wrote:
> On Wednesday 02 December 2009 14:48, Whitehouse Steven wrote:
> --
> Hi,
> On Wed, 2009-12-02 at 14:09 +0200, Dan Candea wrote:
> > hello
> >
> > randomly , during a nightly backup with rsync I receive the error below on a
> 3
> > node setup with cluster2. because of the withdraw I can't unmount without a
> > reboot.
> >
> > does someone have a clue?
> >
> >
> > GFS2: fsid=data:FSdata.0: fatal: assertion "!mapping->nrpages" failed
> > GFS2: fsid=data:FSdata.0: function = gfs2_meta_inval, file =
> > fs/gfs2/meta_io.c, line = 110
> > GFS2: fsid=data:FSdata.0: about to withdraw this file system
> > GFS2: fsid=data:FSdata.0: telling LM to withdraw
> > GFS2: fsid=data:FSdata.0: withdrawn
> > Pid: 4643, comm: glock_workqueue Not tainted 2.6.28-hardened-r9 #1
> I don't recognise this kernel version, which distro is it from?
> its a kernel with grsecurity applied from gentoo
> Can you reproduce this issue? I've heard of an issue involving rsync,
> but having now tried various different rsync commands, I've not been
> able to reproduce anything that fails.
> I'll try to reproduce it after the reboot, which I have to do it by night, but
> I'm not sure I'll make something of it, cause the error is spontaneous, while
> the rsync is ran each day.
Ok. I suspect though that whatever the issue, it has probably been fixed
in more recent kernels, .28 is pretty old now so I'd suggest upgrading
your kernel as one possible solution. I'd be surprised if that doesn't
fix your issue.
[various number removed for brevity]
> > [<ffffffff802035df>] 0xffffffff802035df
> >
> This set of numbers is pretty useless without being translated into
> symbols. On the other hand the assertion which you've hit is GFS2
> complaining that its requested that the pages relating to an inode to be
> invalidated, but there are some that have not been removed after that
> invalidation. So in this particular case it doesn't matter,
> Here are you saying that it could be an inconsistency in the FS?
No, its more likely to be an issue in the code. It doesn't look like the
fs is damaged at all, in fact that bug trap is there to prevent damage
to the fs in this particular case,
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42109 | Latest Issue of Science News
Year in Review: Language learning starts before birth
Babies seem familiar with vowels, words heard while in womb
Magazine issue:
Sponsor Message
Toward the end of pregnancy, sounds from the outside world can seep into a developing fetus’s brain. Young babies show a clear preference for the sounds of their mothers’ voices, familiar nursery rhymes and soothing lullabies, for instance. Four months after birth, babies who had heard “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star” while in the womb remembered and recognized the lullaby, cognitive neuroscientist Eino Partanen of the University of Helsinki and colleagues reported October 30 in PLOS ONE. The music doesn’t need to be baby-friendly, either. An earlier study found that babies born to mothers who had been hooked on a soap opera during pregnancy stopped fussing when the theme song started.
The findings extend the boundaries of what and when fetuses can learn. “We just don’t know the limits,” says psychologist Christine Moon of Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma, Wash., who coauthored one of the new studies.
Moon and her colleagues found that fetuses learn to discern native vowel sounds from foreign ones. To catch babies before they had time to familiarize themselves with the outside world, the scientists studied Swedish and U.S. babies seven to 75 hours after birth. These newborns were hooked up to special pacifiers that detected sucking rates. The more sucking, the more unusual a sound was, the researchers reasoned.
Babies sucked more for foreign vowel sounds, Moon and her team reported in Acta Pædiatrica (SN: 2/9/13, p. 9), showing that the babies had grown familiar with native vowels while in the womb.
Fetal learning doesn’t stop at vowels. Fetuses grew familiar with an entire made-up word, Partanen and colleagues reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (SN: 10/5/13, p. 15). In the last trimester, pregnant women blasted a recording of a researcher saying a fake word. Testing the babies’ brain responses with electrodes soon after birth, a neural signature of familiarity called the mismatch response showed up in those who had heard the word during gestation. These babies’ brains showed a big neural response when a syllable in the fake word was pronounced differently, suggesting that the normal version was familiar.
Such knowledge about fetal learning could one day lead to specially designed audio tracks that could boost language skills in fetuses at risk for language impairments such as dyslexia. Carefully crafted auditory cues played during pregnancy might stimulate the growing brain in a way that aids language skills.
The new work also draws attention to the importance of the acoustical environment for a fetus. Because the fetal brain is sensitive to sounds, constant exposure to a noisy environment might be problematic. Loud, unstructured noise could mask this early language acquisition and interfere with normal brain development.
See all top science stories of 2013
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42121 | Scientists Use Primitive Site to Model Life's Beginnings
At Cuatro Cienegas, “you can walk into a stream up to your shins and there they are, right there,” Elser says. The area, he says, is like a time machine.
The fundamental question the scientists would like to answer is this: What could have changed to give rise to the diverse explosion of life?
Was Oxygen Key?
The most widely accepted hypothesis is that atmospheric oxygen finally reached the level necessary to support multicellular organisms.
Even single-celled organisms produce oxygen through photosynthesis, but in the early years of the Earth there was so much iron in the oceans and on the land that the oxygen is believed to have combined with iron and then become trapped.
At some point, presumably in the period preceding the Cambrian, the “oxygen sinks” on the land and in the seas were filled, Farmer says. That caused the levels of oxygen in the atmosphere to increase to the point where animals could evolve.
That explanation “is not entirely unsatisfactory,” Elser says, but he has another hypothesis. Maybe instead of just more oxygen in the atmosphere, something else changed.
Expanding a ‘Marshmallow’ Diet
Complex organisms require carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus to build their tissues, Elser says, and maybe the stromatolites just didn’t have enough phosphorus, which controls growth, to meet the demands of grazers.
“It’s like feeding your kids marshmallows all the time, or sugar water,” Elser says. “The baby’s not going to grow. You have to give him good stuff.”
There is some evidence from the fossil record that ancient stromatolites were indeed low in phosphorus, he adds. It may be that just prior to the Cambrian explosion, enough phosphorus leached out of the Earth’s rocks and flowed into the seas to provide a new resource for the algae that produced the stromatolites.
If the algae became richer in phosphorus, it probably would have been nutritious enough to support multicellular organisms, which in turn could become food for more complex organisms, like snails and eventually fish.
Testing in a Time Machine
All of that could have happened relatively quickly once the “threshold” — be it oxygen in the atmosphere or phosphorus in the algae or a combination of these and other factors — was reached, Elser says.
Using their “time machine,” the scientists now have a chance to test those ideas out, although the findings from this single project are not likely to be conclusive, Elser says. Other sites, similar to Cuatro Cienegas, will have to be located to see if other experiments produce the same results.
Hopefully, it will lead to a better understanding of a remarkable period in the Earth’s history. It may also shed light on how one species could have evolved to the point of asking such bold questions.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42169 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
ctrl + shift + V does plain text paste on Chrome and Firefox on Linux and Windows (removes all HTML formatting from WYSIWYG pasted text).
I think Chrome honours cmd + shift + V, but this doesn't seem to work in Firefox 6.
Is there a shortcut to paste as plain text on Firefox?
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1 Answer
up vote 2 down vote accepted
If Firefox doesn't support this, you can use Plain Clip as a workaround.
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Looks like I am out of luck :( – Mikko Ohtamaa Dec 21 '11 at 7:40
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42205 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
i'm using Ubuntu 12.04 , i noticed that some programs reboots unexpectedly so ran memtest86 i found that i have a error in the RAM my question is : is there a way to stop the system from using that block of memory that gone bad or the only solution is the bay a new one
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The only real solution is to replace it. If it is under warranty (as it should be), you should be able to replace it for almost free (may need to pay shipping), by getting an RMA from the manufacturer of it. You'll have to contact their support and do that.
Or you can use the opportunity to upgrade to better quality, faster, or more RAM, if your system isn't maxed out already in that respect.
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I know grub has configuration options for bad ram, take a look at /etc/default/grub. However you might want to consult grubs documentation as this might only apply on grub, and not on the booting kernel.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42206 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have Ubuntu 12.04 Server, and wanted to install lm-sensors, but its doesn't locate any sensors in my system. I read here that there is a chance that it can be fixed if I modify /etc/default/grub with GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="acpi_enforce_resources=lax"and then sudo update-grub2. But it killed my GRUB. After reboot I got black screen and reboot after login + password.
I've tried to fix it with boot-repair, but it totally killed GRUB, and I can't start more, all I have is grub rescue>
Here is last boot-repair log: http://paste.ubuntu.com/1212749/ As i understand it cannot acess to my /boot/grub/
Additional info - I have topic here: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2056894 Please, help me to fix my PC.
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migrated from stackoverflow.com Sep 18 '12 at 12:51
This question came from our site for professional and enthusiast programmers.
Your Answer
Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42207 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
i've just installed Ubuntu 12.10 and i've found that in the dash i can't look for files that i haven't opened yet, eg: I have a huge collection of pdf files and when i look for them on the dash i can only find the ones i've opened. How can I correct this?Is there any way of changing the Dash search settings?
Thank you.
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Where exactly are the pdf files? Are they in the home folder? If not, then where? – mikewhatever Jan 5 '13 at 3:44
check out this link : askubuntu.com/questions/125843/dash-search-gives-no-result – Mukund Jan 5 '13 at 7:58
@mikewhatever They are all in the Documents folder – user51176 Jan 6 '13 at 18:27
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From terminal run sudo updatedb.
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Could you include why this would help? Does updating the locate database indeed help here? – gertvdijk Jun 25 '13 at 21:31
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42208 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have the same problem as this:
file error /boot/grub/i386-pc/normal.mod trying to repair boot, live dvd install probleml
My laptop is Lenovo ideapad P400
I tried using the rEFInd USB but it is not booting.
I can't access the bios, I tried all of F button.
how can I resolve the problem? Trying to install a new version of windows with USB will work? The lapton is new. less than one month. If I go back to best buy where I bought it will they restore the original version of win 8 for free? I don't care about the data inside.
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have you already tried the solution proposed at the linked question? if you are sure your problem is identical to the one in the other question it doesn't make sense to open a new one. – amc Aug 24 '13 at 4:49
I tried but the problem remains. I don't know hot to make the USB flash drive to boot. I also tried to press the F bottom while turning on the PC but there is no way to enter the bios, so I don't know if the PC is booting the USB. – masai91 Aug 24 '13 at 5:18
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42209 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I would like to ask why Kaffeine does not recognize DVB-T device USB stick Asus U3100Mini_Plus when plugged to my laptop. I run Ubuntu 12.04 and this is output from console:
home@home:~$ dmesg | tail
[ 749.143370] usb 1-4: dvb_usb_v2: found a 'Asus U3100Mini Plus' in cold state
[ 749.211849] usb 1-4: dvb_usb_v2: downloading firmware from file 'dvb-usb-af9035-02.fw'
[ 749.524639] usb 1-4: dvb_usb_af9035: firmware version=
[ 749.524707] usb 1-4: dvb_usb_v2: found a 'Asus U3100Mini Plus' in warm state
[ 749.526937] usb 1-4: dvb_usb_v2: will pass the complete MPEG2 transport stream to the software demuxer
[ 749.527165] DVB: registering new adapter (Asus U3100Mini Plus)
[ 749.529993] i2c i2c-4: af9033: firmware version: LINK= OFDM=
[ 749.533876] usb 1-4: DVB: registering adapter 0 frontend 0 (Afatech AF9033 (DVB-T))...
[ 749.576808] input: Afa Technologies Inc. AF9035A USB Device as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:0b.1/usb1/1-4/1-4:1.1/input/input10
[ 749.577628] hid-generic 0003:0B05:1779.0003: input,hidraw0: USB HID v1.01 Keyboard
[Afa Technologies Inc. AF9035A USB Device] on usb-0000:00:0b.1-4/input1
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42210 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
Now, my goal is to change the keyboard layout for the entire xubuntu install to my own modded version. I think the way to do this is to make an X11 keymap and load it - but as always there is a thousand ways to do things and I'm open to suggestions.
I have created a modified xkb symbols keymap that I want to use in my xubuntu installation but I can't see it in the list of layouts in the settings dialog.
I put the following into /usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols/se
partial alphanumeric_keys
xkb_symbols "psvorak" {
name[Group1]="Sweden - PSvorak";
include "keypad(comma)"
include "level3(ralt_switch)"
key <AD01> { [odiaeresis, Odiaeresis, dollar, none ] };
to no effect.
I also tried to regenerate symbols.dir according to http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-desktop-74/problem-creating-custom-xkb-layout-605568/ and while xkbcomp says there are no faults in my file, nothing else changes. It isn't available in the gui and setxkbmap (with its very confusing syntax) only responds with 'couldnt find file' or 'error loading new keyboard description'.
I did manage to create a console key map and load it using loadkeys...
charset "iso-8859-1"
keymaps 0-2,4-6,8,12
strings as usual
keycode 1 = Escape
alt keycode 1 = Meta_Escape
keycode 2 = one exclam
alt keycode 2 = Meta_one
keycode 3 = two quotedbl at
control keycode 3 = nul
alt keycode 3 = Meta_two
... but it only seems to work in the Ctrl-Alt-F1 console.
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2 Answers
up vote 6 down vote accepted
Reading the instructions cleverly hidden in a link far down on this page reveals the information that <variant><configItem><name>psvorak</name><description>PSvorak</description></configItem></variant> needs to be added to the appropriate <layout> section of the file /usr/share/X11/xkb/rules/evdev.xml
After adding this, the modified x11 keymap works for me in both ubuntu and xubuntu.
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I see you have made changes to the "Sweden - psvorak" layout. Are you sure that is the selected layout in your keyboard settings? If you go to System > Preferences > Keyboard under the Layouts tab:
Keyboard Preferences
Click Add and select Sweden and the variant you have modified. Choose a Layout
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No, that's the problem. The new layout won't show up in the list. – Zaz Nov 9 '10 at 13:49
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42275 | Please stick to one handle
Reminder: Please stick with one user name. We’ve got a sock puppet trying to pass himself or herself off as multiple users.
Categories: General
Mike Goodwin
7 Responses
1. Homeschooler says:
Didn’t we have a troy politico who did the same, during working hours?
Remember the rules on Election Day in Albany and Troy, “Vote early, Vote often”
2. Dave OBrien says:
Perhaps it’s time for the TU to initiate a system where readers and commentors have to log in with a unique user name. Problem solved.
3. jakester says:
Some entities have only one IP address with mulitiple users.
I have to believe you’re going to be stuck using the honor system.
4. Ron says:
I agree, this interface is not good.
5. py says:
Who cares. I can barely standing TU censoring language but to limit speech is silly. So what if someone is talking to themselves in counterpoint. At least, the TU is being used for something. Blogging is the only free speech left assuming you don’t track IP’s or decide what can be printed. The TU is hardly in a position to institute standards.
6. John Wells says:
@#5 – the issue was someone signing in using the established user names of others.
7. appalled says:
so long as one is paying for internet they should be allowed on a public page to use as many names as they want………and nope i use only this one name.. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42314 | look-ahead, recommend function for tic tac toe 5x5
This is a discussion on look-ahead, recommend function for tic tac toe 5x5 within the C Programming forums, part of the General Programming Boards category; I have to come up with a recommend function for a 5x5 tic tac toe board game. 3x3 is fine, ...
1. #1
Registered User
Join Date
Oct 2001
Angry look-ahead, recommend function for tic tac toe 5x5
I have to come up with a recommend function for a 5x5 tic tac toe board game. 3x3 is fine, though it needs so much work, well a 5x5 needs like triple the time and effort, could someone please help me.
well the first player is human, the second is computer. the recommend function is for the computer to make the moves.
i came up with the algorithm for the 3x3 function and i couldn't get through half the 5x5 board.
my E-mail is [email protected]
2. #2
Lead Moderator kermi3's Avatar
Join Date
Aug 1998
Show us the tictactoe algorithum that you have so far...and code etc.
Feel free to PM me with any questions.
Good Luck,
Information on code tags may be found here
- Sandlot is the highest form of sport.
3. #3
Registered User datainjector's Avatar
Join Date
Mar 2002
Kermi3 i am saving that peice of sweetness in my text file just in case if we have some more homework dichers
"I wish i could wish my wishs away"
"By indirections find directions out" -- William Shakespears
Mizra -> love = Death...
RDB(Rocks yooo)..
Are you ready for the Trix ???
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42332 | Category:Formula 1
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Administrators: Use {{move cat|Formula 1|Formula One}} on User:CommonsDelinker/commands to move a large number of images
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42333 | Category:Minsden Chapel
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English: Minsden Chapel is an isolated ruined chapel in the fields above the hamlet of Chapelfoot, near Preston, Hertfordshire. Today it is a roofless shell, partly surrounded by a small wood, and accessible only by footpath.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42334 | Category talk:Carnivora
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This page currently has skunks listed as belonging to two separate subfamilies. Taxonomy is tricky so I won't make a change right away, but if no one minds I would suggest following the genetic evidence over tradition. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42335 | Template:Baesle Briefe
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Template:Baesle Briefe
Joseph Heinz Eibl, Walter Senn
Mozarts Bäsle-Briefe
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• Deutsch de: Dies ist ein Scan eines Buches.
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Author various including
Joseph Meyer (1796–1856) Link back to Creator infobox template wikidata:Q76183
Joseph Meyer
Alternative names Carl Joseph Meyer
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Location of birth/death Gotha Hildburghausen
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s:de:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (1888–1889)
Meyers Konversationslexikon
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Bibliographisches Institut
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Place of publication
English: This is page as numbered of 1024, in Volume ? of the German illustrated encyclopedia Meyers Konversationslexikon, 4th edition (1885-1890), fraktur font.
Deutsch: Dieses ist Seite als nummeriert von 1024, in Band ? von der deutschen illustrierten Enzyklopädie Meyers Konversationslexikon, 4. Auflage (1885-1890), in Fraktur Schrift.
MKL online at Retro Bibliothek, work 149, 2009, webpage: retrobib-work-149.
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Public domain This page comes from Book {{{1}}} of the 4th edition of Meyers Konversationslexikon (1885–90). The copyrights for that book have expired and this page is in the public domain. Meyers
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42342 |
A mock draft I would like to see
Discussion in 'Draft Zone' started by RamziD, Mar 17, 2012.
1. RamziD
RamziD Well-Known Member
1,857 Messages
86 Likes Received
1. David DeCastro, OG, Stanford
2. Kendall Reyes, DE, Connecticut
3. Phillip Blake, OC, Baylor
4. T.Y. Hilton, WR/KR, Florida International
I think with the way Free Agency has gone, this would be an ideal draft. An immediate starter at OG and an OC to compete with Nagy/Kowalski to start. Pass rush addressed early with a DE (this draft is pretty deep in the first 2 rounds with pass rushers, so if not Reyes then someone else). Then use a mid-round pick on a projected slot receiver/kick returner (to hopefully take Ogletree's place on the roster).
2. GloryDaysRBack
GloryDaysRBack Well-Known Member
8,793 Messages
374 Likes Received
sign me up..i would love this mock..one of the best ive seen on here
3. RamziD
RamziD Well-Known Member
1,857 Messages
86 Likes Received
Thanks! No guarantee any of those guys will make it to our slot in each round, but I would be really pleased to see it end up this way.
4. Bigdog
Bigdog Active Member
1,494 Messages
18 Likes Received
I like this. If we could some how get Bruce Irvin, that kid from Troy (Massaqupi-spelling) or McClellin from Boise St. it would be quite the draft.
5. CopenhagenCowboy
CopenhagenCowboy Active Member
840 Messages
56 Likes Received
I really like Hilton in the fourth. This team needs to help Romo from the slot. As well as adding a serious upgrade to the return game.
Good mock.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42348 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have an ALTER TABLE statement that according to pg_stat is "waiting", and I'm wondering if there is an easy fix to allow the statement to execute?
From my limited understanding I think it's a table level lock that isn't releasing. The table pg_locks shows a single AccessExclusiveLock that has its granted column set to f. Running ps aux | grep postgres confirms that there is a postgres ALTER TABLE waiting.
If it helps the statement is one that's been created by the Django ORM (South in particular).
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2 Answers
up vote 1 down vote accepted
There is most probably another transaction open that did a select on that table.
Look for sessions that are " in transaction".
Make sure they end their transaction (so that the sessions shows "" or if you cannot do that, kill them with pg_terminate_backend()
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If you have a lot of sessions that are in transaction you can use a query to list the processes blocked and the PID these are blocking on.
Make sure you don't run pg_dump while trying to apply your schema migrations.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42349 | dealsback to the future trilogy [blu-ray]:region free…
i can confirm the price drop to 10 GBP. it shows up on the very last page before you finalize your order. total for me is also 21.51 USD.
as a side note, even though these are region free, some UK content may be encoded at 1080/50i. this means not all bluray players will handle them.
see here for more info.
@carl669: Absolutely correct, thank you for bring up the 1080/50i. The biggest downfall of that spectrum is the lack of PS3 compatibility (and most sony players in general). In the past I haven't had any troubles with blurays from but you never know.
Got BTTF Trilogy AND Bourne collection for <$40 with shipping to AZ (Which is still less that just the BTTF trilogy in the US Amazon)
@carl669: This would be true for special features. I think that the main movie is read as 24fps, progressive.
I'm in for one, however my final price with shipping was $21.44. Maybe the exchange rate has changed? The estimated date of arrival is 9/8 - 9/13 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42362 | glass blowing
the art or process of forming or shaping a mass of molten or heat-softened glass into ware by blowing air into it through a tube.
1820–30; glass + blowing
glassblower, noun Unabridged
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42363 | harun ar rashid
Harun al-Rashid
[hah-roon ahl-rah-sheed; Arabic hah-roon ahr-rah-sheed]
a.d. 764?–809, caliph of Baghdad 786–809: one of the greatest Abbasids, he was made almost a legendary hero in the Arabian Nights.
Also, Haroun-al-Raschid, Harun ar-Rashid [hah-roon ahr-rah-sheed; Arabic hah-roon ahr-rah-sheed] .
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To harun ar rashid
World English Dictionary
Harun al-Rashid (hæˈruːn ˈælræˈʃiːd)
?763--809 ad, Abbasid caliph of Islam (786--809), whose court at Baghdad was idealized in the Arabian Nights
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42367 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
We're installing an engineered wood flooring in a room that already has a plywood subfloor. The engineered flooring will be 1/4" shy of the height of the hardwood in the other rooms, so I'd like to make up that difference underneath. My original thought was to use 1/4" XPS but that seems like it may not work.
If I go the 1/4" plywood route, what kind of connection do I need between the two subfloors? Can I just float the 1/4" on top? Or do I need to affix them together? If the latter, would some 1/2" brads be enough? Do I need to glue and screw?
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I'd screw, not glue. Definitely not brads. Just enough screws to keep them in place, mind you, no need to go overboard – GdD Oct 24 '12 at 20:51
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Have you considered using cork as an underlayment? I believe they make them in various thicknesses, including 1/4". It's very easy to work with (you can cut it using a utility knife) and it helps dampen sound.
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that's an interesting option! I'll need to look into that. – DA01 Oct 27 '12 at 18:26
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You could simply install a transition piece between the two rooms.
But if you're determined to get them to match up, then 1/4" luann board will do nicely. Glue and screw - 1/4 bead of glue distributed evenly over each board, screws on a 1 foot grid.
NOT going overboard is what leads to squeaky, shifting sub-floors that make for a shoddy looking finished product.
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screwing down some luann is fine, a layer of red rosin paper between layers will also avoid squeaks. I would put down some adhesive personally, takes out any bounce as well as squeaks. – shirlock homes Oct 24 '12 at 23:49
What about using a cork underlayment instead of luann? Since it's engineered, cork won't interfere with the attachment of the wood flooring. Plus it'd give a nice sound dampening effect. – Malfist Oct 25 '12 at 14:19
I don't understand why it's being engineered vs. not engineered has any impact on the attachment of final flooring? – The Evil Greebo Oct 25 '12 at 14:49
I think he means it's a floating floor (because it's an engineered floor) so don't have to worry about glue/nails. – DA01 Oct 27 '12 at 18:27
Exactly, engineered wood floors are often floating floors and don't need to be nailed down. – Malfist Oct 29 '12 at 12:18
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42368 | User talk
From Joomla! Documentation
Here is a more detailed explanation of my problem I’m running joomla 1.5.9 under windows(test) and linux(production). Using instructions provided here http://docs.joomla.org/Custom_user_groups (this same instruction has been repeateed on countless other websites)
This is what I’ve done on my test windows box
1. edited line 113 of \administrator\components\com_users\views\user\view.html.php, changing from : $gtree = $acl->get_group_children_tree( null, 'USERS', false); to : $gtree = $acl->get_group_children_tree( null, 'USERS', true );
2. I added new group to jos_core_acl_aro_groups, say NGrp, parent_id=18 as Registered group’s id=18. I got NGrp’s id=31
3. I run rebuild.php and got lft=12, rgt=13 for NGrp group
4. I added NGrp to jos_groups, id=3, name=NGrp
5. I created new user, say NUser and assigned it to NGrp group. NGrp group which, based on the visual clues of the select , is at the same level as Author group?? - Users Public Front-end . - Registered . Author . . - Editor . . - Publisher . - NGrp - Public Back-end - Manager - Administrator - Super Administrator
6. The NGrp only appears as selectable under Menus ?? (can live with this unless anyone can suggest a solution?) Changed access an existing menu item, say Nmenu from Registered to NGrp
8. Logged in as NUser, I went to click on the Nmenu item- it's not visible to me (or any other type of user - not even publisher)
Well, something is wrong… The question is, what am I doing wrong? AND what is the function of lft and rgt in the jos_core_acl_aro_groups table? |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42369 | Siebel Advisor Administration Guide > Overview of Siebel Advisor >
Siebel Application Deployment Methods
Siebel offers two deployment options for Configurator applications:
• Browser-based, administered through Advisor
This method uses Configuration tables to describe relationships, and delivers a subset of configuration capabilities directly to the end user's browser, using only JavaScript and HTML. Only browser-based Configurator is discussed in this guide.
• Server-based, administered through Customizable Products
This method works by solving simultaneous constraints to make sure the solution is accurate, with all data and constraint processing occurring at the server. Server-based Configurator is discussed in Product Administration Guide.
While it is possible for Advisor to be used to complete the configuration of a customizable product, the standard best practice within the Siebel Application would be to use Advisor to guide the customer to the selection of a particular customizable product and then pass the user to the Siebel Configurator for final configuration of the customizable product.
Siebel Advisor Administration Guide |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42370 | Optimizing Subqueries
Development is ongoing, so no optimization tip is reliable for the long term. The following list provides some interesting tricks that you might want to play with:
These tricks might cause programs to go faster or slower. Using MySQL facilities like the BENCHMARK() function, you can get an idea about what helps in your own situation. See Section 12.14, “Information Functions”.
Some optimizations that MySQL itself makes are:
See also MySQL Internals: How MySQL Transforms Subqueries. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42371 |
How the Size of swap Is Determined
If a profile does not specify the size of swap, the JumpStart program determines the size of the swap space, based on the system's physical memory. Table 8–5 shows how the size of swap is determined during a custom JumpStart installation.
Table 8–5 Determining swap Size
Physical Memory (in Mbytes)
Swap Space (in Mbytes)
Greater than 512
The JumpStart program makes the size of swap no more than 20 percent of the disk where swap is located. The allocation is different if the disk contains free space after laying out the other file systems. If free space exists, the JumpStart program allocates the free space to swap, and if possible, allocates the amount that is shown in Table 8–5.
Note –
Physical memory plus swap space must total a minimum of 32 Mbytes. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42382 | Philosophical Dictionary, by Voltaire
There is not a single prince in Europe who does not assume the title of sovereign of a country possessed by his neighbor. This political madness is unknown in the rest of the world. The king of Boutan never called himself emperor of China; nor did the sovereign of Tartary ever assume the title of king of Egypt.
The most splendid and comprehensive pretensions have always been those of the popes; two keys, saltier, gave them clear and decided possession of the kingdom of heaven. They bound and unbound everything on earth. This ligature made them masters of the continent; and St. Peter’s nets gave them the dominion of the seas.
Many learned theologians thought, that when these gods were assailed by the Titans, called Lutherans, Anglicans, and Calvinists, etc., they themselves reduced some articles of their pretensions. It is certain that many of them became more modest, and that their celestial court attended more to propriety and decency; but their pretensions were renewed on every opportunity that offered. No other proof is necessary than the conduct of Aldobrandini, Clement VIII., to the great Henry IV., when it was deemed necessary to give him an absolution that he had no occasion for, on account of his being already absolved by the bishops of his own kingdom, and also on account of his being victorious.
Aldobrandini at first resisted for a whole year, and refused to acknowledge the duke of Nemours as the ambassador of France. At last he consented to open to Henry the gate of the kingdom of heaven, on the following conditions:
1. That Henry should ask pardon for having made the sub-porters — that is, the bishops — open the gate to him, instead of applying to the grand porter.
2. That he should acknowledge himself to have forfeited the throne of France till Aldobrandini, by the plenitude of his power, reinstated him on it.
3. That he should be a second time consecrated and crowned; the first coronation having been null and void, as it was performed without the express order of Aldobrandini.
4. That he should expel all the Protestants from his kingdom; which would have been neither honorable nor possible. It would not have been honorable, because the Protestants had profusely shed their blood to establish him as king of France; and it would not have been possible, as the number of these dissidents amounted to two millions.
5. That he should immediately make war on the Grand Turk, which would not have been more honorable or possible than the last condition, as the Grand Turk had recognized him as king of France at a time when Rome refused to do so, and as Henry had neither troops, nor money, nor ships, to engage in such an insane war with his faithful ally.
6. That he should receive in an attitude of complete prostration the absolution of the pope’s legate, according to the usual form in which it is administered; that is in fact, that he should be actually scourged by the legate.
7. That he should recall the Jesuits, who had been expelled from his kingdom by the parliament for the attempt made to assassinate him by Jean Châtel, their scholar.
I omit many other minor pretensions. Henry obtained a mitigation of a number of them. In particular, he obtained the concession, although with a great deal of difficulty, that the scourging should be inflicted only by proxy, and by the hand of Aldobrandini himself.
You will perhaps tell me, that his holiness was obliged to require those extravagant conditions by that old and inveterate demon of the South, Philip II., who was more powerful at Rome than the pope himself. You compare Aldobrandini to a contemptible poltroon of a soldier whom his colonel forces forward to the trenches by caning him.
To this I answer, that Clement VIII. was indeed afraid of Philip II., but that he was not less attached to the rights of the tiara; and that it was so exquisite a gratification for the grandson of a banker to scourge a king of France, that Aldobrandini would not altogether have conceded this point for the world.
You will reply, that should a pope at present renew such pretensions, should he now attempt to apply the scourge to a king of France, or Spain, or Naples, or to a duke of Parma, for having driven the reverend fathers, the Jesuits, from their dominions, he would be in imminent danger of incurring the same treatment as Clement VII. did from Charles V., and even of experiencing still greater humiliations; that it is necessary to sacrifice pretensions to interests; that men must yield to times and circumstances; and that the sheriff of Mecca must proclaim Ali Bey king of Egypt, if he is successful and firm upon the throne. To this I answer, that you are perfectly right.
Pretensions of the Empire; extracted from Glafey and Schwedar.
Upon Rome (none). Even Charles V., after he had taken Rome, claimed no right of actual domain.
Upon the patrimony of St. Peter, from Viterbo to Civita Castellana, the estates of the countess Mathilda, but solemnly ceded by Rudolph of Hapsburg.
Upon Parma and Placentia, the supreme dominion as part of Lombardy, invaded by Julius II., granted by Paul III., to his bastard Farnese: homage always paid for them to the pope from that time; the sovereignty always claimed by the seigneurs of Lombardy; the right of sovereignty completely ceded to the emperor by the treaties of Cambray and of London, at the peace of 1737.
Upon Tuscany, right of sovereignty exercised by Charles V.; an estate of the empire, belonging now to the emperor’s brother.
Upon the republic of Lucca, erected into a duchy by Louis of Bavaria, in 1328; the senators declared afterwards vicars of the empire by Charles IV. The Emperor Charles VI., however, in the war of 1701, exercised in it his right of sovereignty by levying upon it a large contribution.
Upon the duchy of Milan, ceded by the Emperor Wincenslaus to Galeas Visconti, but considered as a fief of the empire.
Upon the duchy of Mirandola, reunited to the house of Austria in 1711 by Joseph I.
Upon the duchy of Mantua, erected into a duchy by Charles V.; reunited in like manner in 1708.
Upon Guastalla, Novellara, Bozzolo, and Castiglione, also fiefs of the empire, detached from the duchy of Mantua.
Upon the whole of Montferrat, of which the duke of Savoy received the investiture at Vienna in 1708.
Upon Piedmont, the investiture of which was bestowed by the emperor Sigismund on the duke of Savoy, Amadeus VIII.
Upon the county of Asti, bestowed by Charles V., on the house of Savoy: the dukes of Savoy always vicars in Italy from the time of the emperor Sigismund.
Upon Genoa, formerly part of the domain of the Lombard kings. Frederick Barbarossa granted to it in fief the coast from Monaco to Portovenere; it is free under Charles V., in 1529; but the words of the instrument are “In civitate nostra Genoa, et salvis Romani imperii juribus.”
Upon the fiefs of Langues, of which the dukes of Savoy have the direct domain.
Upon Padua, Vicenza, and Verona, rights fallen into neglect.
Upon Naples and Sicily, rights still more fallen into neglect. Almost all the states of Italy are or have been in vassalage to the empire.
Upon Pomerania and Mecklenburg, the fiefs of which were granted by Frederick Barbarossa.
Upon Denmark, formerly a fief of the empire; Otho I. granted the investiture of it.
Upon Poland, for the territory on the banks of the Vistula.
Upon Bohemia and Silesia, united to the empire by Charles IV., in 1355.
Upon Prussia, from the time of Henry VII.; the grand master of Prussia acknowledged a member of the empire in 1500.
Upon Livonia, from the time of the knights of the sword.
Upon Hungary, from the time of Henry II.
Upon Lorraine, by the treaty of 1542; acknowledged an estate of the empire, paying taxes to support the war against the Turks.
Upon the duchy of Bar down to the year 1311, when Philip the Fair, who conquered it, did homage for it.
Upon the duchy of Burgundy, by virtue of the rights of Mary of Burgundy.
Upon the kingdom of Arles and Burgundy on the other side of the Jura, which Conrad the Salian, possessed in chief by his wife.
Upon Dauphiny, as part of the kingdom of Arles; the emperor Charles IV. having caused himself to be crowned at Arles in 1365, and created the dauphin of France his viceroy.
Upon Provence, as a member of the kingdom of Arles, for which Charles of Anjou did homage to the empire.
Upon the principality of Orange, as an arrièrefief of the empire.
Upon Avignon, for the same reason.
Upon Sardinia, which Frederick II. erected into a kingdom.
Upon Switzerland, as a member of the kingdoms of Arles and Burgundy.
Upon Dalmatia, a great part of which belongs at present wholly to the Venetians, and the rest to Hungary.
Last updated Tuesday, March 4, 2014 at 18:25 |
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Reliable Sources
Ted Koppel Talks About Two Decades of 'Nightline'; How Do Journalists Cover Bush and Gore From Here?
Aired March 11, 2000 - 6:30 p.m. ET
HOWARD KURTZ, HOST: The media after Super Tuesday. Will journalists run out of gas as well? How do they cover Bush and Gore from here? We'll ask Ted Koppel.
Plus, an in-depth look at 20 years of "Nightline."
Welcome to RELIABLE SOURCES, where we turn a critical lens on the media. I'm Howard Kurtz. Bernard Kalb is off this week.
Our special guest for this half hour is Ted Koppel, the anchor and managing editor of ABC's "Nightline," which is celebrating two decades on the air this month.
We'll talk with him about that in just a few moments. But first, campaign 2000 and the media's big day.
WOLF BLITZER, CNN ANCHOR: Whether you call it super, titanic, or some other superlative, the political importance of this day seems difficult to overstate...
KURTZ (voice-over): The primary season's biggest showdown was also a media extravaganza, with the networks ready to declare the day's winners and losers.
DAN RATHER, CBS ANCHOR: Red alert time for McCain...
MARGARET CARLSON, CNN'S "CAPITAL GANG": The McCain momentum seems to be gone with these votes tonight.
BRIAN WILLIAMS, MSNBC ANCHOR: A big New York victory for George Bush that we are just now declaring...
BERNARD SHAW, CNN NEWS: Well, CNN makes the call for the big one, California.
TIM RUSSERT, NBC NEWS: Al Gore, a clean sweep, a total lock on the nomination.
BRIT HUME, FOX NEWS: Vice President Gore, of course, has once again beaten poor Bill Bradley. He had another of what seems now to be an endless list of states and places...
TED KOPPEL, ANCHOR, ABC NEWS "NIGHTLINE": ... but the primary season seems essentially over.
KURTZ: While John McCain and Bill Bradley got ready to bow out, the victors hopped from network to network, racing to get a head start on the road to November.
GOV. GEORGE W. BUSH (R-TX), PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE: It's amazing that Vice President Gore will be talking about dropping soft money. He must have had amnesia for what went on in Washington, D.C., for the past seven years.
ALBERT A. GORE, VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: Three of the four candidates running this evening, Ted, decided to strongly support campaign finance reform. Governor Bush does not.
KURTZ: Ted Koppel, welcome.
KOPPEL: Thank you.
KURTZ: When Al Gore and George Bush came on your show on Tuesday night, Super Tuesday evening, armed, as always, with their talking points, what if anything did you do to try to get them off the script?
KOPPEL: Well, for one thing, we had just heard Al Gore giving -- instead of the victory speech, he almost immediately segued into the beginning of the general campaign. And as part of that, clearly trying to get George Bush off balance a little bit, he suggested that the two of them drop radio ads, drop their TV ads, meet twice a week for debates, that George W. Bush join him in town meetings that he, Al Gore, plans to have between now and convention time.
So that allowed me then to play a little bit of that tape to him, of him talking, and say, in effect, Is this just gimmickry? Is this just a tactic? Or do you really think that there's a snowball's chance in hell that George W. Bush is going to leap to that bait?
KURTZ: So you did what every journalist tried to do, you tried to start a fight.
KOPPEL: Tried to start a fight, exactly. And not hard to do. I mean, these guys are at war with each other, so starting a fight is not all that difficult. And then when I talked to George W. Bush, I was able to present him with the -- what what the vice president had said. He actually hadn't heard it yet. And he was able to restrain his enthusiasm.
So right off the bat, you know, we know where this one's going.
KURTZ: Is it a requirement for presidential candidates to make repeated appearances on "Nightline"? Is there a Koppel primary?
KOPPEL: No, and, I mean, the amazing thing, I suppose, is that there is a time when politicians have to appear on "Nightline," and that seems to be when they're in deep trouble everywhere else. You know, if things are going really badly in a campaign, they're much more likely to show up on "Nightline" than when things are going well for them.
You can almost tell how well things are going for a candidate by the scarcity of appearances on "Nightline."
KURTZ: So if the polls are up, things are going great, they don't necessarily need Koppel.
KOPPEL: Exactly. Why bother? Why take the chance? And it's not even so much, you know, that my interviewing skills are better than anybody else's investigating skills, it's just that we have half an hour, and you put a candidate on half an hour, with any one of us, and the chance that they may trip on a shoelace is enhanced. (inaudible)...
KURTZ: Certainly easier than the five or six minutes...
KOPPEL: Much easier.
KURTZ: ... that they're much more accustomed to.
KOPPEL: Absolutely. And they've all learned to do what I'm doing to you right now, and that is not letting you get another question in and just keep talking and just when you think you're going to be able to, you keep on going.
KURTZ: All right, well, let me elbow my way in here and ask you about John McCain, because he was on your show several times. He's been all over the airwaves, all over the print media, largely favorable coverage, although he's taken his docks.
How much did the media, did journalists, contribute to what's become known as the McCain phenomenon?
KOPPEL: Well, it clearly is -- what is that wonderful thing that happens when birds sit on the backs of, you know, cows and they pick off the insects, and both benefit? The bird gets dinner, and the cow gets the insects picked off. You know, that sort of natural phenomenon takes place all the time between journalists and politicians.
KURTZ: But not for so many hours a day as McCain allowed. KOPPEL: Well, they're at -- I mean, the mere fact that he was willing to permit that became a news story in and of itself. What I was just talking about, the fact that a candidate who is doing well in a campaign is probably reluctant to sit down for a full half hour interview with a professional journalist.
KURTZ: Make a mistake, a gaffe.
KOPPEL: Exactly. Now, to sit down in the company of a dozen professional journalists for sometimes 12, 14, 16 hours a day, I mean, with campaign stops in between, is one hell of a high-wire act, very tough to do, very easy for someone to make mistakes.
KURTZ: And occasionally he did.
KOPPEL: And occasionally he did. But the mere fact that he was so accessible, the mere fact that he made himself so available, I think, caused some of us to give him a little bit of a bye. I mean, it's one thing if someone hides out for three or four weeks, then finally shows up for a press conference and makes a gaffe. That gaffe looms very large.
If someone is sitting there talking to you six, eight hours a day and makes an occasional gaffe, I think people are inclined to cut him a little more slack. That's clearly what happened to McCain.
KURTZ: One other incident on Super Tuesday night that created a bit of a buzz, took place on MSNBC, lots been written about it.
Let's take a quick look at it.
MARIA SHRIVER, NBC NEWS: Here you can see John McCain. Senator, how do you feel...
SHRIVER: How do you feel?
McCAIN: Please get out of here.
KURTZ: You're a spectator watching this at home. Who do you think is rude, Senator McCain or Maria Shriver?
KOPPEL: Oh, it -- I don't think either one of them was rude, but I think in an instance like that -- forgive me, Maria -- I think the public out there is going to be saying where to go. It wouldn't -- I mean, if I'd been there holding the microphone saying the same thing, and he had said the same thing to me, please get out of here -- you can understand, the man has just lost a campaign.
KURTZ: Right.
KOPPEL: He really...
KURTZ: He's about to make a speech.
KOPPEL: He's about to make a speech...
KURTZ: Right.
KOPPEL: ... he's got his wife, he's got his kids with him. And a reporter is jamming a microphone in his face and saying, how do you feel? How do you think I feel? You know, I mean, I feel lousy, I just lost my campaign.
KURTZ: Right.
KOPPEL: I can't imagine that there are too may people out there saying, Oh, my God, you know, he dumped all over the First Amendment.
KURTZ: He did say please.
After the blur of the last two months, now the primary season has evaporated, what about the Bush-Gore race? How will the media cover it? Especially since so many journalists in advance have pronounced it boring?
KOPPEL: You make a good point, but now I'd like to turn it back on you and say, You don't think it's going to be boring?
KURTZ: Once they start beating up on each other, I don't think it'll be boring. But I do think the run-up between now and the conventions, because there's no actual delegates at stake and so forth, will create a void that journalists can either fill with sensationalism, coverage of the issues, which would be nice, or maybe they'll go on to some other story.
KOPPEL: Well, coverage of the issues will be fun, but will it have the sort of adrenaline-pumping excitement of, Gee, is it possible that Bill Bradley or John McCain could take this thing away from the guys that we thought were the shoo-ins last summer? That's gone. I mean, I think -- I can understand why people out there sometimes believe that we are partisan in one direction or the other.
But truly, it's less partisanship than just the desire to have a good story. If anybody comes along with a good story -- you know, a few years ago it was Ross Perot. He was a good story.
KURTZ: Speaking of that, and we just have a few seconds left, in 1996 you rather famously left the Republican Convention early. You didn't think it was a good story.
KOPPEL: It wasn't.
KURTZ: Will you be going to any conventions in 2000?
KOPPEL: I think this one could -- theoretically could be a good story, if John McCain, who after all has not released his delegates, has only suspended his campaign, he hasn't ended his campaign, if he wants to go to kick up a little dust in Philadelphia, I'll be there.
KURTZ: OK. We have to hold it there.
When we come back, "Nightline" at 20.
This month, ABC's "Nightline" with Ted Koppel turns 20 years old.
(voice-over): When dozens of Americans were seized in Iran in 1979, ABC turned over its 11:30 time slot to the news division. "America Held Hostage" tracked the unfolding drama each weeknight.
But five months later, that program gave birth to a new venture called "Nightline."
KOPPEL: This is a new broadcast in the sense that it is permanent...
KURTZ: "Nightline" was the first broadcast to regularly use satellite technology to bring together guests from across the world.
OTTO KRAUSE: ... majority of blacks in this country...
PERCY GOBOZA: You are so superior. What, you know better than me? Than my own people?
KRAUSE: I am a...
GOBOZA: Are you so superior?
KURTZ: Over the years, Ted Koppel has conducted interviews with everyone from presidential candidates...
GARY HART (D), PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE: Have I been absolutely and totally faithful to my wife? I regret to say the answer is no.
KURTZ: ... to discredited televangelists...
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) JAMES BAKKER, PTL: There is no money missing at PTL. This was a hoax.
KURTZ: ... to a man dying of Lou Gehrig's disease.
MORRIE SCHWARTZ, ALS PATIENT: You didn't create your illness, so you shouldn't be punishing yourself for having that illness.
KURTZ: And Koppel often strays from his anchor desk, taking his show on the road in Africa...
KOPPEL: ... we have only one guest...
KURTZ: ... into the Middle East...
KOPPEL: ... never happening...
KURTZ: ... to Central America.
KOPPEL: The rest of the house, of course, is totally...
(END VIDEOTAPE) KURTZ: Ted Koppel, there is, the experts tell us, a supposedly shrinking audience for serious TV, yet you regularly cover such subjects as prison, AIDS, Africa, and many others. How do you get away with it?
KOPPEL: Well, I think my colleagues and I do it well, and I don't think there's such a thing as a boring subject. There are only boring ways of telling stories. And Tom Bettag, who's the executive producer of "Nightline," and I genuinely believe that among the most interesting stories in the world are those stories sometimes outside the United States which aren't getting covered as much on American television these days as they used to be.
But there's a big world out there, lots of exciting, dangerous, interesting, sometimes even amusing things are happening out there. And somebody ought to cover it.
KURTZ: When "Nightline" started back in March of 1980, the idea of doing satellite interviews with people from around the world was a pretty novel...
KOPPEL: That was a big deal back then.
KURTZ: ... trick. Right. In fact, I guess it was a couple months afterwards that CNN began. Now you have, I think at last count, 1,250,000 cable shows, often using satellite interviews. So what have you tried to do in recent years to keep "Nightline" fresh and not become a fossil?
KOPPEL: I think probably changing the kinds of stories that we do. I mean, for example, during those first few years that we were in existence, it was fair to say that if you didn't see it on the evening news, and something happened after 7:00 in the evening, folks more or less felt they had to turn to "Nightline." "Nightline" would give them the last wrap-up of the day.
And if there was a major story that happened, you knew it was going to be on "Nightline."
That major story aspect of it is still true, you'll still see it on "Nightline." But these days, with CNN and MSNBC and CNBC and Fox Television, all the others out there...
KURTZ: And the Internet.
KOPPEL: ... and the Internet -- there's no longer the same kind of pressure to say we have to be the last broadcast of record of the day.
KURTZ: So that frees you up in a way?
KOPPEL: Frees us up in a way to focus on things that are perhaps of even greater importance than the day's breaking news. I mean, important news is not necessarily the latest update on -- or the most recent event that has happened in an ongoing story.
Sometimes the most important story can be -- you know, a few days ago we did a three-part series on "Nightline" of AIDS in Africa, focusing in particular on Zimbabwe. That is a pandemic, and it's gone beyond an epidemic. It is so bad that one in four adults in Zimbabwe is either HIV-positive or has full-blown AIDS.
KURTZ: And yet it's barely on the American media radar screen.
KOPPEL: It's barely on the radar screen. Is that something we ought, from a simply humanitarian point of view, to be interested in? You bet. But does it transcend that? Are American interests actually involved? Yes. If all of sub-Saharan Africa, which in fact is the case, is in the grips of this pandemic, eventually the disease itself, but also the impact of that disease, is going to start spreading from Africa into the Middle East, into Europe, and eventually to North America. We cannot exist in a vacuum, in isolation from what's happening in other parts of the world.
KURTZ: Another example along those lines, race relations.
KOPPEL: Right.
KURTZ: You've done many, many programs under the rubric Black and White in America.
KOPPEL: Right.
KURTZ: Do you think that most of the media shy away from the raw subject of race because it is too sensitive, too controversial, too great a chance of offending somebody?
KOPPEL: I think that in part, Howard. I think far more -- you know, television doesn't worry terribly much about offending people. How can anybody doubt that if you look at all the offensive crap that is on television?
KURTZ: But they don't getting letters or getting sponsors upset.
KOPPEL: It -- no, "The Jerry Springer Show," do I need, you know, any more evidence? If people are worried about offending, that is one of the most offensive programs that I think has ever been on television. We don't worry about offending people, we worry about boring people. We worry about losing eyeballs. We worry about viewers going away to something that may be more offensive but also more interesting.
KOPPEL: And again, as I said to you a few minutes ago, I think you can do programs like race relations and make them gripping. I think you can do programs like what goes on -- we have roughly 2 million men and women in prison in this country as a consequence of the drug epidemic, as a consequence of the get-tough-on-crime theme that has permeated American politics over the last few years.
Two million people behind bars, most of whom will be coming out again.
KURTZ: (inaudible)...
KOPPEL: We need to know what's happening to those people. We need to know what's going on behind bars.
KURTZ: You are known, obviously, as a tough, sometimes confrontational interviewer. Let's take a look at some of your work.
GOV. MIKE DUKAKIS (D-MA), PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE: I think all of us have combinations of liberal and conservative about us, Ted, I'm not a liberal. KOPPEL: Governor, forgive me, that's been your answer now for three months.
DUKAKIS: Yes, but...
KOPPEL: With all due respect, let me suggest to you, I still don't think you get it.
GEORGE BUSH (R), PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE: What -- but you just don't like my answer.
KOPPEL: No, what I'm saying is, I find your answer...
GEORGE BUSH: You asked a question.
KOPPEL: ... (inaudible)...
GEORGE BUSH: You asked a question, but you don't like the answer. What do you want me to say?
KOPPEL: I find the answer inconsistent with the evidence...
KOPPEL: Many of your traveling press seem to feel you've withdrawn into a bubble in these last few days.
ALBERT A. GORE, VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: No, I'm preparing for the debate.
KOPPEL: I understand, but that you're not available to the reporters who've been traveling with you, and they sense that maybe you don't want to make any mistakes (inaudible).
GORE: No, no. No...
KURTZ: Aren't there some people watching you sitting at home saying, Who does this guy think he is?
KOPPEL: Exactly. And if it's truly who I think I am -- I mean, if I'm doing that because I feel that my importance is either equal to or greater than the people I'm interviewing, than everyone is right to be offended by that.
In point of fact, any time that one of us is sitting in the chair you're sitting in right now, you are the surrogate at the moment for however many people are watching this program at home who are saying, Howie, don't let him get away with that... KURTZ: I got to nail you down.
KOPPEL: You got to nail me down.
KURTZ: But I could appear rude while I'm doing that.
KOPPEL: Well, and if you appear too rude, you will lose people.
There is a -- there's a delicate balance that takes place when people start watching a television program. And I think for the most part, they begin watching a program identifying with the host, because after all, it is the host who, you hope, is going to ask the questions of the guest that you would ask if you were sitting in that chair.
Now, if the host goes over a certain line, if he pushes too hard -- and, for example, I think I did push too hard with Mike Dukakis in that interview when I said, "Governor," you know, "I don't think you get it" -- then I think you're going to lose people.
Then I think people are going to sit there and say, I -- you know, I can't -- I don't like this. And they're either going to switch away or you're going to lose them in terms of their willingness to accept you as being fair.
KURTZ: At the risk of going over the line, every profile written about you often has a phrase that says, Well, he's a little arrogant. Is that a generic requirement for being a successful anchorman?
KOPPEL: No, ironically, that's a word that crept into just about every article that's ever been written about me because 20 years ago, Tom Shales said, So what should...
KURTZ: TV critic for "The Washington Post."
KOPPEL: TV critic for "The Washington Post," Tom Shales said, what's your biggest failing? And I said, I'm probably a little too arrogant.
KURTZ: You plead guilty.
KOPPEL: Plead guilty, and from that point on, you know -- so never give your interview anything.
KURTZ: Never give an inch.
Ted Koppel, we need to hold it there.
When we come back, we'll ask Ted Koppel about the future of "Nightline."
KURTZ: Ted, you've been doing this now for 20 years, and a hell of a career. Is there a burnout factor? You have -- does it ever wear you down? KOPPEL: The subjects change every day. The people I work with have changed over the course of years. I can honestly say that 99 percent of the time, I rejoice in coming to work every day. I really look forward to it. I'm blessed with a wonderful group of colleagues, and they're terrific people.
And the fact of the matter is that it's never the same story.
KURTZ: Are there some built-in frustrations with doing five nights a week?
KOPPEL: Well, I wouldn't know, I only do four nights a week.
KURTZ: Good answer.
Looking ahead a little bit, will Ted Koppel still be on "Nightline" in five, six, seven years?
KOPPEL: Probably not. Probably not. Not that I feel like getting out of television, not that I think that there is at the moment a better job out there. But things are changing so much that I think it may be time to move on to another aspect of the business, and we'll see what that is.
KURTZ: All right. Ted Koppel, that's a wrap. You know what that means. Thanks very much for joining us.
KOPPEL: Thank you.
KURTZ: Well, when we come back, pundits in a panic. Is a two- man race exciting enough for journalists on the campaign trail? That's next.
KURTZ: It may be a welcome respite for normal people, but the sudden evaporation of the presidential primaries has left journalists downright depressed. Just think, no more March madness.
JUAN WILLIAMS, FOX NEWS CONTRIBUTOR: Well, call in the dogs, my friend, the party's over.
BILL PRESS, CO-HOST, CNN'S "CROSSFIRE": I got to say, I don't want this thing to be over tonight, although it looks like it may be in terms of deciding the nominees, because I don't think neither you nor I want to hibernate for the next six months.
CHARLES GIBSON, CO-HOST, "GOOD MORNING AMERICA," ABC: The speeches from Gore and from Bush were almost road maps of what their fall campaign is going to be.
ROBERT NOVAK, CNN'S "CAPITAL GANG": And it's going to be a long, long general election campaign.
KURTZ (voice-over): With McCain gone, Bradley gone, and a Bush- Gore contest that will stretch out over eight months -- eight long months -- the pundit class is looking for a new story line.
FRED BARNES, FOX NEWS CONTRIBUTOR: Well, what do you think? We see a shaky stock market, oil prices have tripled. Are you expecting the economy to worsen this year?
KATE O'BEIRNE, CNN'S "CAPITAL GANG": Gas prices, I mean, there are issues like that that percolate even in the midst of a good economy.
KURTZ: Even before all the returns were in on Super Tuesday, the media speculators were speculating, as they always do, about possible running mates and third party bids.
BILL KRISTOL, "THE WEEKLY STANDARD": Bush-McCain is a likely possibility, McCain running as a third party is not out of the question.
BRYANT GUMBEL, HOST, "THE EARLY SHOW," CBS: No chance at all that an independent run by McCain.
GEORGE STEPHANOPOULOS, ABC NEWS POLITICAL CONSULTANT: He's not going to run as a Reform Party candidate.
JIM ANGLE, FOX NEWS CORRESPONDENT: Republicans better brace themselves for a relentless assault from Al Gore.
RUSSERT: This is going to be one very difficult, some would even say mean, eight months.
KURTZ: Perhaps wisely, given their track record, some journalists were hedging their bets.
MARA LIASSON, NATIONAL PUBLIC RADIO: It's buckle your seat belts. This campaign has defied every bit of conventional wisdom...
KURTZ: But just give us a little time, we'll get over it, come out of denial, work through our grief, and find some new bit of drama to inflict on the country.
CAPITAL GANG is up next, Mark Shields has a preview.
MARK SHIELDS, HOST, CNN'S "CAPITAL GANG": Howie, we're in New York with Mayor Rudy Giuliani, to look back at the windup of the presidential primary season and to look ahead to Gore versus Bush. That and much more right here next on CNN.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42391 | Alexander Litvinenko
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Alexander Litvinenko
Александр Литвиненко
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom,
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Federation
Service MI6,[1] KGB, FSB (defected)
Birth name Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko
Born 30 August or 4 December 1962
Voronezh, Russian SFSR
Died 23 November 2006 (aged 43 or 44)
London, United Kingdom
Cause of
Radiation poisoning
Nationality Russian, British (2006 – his death)
Religion Islam (after death-bed conversion)
Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (Russian: Алекса́ндр Ва́льтерович Литвине́нко; 30 August 1962[2][3] (4 December 1962 by father's account)[4] – 23 November 2006) was a fugitive officer of the Russian FSB secret service who specialized in tackling organized crime.[1][5] In November 1998, Litvinenko and several other FSB officers publicly accused their superiors of ordering the assassination of the Russian tycoon and oligarch Boris Berezovsky. Litvinenko was arrested the following March on charges of exceeding the authority of his position. He was acquitted in November 1999 but re-arrested before the charges were again dismissed in 2000. He fled with his family to London and was granted asylum in the United Kingdom, where he worked as a journalist, writer and consultant for the British intelligence services.
On 1 November 2006, Litvinenko suddenly fell ill and was hospitalised in what was established as a case of poisoning by radioactive polonium-210 which resulted in his death on 23 November. The events leading up to this are a matter of controversy, spawning numerous theories relating to his poisoning and death. A British murder investigation pointed to Andrey Lugovoy, a member of Russia's Federal Protective Service, as the prime suspect. The United Kingdom requested the extradition of Lugovoy, but Russia refused leading to the cooling of relations between Russia and the United Kingdom. Britain demanded that Lugovoy be extradited, which is against the Constitution of Russia directly prohibiting[6] extradition of Russian citizens, and without handing Russia any evidence related to the case. Russia denied the extradition. Lugovoy passed a lie detector test in Russia, denying the accusations.[7]
After Litvinenko's death, his widow, Marina, pursued a vigorous campaign on behalf of her husband through the Litvinenko Justice Foundation. In October 2011, she won the right for an inquest into her husband's death to be conducted by a coroner in London; however the inquest has been repeatedly set back by issues relating to examinable evidence.[8]
Early life and career[edit]
Alexander Litvinenko was born in the Russian city of Voronezh in 1962.[9] After he graduated from a Nalchik secondary school in 1980 he was drafted into the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs as a Private. After a year of service, he matriculated in the Kirov Higher Command School in Vladikavkaz. In 1981, Litvinenko married Nataliya, an accountant, with whom he had a son, Alexander, and a daughter, Sonia. This marriage ended in divorce in 1994 and in the same year Litvinenko married Marina, a ballroom dancer and fitness instructor, with whom he had a son, Anatoly.[10] After graduation in 1985, Litvinenko became a platoon commander in the Dzerzhinsky Division of the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs. He was assigned to the 4th Company, where among his duties was the protection of valuable cargo while in transit.[2][11][12] In 1986 he became an informant when he was recruited by the MVD's KGB counterintelligence section and in 1988 he was officially transferred to the Third Chief Directorate of the KGB, Military Counter Intelligence.[11] Later that year, after studying for a year at the Novosibirsk Military Counter Intelligence School, he became an operational officer and served in KGB military counterintelligence until 1991.[11][13]
Career in Russian security services[edit]
In 1991, Litvinenko was promoted to the Central Staff of the Federal Counterintelligence Service, specialising in counter-terrorist activities and infiltration of organised crime. He was awarded the title of "MUR veteran" for operations conducted with the Moscow criminal investigation department, the MUR.[14] Litvinenko also saw active military service in many of the so-called "hot spots" of the former USSR and Russia.[15] During the First Chechen War Litvinenko planted several FSB agents in Chechnya. Although he was often called a "Russian spy" by western press, throughout his career he was not an 'intelligence agent' and did not deal with secrets beyond information on operations against organised criminal groups.[11][16][17][18]
Litvinenko met Boris Berezovsky in 1994 when he took part in investigations into an assassination attempt on the oligarch. He later began to moonlight for Berezovsky and was responsible for the oligarch's security.[3][11] Litvinenko's employment under Berezovsky and other security services personnel was illegal, but the state somewhat tolerated it in order to retain staff who were at the time underpaid.[3][11] Thus, Litvinenko's employment for the controversial businessman and others was not investigated. Often such inquiries in Russia were selective and targeted only at those who had stepped out of line.[11]
In 1997, Litvinenko was promoted to the FSB Directorate of Analysis and Suppression of Criminal Groups, with the title of senior operational officer and deputy head of the Seventh Section.[19] According to Dimitri Simes, the Directorate was viewed as much as a part of organised crime as it was of law enforcement.[20]
Claims against FSB leadership[edit]
According to Litvinenko's widow, Marina, while her husband was employed in the FSB he discovered numerous links among members of the top brass of Russian law enforcement agencies and Russian mafia groups, such as the Solntsevo gang. Berezovsky arranged a meeting for him with the Director of the FSB, Mikhail Barsukov, and the Deputy Director of Internal affairs, Vyacheslav Ovchinnikov, to discuss the alleged corruption problems, with no result. This led him to the conclusion that the entire system was corrupt.[21]
In December 1997 Litvinenko claimed he received an order to kill Berezovsky. He did not inform his part-time employer until 20 March 1998.[11][22] According to his widow, on 25 July 1998, the day on which Vladimir Putin replaced Nikolay Kovalyov as the Director of the Federal Security Service, Berezovsky introduced Litvinenko to Putin. Berezovsky claimed that he had helped Putin to take the Director's position.[23] According to his widow, Litvinenko reported to Putin on corruption in the FSB, but Putin was unimpressed.[23] According to Litvinenko, Putin was involved with a corrupt military general in the Russian army when Putin was a Deputy for Economic Affairs to the Mayor of St. Petersburg. Litvenenko was doing an investigation into the general and Uzbek drug barons and believed that Putin tried to stall the investigation in order to save his reputation.[24]
On 13 November 1998, Berezovsky wrote an open letter to Putin in Kommersant. He accused heads of the Directorate of Analysis and Suppression of Criminal Groups Major-General Yevgeny Khokholkov, N. Stepanov, A. Kamyshnikov, N. Yenin of ordering his assassination.[25]
Four days later Litvinenko and four other officers appeared together in a press conference at the Russian news agency Interfax. All officers worked for both FSB in the Directorate of Analysis and Suppression of Criminal Groups and for Boris Berezovsky.[11] They repeated the allegation made by Berezovsky.[11][22] The officers also claimed they were ordered to kill Mikhail Trepashkin who was also present at the press conference, and to kidnap a brother of the businessman Umar Dzhabrailov.[22]
Jim Heintz of the Associated Press opined that although Berezovsky does not appear in the interview, he has an omnipresence in it, given that the officers worked for him, and the interview was taped by Dorenko, a Russian journalist who was an employee of ORT owned in part by Berezovsky.[26]
Dismissal from the FSB[edit]
After holding the press conference, Litvinenko was dismissed from the FSB.[27] Later, in an interview with Yelena Tregubova, Putin said that he personally ordered the dismissal of Litvinenko, stating, "I fired Litvinenko and disbanded his unit ...because FSB officers should not stage press conferences. This is not their job. And they should not make internal scandals public."[28] Litvinenko also believed that Putin was behind his arrest. He said, "Putin had the power to decide whether to pass my file to the prosecutors or not. He always hated me. And there was a bonus for him: by throwing me to the wolves he distanced himself from Boris [Berezovsky] in the eyes of FSB's generals."[29]
Flight from Russia and asylum in the United Kingdom[edit]
In October 2000, in violation of an order not to leave Moscow, Litvinenko and his family travelled to Turkey, possibly via Ukraine.[30] While in Turkey, Litvinenko applied for asylum at the United States Embassy in Ankara, but his application was denied.[30] Henry Plater-Zyberk opined that the denial may have been based on possible American opinions that Litvinenko's knowledge was of little benefit and that he might create problems.[11] With the help of Alexander Goldfarb, Litvinenko bought air tickets for the Istanbul-London-Moscow flight,[31] and asked for political asylum at Heathrow Airport during the transit stop on 1 November 2000.[32] Political asylum was granted on 14 May 2001,[33] not because of his knowledge on intelligence matters, but rather on humanitarian grounds.[11] While in London he became a journalist for the separatist Chechenpress and a controversial author. He also joined Berezovsky in campaigning against Putin's government.[34][35] In October 2006 he became a naturalised British citizen with residence in Whitehaven.[36]
Cooperation with MI6[edit]
On 27 October 2007, the Daily Mail, citing "diplomatic and intelligence sources," stated that Mr Litvinenko was paid about £2,000 per month by MI6 at the time of his murder. John Scarlett, the head of MI6 (who was once based in Moscow), was allegedly personally involved in recruiting him.[17] The Independent stated that whilst cooperation of Litvinenko with MI6 will likely never be confirmed, an MI6 retainer for Litvinenko suggests systematic cooperation, because MI6 usually makes irregular payments to exiles in exchange for information.[37]
Litvinenko's widow, Marina Litvinenko, has admitted that her husband co-operated with the British MI6 and MI5, working as a consultant and helping the agencies to combat Russian organized crime in Europe.[38][39]
In February 2012, Litvinenko's father, Valter, apologized for what he called his personal "slander campaign" against the Russian government. Before the confession by Marina Litvinenko, he had publicly blamed the Russian security services for his son's death. In an interview Valter Litvinenko said that if he had known at the time that his son was a British intelligence agent, he would not have made such accusations.[40]
Alleged threats against Litvinenko[edit]
Mikhail Trepashkin, a former FSB officer, stated that in 2002 he had warned Litvinenko that an FSB unit was assigned to assassinate him.[41] In spite of this, Litvinenko often travelled overseas with no security arrangements, and freely mingled with the Russian community in the United Kingdom, and often received journalists at his home.[11][42] In January 2007, the Polish newspaper Dziennik revealed that a target with a photo of Litvinenko on it was used for shooting practice by the Vityaz Training Centre in Balashikha in October 2002.[43] The centre, run by Sergey Lyusyuk, is not affiliated with the government, and trains bodyguards, debt collectors and private security forces,[44] although in November 2006 the centre was used by the Vityaz for a qualification examination due to their own centre being under renovation.[44] The targets, which Lyusyuk says were bought in the Olympic Market, were also photographed when the chairman of the Federation Council of Russia Sergei Mironov visited the centre and met Lyusyuk on 7 November 2006.[43][44] When asked why the photographs of Mironov's visit were removed from the centre's website Lyusyuk stated, "(T)hose Poles are up to something" and added that Mironov didn't see the targets and knew nothing about them.[44]
Allegations of blackmail activities[edit]
A series of newspaper articles by Julia Svetlichnaja and James Heartfield based on interviews that they had conducted with Litvinenko were published, beginning 27 hours after Litvinenko’s death with an article in the Daily Telegraph. Eight days later The Observer published an article in which Svetlichnaja alleged that Litvinenko said he was planning to “blackmail or sell sensitive information about all kinds of powerful people, including oligarchs, corrupt officials and sources in the Kremlin”. She said. “He mentioned a figure of £10,000 that they would pay each time to stop him broadcasting these FSB documents”.[45]
Heartfield was a researcher and writer and Svetlichnaja a researcher in political theory and aesthetics, both at the University of Westminster. Neither has published any material on Chechnya, which was the stated reason for the interviews, or written on Litvinenko before his death or after the series of articles and press conference following his death. Furthermore they have been unable to provide any written or recorded evidence to substantiate their claims.
Conviction in Russia[edit]
In 2002 Litvinenko was convicted in absentia in Russia and given a three and a half year jail sentence for charges of corruption.[46][47]
Litvinenko regularly told people about his theories relating to the power structures in Russia, and would bombard his contacts with information relating to his theories.[11][42][48] In a report for the Conflict Studies Research Centre, Henry Plater-Zyberk, a lecturer at the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom and Russian politics expert, described Litvinenko as a one-man disinformation bureau, who was at first guided by Berezovsky but later in possible pursuit of attention for himself. Plater-Zyberk notes that Litvinenko made numerous accusations without presenting any evidence to give credence to his claims, and these claims which became increasingly outlandish were often accepted by the British media without question.[11] According to Michael Mainville, Litvinenko knew the secret to a conspiracy theory is that they are based upon an absence of proof, and that the more outlandish the claim, the harder it is to disprove.[48] This has led to some political analysts dismissing his claims as those of a fantasist.[45]
Armenian parliament shooting[edit]
Litvinenko accused the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General-Staff of the Russian armed forces of having organised the 1999 Armenian parliament shooting that killed the Prime Minister of Armenia, Vazgen Sargsyan, and seven members of parliament, ostensibly to derail the peace process which would have resolved the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, but he offered no evidence to support the accusation.[11][49][50] The Russian embassy in Armenia denied any such involvement, and described Litvinenko's accusation as an attempt to harm relations between Armenia and Russia by people against the democratic reforms in Russia.[51]
Russian apartment bombings[edit]
Litvinenko alleged that agents from the FSB coordinated the 1999 Russian apartment bombings that killed more than 300 people, whereas Russian officials blamed the explosions on Islamic terrorists. This version of events was suggested earlier by David Satter.[52]
Moscow theatre hostage crisis[edit]
In a 2003 interview with the Australian SBS TV network, and aired on Dateline, Litvinenko claimed that two of the Chechen terrorists involved in the 2002 Moscow theatre siege—whom he named "Abdul the Bloody" and "Abu Bakar"—were working for the FSB, and that the agency manipulated the rebels into staging the attack.[53] Litvinenko said, "[W]hen they tried to find [Abdul the Bloody and Abu Bakar] among the dead terrorists, they weren't there. The FSB got its agents out. So the FSB agents among Chechens organized the whole thing on FSB orders, and those agents were released." This echoed similar claims made by Mikhail Trepashkin.[54] The leading role of an FSB agent, Khanpasha Terkibaev ("Abu Bakar"), was also described by Anna Politkovskaya, Ivan Rybkin and Alexander Khinshtein.[55][56][57][58] In the beginning of April 2003 Litvinenko gave "the Terkibaev file" to Sergei Yushenkov when he visited London, who in turn passed it to Anna Politkovskaya.[28] A few days later Yushenkov was assassinated. Terkibaev was later killed in Chechnya. According to Ivan Rybkin, a speaker of the Russian State Duma, "The authorities failed to keep [the FSB agent] Terkibaev out of public view, and that is why he was killed. I know how angry people were, because they knew Terkibaev had authorization from presidential administration."[59]
Beslan school hostage crisis[edit]
Support of terrorism worldwide by the KGB and FSB[edit]
Alleged Russia-al-Qaeda connection[edit]
When asked in an interview who he thought the originator of the 2005 bombings in London was, Litvinenko responded saying,[62] "You know, I have spoken about it earlier and I shall say now, that I know only one organization, which has made terrorism the main tool of solving of political problems. It is the Russian special services."
Danish cartoon controversy[edit]
Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya[edit]
Two weeks before his poisoning, Alexander Litvinenko accused Vladimir Putin of ordering the assassination of the Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya and stated that a former presidential candidate, Irina Hakamada, warned Politkovskaya about threats to her life coming from the Russian president. Litvinenko advised Politkovskaya to escape from Russia immediately. Hakamada denied her involvement in passing any specific threats, and said that she warned Politkovskaya only in general terms more than a year ago.[69] It remains unclear if Litvinenko referred to an earlier statement made by Boris Berezovsky, who claimed that Boris Nemtsov, a former Russian Deputy Prime Minister, received word from Hakamada that Putin threatened her and like-minded colleagues in person. According to Berezovsky, Putin uttered that Hakamada and her colleagues "will take in the head immediately, literally, not figuratively" if they "open the mouth" about the Russian apartment bombings.[70]
Allegations concerning Romano Prodi[edit]
According to Litvinenko, the FSB deputy chief General Anatoly Trofimov said to him, "Don’t go to Italy, there are many KGB agents among the politicians. Romano Prodi is our man there,"[71][72] meaning Romano Prodi, the Italian centre-left leader, former Prime Minister of Italy and former President of the European Commission. The conversation with Trofimov took place in 2000, after the Prodi-KGB scandal broke out in October 1999 due to information about Prodi provided by Vasili Mitrokhin.[23]
A report by the Conflict Studies Research Centre of the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom from May 2007 noted that Trofimov was never the head of the FSB, which did not oversee intelligence operations, had never worked in the intelligence directorate of the KGB or its successor the SVR, nor had he worked in the counterintelligence department of the intelligence services, nor had he ever worked in Italy, making it difficult to understand how Trofimov would have had knowledge about such a recruitment. Henry Plater-Zyberk, the co-author of the report, suggested that Trofimov was "conveniently dead," so "could neither confirm nor deny the story," and noted Litvinenko's history of making accusations without evidence to back them up.[11]
Cooperation with Spanish authorities[edit]
Shortly before his death Litvinenko tipped off Spanish authorities on several organised crime bosses with links to Spain. During a meeting in May 2006 he allegedly provided security officials with information on the locations, roles, and activities of several "Russian" mafia figures with ties to Spain, including Izguilov, Zahkar Kalashov, and Tariel Oniani.[77]
Other allegations[edit]
In his book Gang from Lubyanka, Litvinenko alleged that Vladimir Putin during his time at the FSB was personally involved in protecting the drug trafficking from Afghanistan organized by Abdul Rashid Dostum.[78] In December 2003 Russian authorities confiscated over 4000 copies of the book.[79]
In an article written by Litvinenko in July 2006, and published online on Zakayev's Chechenpress website, he claimed that Vladimir Putin is a paedophile.[81] Litvinenko also claimed that Anatoly Trofimov and Artyom Borovik knew of the alleged paedophilia.[82] The claims have been called "wild"[42] and "sensational and unsubstantiated"[83] in the British media. Litvinenko made the allegation after Putin kissed a boy on his belly while stopping to chat with some tourists during a walk in the Kremlin grounds on 28 June 2006.[83] The incident was recalled in a webcast organised by the BBC and Yandex, in which over 11,000 people asked Putin to explain the act, to which he responded, "He seemed very independent and serious... I wanted to cuddle him like a kitten and it came out in this gesture. He seemed so nice. ... There is nothing behind it."[84] It has been suggested that the incident was a "clumsy attempt" to soften Putin's image in the lead-up to the 32nd G8 Summit which was held in Saint Petersburg in July 2006.[83]
Poisoning and death[edit]
Alexander Litvinenko at University College Hospital
On 1 November 2006, Litvinenko suddenly fell ill and was hospitalised. His illness was later attributed to poisoning with radionuclide polonium-210 after the Health Protection Agency found significant amounts of the rare and highly toxic element in his body. However, the London coroner's inquest is yet to be completed.[why?] Media claims of polonium poisoning, therefore, lack official substantiation.[85][86][87]
In interviews, Litvinenko stated that he met with two former KGB agents early on the day he fell ill – Dmitry Kovtun and Andrei Lugovoy. Though both denied any wrongdoing, a leaked US diplomatic cable revealed that Kovtun had left polonium traces in the house and car he had used in Hamburg.[88] The men also introduced Litvinenko to a tall, thin man of central Asian appearance called 'Vladislav Sokolenko' who Lugovoy said was a business partner. Lugovoy is also a former bodyguard of Russian ex-Acting Prime minister Yegor Gaidar (who also suffered from a mysterious illness in November 2006). Later, Litvinenko had lunch at Itsu, a sushi restaurant in Piccadilly in London, with an Italian acquaintance and nuclear waste expert, Mario Scaramella, to whom he made the allegations regarding Italy's Prime Minister Romano Prodi.[89] Scaramella, attached to the Mitrokhin Commission investigating KGB penetration of Italian politics, claimed to have information on the assassination of Anna Politkovskaya, 48, a journalist who was killed at her Moscow apartment in October 2006. In Litvinenko's last known public statement, he indicated that he believed it was Scaramella who poisoned him.[90]
Accepting Islam[edit]
Shortly after Litvinenko's death one of Litvinenko's associates, Akhmed Zakayev, Foreign Minister of Chechen government-in-exile who lived next door to Mr Litvinenko, announced that Litvinenko had accepted Islam the day before his death. His father confirmed the reports and professed his son had been thinking about converting to Islam for a long time. As the coffin was lowered into the grave in Highgate cemetery, the funeral was conducted by an Imam invited by Zakayev who performed the burial according to Islamic rites. Litvinenko's wife, Marina, by contrast had wanted a non-denominational service at the grave.
Death and last statement[edit]
On 22 November Litvinenko's medical staff at University College Hospital reported he had suffered a "major setback" due to either heart failure or an overnight heart attack. He died on 23 November. Scotland Yard stated that inquiries into the circumstances of how Litvinenko became ill would continue.[93]
Putin disputed the authenticity of this note while attending a Russia-EU summit in Helsinki and claimed it was being used for political purposes.[95][96] William Dunkerley, in a briefing from May 2007 for a round table which discussed Litvinenko's case and the way it was handled by the Russian and Western media, called into question the authenticity of the statement, noting that the statement did not read like a statement made on one's deathbed and was typed in English, a language which Litvinenko was far from proficient in, with the signature and date handwritten.[34] Goldfarb later stated that Litvinenko instructed him to write a note "in good English" in which Putin was to be accused of his poisoning. Goldfarb also stated that he read the note to Litvinenko in English and Russian, to which he claims Litvinenko agreed "with every word of it" and signed it.[97][98] Thus, there are three conflicting media claims regarding who authored Litvinenko's deathbed statement: (1) it was dictated by Litvinenko himself, (2) it was composed by Litvinenko's lawyer, and (3) it was written by Alexander Goldfarb.
Grave of Alexander Litvinenko at Highgate Cemetery
His autopsy took place on 1 December at the Royal London Hospital's institute of pathology. It was attended by three physicians, including one chosen by the family and one from the Foreign Office.[99] Litvinenko was buried at Highgate Cemetery (West side) in north London on 7 December.[100] The police are treating his death as murder, although the London coroner's inquest is yet to be completed.[3][101][102] On 25 November, two days after Litvinenko's death, an article attributed to him was published by The Mail on Sunday entitled "Why I believe Putin wanted me dead".[103]
In an interview with the BBC broadcast on 16 December 2006, Yuri Shvets said that Litvinenko had created a 'due diligence' report investigating the activities of a senior Kremlin official on behalf of a British company looking to invest "dozens of millions of dollars" in a project in Russia. He said the dossier was so incriminating about the senior Kremlin official, who was not named, it was likely that Litvinenko was murdered out of spite. He alleged that Litvinenko had shown the dossier to another business associate, Andrei Lugovoy, who had worked for the KGB and later the FSB. Shvets alleged that Lugovoy is still an FSB informant and he had spread copies of the dossier to members of the spy service. He said he was interviewed about his allegations by Scotland Yard detectives investigating Litvinenko's murder. Shvets has also doubted Litvinenko's capacity to perform honest unbiased due diligence.[104] British media reported that the poisoning and consequent death of Litvinenko was not widely covered in the Russian news media.[105] Other authors, including William Dunkerley of American University in Moscow, have called these reports into question.[86]
According to Mary Dejevsky, the chief editorial writer of The Independent, the view that the British public had of Litvinenko's illness and death was essentially dictated by Berezovsky, who funded an expertly conducted publicity campaign.[86][106] William Dunkerley, author of "The Phony Litvinenko Murder", concurred and referred to the situation as a "massive media fraud."[107]
Theories and investigations into death[edit]
UK criminal investigation[edit]
On 20 January 2007 British police announced that they had "identified the man they believe poisoned Alexander Litvinenko. The suspected killer was captured on cameras at Heathrow as he flew into Britain to carry out the murder."[108] The man in question was introduced to Litvinenko as "Vladislav."
On the same day, The Guardian reported that the British government was preparing an extradition request asking that Andrei Lugovoy be returned to the UK to stand trial for Litvinenko's murder.[110] On 22 May 2007 the Crown Prosecution Service called for the extradition of Russian citizen Andrei Lugovoy to the UK on charges of murder.[111] Lugovoy dismissed the claims against him as "politically motivated" and said he did not kill Litvinenko.[112]
A British police investigation resulted in several suspects for the murder, but in May 2007, the British Director of Public Prosecutions, Ken Macdonald, announced that his government would seek to extradite Andrei Lugovoy, the chief suspect in the case, from Russia.[113] On 28 May 2007, the British Foreign Office officially submitted a request to the Government of Russia for the extradition of Lugovoy to face criminal charges in the UK.[114]
Russian criminal investigation[edit]
Many publications in Russian media suggested that the death of Alexander Litvinenko was connected to Boris Berezovsky.[116][117] Former FSB chief Nikolay Kovalyov, for whom Litvinenko worked, said that the incident "looks like the hand of Boris Berezovsky. I am sure that no kind of intelligence services participated."[118] This involvement of Berezovsky was alleged by numerous Russian television shows. Kremlin supporters saw it as a conspiracy to smear Russian government's reputation by engineering a spectacular murder of a Russian dissident abroad.[119]
After Litvinenko's death, traces of polonium-210 were found in an office of Berezovsky.[120] Litvinenko had visited Berezovsky's office as well as many other places in the hours after his poisoning.[121] The British Health Protection Agency made extensive efforts to ensure that locations Litvinenko visited and anyone who had contact with Litvinenko after his poisoning, were not at risk.[122]
Russian prosecutors were not allowed to investigate the office.[123] Russian authorities have also been unable to question Berezovsky. The Foreign Ministry complained that Britain was obstructing its attempt to send prosecutors to London to interview more than 100 people, including Berezovsky.[124]
Judicial Inquiries[edit]
Inquest in London[edit]
On 13 October 2011 Dr. Andrew Reed, the Coroner of St. Pancras, announced that he would hold an inquest into Litvinenko's death, which will include the examination of all existing theories of the murder, including possible complicity of the Russian government.[127]
The inquest is to be held by Sir Robert Owen, a High Court judge acting as the coroner. The inquest, originally scheduled to start on 1 May 2013, was subject to a series of pre-hearings: firstly, the coroner agreed that a group representing Russian state prosecutors can be accepted as a party to the inquest process; secondly, the British Government submitted a Public Interest Immunity (PII) certificate. Under Public Interest Immunity (PII) claims, the information at the disposal of the UK government relating to Russian state involvement, as well as how much British intelligence services could have done to prevent the death, would be excluded from the inquest.[128]
On 12 July 2013, Sir Robert, who had previously agreed to exclude certain material from the inquest on the grounds its disclosure could be damaging to national security, announced that the British Government refused the request he had made earlier in June to replace the inquest with a public inquiry, which would have powers to consider secret evidence.[129][8] After the hearing Alex Goldfarb said: "There's some sort of collusion behind the scenes with Her Majesty's government and the Kremlin to obstruct justice"; Elena Tsirlina, Mrs. Litvinenko's solicitor, concurred with him.[129][8]
Litvinenko vs Russian Federation in Strasbourg[edit]
In May 2007 Marina Litvinenko registered a complaint against the Russian Federation in the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg accusing RF of violating her husband's right to life, and failing to conduct a full investigation.[130]
In popular culture[edit]
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2. ^ a b Penketh, Anne (25 November 2006). "Alexander Litvinenko". The Independent (London). Retrieved 16 March 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
3. ^ a b c "Aleksandr Litvinenko". Russia Today. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
4. ^ Вальтер Литвиненко: «Сегодня моему сыну исполнилось бы 44», Вальтер Александрович Литвиненко, 4 декабря 2006 г., ChechenPress
5. ^ Litvinenko death: Russian spy 'was working for MI6' - BBC News, 13 December 2012
6. ^ Chapter 2. Rights and Freedoms of Man And Citizen | The Constitution of the Russian Federation. Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
7. ^ "Litvinenko accused passes a lie detector test". Financial Times. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
8. ^ a b c "Alexander Litvinenko: Government refuses calls for public inquiry into death". The Independent. 12 July 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
9. ^ "Alexander Litvinenko". The Daily Telegraph (London). 25 November 2006. Retrieved 16 March 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
10. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Monaghan, Dr Andrew; Plater Zyberk, Henry (22 May 2007). "Misunderstanding Russia: Alexander Litvinenko" (PDF). The UK & Russia — A Troubled Relationship Part I. Conflict Studies Research Centre of the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. pp. 9–12. ISBN 978-1-905962-15-0. Retrieved 16 March 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
12. ^ "Alexander Litvinenko". The Times (London). 25 November 2006. Retrieved 16 March 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
13. ^ (Russian)Александр Подрабинек (10 October 2002). "Офицер ФСБ дает показания". Агентство ПРИМА.
14. ^ Thomas, D.M. (1998). Alexander Solzhenitsyn – A Century In His Life. New York: St. Martinj's Press. p. 583.
16. ^ Dunkerley, William. "Alexander Litvinenko: The Russian Spy Story Unraveled -- Video Supplement No. 2". The Phony Litvinenko Murder. Omnicom Press. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
17. ^ a b Wright, Stephen; Williams, David (27 October 2007). "Revealed: Poisoned ex-Russian spy Litvinenko WAS a paid-up MI6 agent". Daily Mail (London). Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
18. ^ "Russian authorities likely behind Litvinenko's death, his wife says". International Herald Tribune (London). 10 December 2006. Retrieved 16 March 2010. (Archived at Wayback Machine)
19. ^ (Russian)Vinogradskaya, Natalya (30 November 2006). "Радиоактивные политтехнологии: смерть Литвиненко осложнила проведение саммита Россия-ЕС". "What the Papers Say" Agency. Retrieved 16 March 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
20. ^ Simes, Dimitri (12 June 2006). "Litvinenko: Kremlin Conspiracy or Blofeld Set-Up?". The National Interest. Retrieved 16 March 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
21. ^ Death of a Dissident, pp. 39–41.
22. ^ a b c (Russian)"Березовский и УРПО / дело Литвиненко". Агентура.Ру. 27 November 2006. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2006.
23. ^ a b c Death of a Dissident, page 136
24. ^ Litvinenko, Alexander (25 November 2006). "Why I believe Putin wanted me dead...". Daily Mail. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
25. ^ (Russian) Berezovsky, Boris (13 November 1998). "Березовский (signed 11 November 1998)". Kommersant. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
26. ^ Heintz, Jim (23 May 2007). "1998 Tape Shows Russian Ex-Spy Fearful". Associated Press, via Washington Post. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
27. ^ "Russia ready to cooperate with Britain on Litvinenko case — FSB". RIA Novosti. 18 May 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
29. ^ Death of a Dissident, p. 160.
30. ^ a b Cowell, Alan; Shane, Scott; Myers, Steven Lee; Klimenko, Viktor (3 November 2006). "Alexander Litvinenko lived and died in world of violence and betrayal". International Herald Tribune (London/Washington, D.C./Moscow). Retrieved 6 April 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
31. ^ (Russian) Dmitriyeva, Olga (30 March 2002). "Александр Литвиненко: ярлык предателя не радует". London: Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Retrieved 6 April 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
32. ^ "Литвиненко получил убежище в Британии?". BBC Russian Service. 15 May 2001. Retrieved 6 April 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
33. ^ (Russian)"Заявление Александра Литвиненко". 15 May 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2006.
34. ^ a b Dunkerley, William (25 May 2007). "The Essence of the Alexander Litvinenko Story". Russia Profile. Retrieved 16 March 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
37. ^ "The Litvinenko files: MI6". The Independent (London). 2 May 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
38. ^ Litvinenko worked for UK intelligence - News - Politics - The Voice of Russia: News, Breaking news, Politics, Economics, Business, Russia, International current events, Expert opinion, podcasts, Video. : (2011-10-17). Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
39. ^ ‘My husband was a British paid agent’ – Litvinenko widow
40. ^ Litvinenko’s father: I was sure he was no traitor
42. ^ a b c Svetlichnaya, Julia (3 December 2006). "Strange stroll around Hyde Park that went nowhere". The Observer (London). Archived from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
43. ^ a b Russian special forces shot at Litvinenko, Dariusz Rembelski, Magdalena Miroszewska, Dziennik Online, 30 January 2007.
44. ^ a b c d Voronov, Alexander; Chistyakova, Marina; Barakhova, Alla (31 January 2007). "Litvinenko Shooting Gallery". Kommersant. Retrieved 6 April 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
45. ^ a b Townsend, Mark; Doward, Jamie; Parfitt, Tom; McMahon, Barbara (3 December 2006). "Revealed: Litvinenko's Russian 'blackmail plot'". The Observer (London). Archived from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
46. ^ Alexander Litvinenko The Guardian Retrieved on 5 April 2008
48. ^ a b c Mainville, Michael (14 December 2006). "From Russia with lies". Moscow: Retrieved 6 April 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
49. ^ (Russian) "Список киллеров ФСБ". Реальный Азербайджан. 29 April 2005. Archived from the original on 4 November 2005. Retrieved 16 February 2009.
50. ^ "Shooting of the Armenian Parliament was organized by Russian special services". AZG Daily. 3 May 2005. Retrieved 6 April 2010. (Archived at
52. ^ Satter, David (13 November 2006). "The Truth About Beslan". The Weekly Standard. Retrieved 6 April 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
53. ^ Lazaredes, Nick (4 June 2003). "Terrorism takes front stage — Russia's theatre siege". Dateline. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2008. [dead link]
54. ^ Dissident lawyer jailed on trumped up charges
55. ^ Mysterious figure implicated in Russian theater tragedy
56. ^ Where is "Abubakar?"
57. ^ Russian Authorities Hedge Over Special Services Involvement In Moscow Theater Siege, by Anna Politkovskaya, Novaya Gazeta, 5 May 2003
61. ^ (Russian) Kesayeva, Ella (20 November 2008). "Террористы-агенты – Неизвестные подробности бесланской трагедии". Novaya Gazeta. Retrieved 6 April 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
64. ^ Litvinenko, Alexander (23 March 2005). "The KGBism, Terrorism and Gangsterism are Triplets". Chechen Press. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
69. ^ (Russian)"Ирина Хакамада о партийном строительстве и экономической ситуации в России". Svoboda News. 4 December 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
73. ^ Donnelly, Cillian (3 April 2006). "Prodi Accused Of Being Former Soviet Agent". EU Reporter. Archived from the original on 24 May 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2006.
74. ^ Batten, Gerard (26 April 2006). "2006: Speech in the European Parliament: Romano Prodi". Gerard Batten MEP. Retrieved 21 November 2006.
76. ^ "Litvinenko footage emerges". ITV News. 22 January 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2007.
78. ^ [2][dead link]
80. ^ Litvinenko's Poisoning: Detailed Unfolding of Events
82. ^ (Russian) Litvinenko, Alexander (5 July 2006). "Кремлевский чикатило»". Chechenpress. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
83. ^ a b c "Poisoned spy accused Putin of being a paedophile". Daily Mail (London). 20 November 206. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
85. ^ Alexander Litvinenko inquest to go ahead next year|World news. Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
86. ^ a b c Dunkerley, William (2011). The Phony Litvinenko Murder. New Britain, CT, USA: Omnicom Press. ISBN 978-0615559018.
87. ^ Dunkerley, William. "Alexander Litvinenko: The Who-Done-It Fraud -- Video Supplement No. 1". The Phony Litvinenko Murder. Omnicom Press. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
88. ^
90. ^ Dunkerley, William. "Alexander Litvinenko: The Who-Done-It-Fraud -- Video Supplement No. 1". The Phony Litvinenko Murder. Omnicom Press. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
92. ^ "In memoriam Litvinenko". The Welcome Stranger. December 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
94. ^ (Russian) An interview with Andrei Nekrasov by Yury Veksler, Radio Liberty, 28 November 2006.
95. ^ "Ex-spy's death should not be used for provocation — Putin". Helsinki: RIA Novosti. 24 November 2006. Retrieved 16 March 2010. (Arhived at WebCite)
96. ^ "Joint Press Conference with the Prime Minister of Finland Matti Vanhanen, President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso, Secretary General of the EU Council and EU High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy Javier Solana, Prime Minister of Norway Jens Stoltenberg and Prime Minister of Iceland Geir Haarde following the Russia-EU summit meeting". Helsinki City Hall, Helsinki: Presidential Press and Information Office. 24 November 2006. Retrieved 16 March 2010. [dead link] (Archived at WebCite)
97. ^ Dunkerley, William. "Alexander Litvinenko: The Deathbed Statement -- Video Supplement No. 3". The Phony Litvinenko Murder. Omnicom Press. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
98. ^ Jordan, Mary (10 June 2007). "Poisoned Russian Had Sought Entry to U.S., Book Says". Washington Post. Retrieved 16 March 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
99. ^ "No signs of Poisoning". Sky News. 1 December 2006. Retrieved 2 December 2006.
101. ^ Dunkerley, William. "Alexander Litvinenio: The Who-Done-It Fraud -- Video Supplement No. 1". The Phony Litvinenko Murder. Omnicom Press. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
102. ^ "Timeline: Litvinenko death case". BBC News. 27 July 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
103. ^ Litvinenko, Alexander (25 November 2006). "Why I believe Putin wanted me dead...". The Mail on Sunday. Retrieved 6 April 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
104. ^ "Litvinenko murdered over damaging file on Russian business partner". London: Daily News and Analysis. 16 December 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
105. ^ "Russian media shun poisoning case". BBC News. 20 November 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
106. ^ The Litvinenko files: Berezovsky
107. ^ Dunkerley, William (21 July 2013). "Litvinenko Case: Massive Media Fraud Uncovered". American University in Moscow.
110. ^ UK wants to try Russian for Litvinenko murder The Guardian. 26 January 2007
112. ^ "Spy Murder Charge "Politically Motivated"". Sky News. 22 May 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
117. ^ (Russian)Alexeev, Petr (24 November 2006). "Politkovskaya, Litvinenko, who is next?". Electorat. Info. Retrieved 26 November 2006.
118. ^ (Russian)"Who orchestrated plan to discredit Russia?". Kommersant. 25 November 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2006.
120. ^ Hall, Ben (28 November 2006). "Polonium 210 found at Berezovsky's office". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2006.
123. ^ Lugovoy case unsubstantial: Russian prosecution
125. ^ "Wrap: Lugovoy says innocent, Berezovsky behind Litvinenko murder". Moscow: RIA Novosti. 29 August 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
126. ^ Birch, Douglas (16 October 2008). "UK Envoy: Will press Russia in Litvinenko case". USA Today (Moscow). Retrieved 16 March 2010. (Archived at WebCite)
127. ^ "Litvinenko coroner to examine if Russian state behind killing", The Daily Telegraph. 13 October 2011
130. ^ Strasbourg court sets deadline for Russia on Litvinenko case RIA Novosti15 December 2010
131. ^ "Daybreak Pictures Commissioned To Produce Litvinenko Poisoning Drama". All Headline News. 7 December 2006. Retrieved 8 December 2006.
132. ^ Depp to make Litvinenko film
133. ^ Depp Takes On the KGB, by Mike Bruno, Entertainment Weekly
134. ^ Beeston, Richard (20 January 2007). "Film-maker fears returning to Russia". The Times (London). Retrieved 20 January 2007.
His books[edit]
Books and films about him[edit]
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42392 | Ayaz Khan
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Jump to: navigation, search
Ayaz Khan
Ayaz Khan.jpg
Ayaz Khan in 2009
Born (1979-04-01) 1 April 1979 (age 34)
Occupation Actor, model
Years active 2005–present
Ayaz Khan (born 1 April 1979) is an Indian actor and model. He is better known as Dr. Shubhankar Rai of Dill Mill Gayye on STAR One.
He has appeared in such Hindi films as Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na.[1] He played the character of Shubhankar Rai on the STAR One medical drama Dill Mill Gayye.[2] In 2010 he will appear opposite Rahul Bose and Esha Deol in Ghost Ghost Na Raha and will star in Apna Sa with Koyel Mullick.[1] He is also part of the ensemble cast of Hide & Seek which is slated for release on 12 March 2010. Currently he is playing the role of Gaurav on Parichay (TV Series) on Colors TV.
Year Film Role
2005 Bluffmaster! Amit
2007 Kuch Der Tak Kuch Door Music Video
2007 Dill Mill Gayye Dr. Shubhankar Rai
Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd. Madhu's boyfriend
2008 Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na Sushant
2010 Hide & Seek[4] Imran Baig
2011 Parichay Gaurav Chopra
Ghost Ghost Na Raha
Apna Sa
2013 Punar Vivah - Ek Nayi Umeed Gaurav
2013 Chashme Baddoor Major Pratap
1. ^ a b Supreeta Singh (12 February 2010). "‘I was called Football Face’". Kolkata Mirror. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
2. ^ Chhaya Toshniwal (23 June 2008). "Single and unhappy". Daily News & Analysis. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
3. ^ Srabanti Chakrabarti (11 July 2008). "'Aamir Khan said I did a fantastic job in Jaane Tu'". Rediff. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
4. ^ "Hide & Seek". Screen India. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42394 | Barbara Spooner Wilberforce
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Mrs William Wilberforce and Child (Barbara Ann Wilberforce) by John Linnell, 1824.
Barbara Ann Wilberforce (née Spooner) (24 December 1771, Birches Green, Erdington, Warwickshire - 21 April 1847, The Vicarage, East Farleigh, Kent) was the spouse of abolitionist and MP William Wilberforce. She was the eldest daughter and third child of Isaac Spooner of Elmdon Hall, Warwickshire, a banker of Birmingham, and his wife, Barbara Gough-Calthorpe, the sister of the first Lord Calthorpe.[1] On 15 April 1797, while at Bath, she met her future husband, William Wilberforce,[1] to whom she had been recommended by Wilberforce's friend, Thomas Babington. The couple were married at St Swithins Church, Walcot, Bath on 30 May 1797.[1]
She nearly died following an attack of typhoid in 1800, after which her health was never strong. Nevertheless, she bore six children, all of whom survived to adulthood. The children were William, (July 1798), Barbara (1799), Elizabeth (1801), Robert (1802), Samuel (1805), and Henry (1807). Her daughters predeceased her, Barbara dying in 1821 and Elizabeth in 1832.
Following her husband's death in 1833, Barbara Wilberforce spent her time with her sons, Robert and Samuel, or with her sister Ann Neale in Taplow in Buckinghamshire. She is buried next to East Farleigh church, Kent, her son Robert Wilberforce's first living, and where her son Henry would minister a decade later.
She was a matrilineal descendant of Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, and the mitochondrial DNA descent through which the remains of Richard III of England were identified in 2013 passes through her mother and her sister Charlotte, who was the mother of Edward Vansittart Neale.[2]
In the 2006 film Amazing Grace, about her husband's involvement in the movement to eliminate the slave trade, she was portrayed by actress Romola Garai.[3]
1. ^ a b c Wolffe, John; Harrison, B. (September 2004; online edition, May 2006). "Wilberforce, William (1759–1833)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861411-1.
2. ^
3. ^ "Barbara Spooner played by Romola Garai". Amazing Grace. Bristol Bay Productions. Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42395 | Basil Willey
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Basil Willey (July 25, 1897 – September 3, 1978) was a professor of English literature at Cambridge University and a prolific author of well-written and scholarly works on English literature and intellectual history.
He was born in London, England in 1897 and educated at Cambridge University. He became a fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1935. He was appointed King Edward VII Professor of English Literature in 1946. He served as President of Pembroke College from 1958 to 1964. He retired from his position as King Edward VII Professor of English Literature in 1965.
He was a fellow of the British Academy and the Royal Society of Literature, and a member of the Athenaeum Club.
Published works[edit]
• Tendencies in Renaissance Literary Theory (1922)
• The Seventeenth Century Background (Studies in the Thought of the Age in Relation to Poetry and Religion - 1934)
• The Eighteenth Century Background: (Studies on the Idea of Nature in the Thought of the Period - 1940)
• Nineteenth Century Studies: Coleridge to Matthew Arnold (1949)
• Christianity Past and Present (1952)
• More nineteenth century studies: A group of honest doubters (1956)
• The Religion of Nature (1957)
• Darwin and Butler: Two Versions of Evolution: The Hibbert Lectures of 1959 (1960)
• The English Moralists" (1964)
• Cambridge and other Memories, 1920-1953 (1968 - Published by Chatto and Wndus London)
• Religion to-day (1969)
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1973)
Additional Bibliography[edit]
• The English Mind: Studies in the English Moralists Presented to Basil Willey by Hugh Sykes Davies and George Watson (1964)
• Spots of Time: A Retrospect of the Years 1897-1920 (First volume of autobiography) [2]
1. ^ Additional detail added from a copy of Cambridge and other Memories published by Chatto and Windus in 1968
2. ^ detail taken from Cambridge and other Memories by Chatto and Windus London 1968.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42396 | Capetian dynasty
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Capetian dynasty
Coat of arms of the kings of France (chivalric).svg
Capetian Armorial
Country France
Parent house Robertians
Founded 987
Founder Hugh Capet
Current head Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou
Cadet branches See below
The Capetian dynasty /kəˈpʃ(i)ən/, also known as the House of France, is among the largest and oldest European royal houses, consisting of the descendants of King Hugh Capet of France in the male line. In contemporary times, both King Juan Carlos of Spain and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg are members of this family, both through the Bourbon branch of the dynasty. Along with the House of Habsburg, it is one of the two most powerful continental European royal families, dominating European politics for nearly five centuries.
Name origins and usage[edit]
The name of the dynasty derives from its founder, Hugh, who was known as "Hugh Capet". The meaning of "Capet" (a nickname rather than a surname of the modern sort) is unknown. While folk etymology identifies it with "cape", other suggestions suggest it to be connected to the Latin word caput ("head"), and thus explain it as meaning "chief" or "head".[citation needed]
The Robertians and before[edit]
The Carolingian dynasty ceased to rule France upon the death of Louis V. After the death of Louis V, the son of Hugh the Great, Hugh Capet, was elected by the nobility as king of France. Hugh was crowned at Noyon on 3 July 987 with the full support from Holy Roman Emperor Otto III. With Hugh's coronation, a new era began for France, and his descendants came to be named the Capetians, with the Capetian dynasty ruling France for more than 800 years (987–1848, with some interruptions[1]).
Robertian Family Branches[edit]
Capetians through history[edit]
Salic Law[edit]
Without Salic Law, upon the death of John I, the crown would have passed to his half-sister, Joan (later Joan II of Navarre). However, Joan's paternity was suspect due to her mother's adultery; the French magnates adopted Salic Law to avoid the succession of a possible bastard.
Capetian Cadet Branches[edit]
Descendants of Robert II of France[edit]
Descendants of Henry I of France[edit]
Descendants of Louis VI of France[edit]
Descendants of Louis VIII of France[edit]
• House of Artois (1237–1472)
• Capetian House of Anjou (initially ruling house of Sicily, then of Naples, became ruling house of Hungary) (1247–1382)
• Capetian House of Anjou – Naples branch (1309–1343)
• Capetian House of Anjou – Taranto branch (1294–1374)
• Capetian House of Anjou – Durazzo branch (1309–1414)
Descendants of Louis IX of France[edit]
Descendants of Philip III of France[edit]
• House of Valois (1293–1498)
• House of Valois – Alençon branch (1325–1525)
• House of Valois-Anjou (1356–1481)
• House of Valois-Burgundy (1364–1477)
• House of Valois-Burgundy – Brabantine branch (1404–1430)
• House of Valois-Burgundy – Nevers branch (1404–1491)
• House of Valois – Orléans branch (1392–1515)
• House of Valois – Orléans-Angoulême branch (1407–1589)
• House of Évreux (1303–1400)
• House of Évreux – Navarre branch (1328–1425)
Capetians and their domains[edit]
Illegitimate Descent[edit]
Senior Capets[edit]
Throughout most of history, the Senior Capet and the King of France were synonymous terms. Only in the time before Hugh Capet took the crown for himself and after the reign of Charles X is the term necessary to identify which. However, since primogeniture and the Salic Law provided for the succession of the French throne for most of French history, here is a list of all the predecessors of the French monarchy, all the French kings from Hugh until Charles, and all the Legitimist pretenders thereafter. All dates are for seniority, not reign. It is important to note that historians class the predecessors of Hugh Capet as Robertians, not Capetians.
Noblemen in Neustria and their descendants (dates uncertain):
Count in the Upper Rhine Valley and Wormgau:
King of France:
Count of Paris:
King of France:
Duke of Angoulême:
Count of Chambord:
Count of Montizón:
• Juan (1883–1887)
Duke of Madrid:
Duke of Anjou and Madrid:
Duke of San Jaime:
King of Spain:
Duke of Anjou and Segovia:
Duke of Anjou and Cádiz:
Duke of Anjou:
The Capetian dynasty today[edit]
Current Capetian rulers[edit]
Current Capetian pretenders[edit]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Specific periods of reign are 888–898, 922–923, 987–1792, 1814–1815, and 1815–1848 – the more-than-800-year uninterrupted period 987–1792 forming the bulk.
Further reading[edit]
• Ingmar Krause: Konflikt und Ritual im Herrschaftsbereich der frühen Capetinger – Untersuchungen zur Darstellung und Funktion symbolischen Verhaltens. Rhema-Verlag, Münster 2006, ISBN 978-3-930454-62-4
• Fawtier, Robert. The Capetian Kings of France: Monarchy & Nation (987–1328). Macmillan, 1960. (translated from French edition of 1941)
• Hallam, Elizabeth M. Capetian France 987–1328. Longman, 1980.
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42397 | Catholic University of Santiago del Estero
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Universidad Católica de Santiago del Estero
Students 6,569
The Catholic University of Santiago del Estero (UCSE) is an institution created by a group of lay Catholics in collaboration with the Congregation of the Brothers of Mercy, and was inaugurated on June 21, 1960, as the Instituto Universitario San José de Ciencias Políticas, Sociales y Económicas.
Its main, Santiago del Estero campus was built in 1979, and the institution maintains campuses in San Salvador de Jujuy (1993), Olivos (1994), and Rafaela (1997). The main campus is known for its arboretum, the Estación Experimental Fernández, which features over 15,000 trees (jacarandas, silk floss, tipas, pau d'arco, prosopis, and casuarinas, among others).
Coordinates: 27°47′25″S 64°14′38″W / 27.79028°S 64.24389°W / -27.79028; -64.24389 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42398 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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ישראלים (Yisra'elim)
الإسرائيليين (al-Isrāʼīliyyin)
Ada Yonath Robert Aumann Natalie Portman Amos Oz Yossi Benayoun Shahar Pe'er Moshe Dayan David Ben-Gurion Yitzhak Rabin Menachem Begin Golda Meir Ariel Sharon Ilan Ramon Benjamin Netanyahu Natan Sharansky Itzhak Perlman Yisrael Meir Lau Ovadia Yosef Emile Habibi Raleb Majadele Salim Tuama Aviv Geffen Dana International Eyal GolanA photomontage of 24 notable Israelis. It is composed of four rows of six portraits, and includes musicians, sports people and politicians.
About this image
Regions with significant populations
Israel 8,080,000 (August 2013)[1][2][3][4]
United States 106,839[5] - 500,000[6][7][8]
India 50,000[9]
Canada 21,320[10]
United Kingdom 11,892[11] - 50,000[11][12][13]
Australia 15,000[14]
Germany 10,000[15][16][17]
Hebrew, English, Russian, Arabic, Aramaic
Predominantly Judaism, minority Islam, Christianity, Druzism, Samaritanism
Israelis (Hebrew: ישראלים Yisra'elim, Arabic: الإسرائيليين), are citizens or nationals of the modern state of Israel. Although Israel is a Jewish state, it is a multiethnic society which is home to people of different ethnic and national backgrounds. The largest ethnic group comprises Ashkenazi Jews, followed by Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews, Palestinians, Bedouin, Druze, and other minorities. However, hundreds of thousands of Israelis have a mixed heritage of at least two ethnic groups, due to cross-cultural intermarriage.
Israel is a multicultural nation which is home to a wide variety of traditions and values. Large-scale aliyah in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries from Jewish diaspora communities in Europe and Yemen and more recent large-scale aliyah from North Africa, Western Asia, North America, the Former Soviet Union and Ethiopia introduced many new demographic elements and have had broad impact on Israeli culture.
As of 2013, Israel's population is 8 million, of which 75.3% are Jews, 20.7% non-Jewish Arabs, and 4.0% other.[19] Israel's official census includes Israeli settlers in the occupied territories[20] (referred to as "disputed" by Israel). 280,000 Israeli settlers live in settlements in the Judea and Samaria Area,[20] 190,000 in East Jerusalem,[20] and 20,000 in the Golan Heights.[21]
Among Jews, 70.3% were Sabras, mostly second- or third-generation Israelis, and the rest are olim. Of the olim, 20.5% are from Europe and the Americas, and 9.2% from Asia, Africa, and Arab countries.[19] Nearly half of all Israeli Jews are descended from olim from the European Jewish diaspora. Approximately the same number are descended from olim from Arab countries, Iran, Turkey and Central Asia. Over two hundred thousand are of Ethiopian and Indian Jewish descent.[2]
Israel's two official languages are Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew is the primary language of government and is spoken by the majority of the population. Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and by some members of the Mizrahi Jewish community. English is studied in school and is spoken by the majority of the population as a second language. Other languages spoken in Israel include Russian, Yiddish, Spanish, Ladino, Amharic, Armenian, Georgian, Romanian, Polish and French.
Ethnic and religious groups[edit]
The main Israeli ethnic and religious groups are as follows:
The ethnic division of The Jewish population of Israel as of 2009 is as follows.
Ethnic Makeup of Jewish Population of Israel[26]
TOTAL 5,818,000 100%
Mizrahi Jews and Sephardic Jews 2,921,000 50.2%
Morocco 800,000 15.2%
Iraq 404,000 7.7%
Yemen 295,000 4.9%
Iran 236,000 4.0%
Algeria/Tunisia 224,000 3.8%
France (Sephardi Jews from North Africa) 150,000 2.5%
Other Asia 150,000 2.5%
Turkey 147,000 2.5%
Libya 136,000 2.3%
Egypt 112,000 1.9%
Other Asia 200,000 1.7%
India/Pakistan 76,000 1.3%
Latin America 25,000 0.04%
Other Africa (Not South Africa) 3,000 0.05%
Beta Israel (Ethiopia) 130,000 2.2%
Ashkenazi Jews 2,767,000 47.5%
Russia 1,018,000 20.9%
Poland 400,000 8.3%
Romania 351,000 7.6%
Other Europe 168,000 3.7%
North America (including 4,000 African American Black Hebrews) 165,000 2.8%
Germany/Austria 160,000 2.7%
Bulgaria/Greece 97,000 1.9%
Latin America 82,000 1.4%
Hungary 63,000 1.3%
Czechoslovakia 60,000 1.2%
United Kingdom 40,000 0.4%
South Africa 20,000 0.4%
Arabic-speaking ethnic groups[edit]
Map of Arab population, 2000
As of 2013, the Arab population of Israel amounts to 1,658,000, about 20.7% of the population.[19] This figure include 209,000 Arabs (14% of the Israeli Arab population) in East Jerusalem, also counted in the Palestinian statistics, although 98 percent of East Jerusalem Palestinians have either Israeli residency or Israeli citizenship.[27]
Negev Bedouin[edit]
The Arab citizens of Israel also include the Bedouin. Israeli Bedouin include those who live in the north of the country, for the most part in villages and towns, and the Bedouin in the Negev, who are semi-nomadic or live in towns or unrecognized Bedouin villages. In 1999, 110,000 Bedouin lived in the Negev, 50,000 in the Galilee and 10,000 in the central region of Israel.[28] As of 2013, the Negev Bedouin number 200,000-210,000.[29][30][31]
Sheikh Amin Tarif, spiritual leader of the Israeli Druze, c. 1950.
There are about 1,000 Coptic Israeli citizens.
Other citizens[edit]
African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem[edit]
The African Hebrew Israelite Nation of Jerusalem is a small religious community which believes its members believe they are descended from the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. Most of the over 5000 members live in Dimona, Israel although there are additional, smaller, groups in Arad, Mitzpe Ramon, and the Tiberias area. At least some of them consider themselves to be Jewish, but Israeli authorities do not accept them as such nor are their religious practices consistent with "mainstream Jewish tradition."[33] The group, which consists of African Americans and their descendants, originated in Chicago in the early 1960s, moved to Liberia for a few years, and then emigrated to Israel.
Circassians in Kfar Kama
In Israel, there are also a few thousand Circassians, living mostly in Kfar Kama (2,000) and Reyhaniye (1,000).[citation needed] These two villages were a part of a greater group of Circassian villages around the Golan Heights. The Circassians in Israel enjoy, like Druzes, a status aparte. Male Circassians (at their leader's request) are mandated for military service, while females are not.
East Europeans[edit]
Naturalized foreign workers[edit]
African refugees[edit]
Meeting between Sudanese refugees and Israeli students, 2007.
Foreign workers[edit]
Other refugees[edit]
Israeli diaspora[edit]
It is currently estimated that there are 330,000 native-born Israelis, including 230,000 Jews, living abroad, or even more.[38] The number of immigrants to Israel who later returned to their home countries or moved elsewhere is more difficult to calculate.
For many years definitive data on Israeli emigration was unavailable.[39] In The Israeli Diaspora sociologist Stephen J. Gold maintains that calculation of Jewish emigration has been a contentious issue, explaining, "Since Zionism, the philosophy that underlies the existence of the Jewish state, calls for return home of the world's Jews, the opposite movement - Israelis leaving the Jewish state to reside elsewhere - clearly presents an ideological and demographic problem."[40]
Among the most common reasons for emigration of Israelis from Israel are most often due to economic constraints, economic characteristics (U.S. and Canada have always been richer nations than Israel), disappointment of the Israeli government, Israel's ongoing security Issues, as well as the excessive role of religion in the lives of Israelis.
United States[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
2013 Supreme Court ruling on ethnicity[edit]
In 2013 a three-judge panel of the Supreme Court of Israel's headed by Court President Asher Grunis rejected an appeal requesting that state-issued identification cards state the ethnicity of citizens as “Israeli” rather than their religion. In his opinion, Grunis stated that it was not within the court’s purview to determine new categories of ethnicity or nationhood. The court's decision responded to a petition by Uzzi Ornan, who refused to be identified as Jewish in 1948 at the foundation of the state of Israel, claiming instead that he was “Hebrew.” This was permitted by Israeli authorities at the time. However, by 2000, Ornan wanted to register his ethnicity as "Israeli". The Interior Ministry refused to allow this, prompting Ornan to file a suit. In 2007, Ornan's suit was joined by former minister Shulamit Aloni and other activists.[41] In the ruling, Justice Hanan Melcer noted Israel currently considers “citizenship and nationality [to be] separate.”[42]
The ancient Kingdom of Israel at its greatest extension
Religion in Israel[edit]
Among Arab Israelis, 82.6% were Muslim, 8.8% were Christian and 8.4% were Druze.[45]
The Bahá'í World Centre, which includes the Universal House of Justice, in Haifa attracts pilgrims from all over the world.[47] Apart from a few hundred volunteer staff, Bahá'ís do not live in Israel.
Religious Makeup of Israel
Religion Population % of total
Jewish 5,435,900 76.0%
Muslim 1,142,000 15.9%
Christian 120,000 1.8%
Druze 115,200 1.7%
Unclassified by choice 302,400 4.6%
See also[edit]
1. ^ This figure includes approximately half a million Israelis living in the Israeli-occupied territories
2. ^ a b "Main Indicators". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
3. ^ "Israel's population at just over 8 million on eve of Rosh Hashanah". Haaretz. September 3, 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
4. ^ "Israel's population hits 8-million mark on Jewish New Year". Jpost. DANIELLE ZIRI. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
5. ^ Ancestry: 2000
7. ^ a b PINI HERMAN (April 25, 2012). "Rumors of mass Israeli emigration are much exaggerated". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
9. ^ A. Craig Copetas (December 19, 2007). "Karma Kosher Conscripts in New-Age Diaspora Seek Refuge in Goa". Retrieved 3 October 2013.
12. ^ HAVIV RETTIG GUR (04/06/2008). "Officials to US to bring Israelis home". Jpost. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
19. ^ a b c [1], Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, CBS
21. ^ United Nations (1 October 2007). Yearbook of the United Nations 2005. United Nations Publications. p. 524. ISBN 978-92-1-100967-5.
23. ^ "Jewish Demographic Policies". The Jewish People Policy Institute. 2011.
24. ^ "Israel (people)". 2007.
29. ^ "Arrests at protest over Israel's Bedouin plan". Al Jazeera English. 1 December 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
30. ^
31. ^ "Behind the Headlines: The Bedouin in the Negev and the Begin Plan". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 November 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
33. ^ Martina Könighofer (2008). The New Ship of Zion: Dynamic Diaspora Dimensions of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 12. ISBN 978-3-8258-1055-9. "The African Hebrew Israelites do not practice Judaism according to mainstream Jewish tradition and have not been accepted as Jews by the Israeli authorities."
36. ^ Landers, Ann (February 07, 1997). "Readers Recall Heroic War Efforts". NYT. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
38. ^ "4. MIGRATION FROM ISRAEL". JPPI. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
41. ^ "Supreme Court rules against ‘Israeli’ ethnicity on ID". Times of Israel. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
43. ^ Migdal, p. 135
44. ^ Migdal, p. 136
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42400 | Margaret Mountford
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Margaret Mountford
Born Margaret Swale
(1951-11-24) 24 November 1951 (age 62)
Holywood, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
Nationality British
Alma mater Girton College
University College London
Occupation Lawyer
Television personality
Employer Amstrad plc
Georgica plc
Known for The Apprentice (2005–09)
Religion Protestant [1]
Spouse(s) Richard Mountford (m. 1973–1990) (divorced)
Partner(s) Gary O'Neil (1993–95,
Children 1
Margaret Rose Mountford (born 24 November 1951) is a British lawyer, businesswoman and television personality best known for her role in The Apprentice.
Mountford is originally from Holywood in Northern Ireland.[2] She was educated at the voluntary grammar school, Strathearn School in Belfast, then at Girton College, Cambridge. Returning to education later in life, she completed her PhD in 2012 at University College London.
Mountford spent a number of years as a lawyer with Herbert Smith, before taking on roles as non-executive director at Amstrad and Georgica.[3] She chairs the board of governors of St Marylebone,[4] an inner-London Church of England Comprehensive School.[5]
Mountford also chairs the Bright Ideas Trust. BIT was set up by the first Apprentice winner Tim Campbell, and helps young people start their own businesses.[6]
In April 2012, Mountford completed her PhD in Papyrology at University College London with her thesis entitled Documentary papyri from Roman And Byzantine Oxyrhynchus.[7]
TV appearances[edit]
From 2005 to 2009, Mountford was one of Lord Sugar's advisers, alongside Nick Hewer, in the UK version of The Apprentice television show, a role with which she achieved increasing public popularity.[8] Mountford also took part on the panel in The Apprentice - You're Fired on 27 May 2009 for the first time, during which she hinted that Lorraine would not make the final.
In June 2009, Mountford announced she was leaving the show at the end of Series 5 in order to concentrate on her PhD. She was replaced for Series 6 by businesswoman Karren Brady.[9]
She appeared in the 'interview' episode of the 2010 series, where she helped Lord Sugar narrow down the candidates to a final two. Mountford returned for the Apprentice Finals in 2011, 2012 and 2013 in a similar role.
In March 2012 and January 2013, Mountford appeared in the Channel 4 game show Countdown in Dictionary Corner. In March 2013, Mountford presented a one-off BBC documentary programme Pompeii: The Mystery of the People Frozen in Time.
In July 2013, she co-presented a two-part BBC One documentary alongside Nick Hewer entitled We All Pay Your Benefits, filmed in Ipswich, the show investigated the benefit culture.
In October 2013, she presented a BBC Two Northern Ireland documentary called "Groundbreakers: Ulster's Forgotten Radical", which highlighted the forgotten women's rights campaigner from the 19th century, Isabella Tod.
1. ^ [1]
2. ^ Apprentice star fires up NI women, BBC News, 23 May 2007
4. ^ "School Governors". Retrieved 26 March 2009. [dead link]
5. ^ Spying for Sir Alan, The Guardian, 28 March 2007
6. ^
7. ^ EES Trustee Margaret Mountford completes PhD, Egypt Exploration Society, 5 April 2012, retrieved 15 April 2012
8. ^ Headmistress of the nation, The Guardian, 9 May 2008
9. ^ Karren Brady hired for Apprentice, BBC News, 30 August 2009 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42401 | Media of Russia
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The media of Russia is diverse, with a wide range of broadcast and print outlets are available to the consumer, offering all kinds of perspectives and catering for all tastes.[1] In total, there are 93,000 media outlets in Russia, including 27,000 newspapers and magazines and 330 television channels.[2] Television is the most popular source of information. There are three television channels with a nationwide outreach, and a multitude of regional channels. Local and national newspapers are the second most popular choice, while the Internet comes third. In all media spheres there is a mixture of private and state-ownership. The three nationwide television channels have been criticised for their alleged lack of neutrality. However, there is no lack of independent media in Russia, especially in print media, radio and the internet.[1]
The organisation Reporters Without Borders compiles and publishes an annual ranking of countries based upon the organisation's assessment of their press freedom records. In 2011-12 Russia was ranked 142nd out of 179 countries, which was an improvement from the preceding year.[3]
The press[edit]
Russia has a very wide range of print media. There are over 400 daily newspapers, covering every field, and offering all kinds of perspectives.[4] The total number of newspapers in Russia is 8,978, and they have a total annual circulation of 8.2 billion copies. There are also 6,698 magazines and periodicals with a total annual circulation of 1.6 billion copies.[5] Russia has the largest number of newspaper journalists in the world (102,300), followed by China (82,849) and the United States (54,134), according to statistics published by UNESCO in 2005.[6]
Newspapers are the second most popular media in Russia, after television. Local newspapers are more popular than national ones, with 27% of Russians consulting local newspapers routinely and 40% reading them occasionally. For national newspapers, the corresponding figures are 18% and 38%, respectively.[7]
According to figures from the National Circulation Service agency, the most popular newspaper is Argumenty i Fakty which has a circulation of 2.9 million. It is followed by Weekly Life (1.9 million), TV Guide (1.2 million) and Perm Region Izvestiya (1 million).[8] However, only about half of all Russian newspapers are registered with the agency.[4] Some of the leading newspapers in Russia are tabloids, including Zhizn. The most important business newspapers are Vedomosti and the influential Kommersant. Many newspapers are opposition-leaning, such as the critical Nezavisimaya Gazeta and Novaya Gazeta, which is known for its investigative journalism.[9][4] The main English-language newspapers are Moscow Times, St Petersburg Times and Moscow News. 6 of the 10 most circulated Russian newspapers are based in Moscow, while the other 4 are based in other cities and regions.[10]
Main newspapers[edit]
Television is the most popular media in Russia, with 74% of the population watching national television channels routinely and 59% routinely watching regional channels.[11] There are 330 television channels in total.[2] 3 channels have a nationwide outreach (over 90% coverage of the Russian territory): First Channel, Rossiya and NTV.[12] According to 2005 television ratings, the most popular channel was First Channel (22.9%), followed by Rossiya (22.6%). The survey responders' local TV company was third with a rating of 12.3%.[13] The three national TV channels provide both news and entertainment, while the most popular entertainment-only channels are STS (10.3% rating) and TNT (6.7%). The most popular sports channel is Russia 2 (formerly Sport; rating 1.8%),[14] while the most popular culture channel is Russia K (formerly Kultura; rating 2.5%).[15] Russia K and Russia 2 have the third and fourth largest coverage of all Russian TV channels, with Russia K reaching 78.9% of the urban and 36.2% of the rural population and Russia 2 reaching 51.5% and 15.6%, respectively.[12]
Regional television is relatively popular in Russia, and according to a 2005 report by TNS, regional audiences rely mainly on news and analysis provided by regional channels.[16]
Ownership structure[edit]
Two of the three main channels are majority owned by the state. First Channel is 51% publicly owned, while Rossiya is 100% state-owned through the All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company (VGTRK). NTV is a commercial channel, but it is owned by Gazprom-Media, a subsidiary of Gazprom of which the state owns 50.002%. These three channels have often came under criticism for being biased towards the United Russia party and the Presidential Administration of Russia. They are accused of providing disproportionate and uncritical coverage of United Russia and their candidates. The channels do, however, provide large amounts of free airtime to all opposition election candidates, as required by law. During the Russian presidential election, 2008, the four presidential candidates all received 21 hours of airtime on the three main channels to debate each other and present their views.[17] According to research conducted by Professor Sarah Oates, most Russians believe that news reporting on the three national television channels is selective and unbalanced, but view this as approriate. The responders to the study made it clear that they believe the role of state television should be to provide central authority and order in troubled times.[18]
Main television channels[edit]
• First Channel - national, state-owned channel - news and entertainment
• Rossiya - national, state-owned channel - news and entertainment
• Zvezda - national, owned by Russian Ministry of Defense
• NTV - national commercial channel - news and entertainment
• Russia K - state-owned - culture and arts
• Russia 2 - state-owned, commercial
• Russia 24 - state-owned - news channel
• Petersburg – Channel 5 - state-owned - commercial
• TV Center - owned by Moscow city government - news and entertainment
• STS - commercial - entertainment
• Domashny - commercial, entertainment
• TNT - state-owned, commercial
• Ren TV - Moscow-based commercial station with strong regional network
• Russia Today - state-funded, international English-language news channel
• Dozhd - private independent news channel
There are three main nationwide radio stations in Russia: Radio Russia (coverage: 96.9% of the population), Radio Mayak (92.4%) and Radio Yunost (51.0%).[19] Although most radio stations focus on broadcasting music, they also offer some news and analysis. Especially famous is the independent station Echo of Moscow, known for its anti-government political programs.[20]
News agencies[edit]
There are approximately 400 news agencies in Russia. The three biggest news agencies in Russia are ITAR-TASS, RIA Novosti (which will be reformed to Rossiya Segodnya) and Interfax.
Rossiya Segodnya (formerly RIA Novosti) is another state-owned news agency. It has correspondents in 40 countries and broadcasts in 14 languages. It was founded in 1941 as the Soviet Information Bureau. In 1990 it transformed into the Information Agency Novosti and a year later into the Russian Information Agency- RIA Novosti.
Interfax, a privately owned news agency, is part of the Interfax Information Services Group. The Interfax Group comprises more than 30 agencies throughout Russia, the CIS, China and several countries of central and eastern Europe. The Interfax agency was founded in 1989. It became the first non-state information channel in the Soviet Union. In 1993 it created the first in Russian news agency specialized in financial and economic information, Interfax-AFI.[22]
Russian media agregators[edit]
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
1. ^ a b The Problem with Russia’s Free Press Today Is on the Side of Demand Russia Profile
2. ^ a b Amendments to the Media Law May Complicate Foreign Broadcasting in Russia Russia Profile
4. ^ a b c BBC: The press in Russia (16 May 2008)
5. ^ "10.5. Publication of books, booklets, magazines and newspapers". Federal State Statistics Service. 2010.
6. ^ Treisman, p.358
7. ^ Oates, p.128
8. ^ Oates pp.121-122
9. ^ Oates p.118-134
10. ^ Oates pp.121-122
11. ^ Oates, p.128
12. ^ a b "19.8 Coverage by TV broadcasting". Federal Statistics Service. 2008.
13. ^ Oates p.120
14. ^ Oates p.120
15. ^ Oates, p.120
16. ^ Oates p.120
17. ^ Treisman, p.350
18. ^ Oates, p.129
19. ^ "19.7 Coverage by radio broadcasting in 2008". Federal Statistics Service. 2008.
20. ^ Oates, p.119
21. ^ European Journalism Center- Media landscape: Russia
22. ^ European Journalism Center- Media landscape: Russia
• Oates, Sarah; McCormack, Gillian (2010). "The Media and Political Communication". In White, Stephen. Developments in Russian Politics 7. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-230-22449-0.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42403 | Nathan (prophet)
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Nathan, on the right, with King David, by Matthias Scheits
For other biblical people with this name, see Nathan (given name).
Nathan the Prophet (Hebrew: נתן הנביא; Syriac: ܢܬܢ fl. c. 1000 BC) is a character in the Hebrew Bible.
His actions are described in the Books of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles (especially 2 Samuel 7:2-17, 12:1-25).
According to 2 Samuel, he was a court prophet who lived in the time of King David. He announced to David the covenant God was making with him (2 Samuel 7), and he came to David to reprimand him over his committing adultery with Bathsheba while she was the wife of Uriah the Hittite whose death the King had also arranged to hide his previous transgression (2 Samuel 11-12).
Nathan wrote histories of the reigns of both David and of Solomon (see 1 Chronicles 29:29 and 2 Chronicles 9:29), and was involved in the music of the temple (see 2 Chronicles 29:25).
In 1 Kings 1:8-45 it is Nathan who tells the dying David of the plot of Adonijah to become king, resulting in Solomon being proclaimed king instead.
King David named one of his sons Nathan, possibly after the prophet. He was one of four sons born to David and Bathsheba.
The feast day of Nathan the Prophet is on 24 October. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite, he is commemorated as a saint on the Sunday of the Holy Fathers (i.e., the Sunday before the Great Feast of the Nativity of the Lord).
Nathan was portrayed by Clive Wood in the 2013 TV miniseries The Bible.
See also[edit]
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42404 | Okinawan martial arts
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Karate training with Shinpan Gusukuma sensei at Shuri Castle c.1938, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.
Due to its central location, Okinawa was influenced by various cultures with a long history of trade and cultural exchange, including Japan, China, and Southeast Asia, that greatly influenced the development of martial arts on Okinawa.
In 1429, the three kingdoms on Okinawa unified to form the Kingdom of Ryūkyū. When King Shō Shin came into power in 1477, he banned the practice of martial arts. Tō-te and Ryukyu kobudō (weaponry) continued to be taught in secret.[1] The ban was continued in 1609 after Okinawa was invaded by the Satsuma Domain of Japan. The bans contributed to the development of kobudō which uses common household and farming implements as weaponry. The Okinawans combined Chinese martial arts with the existing local variants to form Tōde (唐手 Tuudii?, T'ang hand, China hand), sometimes called Okinawa-te (沖縄手?).[2]
By the 18th century, different types of Te had developed in three different villages – Naha, Shuri, and Tomari. The styles were named Naha-te, Shuri-te and Tomari-te, respectively.
Naha-te, Shuri-te and Tomari-te belong to a family of martial arts that were collectively defined as Tode-jutsu or To-de.[3][4]
Karate (Okinawa-te or karate-jutsu) was systematically taught in Japan after the Taisho era (after 1912).[5]
The genealogy of Shuri-te
Ankō Itosu, often called the "Father of modern karate."
Shuri-te (首里手?, Okinawan: Suidii) is a pre-World War II term for a type of indigenous martial art to the area around Shuri, the old capital city of the Ryūkyū Kingdom.
Important Okinawan masters of Shuri-te:
Important katas:
The successor styles to Shuri-te include Shotokan, Shitō-ryū, Shōrin-ryū, Shudokan, Shōrinji-ryū, and Motobu-ryū.
The genealogy of Tomari-te
Tomari-te (泊手?, Okinawan: Tumai-dii) refers to a tradition of martial arts originating from the village of Tomari, Okinawa.
Important Okinawan masters of Tomari-te:
Important katas:
The successor styles to Tomari-te include Motobu-ryū, Matsubayashi-ryu and Shōrinji-ryū
The genealogy of Naha-te[citation needed]
Naha-te (那覇手?, Okinawan: Naafa-dii) is a pre-World War II term for a type of martial art indigenous to the area around Naha, the old commercial city of the Ryūkyū Kingdom and now the capital city of the island of Okinawa.
Important Okinawan masters of Naha-te:
Important katas:
The successor styles to Naha-te include Gōjū-ryū, Uechi-ryū, Ryūei-ryū, and Tōon-ryū.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Okinawan Masters. Retrieved on 2011-06-20.
2. ^ Higaonna, Morio (1985). Traditional Karatedo Vol. 1 Fundamental Techniques. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-87040-595-0.
3. ^ "Tomari-Te: The Place of the Old To-De". Retrieved July 25, 2005.
4. ^ "Koshinrin School of Karate: Katas". Retrieved July 25, 2005. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42405 | Postage stamp separation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Penny Black is imperforate.
Separation of imperforate stamps by scissors, knife or tearing often leads to uneven margins on the stamp as in this 1853 stamp of Van Diemen's Land.
Vertical pair of 1d red, from Plate 70, perforated with the Archer experimental roulette.
Perforated and imperforate versions of the same Austrian stamp of 1920.
A rouletted United States revenue stamp of 1898.
"Bantam" stamps from South West Africa showing normal and rouletted perforations. Three stamps could be printed using the paper normally used for one. Produced during World War II as an economy measure.
This pair of coil stamps clearly shows the pattern of perforation holes; also, on the left side of the pair, the stamp was torn, while on the right the perforations were cut with scissors or knife.
Methods of separation include:
1. perforation: cutting rows and columns of small holes
2. rouletting: small horizontal and vertical cuts
3. diecutting: cut paper to shape using a metal die—used for self-adhesive stamps.
Early years[edit]
In the early years, from 1840 until 1850, all stamps were issued imperforate, and had to be cut from the sheet with scissors or knife. This was time-consuming and error-prone (as mangled stamps of the era attest). Once reliable separation equipment became available, nations switched rapidly. Imperforate stamps have been issued occasionally since then, either because separation equipment was temporarily unavailable (in newborn nations for instance), to makers of automatic stamp vending equipment (the United States did this in the 1900s and 1910s), as novelties for stamp collectors (particularly when stamps are issued in souvenir sheets), or as errors.
Henry Archer[edit]
In 1847, Henry Archer constructed the first (rouletting) machine, the "Archer Roulette", to separate stamps. His plan, submitted to the Postmaster General on 1 October, 1847, was referred to the departments of the General Post Office and the Inland Revenue. Two such machines were built. After experimentation both machines proved to be failures. From one machine a few stamps from Plates 70 and 71 have survived. This machine consisted of lancet-shaped blades working on a fly-press principle and piercing the paper with a series of cuts.
Archer then abandoned this approach in favour of perforation, a process which used rows of small round pins to punch out the holes. In 1848 Archer patented his perforation machine which worked on the "stroke" principle. The arrangement of the pins enabled the top and sides of each stamp across the row to be perforated in a single operation, and this became known as "comb" perforation. Perforation trials were conducted in 1849 and 1850 under the auspices of the British Government and stamps from these trials were first issued towards the end of 1850. The Archer machine proved the viability of the process but never entered service. Archer's patent for his perforating machine (no. 12,340 of 1848, dated May 23, 1849) was purchased for £4,000 in June 1853.[1] New machines based on Archer's principles were constructed by David Napier and Son Ltd; these were initially used in October 1853 for revenue stamps and from January 1854 for postage stamps.[2]
The rotary process[edit]
Also in 1854 a "rotary process" was patented by William Bemrose and Henry Howe Bemrose. The Bemrose machine was designed as a rouletting machine. As such, it proved impracticable for stamp separation but in 1856 was successfully converted to a perforating machine by George C. Howard of Toppan Carpenter, stamp printers for the American Government.[3] Both the stroke and rotary processes have been refined since then, but are basically still the ones in use in the 21st century. The key decision for the perforator is the spacing of the holes; if too far apart, the stamps will not separate easily, and the stamps are likely to tear, but if too close, the stamps will tend to come apart in normal handling. In a few cases the size of the holes has been a factor. In the case of certain stamps produced by Australia for sale in rolls rather than sheets (coil stamps) a pattern can be seen on the stamp's short side of two small, ten large and two small holes.
Measurement and variations[edit]
The standard for describing perforation is the number of holes (or the "teeth" or perfs of an individual stamp) in a 2-centimeter span. The finest gauge ever used is 18 on stamps of the Malay States in the early 1950s, and the coarsest is 2, seen on the 1891 stamps of Bhopal. Modern stamp perforations tend to range from 11 to 14.
Rouletting uses small cuts in the paper instead of holes. It was used by a number of countries, but is rarely if ever seen on modern stamps. Varieties, often described by philatelists in French terms, include straight cuts (percée en lignes, and percée en lignes colorées with inked cutting bar), arc (percée en arc), sawtooth and the serpentine roulettes (percée en pointe) used by the early stamps of Finland.
A few types of stamps have combined rouletting and perforation, for instance South Africa in 1942.
Self-adhesive stamps[edit]
The first self-adhesive stamp was issued by Sierra Leone in 1964, and by the 1990s these stamps came into wide use. These are inevitably diecut, meaning that the stamps themselves are cut entirely apart, held together only by the backing paper. At first the backing paper was itself solid, but in a repeat of history, is now slightly rouletted so as to facilitate tearing off blocks of stamps without having to remove them from the backing. Since the diecut goes all the way through the stamp, any shape will work, and the original self-adhesives were straight-edged. However, the tradition of perforation is so strong that more recent self-adhesives have a wavy diecut simulating the perforation. It can be recognized by studying the edge of the stamp closely; true perforations will have torn paper fibers on each tooth, while simulated perforations are smooth.
As is inevitable for a mechanical process like perforation, many things can go wrong. Blind perfs are common, occurring when a hole is not completely punched out, as are offcenter perfs that cut into the design of the stamp, sometimes very badly. Occasionally pairs or larger groups of stamps may be imperforate between meaning that they are not separated on all sides. Although it is very common to have different gauges of perforation horizontally and vertically, in rare circumstances a stamp may have different perforations on opposite sides; in the case of US stamps only a handful of these are known to exist. The various types of perforation errors are collectively known as misperfs.
See also[edit]
References and sources[edit]
1. ^ Williams, Louis N. (1990). Fundamentals of Philately. State College, PA: American Philatelic Society. p. 756. ISBN 0-933580-13-4.
2. ^ "Stamp Perforation: The Somerset House Years 1848 to 1880 (Ray Simpson and Peter Sargent)
3. ^ "The Bemrose Perforating Machine", The London Philatelist, February 2009 (Ray Simpson)
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42406 | Randolph College
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Randolph-Macon Woman's College)
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Randolph College
Randolph college seal.jpg
Motto Vita Abundantior
Motto in English Life More Abundant
Established 1891
Type Private liberal arts college
Religious affiliation United Methodist Church
Endowment US $135.3 million[1]
President Dr. Bradley W. Bateman
Academic staff 72
Undergraduates 517
Postgraduates 7
Location Lynchburg, VA, USA
Coordinates: 37°26′12″N 79°10′18″W / 37.4368°N 79.1718°W / 37.4368; -79.1718
Campus Suburban, Historic; 100 acres
Former names Randolph-Macon Woman's College (1891–2007)
Colors Black and Yellow
Athletics NCAA Division III, ODAC
Nickname WildCats
Mascot Wanda the WildCat
Website randolphcollege.edu
Randolph College is a private liberal arts and sciences college located in Lynchburg, Virginia, United States. Founded in 1891 as Randolph-Macon Woman's College, it was renamed on July 1, 2007, when it became coeducational.
The college offers 30 majors, 44 minors, pre-professional programs in law, medicine, veterinary medicine, engineering, and teaching, and dual degree programs in engineering and nursing. Bachelor of arts, bachelor of science and bachelor of fine arts degrees are offered. Randolph offers master of arts in teaching and master of education degrees.
The College, which has always been known for preparing its alumnae and alumni to succeed in a global environment with study abroad programs, recently announced Bridges Not Walls, a Quality Enhancement Program (QEP) required by its regional accrediting agency (Southern Association of Colleges and Schools). Bridges Not Walls, approved by the College's faculty during 2010, is designed to enhance students' intercultural competence.
Randolph is one of only 240 colleges and universities in the United States with a Phi Beta Kappa chapter.
Randolph operates a study abroad program, Randolph College Abroad: The World in Britain at the University of Reading, England.
Randolph is an NCAA Division III school competing in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference (ODAC). The college fields varsity teams in six men's and eight women's sports. The coed riding team competes in both the ODAC and the Intercollegiate Horse Show Association.
Notable alumni include author Pearl S. Buck, who won the Nobel Prize and Pulitzer Prize, former U.S. Senator Blanche Lincoln, and CNN senior political correspondent Candy Crowley.
Randolph is a member of The Annapolis Group of colleges in the United States, the Council of Independent Colleges in Virginia, and the Virginia Foundation for Independent Colleges.
The college was founded by William Waugh Smith, then-president of Randolph-Macon College, under Randolph-Macon's charter after he failed to convince R-MC to become co-educational. Randolph-Macon Woman's College has historic ties to the United Methodist Church. After many attempts to find a location for Randolph-Macon Woman's College, the city of Lynchburg donated 50 acres[2] for the purpose of establishing a women's college. In 1916, it became the first women's college in the South to earn a Phi Beta Kappa charter.[3] Beginning in 1953, the two colleges were governed by separate boards of trustees.
Main Hall, built in 1891, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.[4]
In August 2006, only a few weeks into the academic year, Randolph-Macon Woman's College announced that it would adopt coeducation and change its name. Former Interim president Ginger H. Worden argued (in a 17 September 2006 editorial for the Washington Post) that,
"today, the college is embarking on a new future, one that will include men. Yet that original mission, that dedication to women's values and education, remains. The fact of the marketplace is that only 3 percent of college-age women say they will consider a women's college. The majority of our own students say they weren't looking for a single-sex college specifically. Most come despite the fact that we are a single-sex college. Our enrollment problems are not going away, and we compete with both coed and single-sex schools. Of the top 10 colleges to which our applicants also apply, seven are coed. Virtually all who transfer from R-MWC do so to a coed school. These market factors affect our financial realities."[5]
The decision to go co-ed was not welcomed by everyone. Alumnae and students organized protests which were covered by local and national media.[6] Many students accused the school of having recruited them under false pretenses, as the administration did not warn new or current students that they were considering admitting men.[7] Lawsuits were filed against the school by both students and alumnae.
It was renamed Randolph College on July 1, 2007, when it became coeducational. The last class to have the option to receive diplomas from Randolph Macon Woman's College graduated on 16 May 2010.
• Bradley Bateman, 2013-[8]
• John Klein, 2007–2013
• Ginger H. Worden '69 (Interim President), 2006–2007
• Kathleen Gill Bowman, 1994–2006
• Lambuth M. Clarke, 1993–1994
• Linda Koch Lorimer, 1987–1993
• Robert A. Spivey, 1978–1987
• William F. Quillian, Jr., 1952–1978 [2]
• Theodore H. Jack, 1933–1952
• N.A. Pattillo, 1931–1933
• Dice Robins Anderson, 1920–1931
• William A. Webb, 1913–1919
• William Waugh Smith, 1891–1912 [3]
Notable alumnae[edit]
Name Known for Relationship to college
Pearl S. Buck First woman from the United States to win the Nobel Prize in literature in 1938 for "the body of her work", notably her 1932 novel The Good Earth, which was chosen for its "rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces." The Good Earth also won the 1932 Pulitzer Prize. class of 1914
Iris Kelso Influential newspaper journalist and television commentator in New Orleans, Louisiana; won a Peabody Award for her television reports class of 1948
Odilia Dank Republican member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives from 1994 to 2006; first woman to chair the House Education Committee; school counselor by occupation; native of Cleveland, Ohio[9][10] class of 1960
Emily Squires One of the twelve directors of Sesame Street. She has won 6 Daytime Emmy's since 1985. class of 1961
Candy Crowley CNN senior political correspondent whose career includes two awards for outstanding journalism, from the National Press Foundation and the Associated Press. class of 1970
Frank M. Hull Current judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. class of 1970
Susan Webber Wright US district court judge in Little Rock, Arkansas. She presided over Paula Jones's sexual harassment lawsuit against former President Bill Clinton. She was also involved with the investigation of the Whitewater Scandal with Kenneth Starr. class of 1970
Blanche Lincoln Democratic U.S. Senator from Arkansas from 1999 to2011. She has previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives from Arkansas' 1st congressional district. At the age of 38, Lincoln was the youngest woman to be elected to the Senate in 1998. class of 1982
Missy Irvin Republican member of the Arkansas State Senate from Mountain View since 2011 class of 1993
Rachel A. Dean U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, killed in September 2006 while on duty in Kazakhstan. class of 2003
Kakenya Ntaiya Founder of Kakenya Center for Excellence, a school for girls in Kenya, and women's education and health activist. class of 2004
Anne Tucker Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; photography curator
(named "America's Best Curator" by TIME, in 2001)
Suzanne Patrick US Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Industrial Policy
Daisy Hurst Floyd Dean of the Walter F. George School of Law of Mercer University, 2004 until 2010 attended 1973 until 1975
One of the college's oldest traditions is the Even/Odd rivalry. The year the student graduates denotes whether they are an Even or an Odd. The two staircases in Main Hall lobby are known as the "Even Stairs" on the left and "Odd Stairs" on the right. According to superstition, a student who uses the wrong set of stairs will not graduate. The class of 1903 unofficially established the Odd/Even tradition by adopting the class of 1905 as "little sisters."
The campus symbol of the Odd classes is the "Odd Tree", located on the college's front lawn. Legend has it that the original Odd Tree was burned down by Evens. A large cement replica of the trunk now stands on the site of the original tree. The Odd symbols are the witch and the devil. Their colors are red, grey and blue. Their spirit organization is the Gamma 13 founded by the class of 1913.
The "Even Post" in front of Main Hall serves as a symbol of the Even classes. Dr. William Waugh Smith tied his horse, Mr. Buttons, to this hitching post every day. The Evens also adopted Dr. Smith's dog, Mr. Bones, as a mascot. Symbols of the Even classes are buttons (after the horse) and bones (after the dog). Their colors are green, white and tan. Their spirit organization is called the Etas.
Members of the Odd and Even classes attempt to keep their respective tree and post clean and white, while striving to spraypaint or otherwise deface the symbol of their rival class.
Throughout the semester Skeller Sings are held between the Odd and Even classes. The senior spirit group stands on the stage in the Student Center to lead their sister class with class songs. The junior spirit group is sent to the stairs to lead their class respectively. At the end of the Skeller Sing, both the Etas and the Gammas come together to sing the Song of Syncopation and the school song.
Even or Odd Day is celebrated during the spring term. Members of First Year Board secretly decorate the campus the night of Even/Odd Day to surprise their sister class. The Evens and the Odds then face off at dinner time with a water balloon fight.
"Bury the Hatchet" is celebrated at the end of the spring semester before graduation. A senior presents a hatchet to the most spirited junior to symbolize the Odds and Evens coming together in friendship at the end of the academic year.
Ring Week[edit]
Ring Week, held in November, is celebrated by juniors and their sister class, the first-years. The week begins with junior draw, when the juniors are picked by members of the first-year class. Throughout the week, the first-year will leave the junior gifts anonymously, and decorate their door. At the end of the week the juniors have a class dinner before taking part in a campus-wide scavenger hunt created by their first-years. The juniors are then presented with their class ring. Sometimes the first-year will have the junior complete a final task before receiving her ring such as breaking open a piñata, digging through Jell-O, or dancing outrageously.
Pumpkin Parade[edit]
Pumpkin Parade is celebrated by seniors and sophomores in October. Sophomores select a senior to secretly leave presents for during the week leading up to Pumpkin Parade. At the end of the week, the sophomore presents a carved pumpkin to her senior. The seniors, dressed in their graduation robes, carry their lighted pumpkins on a parade along the Crush Path across front campus. The parade ends on the steps of Moore Hall. There the senior and sophomore classes serenade one another with class and school songs.
Other Traditions[edit]
Never Ending Weekend is celebrated during the fall semester. The weekend begins on Friday with Tacky Party, a dance party where the attendants aspire to dress in the tackiest outfits possible. The Fall Formal dance follows on Saturday night. Holiday dinner is celebrated during the last week of the fall semester. Sister classes dine together in dining hall, which is decorated for the occasion. At the end of the meal, students stand on their chairs and sing holiday songs. The evening is closed with the singing of the school song.
The Greek Play has been a college tradition since 1909. Every other year a traditional Greek Play is performed in the outdoor Mabel K. Whiteside Greek Theatre, called The Dell. The Greek Play is unique to Randolph College and is run by Dr. Amy R. Cohen of the Classics department.[11]
In addition to the traditions described above the college is host to many others including: Senior Dinner Dance, Founder’s Day, and Christmas Vespers.
Maier Museum of Art at Randolph College[edit]
Randolph College’s nationally-recognized Maier Museum of Art [4] features works by outstanding American artists of the 19th and 20th centuries. The College has been collecting American art since 1920 and the Maier now houses a collection of several thousand paintings, prints, drawings, and photographs in the College's permanent collection.
The Maier hosts an active schedule of special exhibitions and education programs throughout the year. Through its programs, internships, museum studies practicums, and class visits, the Maier Museum of Art provides valuable learning opportunities for Randolph students and the community at large.
Art controversies[edit]
In 2007, Randolph College announced that it would sell four paintings from its collection.[12] The announcement resulted in an injunction filed to stop the sales as well as protests from art associations, including the Virginia Association of Museums, the Association of Art Museum Directors and the College Art Association.[13] The lawsuit was dropped.[14]
In the spring of 2011, Randolph College was censured[15] by the Association of Art Museum Directors, of which Randolph College is not nor has ever been a member, for its proposed deaccessioning of four centerpieces within its collection. The college responded by asserting that its art collection is a college asset held for the purpose of enhancing student learning.
In 2008, the college sold Rufino Tamayo's Trovador for a record-breaking $7.2 million.[16] In 2014, Randolph College entered into an agreement with the National Gallery, London for the purchase of George Wesley Bellows' Men of the Docks, for $25.5 million and established an academic partnership between the two institutions.[17] The other paintings slated for sale at a later date are Edward Hicks' Peaceable Kingdom, and Ernest Hennings' Through the Arroyo.
Special programs[edit]
Randolph College Abroad: The World in Britain[edit]
Since 1968, the college has hosted a study abroad program at the University of Reading, England. Each year as many as 35 students are selected for the program. Commonly taken during the junior year, students may choose to enroll for the full academic year or for the fall or spring semester only. Students live in one of three Randolph-owned houses across the street from the University of Reading campus. [5]
The American Culture program[edit]
A minor in American Culture offers Randolph College students the opportunity to study American society and culture by drawing upon resources, techniques, and approaches from a variety of disciplines. The American Culture program also accepts visiting students from other American colleges and universities for a one-semester intensive study of a particular theme or region, including literature, art, history, and travel components.
3/2 Nursing program[edit]
Randolph College has an agreement with Vanderbilt University School of Nursing. The student will stay at Randolph for their first three years, then transfer to Vanderbilt for another two years. The student will receive a B.A. in Health Services from Randolph College and a M.S.N. from Vanderbilt.
2. ^ "Randolph-Macon Woman's College". The Independent. Jul 6, 1914. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
3. ^ "Randolph College", Official Website
5. ^ Worden, Virginia (2006-09-17). "Why We Had No Choice but to Go Coed". washingtonpost.edu. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
6. ^ "Women's colleges", New York Times, 21 September 2006
7. ^ "Randolph College"
8. ^ "Dr. Bradley W. Bateman Announced as Randolph’s 10th President". Randolph College. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
9. ^ "Odilia Dank". Baton Rouge Morning Advocate. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
10. ^ "Odilia Dank". votesmart.org. Retrieved August 20, 2103.
11. ^ "The Randolph College Greek Play". Retrieved 3 December 2009.
12. ^ "Randolph College to Auction Four Paintings". Randolph College. Retrieved 2 October 2007.
13. ^ Lindsey, Sue. "Foes of Randolph College Art Sale Go to Court". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
14. ^ Desrets, Christa. "Opponents of Randolph College art sale drop lawsuit". Lynchburg News & Advance.
15. ^ [1]
16. ^ Desrets, Christa. "Randolph College painting fetches $7.2 million at auction". Richmond Times Dispatch. Retrieved 29 May 2008.
17. ^ "Randolph College Sells George Bellows Painting Men of the Docks to National Gallery, London". Randolph College. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42407 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Rappelz Epic VIII - Onslaught
Rappelz Epic 7 Logo.png
Developer(s) nFlavor/Gala Lab
Publisher(s) Webzen - US and Europe
Platform(s) Windows
Release date(s) May 19th, 2009
Genre(s) Fantasy MMORPG
Mode(s) Multiplayer
Distribution Download (1.48 GB client)[1]
Rappelz is a free-to-play massively multiplayer online role-playing game. The game is developed by the Korean company Gala Lab, formerly nFlavor, and published by the South Korean company Webzen. It is published in Europe by Webzen West Inc. in French, German, Italian, Polish and Turkish. As of October 2008, Rappelz was also being published by the South East Asia based game publishing company AsiaSoft as RappelzSEA, but was later dropped by the company on September 1, 2009. The game was also published in Arabic for MENA gamers by the Emirati company Game Power 7. The game was released under a different title known as Hope of Nations (Arabic: أمل الشعوب), and was commercially launched on March 16, 2009.[2] A new version was released July 15, 2010 by EagleGame in the Philippines. As of Feb 6th 2013 it was confirmed by Rappelz GMs that "Gala Net, Inc. and its subsidiaries Gala Networks Europe and Gala-net Brazil have been acquired by Webzen, Inc.", however it is still being developed by Gala Labs and Gala Japan[3]
Rappelz is set in a medieval fantasy world, dominated by three races: the Deva (who represent light), the Asura (who represent darkness), and the Gaia (humans that possess an affinity with nature).[4]
Each major installment of the game is referred to as an "Epic". The current installment is called "Epic VIII: Onslaught" (1st part of Epic VIII).[5]
The Open Beta version of Rappelz launched on October 2, 2006,[6] with two separate servers available: "Tortus", the normal PvE server, and "Pantera", the more PvP/PK-oriented server. Those who had previously downloaded the Closed Beta version of Rappelz were not required to re-download the Rappelz client to play in Open Beta; however, extensive automatic patching was done by the client before Closed Beta players could enter Open Beta. Closed Beta ended on September 26, 2006. Closed-beta characters were deleted at the beginning of Open Beta; however, characters created during Open Beta were not deleted prior to the game's release. Open Beta ended with the official release of the game on November 3, 2006, entitled Epic 3 (the previous being Epic 1 and Epic 2: The Epic of the Absolute Creature).
There are currently four servers in service namely, "Tyrant", "Baphomet", "Undine" and "Unicorn" (PVE)." Recently five servers were merged into two, "Fenrir" and "Bahamut" were merged into "Baphomet"; "Naga", "Tortus" and "Pantera" became "Undine"; and "Tyrant" was opened up as a brand new server. The US test server for Epic 4 testing was called "Siren".[7]
The oldest race is the Gaia, and to assist them, the gods of Creation and Extinction brought two more races into the world. They were the Deva who represented the Light, and the Asura who represented the Darkness. With this, there was a period of peace and stability in the world.
As the ages passed by, there was one among the Gaia who called herself "The Witch". Over time, she grew in tremendous power and with a ruthless ambition, rallied the people of Gaia to rebel against the world.
Not all the people of Gaia heeded this call, however, and the world was thrown into chaos. It was only through the combined efforts of the three races of Deva, Asura, and Gaia that "The Witch" was finally captured and burnt alive. It was a victorious outcome of a unity between the three races.
Now at the present time, the three races continue to co-exist with each other in the world of Rappelz but dark rumors have surfaced about the second coming of "The Witch" and the return of her terrible forces. T Epic 6 set's you on a quest to discover who is behind the resurrection of the witch, the introduction of the previous Hero Hector, and finally the assassination of the witch.
Rappelz features three races: the light-based Deva, and two human races, Gaia and Asura. Each race has three classes: Warrior, magician, and summoner, the class whose abilities center around their pets.[8] Pets are creatures that adventure alongside players, aiding them in battle. When the player levels up, their pet does, too.
Rappelz optionally provides the use of icons for actions, allowing them to be assigned to a hotkey. Some other actions may also be used through the use of icons (those available in the control window).
A Lak is magical energy from monsters and can be obtained by defeating monsters while wearing the appropriate necklace. This necklace will be available fairly early in the game. Gathered Lak can be consumed if the player dies, preventing him from losing experience points (the amount of Lak consumed increases with the level of the character), or can be traded at any Lak Trader for either chips or in-game currency, rupees. Lak Traders also provide the option to buy chips with rupees. Before, there were three types of chips: Force Chips, Soul Chips and Luna Chips. These chips are items that characters can use to significantly affect a battle by increasing the amount of damage the target takes for a limited amount of time. They come in different ranks which allow different levels of users to use chips. Force Chips increase physical damage, Soul Chips increase magical damage, and Luna Chips affect both physical and magical damage, but cost slightly more than Force and Soul chips. Now there are only Luna Chips.
Items of equipment have their own level and can level up by means of upgrading. Items that are able to do this display a section at the bottom of their status window showing the upgraded status effects, allowing players to know ahead of time the quality of the equipment. By visiting a Blacksmith, which is available in every town, players are able to upgrade their currently equipped (and upgradeable) equipment for a fee.
In addition, combinations of equipment with the appropriate enchantment cubes can further increase its potency, as is the case with weapons, and are reflected graphically through a glow effect. This is called 'enchanting' an item. A weak weapon or armour can be formed into a stronger item without having to sell it and buy a new one.[9][10] This can also substantially increase both the item's in-game market value. The only non-equipment item that can be enchanted is the skill card.
Items can also be improved by "socketing" Soul Stones. This is done by visiting a Soulcrafter. Soul Stones are dropped items that cannot be bought from any NPC. When socketed, they will increase one of the primary stats of one's character if three conditions are met: the equipment with the Soul Stone is equipped, the Soul Stone's level is lower than or equals the character's level, and the Soul Power of the equipment is charged. Soul Power can be charged at the Soulcrafter of each town and will be paid in Lak. Most equipment have two sockets for Soul Stones, however two-handed weapons have four.
Rappelz also features a Player versus Player (PvP) on/off mode available on all but one server and a hardcore PvP server. PvP is punished by a morality and immorality system that gives negative effects to the player who decides to PvP by allowing other players to attack them without having PvP turned on and dropping the Player Killer's stats. Another downside to Player Killing (PK) is, with excessive Player Killing, the characters name turns red and anybody can attack the person even without PK mode on. Also with a red name, the player receives less experience points per kill. There have been complaints many times about players abusing the PK system and those complaints prompted the creation of a server free from PK.
Pet system[edit]
Pets can be used by all races and classes, the only requirement being Summon Creature and Creature Control skills, which are available early in the game. The basic classes (Rogue, Guide and Stepper) and fighter classes have little emphasis on creatures through the availability of creature affecting skills while the others, especially summoner classes (Breeder, Spell Singer and Sorcerer) can affect creatures more greatly.
Pets are attained by taming a pet while having the appropriate card for that pet in the player's inventory. The three most basic pet cards can be bought in any town, while other cards are only found from defeated monsters. Once tamed, pets can be summoned and banished at will by their owners.
Upon reaching a significantly high level, pets can "evolve" to a different type. A pet evolves twice during its lifetime. Additionally, pets can learn skills at higher levels that allow them to be used as equipment, augmenting their owner's power. Overbreeding grants pets more job points and stats than non-overbred pets. Overbreeding begins after a pet can evolve but not allowing the city tamer to evolve it.
Pets may be evolved at levels 50 and 100 but over-breeding must be performed at levels 60 (level: Intermediate) and 115 (level: Advanced).
With the release of Epic 7 in fall of 2010, pets may be "Staged" or combined into stronger pets with better stats, new skills and durability.
Classes and levels[edit]
Rappelz features a variety of classes, most of which can be unlocked through attaining a certain character level and job level. Character levels are attained in the traditional way, by defeating mobs and gaining experience points. Besides experience points, defeating mobs also grants the player job points. Job points are required to obtain and level up the character's skills, but also to increase their job level. Most skills require a minimum job level to be unlocked.[8]
As of Epic 4, there are three class categories: starting class, first job class and second job class. After attaining level 10 and job level 10, characters can choose one of the first job specialized classes. At level 50 and job level 40, the second job class can be chosen. For example, the Gaia warrior class, Fighter, can choose between Champion (a melee-oriented battler) or an Archer (who focuses on bow skills). All classes of any race share a single "racial skill" in Epic 4, which grows in power with each class increase. When advancing a character's job class, the job level is reset.
Characters can be 'overbred'. This means the character is not advanced to a second job class when it reaches level 50, job level 40. Instead, job points are collected to bring the job level up to level 50 as well, before further specializing. Overbreeding gives a character a small bonus to its statistics.
The world of Rappelz consists of a large island, which is the mainland, and a smaller one, which is called Trainee's Island. The mainland is divided into several areas, such as Crystal Valley, Lizardman Habitat, Pyre Site and Forgotten Portal. These areas harbour monsters of generally similar levels, with few exceptions, like bosses. There are also dungeons to be found, in which monsters are stronger, and experience and job point rewards are higher.
By default, any area is "player-kill area". This means that battle can be held, both between player characters and monsters (mobs), and player characters amongst each other (PK/PvP or dueling). Some small areas exist which are "non-player-kill areas". These are the towns Katan, Horizon, Laksy and Rondo. It is also around the teleporter outside of Laksy, as well as the entire expanse of trainee island. It is not possible to hold battle within these areas.
Each town holds a number of NPCs with different services. These services include a Weapon Trader, Armour Trader, Teleporter, Lak Trader, Adventure Guide, Job Supporter and Merchant. Every town provides most services, although some services are offered by more than one NPC in Rondo. Some NPCs can be found outside the town areas. These only function as quest NPCs in most cases.
Trainee's Island is the starting place of any player character. It is a place set up with NPCs and quests as a means of tutorial, as well as reaching a character level upon which the player's character becomes viable in the mainland. Once a character reaches level 10 and completed the class transfer quest, it is possible to visit a Teleporter and transport towards the home town for that character's race. Once level 20 is reached, the character is unable to teleport back to Trainee's Island, however, as of Epic 5's early release all characters, regardless of level, may visit Trainee's Island.
Each race has its own home town: Horizon, for the Gaia; Laksy, for the Deva, and Katan, for the Asura.
Dungeon system[edit]
Dungeons are isolated places reached through portals. The monsters in dungeons are stronger than normal monsters with the same level, but the experience and job point reward for killing one is also higher. There are also items that can only be obtained as a dungeon drop. Dungeons are usually entered as a party, or dungeon party. Dungeon parties consist of a variety of classes, most including a healer/buffer, a tank, and multiple damage dealers. This enables the party to efficiently kill monsters and gain experience fast. Parties in Rappelz may contain up to 8 players. Dungeons are not instanced, meaning players will be able to interact with other characters and parties inside the dungeon. This also allows for kill-stealing (attacking a monster that was first attacked by another character outside their party, with the intent to 'steal' it away from them and/or receive a portion of the experience gain), and 'mob dropping' (pulling a large number of monsters towards another character or party, usually with the intent to have the 'mob' of monsters attack them instead, often resulting in the 'mobbed' party dying).
Rappelz has a feature in place that allows for guilds to 'own' a dungeon. Ownership of a dungeon brings certain advantages, such as a Lak and rupee 'tax' for characters using the dungeon. Acquiring ownership of a dungeon requires two steps. First a Dungeon Raid should be performed. Dungeon Raid is also called Time Attack, and consists of killing the two bosses that guard the specific dungeon. For example, for Relics of Arid Moonlight, these bosses are Oforia and Abhuva. During the Dungeon Raid, the dungeon is instanced, meaning no other player characters will be encountered.
If the raid succeeds, and manages to kill the bosses in the shortest amount of time compared to Dungeon Raids from others, the guild that performed the raid will move on to attempt a Dungeon Siege. Dungeon Sieges are held once a week on a set time. A Dungeon Siege is a war between a defending guild, the guild currently owning the dungeon, and the attacking guild, the guild who performed the Dungeon Raid. If the siege succeeds, ownership of the dungeon is transferred to the attacking guild. During the Dungeon Siege, the dungeon is instanced, meaning no other player characters will be encountered (with the exception of the opponent parties in the Siege).
Rappelz features a simple guild system, where any player above level 20 can register a guild at a Guild Official (NPC) in the major towns. Guilds offer players a group to play with. Up to five guilds can also come together to form an alliance. Players cannot player-kill another guild member or alliance member. A character who has just left a guild cannot join or create a guild within 7 days. This was implemented to avoid guild-hopping. An alliance owning a dungeon cannot add any other guild to the alliance.
1. ^ a b "Client Download Page". Rappelz Official Site. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
2. ^ "Start of Arabic Rappelz Commercial Service". Game Power 7 press release. 2009. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
3. ^ "Rappelz Official Forums". Gala-Net Inc. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
4. ^ "Scenario". Rappelz Official Site. 2007. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-10.
5. ^ "Scenario". Rappelz Official Site. 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
6. ^ "Gamespot Rappelz summary page". Retrieved 2007-11-18.
7. ^ "Rappelz Official". Gala-Net Inc. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
8. ^ a b "Classes Overview". Alizarin HQ. 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-10.
9. ^ "GPotato Forum Topic: Starting Tips and Information". 2008-03-10.
10. ^ "Player's Guide: Enhancement". Rappelz Official Forum.
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42408 | Richard J. Roberts
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sir Richard J. Roberts
Roberts, Richard John (1943).jpg
Richard J. Roberts
Born Richard John Roberts
(1943-09-06) 6 September 1943 (age 70)[1]
Derby, England, UK
Nationality British
Fields molecular biologist
Institutions University of Sheffield
New England Biolabs
Harvard University
Alma mater University of Sheffield
Thesis Phytochemical studies involving neoflavanoids and isoflavanoids (1969)
Known for Work on introns
Restriction endonucleases
DNA methylation
Computational molecular biology[1]
Influences David Ollis[2]
John Kendrew[2]
Jack Strominger[2]
Daniel Nathans[2]
James Watson[2]
Notable awards Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1993)[3][4][5][6]
Fellow of the Royal Society (1995)[1]
Knight Bachelor (2008)[1]
PhD (1969)[7]
Early life and education[edit]
Roberts was born in Derby, the son of Edna (Allsop) and John Roberts, an auto mechanic.[10] When he was four, Roberts' family moved to Bath. In Bath, he attended City of Bath Boys' School.[11] As a child he at first wanted to be a detective and then, when given a chemistry set, a chemist. He failed his Physics A-level exam on his first attempt. He graduated from the University of Sheffield in 1965 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry and a PhD in 1969.[1] His thesis involved phytochemical studies of neoflavonoids and isoflavonoids.[7]
1. ^ a b c d e "ROBERTS, Sir Richard (John)". Who's Who 2013, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2013; online edn, Oxford University Press. (subscription required)
2. ^ a b c d e "Richard J. Roberts - Autobiography at".
3. ^ Shampo, M. A.; Kyle, R. A. (2003). "Richard J. Roberts—Nobel Laureate for Discovery of Split Genes". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 78 (2): 132. doi:10.4065/78.2.132. PMID 12583523. edit
4. ^ Bartnik, E. (1994). "Nobel prizes in physiology, medicine and chemistry in 1993". Postepy biochemii 40 (1): 4–5. PMID 8208634. edit
5. ^ Boman, H. (1993). "The 1993 Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine--split genes". Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke 113 (30): 3666–3667. PMID 8278945. edit
6. ^ "Nobel goes to discoverers of "split genes"". Nature 365 (6447): 597. 1993. doi:10.1038/365597a0. edit
7. ^ a b Roberts, Richard John (1969). Phytochemical studies involving neoflavanoids and isoflavanoids (PhD thesis). University of Sheffield.
8. ^ Roberts, R. J.; Chang, Y. -C.; Hu, Z.; Rachlin, J. N.; Anton, B. P.; Pokrzywa, R. M.; Choi, H. -P.; Faller, L. L.; Guleria, J.; Housman, G.; Klitgord, N.; Mazumdar, V.; McGettrick, M. G.; Osmani, L.; Swaminathan, R.; Tao, K. R.; Letovsky, S.; Vitkup, D.; Segrè, D.; Salzberg, S. L.; Delisi, C.; Steffen, M.; Kasif, S. (2010). "COMBREX: A project to accelerate the functional annotation of prokaryotic genomes". Nucleic Acids Research 39 (Database issue): D11–D14. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq1168. PMC 3013729. PMID 21097892. edit
9. ^ Roberts, R. J.; Varmus, H. E.; Ashburner, M.; Brown, P. O.; Eisen, M. B.; Khosla, C.; Kirschner, M.; Nusse, R.; Scott, M. (2001). "Information Access: Building A GenBank of the Published Literature". Science 291 (5512): 2318a. doi:10.1126/science.1060273. edit
10. ^
11. ^ Nobel Prize website
13. ^ Beechen Cliff School website
14. ^ "Humanist Manifesto II". American Humanist Association. Retrieved October 4, 2012. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42409 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sridhar Acharya (c. 870, India – c. 930 India) was an Indian mathematician, Sanskrit pundit and philosopher. He was born in Bhurishresti (Bhurisristi or Bhurshut) village in South Radha (at present Hughli) in the 10th Century AD. His father's name was Baladev Acharya and mother's name was Acchoka. His father was also a Sanskrit pundit.
He was known for two treatises: Trisatika (sometimes called the Patiganitasara) and the Patiganita. His major work Patiganitasara was named Trisatika because it was written in three hundred slokas. The book discusses counting of numbers, measures, natural number, multiplication, division, zero, squares, cubes, fraction, rule of three, interest-calculation, joint business or partnership and mensuration.
• He gave an exposition on zero. He has written, "If 0(zero) is added to any number,the sum is the same number; If 0(zero) is subtracted from any number,the number remains unchanged; If 0(zero) is multiplied by any number,the product is 0(zero)". He has said nothing about division of any number by 0(zero).
• In the case of dividing a fraction he has found out the method of multiplying the fraction by the reciprocal of the divisor.
• He wrote on practical applications of algebra separated algebra from arithmetic
• He was one of the first to give a formula for solving quadratic equations.
• He found the formula :-
ax^2 + bx + c = 0
4a^2x^2 + 4abx + 4ac = 0 (Multiply by 4a)
Sridhara is now believed to have lived in the ninth and tenth centuries. However, there has been much dispute over his date and in different works the dates of the life of Sridhara have been placed from the seventh century to the eleventh century. The best present estimate is that he wrote around 900 AD, a date which is deduced from seeing which other pieces of mathematics he was familiar with and also seeing which later mathematicians were familiar with his work. Some historians give Bengal as the place of his birth while other historians believe that Sridhara was born in southern India.
Sridhara is known as the author of two mathematical treatises, namely the Trisatika (sometimes called the Patiganitasara ) and the Patiganita. However at least three other works have been attributed to him, namely the Bijaganita, Navasati, and Brhatpati. Information about these books was given the works of Bhaskara II (writing around 1150), Makkibhatta (writing in 1377), and Raghavabhatta (writing in 1493).
K.S. Shukla examined Sridhara's method for finding rational solutions of Nx^2 \pm\ 1 = y^2, 1 - Nx^2 = y^2, Nx^2 \pm\ C = y^2, C - Nx^2 = y^2which Sridhara gives in the Patiganita. Shukla states that the rules given there are different from those given by other Hindu mathematicians.
Sridhara was one of the first mathematicians to give a rule to solve a quadratic equation. Unfortunately, as indicated above, the original is lost and we have to rely on a quotation of Sridhara's rule from Bhaskara II:-
Multiply both sides of the equation by a known quantity equal to four times the coefficient of the square of the unknown; add to both sides a known quantity equal to the square of the coefficient of the unknown; then take the square root.
Proof of the Sridhar Acharya Formula,
let us consider,
ax^2 + bx + c = 0
• Multipling both sides by 4a,
4a^2x^2 + 4abx + 4ac = 0
• Substracting 4ac from both sides,
4a^2x^2 + 4abx = -4ac
• Then adding b^2 to both sides,
4a^2x^2 + 4abx + b^2= - 4ac + b^2
• We know that,
• Using it in the equation,
• Taking square roots,
• Hence, dividing by 2a get
x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac\ }}{2a}.
In this way, he found the proof of 2 roots. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42410 | Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh
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Lord Clifford.
Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1 August 1630 – 17 October 1673) was an English statesman and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1660 to 1672 when he was created Baron Clifford.
Clifford was born in Ugbrooke, the son of Hugh Clifford of Chudleigh, Devon, and his wife Mary Chudleigh, daughter of Sir George Chudleigh, 1st Baronet. He was baptised on 4 August 1630 at Ugbrooke. He matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford in 1647 and entered Middle Temple in 1648.[1]
Political and Public Life[edit]
In April 1660, Clifford was elected Member of Parliament for Totnes in the Convention Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Totnes in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament.[1] He distinguished himself in naval battles, and was knighted. He became Comptroller of the Household in 1666 and a member of the Privy Council. At the end of the Dutch war in 1669 he intrigued against the peace treaty, preferring the French interests. He was one of the five Counsellors who formed the Cabal, though he was probably the least important of them.
Clifford was created the first Baron Clifford of Chudleigh on 22 April 1672 for his suggestion that the King supply himself with money by stopping, for one year, all payments out of the Exchequer. He was Lord High Treasurer from 28 November 1672 to June 1673, when, as a Roman Catholic, he found himself unable to comply with the Test Act and resigned.
Family and children[edit]
Arms of Clifford: Checky or and azure, a fesse gules[2]
*His father: Sir Hugh Clifford of Chudleigh, Devon and Ugbrooke
• He married Elizabeth Martin, who died in 1709. She was the daughter of Richard (William) Martin of Lindridge House, Devon.
• They had fifteen children, eight of which were daughters:
1. Elizabeth, born before 1655, died as infant.
4. Amy, born 1661, died 1693, married in October 1681 John Courtenay (d.1724) of Molland, Devon. They had numerous issue, as the mural monument in Molland Church attests. No male grandsons resulted and Molland descended via their daughter Mary who married William Paston of Horton Court, Chipping Sodbury, Gloucestershire.
5. Anne, born 1662, died 1678.
6. Rhoda, born 1665, died 1689.
8. Catherine Clifford, born 1670, died 1708.
And their sons were:
1. Thomas, born before 1652, died as infant.
2. Thomas, born before 1652, died as infant.
5. Hugh, 2nd Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1663–1730)
1. ^ a b History of Parliament Online- Thomas Clifford
2. ^ Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.262
Parliament of England
Preceded by
MP for Totnes
1660-1673 with
Thomas Chafe 1660-1661
Sir Edward Seymour 1661-1673
Succeeded by
Sir Thomas Berry
Sir Edward Seymour
Political offices
Preceded by
Sir Hugh Pollard, Bt
Comptroller of the Household
Succeeded by
The Lord Newport
Preceded by
The Viscount Fitzhardinge
Treasurer of the Household
Succeeded by
The Lord Newport
Preceded by
In Commission
(First Lord: The Duke of Albemarle)
Lord High Treasurer
Succeeded by
The Viscount Latimer
Peerage of England
Preceded by
New Creation
Baron Clifford of Chudleigh
Succeeded by
Hugh Clifford |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42411 | UKUSA Agreement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
UKUSA Community
Map of UKUSA Community countries with Ireland
New Zealand
United Kingdom
United States of America
The United Kingdom – United States of America Agreement (UKUSA, /juːkˈsɑː/ ew-koo-SAH)[1][2] is a multilateral agreement for cooperation in signals intelligence between the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The alliance of intelligence operations is also known as Five Eyes.[3][4][5][6][7] In classification markings this is abbreviated as FVEY or the countries are listed like AUS, CAN, GBR, NZL, USA.[8]
Emerging from an informal agreement related to the 1941 Atlantic Charter, the secret treaty was renewed with the passage of the 1943 BRUSA Agreement, before being officially enacted on 5 March 1946 by the United Kingdom and the United States. In the following years, it was extended to encompass Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Other countries, known as "third parties", such as West Germany, the Philippines and several Scandinavian countries also joined the UKUSA community.[9]
Much of the sharing of information is performed via the ultra-sensitive STONEGHOST network, which contains "the Western world's most closely guarded secrets".[10] Besides laying down rules for intelligence sharing, the agreement formalized and cemented the "Special Relationship" between the UK and the USA.[11][12]
Due to its status as a secret treaty, its existence was not known to the Prime Minister of Australia until 1973,[13] and it was not disclosed to the public until 2005.[12] On 25 June 2010, for the first time in history, the full text of the agreement was publicly released by Britain and the United States, and can now be viewed online.[9][14] Shortly after its release, the seven-page UKUSA Agreement was recognized by Time magazine as one of the Cold War's most important documents, with immense historical significance.[12]
Currently, the global surveillance disclosure by Edward Snowden has shown that the intelligence-sharing activities between the First World allies of the Cold War are rapidly shifting into the digital realm of the World Wide Web.[15][16][17]
Origins (1940s–1950s)[edit]
The parties agree to the exchange of the products of the following operations relating to foreign communications:-
1. Collection of traffic.
2. Acquisition of communications documents and equipment.
3. Traffic analysis.
4. Cryptanalysis.
5. Decryption and translation.
6. Acquisition of information regarding communications organizations, procedures, practices and equipment.
The agreement originated from a ten-page British–U.S. Communication Intelligence Agreement, also known as BRUSA, that connected the signal intercept networks of the U.K. Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) at the beginning of the Cold War. The document was signed on 5 March 1946 by Colonel Patrick Marr-Johnson for the U.K.'s London Signals Intelligence Board and Lieutenant General Hoyt Vandenberg for the U.S. State–Army–Navy Communication Intelligence Board. Although the original agreement states that the exchange would not be "prejudicial to national interests", the United States often blocked information sharing from Commonwealth countries. The full text of the agreement was released to the public on 25 June 2010.[9]
The "Five Eyes" term has its origins as a shorthand for a "AUS/CAN/NZ/UK/US EYES ONLY" classification level.[3]
Onset of the Cold War (1950s–1960s)[edit]
Under the agreement, the GCHQ and the NSA shared intelligence on the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, and several eastern European countries (known as Exotics).[18] The network was expanded in the 1960s into the Echelon collection and analysis network.[19]
In 1948, the treaty was extended to include Canada, followed by Norway (1952), Denmark (1954), West Germany (1955), Australia (1956), and New Zealand (1956). These countries participated as "third parties". In 1955, the agreement was updated with Canada, Australia, and New Zealand regarded as "UKUSA-collaborating Commonwealth countries".[20]
Investigations (1970-90s)[edit]
Gough Whitlam, the first Australian Prime Minister to learn about the UKUSA Agreement
In the aftermath of the 1973 Murphy raids on the headquarters of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), the existence of the UKUSA Agreement was revealed to Australia's Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. After learning about the agreement, Whitlam discovered that Pine Gap, a secret surveillance station in Southwest Australia, had been operated by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[21][22][23][24]
At the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the use and control of Pine Gap by the CIA was strongly opposed by Whitlam, who fired the chief of the ASIO, before being dismissed as Prime Minister.[25]
The existence of several intelligence agencies of the Five Eyes was not revealed until the following years:
In 1999, the Australian government acknowledged that it "does co-operate with counterpart signals intelligence organisations overseas under the UKUSA relationship."[32][33]
The existence of the UKUSA Agreement, however, was not publicly revealed until 2005.[12] The contents of the agreement were officially disclosed to the public on 25 June 2010. Four days later, the agreement was described by Time magazine as one of the "most important documents in the history of the Cold War."[12]
Recent media leaks[edit]
In July 2013, as part of the 2013 Edward Snowden revelations, it emerged that the NSA is paying GCHQ for its services, with at least £100 million of payments made between 2010 and 2013.[34]
On 11 September 2013, The Guardian released a leaked document provided by Edward Snowden which reveals a similar agreement between the NSA and Israel's Unit 8200.[35]
According to The Sydney Morning Herald, Australia operates clandestine surveillance facilities at its embassies "without the knowledge of most Australian diplomats". These facilities are part of an international espionage program known as STATEROOM.[36]
Security and intelligence agencies[edit]
Although the UKUSA alliance is often associated with the ECHELON system, processed intelligence is reliant on multiple sources of information and the intelligence shared is not restricted to signals intelligence. The following table provides an overview of the government agencies involved and their respective responsibilities within the "Five Eyes" community:[3]
Country Signals intelligence Defence intelligence Security intelligence Human intelligence
United States National Security Agency (NSA) DIA FBI CIA
United Kingdom Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) DIS MI5 MI6
Australia Australian Signals Directorate (ASD) DIO ASIO ASIS
Canada Communications Security Establishment Canada (CSEC) CDI CSIS CSIS
New Zealand Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB) DDIS SIS SIS
Global coverage[edit]
Although precise assignments are classified, it is generally known that each member of the UKUSA alliance takes lead responsibility for intelligence collection and analysis in different parts of the globe.
Five Eyes[edit]
Australia monitors South Asia and East Asia.[3]
Canada's geographical proximity to the Soviet Union provided considerable eavesdropping advantages during the Cold War. Canada continues to monitor the Russian and Chinese interior while managing intelligence assets in Latin America.[3]
New Zealand[edit]
The Waihopai Valley Facility – base of the New Zealand branch of the ECHELON Program.
In addition to Southeast Asia, New Zealand is responsible for the western Pacific[3] and maintains listening posts in the South Island at Waihopai Valley just south-west of Blenheim, and on the North Island at Tangimoana.
United Kingdom[edit]
Europe, European Russia, Middle East and Hong Kong.[3]
United States[edit]
The US is focused on the Middle East, China, and Russia, in addition to the Caribbean and Africa.[3]
9 Eyes, 14 Eyes, and other "third parties"[edit]
This diagram depicts the relationship between the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) and the so-called "second parties", which comprises the UKUSA community, and the "third parties" made up of members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and other Western allies:
NSA and second parties—Extensive mutual sharing of signals intelligence[37]
NSA and third parties—Signals intelligence is funelled to the NSA in exchange for surveillance technology and cash[37]
The "Five Eyes" community is part of an extensive alliance of Western democracies sharing signals intelligence with each other. These allied countries include NATO members, other European democracies such as Sweden, and allies in the Pacific, in particular Singapore and South Korea.[3]
In the 1950s several Scandinavian countries joined the community as "third party" participants. They were soon followed by Denmark (1954) and West Germany (1955).[9][38]
According to Edward Snowden, the NSA has a "massive body" called the Foreign Affairs Directorate that is responsible for partnering with other Western allies such as Israel.[39]
Unlike the "second party" members (that is, the Five Eyes themselves), "third party" partners are not automatically exempt from intelligence targeting. According to an internal NSA document leaked by Snowden, "We (the NSA) can, and often do, target the signals of most 3rd party foreign partners."[40]
The Five Eyes are cooperating with various 3rd Party countries in at least two groups:
• The "Nine Eyes", consisting of the Five Eyes plus Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Norway.
• The "Fourteen Eyes", consisting of the same countries as the Nine Eyes plus Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain and Sweden.[41] The actual name of this group is SIGINT Seniors Europe (SSEUR) and it's purpose is coordinating the exchange of military signals intelligence among its members.[42]
Germany is reportedly interested in moving closer to the inner circle: an internal GCHQ document from 2009 said that the “Germans were a little grumpy at not being invited to join the 9-Eyes group." Germany may even wish to join Five Eyes.[43] Referring to Five Eyes, French President François Hollande has said that his country is "not within that framework and we don't intend to join."[44] According to a former top U.S. official, "Germany joining would be a possibility, but not France – France itself spies on the US far too aggressively for that."[45]
During the 2013 NSA leaks Internet spying scandal, the surveillance agencies of the "Five Eyes" have been accused of intentionally spying on one another's citizens and willingly sharing the collected information with each other, allegedly circumventing laws preventing each agency from spying on its own citizens.[46][47][48][49]
The 2013 NSA leaks are not entirely new, but rather, they are a confirmation of earlier disclosures about the UK-USA espionage alliance. For example, the British newspaper The Independent reported back in 1996 that the U.S. National Security Agency "taps UK phones" at the request of the British intelligence agency MI5, thus allowing British agents to evade restrictive limitations on domestic telephone tapping.[50]
The mutual surveillance and sharing of information between allies of the UK and USA resurfaced again during the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures. As described by the news magazine Der Spiegel, this was done to circumvent domestic surveillance regulations:
"Britain's GCHQ intelligence agency can spy on anyone but British nationals, the NSA can conduct surveillance on anyone but Americans, and Germany's BND (Bundesnachrichtendienst) foreign intelligence agency can spy on anyone but Germans. That's how a matrix is created of boundless surveillance in which each partner aids in a division of roles.
According to The Guardian, the "Five Eyes" community is an exclusive club where new members "do not seem to be welcome":
It does not matter how senior you are, and how close a friend you think you are to Washington or London, your communications could easily be being shared among the handful of white, English-speaking nations with membership privileges.[52]
In 2013, Canadian federal judge Richard Mosley strongly rebuked the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) for outsourcing its surveillance of Canadians to overseas partner agencies. A 51-page ruling says that the CSIS and other Canadian federal agencies are illegally enlisting U.S. and British allies in global surveillance dragnets, while keeping domestic federal courts in the dark.[53][54][55]
Officially released[edit]
The following documents were jointly released by the NSA and the GCHQ in 2010:
Disclosed by Edward Snowden[edit]
The following documents were leaked by Edward Snowden during the course of the 2013 Global surveillance disclosure:
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Declassified UKUSA Signals Intelligence Agreement Documents Available" (Press release). National Security Agency. 24 June 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
2. ^ Also known as the Quadripartite Agreement or Quadripartite Pact (EPIC, Privacy International (2002), Privacy and Human Rights 2002: An International Survey of Privacy Rights and Developments, Epic, 2002, p. 100, ISBN 1-893044-16-5 )
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cox, James (December 2012). "Canada and the Five Eyes Intelligence Community". Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute.
4. ^ Paul Farrell (2 December 2013). "History of 5-Eyes – explainer". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
5. ^ McGregor, Richard. "Global Insight: US spying risks clouding ‘five eyes’ vision". Financial Times. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
6. ^ Ben Grubb. "Mission almost impossible: keeping a step ahead of prying 'Five Eyes'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
7. ^ Gurney, Matt. "Canada Navy Spy Case". National Post. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
8. ^ Top Level Telecommunications, Five Eyes, 9-Eyes and many more, 15 November 2013
9. ^ a b c d Norton-Taylor, Richard (25 June 2010). "Not so secret: deal at the heart of UK-US intelligence". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
10. ^ Rob Gordon. "Navy spy probe kept military in dark: documents". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 20 October 2013. "The military's fears were well-founded, given Delisle had access to terabytes of some of the Western world's most closely guarded secrets. He operated a computer system called Stone Ghost, which links the intelligence services of the Five Eyes: the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand."
11. ^ Duncan Gardham. "Document that formalised 'special relationship' with the US". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
12. ^ a b c d e Adam White (29 June 2010). "How a Secret Spy Pact Helped Win the Cold War". Time.
13. ^ Jordan Chittley and Kevin Newman. "Canada's role in secret intelligence alliance Five Eyes". CTV News. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
14. ^ "Newly released GCHQ files: UKUSA Agreement". The National Archives. June 2010. "The files contain details of the recently avowed UKUSA Agreement – the top secret, post-war arrangement for sharing intelligence between the United States and the UK. Signed by representatives of the London Signals Intelligence Board and its American counterpart in March 1946, the UKUSA Agreement is without parallel in the Western intelligence world and formed the basis for co-operation between the two countries throughout the Cold War."
15. ^ MELISSA EDDY. "For Western Allies, a Long History of Swapping Intelligence". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
16. ^ Nathan Smith. "The world of signals intelligence and GCSB in context". National Business Review. Retrieved 20 October 2013. "A partnership with various telecommunications industries has secured access to the internet for the UKUSA signals agencies. All traffic on the internet and via emails is reportedly captured and stored."
17. ^ Alexander Abdo and Patrick Toomey. "The NSA is turning the internet into a total surveillance system". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
18. ^ Aldrich, Richard (24 June 2010). "Allied code-breakers co-operate – but not always". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
19. ^ Gardham, Duncan (24 June 2010). "Document that formalised 'special relationship' with the US". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
20. ^ Norton-Taylor, Richard (25 June 2010). "Not so secret: deal at the heart of UK-US intelligence". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
21. ^ Ley, Jenny (1 February 2003). "Australia and America: a 50-year affair". The Age. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
22. ^ Gill, Peter (1994). Policing Politics: Security Intelligence and the Liberal Democratic State (1. publ. ed.). London u.a.: Cass. p. 198. ISBN 0714634905.
23. ^ Leslie, Tim. "Explained: Australia's involvement with the NSA, the US spy agency at heart of global scandal". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
24. ^ Pugh, Michael C. (1989). The ANZUS Crisis, Nuclear Visiting and Deterrence (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 0521343550.
25. ^ Campbell, Duncan (28 May 1999). "Australia first to admit "we're part of global surveillance system"". Heise Online. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
26. ^ Freeze, Colin (30 November 2013). "How CSEC became an electronic spying giant". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
27. ^ Schorr, Daniel (29 January 2006). "A Brief History of the NSA". NPR. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
28. ^ Ewen MacAskill, Julian Borger and Glenn Greenwald (6 June 2013). "The National Security Agency: surveillance giant with eyes on America". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
29. ^ Norton-Taylor, Richard (21 August 2013). "Surveillance secrecy: the legacy of GCHQ's years under cover". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 November 2013. "GCHQ's cover was first blown in 1976 by an article, The Eavesdroppers, published by the London magazine, Time Out."
30. ^ "Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 2 February 2014. "But Justice Hope also investigated the Joint Intelligence Organisation (JIO), the Defence Signals Division (DSD) and the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) whose existence was not officially confirmed until 1977."
31. ^ "History of the GCSB". Government Communications Security Bureau. Retrieved 2 February 2014. "In 1977, the then Prime Minister, Robert Muldoon, approved the formation of the GCSB, but its functions and activities were kept secret. In 1980 it was decided that the existence of the GCSB could be disclosed on a limited basis, leading to the first briefings of the Cabinet and the Leader of the Opposition."
33. ^ "NZ role with global spying alliance". The New Zealand Herald. 24 May 1999. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
34. ^ NSA pays £100m in secret funding for GCHQ, The Guardian, 1 August 2013. Retrieved 2 Aug 2013.
35. ^
36. ^ Philip Dorling (31 October 2013). "Exposed: Australia's Asia spy network". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
37. ^ a b "They're Listening To Your Calls". Bloomberg Businessweek. 30 May 1999.
38. ^ Duncan Campbell. "Inside Echelon". Heinz Heise. Retrieved 25 July 2000. "The system was established under a secret 1947 "UKUSA Agreement," which brought together the British and American systems, personnel and stations. To this was soon joined the networks of three British commonwealth countries, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Later, other countries including Norway, Denmark, Germany and Turkey signed secret sigint agreements with the United States and became "third parties" participants in the UKUSA network."
39. ^ "Edward Snowden Interview: The NSA and Its Willing Helpers". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
41. ^ Ewen MacAskill and James Ball (2 November 2013), Portrait of the NSA: no detail too small in quest for total surveillance The Guardian
42. ^ Top Level Telecommunications, 14-Eyes are 3rd Party partners forming the SIGINT Seniors Europe, 15 December 2013
43. ^ David Sanger and Mark Mazzetti (24 October 2013), Allegation of U.S. Spying on Merkel Puts Obama at Crossroads The New York Times
44. ^ Bruno Waterfield (25 October 2013), EU leaders warn US 'spying' could harm fight against terror The Daily Telegraph
45. ^ Gregor Peter Schmitz (28 October 2013), Appearances and Reality: Merkel Balks at EU Privacy Push Der Spiegel
46. ^ GCHQ taps fibre-optic cables for secret access to world's communications, The Guardian, 21 June 2013. Retrieved July 2013.
47. ^ NSA 'offers intelligence to British counterparts to skirt UK law', The Guardian, 10 June 2013. Retrieved July 2013.
48. ^ GCHQ-NSA revelations – Hague responds: politics blog, The Guardian, 10 June 2013, Retrieved July 2013.
49. ^ British spy agency taps cables, shares with U.S. NSA – Guardian, Reuters, 21 June 2013. Retrieved July 2013.
50. ^ Chris Blackhurst and John Gilbert (22 September 1996). "US spy base 'taps UK phones for MI5'". The Independent.
51. ^ Laura Poitras, Marcel Rosenbach, Fidelius Schmid, Holger Stark and Jonathan Stock. "Cover Story: How the NSA Targets Germany and Europe". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
52. ^ Julian Borger. "Merkel spying claim: with allies like these, who needs enemies?". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
53. ^ Colin Freeze (20 December 2013). "Canada's spy agencies chastised for duping courts". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
54. ^ Ian MacLeod (20 December 2013). "CSIS asked foreign agencies to spy on Canadians, kept court in dark, judge says". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
55. ^ Stewart Bell (25 November 2013). "Court rebukes CSIS for secretly asking international allies to spy on Canadian terror suspects travelling abroad". National Post. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
Further reading[edit]
• Bryden, John. Best Kept Secret: Canadian Secret Intelligence in the Second World War. Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1993, ISBN 1895555299.
• Coxsedge, Joan; Coldicutt, Ken; Harant, Gerry (1982), Rooted in secrecy: the clandestine element in Australian politics, Committee for the Abolition of Political Police, p. 101
• Frost, Mike and Michel Gratton. Spyworld: Inside the Canadian and American Intelligence Establishments. Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1994.
• Hamilton, Dwight. Inside Canadian Intelligence: Exposing the New Realities of Espionage and International Terrorism. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2006.
• Janczewski, Lech; Colarik, Andrew M. (2008), Cyber warfare and cyber terrorism, Premier Reference Series, Gale virtual reference library, Idea Group Inc (IGI), pp. 454,455, ISBN 1-59140-991-8
• Hager, Nicky (1996) Secret Power, New Zealand's Role in the International Spy Network; Craig Potton Publishing, Nelson, NZ; ISBN 0-908802-35-8; (ONLINE EDITION)
• Richelson, Jeffrey T. The United States Intelligence Community, fifth ed. Westview Press, Boulder, Colo.; ISBN 978-0-8133-4362-4; 2008.
• Rosen, Philip. The Communications Security Establishment: Canada’s Most Secret Intelligence Agency. Ottawa: Library of Parliament Research Branch, 1993.
• Rudner, Martin. Canada's Communications Security Establishment: From the Cold War to Globalization in Intelligence and National Security. Volume 16 Number 1 (Spring 2001). 97–128.
• Whitaker, Reginald. Cold War Alchemy: How America, Britain, and Canada Transformed Espionage into Subversion in Intelligence and National Security.
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42463 | Penname: Serina Black 13 [Contact]
Real name: Christin
Member Since: 02/25/05
Beta-reader: 0
Status: Member
Hi my name is Christin. I've been on other sites with my fan-fiction under the name of CuteNessChris so don't think i'm playgerizing because I'm not, I do a lot of work for my fan-fics and I'm sure every-one else does the same lol
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42498 | Discussion Groups
Robot Structural Analysis
Distinguished Contributor
Posts: 159
Registered: 01-29-2012
Accepted Solution
171 Views, 1 Replies
01-19-2013 12:24 AM
I made a mistake too many combinations. I can not with the usual methods to delete the combinations created. I tried to save the file as a text file in order to delete the combinations manually. The text file has a syntax error, but I do not understand, I just deleted the combinations. Do you have any suggestions?
Please use plain text.
Product Support
Posts: 4,048
Registered: 12-17-2010
Re: Combinations....
01-21-2013 12:39 AM in reply to: andrea.pontiggia
Are they combinations or code combinations? How did you create them - using the wizard?
Anyway one of these ways should be applicable:
type the number of the first combination and the last one with to key word (to is for English interface)
delete list of cases.PNG
or run the wizard
delete combinations.PNG
Artur Kosakowski
Please use plain text. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42501 | View Full Version : Japan Raids Intel on Competition Concerns
Sun Baked
Apr 8, 2004, 02:56 PM
Japan Raids Intel on Competition Concerns (http://news.findlaw.com/ap_stories/high_tech/1700/4-8-2004/20040408063001_11.html)
By AUDREY McAVOY Associated Press Writer
TOKYO (AP) - Japan's Fair Trade Commission raided offices of Intel Corp. on Thursday on suspicion the world's semiconductor leader pressured personal computer manufacturers to spurn competitors' products, a commission official said.
Fair trade authorities suspect that Intel improperly urged clients not to include central processing units - the key chips that do computers' thinking - manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices and other companies, said Masaru Matsuo, a manager at the Fair Trade Commission.
The raid covered three Intel locations across Japan, including the company's Tokyo headquarters, and comes exactly six weeks after the commission raided offices of Microsoft Corp. in a probe of alleged anti-competitive practices by the world's most powerful software company.
Intel said it was cooperating with the probe.
[delete to end]
Apr 8, 2004, 06:23 PM
I've always had a suspicion that Intel was almost as much of a monopolist as MS, they're just less obvious about it and have better commercials. Not proven guilty yet, I suppose, but serves 'em right.
Since when is it that Japan actually cracks down on corporate crime like this? Not only are they going after both MS and Intel, but they actually raided the offices! Go, you!
Actually, makes me wonder if they didn't find some evidence of collusion in the MS raids a couple months ago... maybe THATS why they're going after Intel now. Interesting conspiracy theory, isn't it? |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42518 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
Here is a link to the trailer: DotA 2 Trailer.
Does this guy have any relevance to the DotA story line or world, or is he just a character they added into the trailer to put a face to the voice?
I am not talking about the heroes, I am talking about the big-nosed fellow who is doing the talking.
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2 Answers
up vote 11 down vote accepted
In all likelyhood, he is the shopkeeper for the store.
DotA has no real plot to speak of.
Leaked picture from dota 2,looks like him and resembles scourge secret shop
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If you pay attention to what he's saying, this makes perfect sense. "What does a hero truly need? ... Would you be X? ... Then I have Y for you." – Jeff Mercado Aug 17 '11 at 9:34
Perfect! I played DotA and i knew there was not much story, thats where the question came from. Way more respect for the shopkeeper now haha. – Josh K Aug 17 '11 at 17:22
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He is indeed the Shop Keeper of Dota 2 Secret Store.
You can learn more about him by reading Tales From Secret The Shop - Are We Heroes Yet?, a comic published by Valve.
Are We Heroes Yet?
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42519 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
Possible Duplicate:
What are the advantages and disadvantages of dual-wielding?
I want a comparison between dual-wielding one-handed weapons and fighting with a shield and one-handed weapon. I would like the comparison to include:
1. Which is easier at lower levels?
2. Which will benefit more at higher level?
3. Which is easier to use when fighting dragons?
4. Definitive answer on which one is better, with reason.
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marked as duplicate by z -, spugsley, Ben Blank, Mr Smooth, Nick T Dec 22 '11 at 18:30
2 Answers
up vote 6 down vote accepted
1. Dual wielding is easier as you can take care of enemies faster thus you take less damage.
2. At higher level it all depends on the gear you have but for taking care of thing a bit faster go with dual wielding.
3. Shield and one-handed weapon is best for dragons as the fight will be a little bit longer and more concentrated plus it helps with blocking and higher armor bonus.
4. I suggest dual wielding as its easier and faster to just take care of the enemy before they have a chance to do massive damage to you and it speeds up the fight, plus i think it looks better :)
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Dual wielding will start to get better when you get the speed upgrade in your perks and if you got a high smithing so you can upgrade both weapons.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42532 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
The ST_length() function returns the length of a linestring but not in meters.
Is there a function like ST_Length() but in meters?.
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2 Answers
up vote 7 down vote accepted
St_Length() returns the length in the units of its Spatial Reference System. If you want to get meters, you will need to transform your feature to a different SRS that uses meters as units. This can be done on-the-fly, so don't worry about writing out another data set.
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Transform(the_geom,26915)) from my_table;
In this example, SRID 26915 is UTM Zone 15 N, NAD83.
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Or simply add your own field and manage the calculation yourself. NOTE you have to write your own trigger or recalculate it on changes in your lengths. – Brad Nesom Oct 11 '12 at 4:12
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Examples of SQL request: how-to-calculate-length-of-polyline-geometry-for-several-tables-in-postgis
SQL request (length in km (/1000 -delete for meters)):
sum(ST_Length_Spheroid(the_geom,'SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563]'))/1000 AS km_roads
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42593 | TY - JOUR T1 - Extracellular Matrix in Disc Degeneration AU - Feng, Haoyu AU - Danfelter, Mikael AU - Strömqvist, Björn AU - Heinegård, Dick Y1 - 2006/04/01 N1 - 10.2106/JBJS.E.01341 JO - The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery SP - 25 EP - 29 VL - 88 IS - suppl_2 N2 - The extracellular matrix of the intervertebral disc structures contains many molecules also found in cartilage. The extremely polyanionic proteoglycans play a central role, particularly in the nucleus, by creating an osmotic environment leading to retention of water and ensuing resistance to deformation—important for the resilience of the tissue.Another major structural entity particularly important in the anulus is the network of collagen fibers; fibril-forming collagen 1 is a major constituent. The collagen fibrils in the anulus are largely oriented in sheets around the nucleus. A number of molecules present in the matrix regulate and direct the collagen fibril assembly by interacting with the collagen molecule and also the formed fibril. Several of these molecules bind by one domain to the collagen fiber and present another functional domain to interact either with other fibers or with other matrix constituents. In this manner the collagen fibers are cross-linked into a network that provides tensile strength and distributes load over large parts of the anulus. Diminished function in these cross-bridging molecules will lead to loss of mechanical properties of the collagen network and result in an impaired ability of the anulus to resist forces delivered by compression of the disc and particularly the nucleus.A different network abundant in the disc and in other load-bearing tissues is based on the beaded filaments of collagen 6. The basic building block is a tetramer of two pairs of antiparallel collagen-6 molecules arranged such that two N-terminal ends of collagen 6 are exposed at either end of the unit. Further assembly occurs both by end-to-end and side-to-side associations. This process is catalyzed by both biglycan and decorin, where the combined effect of direct binding of the core protein to the collagen-6 N-terminal globular domain and the presence of the glycosaminoglycan side chain is essential. These ligands are bound at the same site in complexes extracted from the tissue and then also have one bound molecule of matrilin-1, 2, or 3, in turn bound to a collagen fiber, a procollagen molecule, or an aggrecan.Interactions at the cell surface provide signals to the cells with regard to the conditions of the matrix. Such interactions include binding by matrix components to various receptors at the cell surface.Remodeling of the matrix takes place in response to various factors. An early event in disease is degradation of aggrecan by the members of the ADAMTS (a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs) family and degradation of molecules important in maintaining the collagen network. SN - 0021-9355 M3 - doi: 10.2106/JBJS.E.01341 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.E.01341 ER - |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42594 | Last night Hillary Clinton was on The Daily Show, via satellite from Austin, Texas. As we were watching, we were like, "Damn, Jon Stewart is asking the smartest questions ever." And they were pretty good ones, but we also realized that we were subconsciously comparing them to the questions that Tyra asked Hillary, so it was easy to sound kinda like a genius. Clip above.
Earlier: "Live" From New York: It's Hillary Clinton On Tyra |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42617 | Team Ico Collection's Box Art Looks A Damn Shame [Update]S
Ico and Shadow of the Colossus are two of the most important video games ever made. Bundling the two together and remastering them should be cause for class and dignity, right?
A Swedish retailer has posted up what appears to be the box art for the now-confirmed collection (hardly the first time Webhallen has jumped the proverbial gun), and it's...exactly the same as that for the God of War Collection. For God of War, that kind of cover was fine. It's God of War, all it needed to do was say that and be done with it.
But Team Ico's games are a little more...snooty. A little more refined. They were crying out for a touch of Criterion Collection, something a little arty, a little abstract. Both game's original covers are memorable, particularly Ico's PAL version (which is pictured on the left), and to see them thrown together on something that looks like it should be $5 in a clearance bin at a post office is a crying shame.
Sony, we're happy you're going down this path of remastering and re-releasing old games, but in future - and if this is indeed the final art - can you do it with a little more class? These kind of things are for collectors and fans, not mums and dad's shopping in Toys R' Us.
We've asked Sony to confirm the art with us, and will update if we hear back.
UPDATE 1 - Sony Computer Entertainment Europe tell us "the artwork is certainly not from us".
UPDATE 2 - Sony today released the placeholder art below.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42625 | Gmail integrates Google SpreadsheetsS
If you're a lover of Gmail and spreadsheets, you'll be excited to know that next time you receive an XLS attachment in Gmail, you'll have the option to open it in one-click with Google Spreadsheets.
I've been waiting for a better kind of web office integration forever (well, for at least a couple months), so this is very exciting news. So far we're not seeing any love with Word documents, but one might imagine it's only a matter of time. If you hate installing expensive/bloated software on your computer but need to view a spreadsheet every now and then, this should be a happy day for you. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42635 |
Re: Annotea Protocols - Updating annotation query
From: Eric Prud'hommeaux <[email protected]>
Date: Thu, 14 Feb 2002 10:51:13 -0500
To: Matthew Wilson <[email protected]>
Cc: [email protected]
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
On Tue, Feb 12, 2002 at 09:59:09PM +0000, Matthew Wilson wrote:
> On the Annotea protocols page, the protocol for updating an existing
> annotation is described.
> http://www.w3.org/2001/Annotea/User/Protocol.html#Updating
> Does an update replace the old annotation, or does it overwrite the old
> data? For example, if I wish to update the body of an annotation, but keep
> the author etc. the same, can I send a message containing just d:date and
> a:body, or do I have to send all the old metadata too?
Replace, and here's why:
There is no constraint that there be one body per annotation so adding
a body would not remove the previous one. Furthur, if there were such
a constraint, it would be up to the application to define whether
asserting a conflicting object for a unique property would
replace the original
be ignored
produce an inconsistent system from which no data could be extracted
We haven't defined this for the interface to Annotea so we treat
updates as messages which replace entirely the results of a previous
email address distribution.
Received on Thursday, 14 February 2002 10:51:23 GMT
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42637 |
Re: Reification quoting in RDF/N3 was: A note comparing Conceptu al Graphs and RDF/Semantic Web
From: Dave Reynolds <[email protected]>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2001 18:10:13 +0000
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
To: Dan Brickley <[email protected]>
CC: "McBride, Brian" <[email protected]>, Tim Berners-Lee <[email protected]>, [email protected]
> IMHO RDF as-is lacks precision in this area; but I stick by my story that
> this is a problem for the Web at large. One that it would be nice to see
> folk on this list have a crack at...
This seems to relate to a discussion started by Pat Hayes last year on the use of
proper names in DAML and RDF.
To explain ... it seems more appropriate to me to use a proper name in the
assertion of what John believes. In effect saying "John believes that the person
he knows as 'Mary' wants to marry the person he knows as 'Fred'". Separate
assertions may be used to relate the (context-qualified) proper name to some
identifying information like a mailbox. Especially if it is actually 'Dan' who
believes he knows the mailbox for the 'Fred' that 'John' is talking about.
To encode the proper names like 'Mary' in RDF one could just use literals as (I
think) Bill suggests, or local uris as Sean suggests or a shared proper-name
namespace same as I suggested in the original discussion:
That would lead to something like:
@prefix pn : <urn:daml-proper-name#>
pn:John :believes {pn:Mary foaf:livesWith pn:Fred}.
pn:Dan :believes {pn:Fred foaf:mbox "mailto:[email protected]" } .
This probably works better for more-nearly-unique names like 'Boston' but a
judicious use of anoymous nodes to associate context with the proper names could
make even this approach workable. So that the thing that 'Dan' believes becomes:
{[ :knownAs pn:Fred :knownBy pn:John] foaf:mbox "mailto:[email protected]" } .
In turn this pattern of refering to person-A explicitly via the name they are
known by to person-B is a key concept in the SDSI/SPKI approach to security, see
http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~rivest/sdsi11.html . So SDSI would refer to the "the
person known as Fred by John" using (ref: John Fred). In the SDSI case the chains
of local references eventually bottom out at private/public key pairs rather than
P.S. Apologies for my informal mis-use of the term "proper name" here but I
suspect I'd need to know much more than I do about signs and semiology to find
better terms.
Received on Thursday, 18 January 2001 13:10:24 GMT
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/42638 |
Re: Reconsider SVG 1.2
From: Kurt Cagle <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 17 Nov 2004 23:04:32 -0800
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
I'm in the midst of writing an editor using Firefox's XUL
implementation. Really very powerful, but yeah, its still definitely a
work in progress, so I understand about the crashes.
The flow model seems to be the central point of contention here, so
getting away from all the grand rhetoric (and cooling down a little
bit), I am trying to figure out why specifically there is such a strong
argument over the flow features. To summarise what I know, the CSS
model, if I read Ian Hixie's proposal correctly, assumes the notion of a
columnated container, though nothing in the specification specifically
addresses the question of overflow yet (given that this proposal is
still being written, I understand the rationale for this). I presume
that there is some provision in place for handling such features as
floats, multiple column sizes and so forth. The SVG model, on the other
hand, makes the correlation between a given bounding region and columnar
flow one to one - if you have need three columns of text, SVG 1.2
requires that you specifically declare three regions. Content within the
region, presumably within the <flowDiv> elements, could very well
consist of multiple flow elements - blocks and spans - that could
potentially be HTML, if ASV 6.0 is any indication of the behavior.
The CSS flow model presumably is strictly rectilinear. Floats complicate
the model somewhat because while the bounding space is still
rectilinear, it is no longer made up of uniform rectangles. This is much
the same problem that the XSL-FO implementers have had - the flow model
is fairly similar, and for all the work on FOP and even a couple of the
commercial FO implementations, floats are a fairly recent innovation at
The challenge with the SVG model comes from the fact that because it
utilizes a monocolumnar approach, the CSS flow namespace is meaningless
for a number of properties when applied to the SVG model. Because of
absolute positioning, you lose localization capabilities (you can't
switch from rt-lb to lt-rb, for instance), whereas the CSS flow model
would preserve this. There's also the issue of having tl-br text, such
as vertical Japanese kanji, entering into a very complex flow pattern in
SVG, whereas it should be properly preserved in CSS.
To me, the logical solution would be to apply CSS columnar attributes on
an SVG <flowDiv> element, so that you could define a specific region as
being made up of multiple columns that would fill according to the
relevant flow model for the type of text involved. Thus, rather than
having five SVG rects, each of which contains a single column and a
sixth SVG circle acting as an overflow, you'd have one SVG rect with
five columns defined within the <flowDiv> element and the circle staying
the overflow. This would give you the CSS property support/SVG attribute
support mix without seriously impeding on either model. You WOULD have
minor differences in implementation for knockouts and floats (a CSS
flow-region-exclude attribute would provides a space delimited list of
elements using selector notation and would echo the <flowRegionExclude>
element within SVG, for instance) but I tend to be a big fan of the
notion that you can maintain both a CSS and SVG notation of the same
underlying property. Finally behavior of excluded regions wrt bounding
rects vs. exterior paths would have to be determined - possibly a UA issue.
So is this where the underlying conflict lies? If this is specifically
what you are referring to when you talk about CSS vs. SVG flowText
issues, then I agree that the SVG specification needs to be extended to
accomodate the notion of multiple (presumably rectilinear) columns
within <flowDiv> regions along with any attendant properties for
determining individual column characteristics. If not, would you mind
showing me where else the issues reside?
One of the reasons that his is such a hot button issue for me is because
I have felt strongly for some time that SVG is "almost" complete, but is
just missing enough functionality to make it less than a complete win in
the marketplace. Flowing text is a big part of that, and I suspect if
some resolution can be made with the CSS team, then people such as Ronan
Oger, Michael Bolger and myself, who I consider as evangelists of the
technology rather than specification developers can be in a much better
position to go to our clients or audiences sooner rather than later with
a solid specification and the attendant implementations and conforming
suites; as this same audience is likely to defect to something like XAML
if nothing is forthcoming, I think it would be a major blow to the SVG
community and the open standards process in general.
-- Kurt Cagle
Robert O'Callahan wrote:
> We understand that completely, and that's why we're implementing SVG.
> But it won't be useful to us unless we can put that 90% and 10%
> together in a single document with a unified scripting and styling model.
> The SVG WG seems to be saying "Let's finalize SVG 1.2, and then we'll
> let the CDWG figure out how to make it work in compound documents".
> Given that SVG 1.2 probably has features that do not work well in
> compound documents, that seems a foolish approach --- unless
> SVG-in-compound-documents is allowed to diverge from SVG 1.2, as I
> have suggested. Two different, but nearly identical, languages for
> flowing text counts as "not working well".
> I still feel it would be a waste of effort for specifiers,
> implementors, and authors to respecify floats, tables, and all the
> other CSS flowing layout features in SVG, but I'm less concerned about
> that if we can avoid having those features appear in
> SVG-in-compound-documents. I wouldn't object at all to some sort of
> XML syntax for CSS properties as long as the behaviour of those
> properties doesn't change.
> Rob
Received on Thursday, 18 November 2004 07:05:23 UTC
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