## Protocol Section
### Identification Module
**NCT ID:** NCT05080179

**Brief Title:** Impact of Nudges on Downloads of COVID-19 Exposure Notification Smartphone Apps: A Randomized Trial

**Official Title:** The Interactive Effect of Social Norm and Self (vs. Others) Benefit Nudges on Downloads of COVID-19 Exposure Notification Smartphone Apps: A Randomized Trial

#### Organization Study ID Info
**ID:** 844564
#### Organization
**Class:** OTHER
**Full Name:** University of Pennsylvania
### Status Module
#### Completion Date
**Date:** 2021-01-28

**Type:** ACTUAL

#### Expanded Access Info
#### Last Update Post Date
**Date:** 2023-08-28

**Type:** ACTUAL

**Last Update Submit Date:** 2022-10-17

**Overall Status:** COMPLETED

#### Primary Completion Date
**Date:** 2021-01-28

**Type:** ACTUAL

#### Results First Post Date
**Date:** 2023-08-28

**Type:** ACTUAL

**Results First Submit Date:** 2022-02-02

**Results First Submit QC Date:** 2022-10-17

#### Start Date
**Date:** 2020-12-11

**Type:** ACTUAL

**Status Verified Date:** 2022-10

#### Study First Post Date
**Date:** 2021-10-15
**Type:** ACTUAL
**Study First Submit Date:** 2021-10-12
**Study First Submit QC Date:** 2021-10-13
### Sponsor Collaborators Module

#### Collaborators

**Class:** OTHER_GOV

**Name:** Pennsylvania Department of Health

#### Lead Sponsor

**Class:** OTHER

**Name:** University of Pennsylvania

#### Responsible Party

**Type:** SPONSOR

### Oversight Module

**Is FDA Regulated Device:** False

**Is FDA Regulated Drug:** False

**Oversight Has DMC:** False

### Description Module

**Brief Summary:** Eligible participants who were active beneficiaries of a large insurer living in Pennsylvania were sent an email encouraging them to download the contact tracing app in Pennsylvania, COVID Alert PA.

Participants will be randomly assigned to one of four conditions in a 2 (Self-benefit vs. Other-Benefit) x 2 (Social Norms Present vs. Social Norms absent) design.

All participants received an email that said :

"COVID Alert PA is the official Exposure Notification App from the Pennsylvania Department of Health. Join Penn Medicine in the fight against COVID-19 and download COVID Alert PA today!"

---Investigators manipulated the content here---

"The app uses Bluetooth to sense when one person is in close contact with another person with the app. If someone tests positive for COVID-19, and they decide to upload the information to the health department, people who have the app and who have been in contact with them will be alerted.

If you are interested in downloading the app, please click COVID Alert PA. We appreciate you joining our efforts. Together we can beat COVID-19!"

In the Other-Benefit condition, it said: "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community."

In the Self-Benefit condition, it said: "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it."

In the Social Norms Present condition, it said: "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

In the Social Norms Absent condition, it said the statement about social norms above.

Participants who do not open the initial email received a follow-up email.

### Conditions Module

**Conditions:**

- COVID-19

### Design Module

#### Design Info

**Allocation:** RANDOMIZED

**Intervention Model:** FACTORIAL

**Intervention Model Description:** This is a 2 (Self-Benefit vs. Other-Benefit) x 2 (Social Norm vs. No Social Norm) design. There are thus four conditions total.

##### Masking Info

**Masking:** SINGLE

**Masking Description:** Participants were unaware they were participating in a study, and were thus blinded to their treatment assignment.

**Who Masked:**

- PARTICIPANT

**Primary Purpose:** TREATMENT

#### Enrollment Info

**Count:** 16903

**Type:** ACTUAL

**Phases:**

- NA

**Study Type:** INTERVENTIONAL

### Arms Interventions Module

#### Arm Group 1

**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

**Intervention Names:**

- Behavioral: Self-Benefit/Social Norm

**Label:** Self-Benefit/Social Norm

**Type:** EXPERIMENTAL

#### Arm Group 2

**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." They did not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.

**Intervention Names:**

- Behavioral: Self-Benefit/No Social Norm

**Label:** Self-Benefit/No Social Norm

**Type:** EXPERIMENTAL

#### Arm Group 3

**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

**Intervention Names:**

- Behavioral: Other Benefit/Social Norm

**Label:** Other Benefit/Social Norm

**Type:** EXPERIMENTAL

#### Arm Group 4

**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." They did not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.

**Intervention Names:**

- Behavioral: Other Benefit/No Social Norm

**Label:** Other Benefit/No Social Norm

**Type:** EXPERIMENTAL

### Interventions

#### Intervention 1

**Arm Group Labels:**

- Self-Benefit/Social Norm

**Description:** As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

**Name:** Self-Benefit/Social Norm

**Type:** BEHAVIORAL

#### Intervention 2

**Arm Group Labels:**

- Self-Benefit/No Social Norm

**Description:** As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." They will not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.

**Name:** Self-Benefit/No Social Norm

**Type:** BEHAVIORAL

#### Intervention 3

**Arm Group Labels:**

- Other Benefit/Social Norm

**Description:** As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

**Name:** Other Benefit/Social Norm

**Type:** BEHAVIORAL

#### Intervention 4

**Arm Group Labels:**

- Other Benefit/No Social Norm

**Description:** As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." They will not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.

**Name:** Other Benefit/No Social Norm

**Type:** BEHAVIORAL

### Outcomes Module

#### Primary Outcomes

**Description:** The investigators measured choice to click on the link to download the COVID Alert PA app or not, conditional on opening the email. Because participants may not immediately open their e-mail, or may return to the e-mail to click the link, we allowed for a period of approximately 7 weeks or 48 days from date of initial e-mail for completion of outcome measure.

**Measure:** Click on Link to Download COVID Alert PA App

**Time Frame:** 48 days

### Eligibility Module

**Eligibility Criteria:** Inclusion Criteria:

* Eligible participants were active beneficiaries of a large insurer living in Pennsylvania.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Participants who did not subscribe to offers and promotions emails were excluded, as were Medigap beneficiaries.

**Healthy Volunteers:** True

**Sex:** ALL

**Standard Ages:**

- CHILD

- ADULT

- OLDER_ADULT

### Contacts Locations Module

#### Locations

**Location 1:**

**City:** Philadelphia

**Country:** United States

**Facility:** Independence Blue Cross (IBX)

**State:** Pennsylvania

**Zip:** 19146

### IPD Sharing Statement Module

**IPD Sharing:** NO

## Document Section

### Large Document Module

#### Large Docs

- Date: 2020-11-23

- Filename: Prot_000.pdf

- Has ICF: False

- Has Protocol: True

- Has SAP: False

- Label: Study Protocol

- Size: 338154

- Type Abbrev: Prot

- Upload Date: 2022-02-02T13:49

- Date: 2020-12-11

- Filename: SAP_001.pdf

- Has ICF: False

- Has Protocol: False

- Has SAP: True

- Label: Statistical Analysis Plan

- Size: 333176

- Type Abbrev: SAP

- Upload Date: 2022-02-02T13:50

## Derived Section

### Condition Browse Module - Ancestors

- ID: D000011024

- Term: Pneumonia, Viral

- ID: D000011014

- Term: Pneumonia

- ID: D000012141

- Term: Respiratory Tract Infections

- ID: D000007239

- Term: Infections

- ID: D000014777

- Term: Virus Diseases

- ID: D000018352

- Term: Coronavirus Infections

- ID: D000003333

- Term: Coronaviridae Infections

- ID: D000030341

- Term: Nidovirales Infections

- ID: D000012327

- Term: RNA Virus Infections

- ID: D000008171

- Term: Lung Diseases

- ID: D000012140

- Term: Respiratory Tract Diseases

### Condition Browse Module - Browse Branches

- Abbrev: BC01

- Name: Infections

- Abbrev: BC08

- Name: Respiratory Tract (Lung and Bronchial) Diseases

- Abbrev: All

- Name: All Conditions

- Abbrev: BC23

- Name: Symptoms and General Pathology

### Condition Browse Module - Browse Leaves

- ID: M2561

- Name: COVID-19

- Relevance: HIGH

- As Found: COVID-19

- ID: M13904

- Name: Pneumonia

- Relevance: LOW

- As Found: Unknown

- ID: M13914

- Name: Pneumonia, Viral

- Relevance: LOW

- As Found: Unknown

- ID: M10283

- Name: Infections

- Relevance: LOW

- As Found: Unknown

- ID: M6368

- Name: Communicable Diseases

- Relevance: LOW

- As Found: Unknown

- ID: M14978

- Name: Respiratory Tract Infections

- Relevance: LOW

- As Found: Unknown

- ID: M17522

- Name: Virus Diseases

- Relevance: LOW

- As Found: Unknown

- ID: M20490

- Name: Coronavirus Infections

- Relevance: LOW

- As Found: Unknown

- ID: M6555

- Name: Coronaviridae Infections

- Relevance: LOW

- As Found: Unknown

- ID: M23685

- Name: Nidovirales Infections

- Relevance: LOW

- As Found: Unknown

- ID: M15149

- Name: RNA Virus Infections

- Relevance: LOW

- As Found: Unknown

- ID: M11168

- Name: Lung Diseases

- Relevance: LOW

- As Found: Unknown

- ID: M14977

- Name: Respiratory Tract Diseases

- Relevance: LOW

- As Found: Unknown

### Condition Browse Module - Meshes

- ID: D000086382

- Term: COVID-19

### Misc Info Module

- Version Holder: 2024-05-24

## Results Section

### Adverse Events Module

**Description:** No adverse events anticipated as study only involved sending e-mails and having people click links.

#### Event Groups

**Group ID:** EG000

**Title:** Self-Benefit/Social Norm

**Deaths Num At Risk:** 4232

**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

Self-Benefit/Social Norm: As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

**ID:** EG000

**Other Num at Risk:** 4232

**Serious Number At Risk:** 4232

**Title:** Self-Benefit/Social Norm

**Group ID:** EG001

**Title:** Self-Benefit/No Social Norm

**Deaths Num At Risk:** 4246

**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." They did not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.

Self-Benefit/No Social Norm: As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." They will not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.

**ID:** EG001

**Other Num at Risk:** 4246

**Serious Number At Risk:** 4246

**Title:** Self-Benefit/No Social Norm

**Group ID:** EG002

**Title:** Other Benefit/Social Norm

**Deaths Num At Risk:** 4211

**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

Other Benefit/Social Norm: As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

**ID:** EG002

**Other Num at Risk:** 4211

**Serious Number At Risk:** 4211

**Title:** Other Benefit/Social Norm

**Group ID:** EG003

**Title:** Other Benefit/No Social Norm

**Deaths Num At Risk:** 4214

**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." They did not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.

Other Benefit/No Social Norm: As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." They will not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.

**ID:** EG003

**Other Num at Risk:** 4214

**Serious Number At Risk:** 4214

**Title:** Other Benefit/No Social Norm

**Frequency Threshold:** 0

**Time Frame:** Study duration, 48 days

## Results Section - Baseline Characteristics Module

### Denomination Counts

**Group ID:** BG000

**Value:** 4232

**Group ID:** BG001

**Value:** 4246

**Group ID:** BG002

**Value:** 4211

**Group ID:** BG003

**Value:** 4214

**Group ID:** BG004

**Value:** 16903

**Units:** Participants

### Group

**ID:** BG000

**Title:** Self-Benefit/Social Norm

**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

Self-Benefit/Social Norm: As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

### Group

**ID:** BG001

**Title:** Self-Benefit/No Social Norm

**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." They did not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.

Self-Benefit/No Social Norm: As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." They will not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.

### Group

**ID:** BG002

**Title:** Other Benefit/Social Norm

**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

Other Benefit/Social Norm: As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

### Group

**ID:** BG003

**Title:** Other Benefit/No Social Norm

**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." They did not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.

Other Benefit/No Social Norm: As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." They will not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.

### Group

**ID:** BG004

**Title:** Total

**Description:** Total of all reporting groups

### Measure

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG000

**Spread:** 13.33

**Value:** 46.85

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG001

**Spread:** 13.26

**Value:** 47.31

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG002

**Spread:** 13.39

**Value:** 46.74

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG003

**Spread:** 13.43

**Value:** 46.83

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG004

**Spread:** 13.35

**Value:** 46.93

#### Denomination

**Units:** Participants

##### Denomination Counts

**Group ID:** BG000

**Value:** 4232

**Group ID:** BG001

**Value:** 4246

**Group ID:** BG002

**Value:** 4211

**Group ID:** BG003

**Value:** 4214

**Group ID:** BG004

**Value:** 16903

**Class Title:** 

### Measure

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG000

**Value:** 1720

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG001

**Value:** 1686

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG002

**Value:** 1762

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG003

**Value:** 1798

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG004

**Value:** 6966

**Category Title:** Male

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG000

**Value:** 2512

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG001

**Value:** 2560

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG002

**Value:** 2449

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG003

**Value:** 2416

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG004

**Value:** 9937

**Category Title:** Female

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG000

**Value:** 0

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG001

**Value:** 0

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG002

**Value:** 0

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG003

**Value:** 0

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG004

**Value:** 0

**Category Title:** Unknown

#### Denomination

**Units:** Participants

##### Denomination Counts

**Group ID:** BG000

**Value:** 4232

**Group ID:** BG001

**Value:** 4246

**Group ID:** BG002

**Value:** 4211

**Group ID:** BG003

**Value:** 4214

**Group ID:** BG004

**Value:** 16903

**Class Title:** 

### Measure

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG004

**Value:** 0

#### Denomination

**Units:** Participants

##### Denomination Counts

**Group ID:** BG000

**Value:** 0

**Group ID:** BG001

**Value:** 0

**Group ID:** BG002

**Value:** 0

**Group ID:** BG003

**Value:** 0

**Group ID:** BG004

**Value:** 0

**Class Title:** 

### Measure

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG000

**Value:** 4232

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG001

**Value:** 4246

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG002

**Value:** 4211

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG003

**Value:** 4214

#### Measurement

**Group ID:** BG004

**Value:** 16903

#### Denomination

**Units:** Participants

##### Denomination Counts

**Group ID:** BG000

**Value:** 4232

**Group ID:** BG001

**Value:** 4246

**Group ID:** BG002

**Value:** 4211

**Group ID:** BG003

**Value:** 4214

**Group ID:** BG004

**Value:** 16903

**Class Title:** United States

**Denomination Units Selected:** 

## Results Section - Baseline Characteristics Module

### Measure 1
**Dispersion Type:** STANDARD_DEVIATION
**Parameter Type:** MEAN
**Title:** Age, Continuous
**Unit of Measure:** years
### Measure 2
**Parameter Type:** COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS
**Title:** Sex/Gender, Customized
**Unit of Measure:** Participants
### Measure 3
**Parameter Type:** COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS
**Population Description:** Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.
**Title:** Race and Ethnicity Not Collected
**Unit of Measure:** Participants
### Measure 4
**Parameter Type:** NUMBER
**Title:** Region of Enrollment
**Unit of Measure:** participants
**Population Description:** Pennsylvania members of a large private insurer.
## Results Section - More Information Module
### Certain Agreement
### Point of Contact
**Email:** erica.dixon@pennmedicine.upenn.edu
**Organization:** University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine
**Phone:** 215-573-9987
**Title:** Dr. Erica Dixon
## Results Section - Outcome Measures Module
### Outcome Measure 1
## Results Section
### Outcome Measures Module
#### Outcome Measure 1
**Class:**
##### Category
**Measurements:**
- **Comment:** 
- **Group ID:** OG000
- **Lower Limit:** 
- **Spread:** 
- **Upper Limit:** 
- **Value:** 4232
- **Comment:** 
- **Group ID:** OG001
- **Lower Limit:** 
- **Spread:** 
- **Upper Limit:** 
- **Value:** 4246
- **Comment:** 
- **Group ID:** OG002
- **Lower Limit:** 
- **Spread:** 
- **Upper Limit:** 
- **Value:** 4211
- **Comment:** 
- **Group ID:** OG003
- **Lower Limit:** 
- **Spread:** 
- **Upper Limit:** 
- **Value:** 4214
**Title:** 
**Class:**
##### Category
**Measurements:**
- **Comment:** 
- **Group ID:** OG000
- **Lower Limit:** 
- **Spread:** 
- **Upper Limit:** 
- **Value:** 353
- **Comment:** 
- **Group ID:** OG001
- **Lower Limit:** 
- **Spread:** 
- **Upper Limit:** 
- **Value:** 380
- **Comment:** 
- **Group ID:** OG002
- **Lower Limit:** 
- **Spread:** 
- **Upper Limit:** 
- **Value:** 355
- **Comment:** 
- **Group ID:** OG003
- **Lower Limit:** 
- **Spread:** 
- **Upper Limit:** 
- **Value:** 744
**Title:** 
## Results Section
### Outcome Measures Module
#### Outcome Measure 1
**Description:** The investigators measured choice to click on the link to download the COVID Alert PA app or not, conditional on opening the email. Because participants may not immediately open their e-mail, or may return to the e-mail to click the link, we allowed for a period of approximately 7 weeks or 48 days from date of initial e-mail for completion of outcome measure.
**Parameter Type:** COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS
**Population Description:** Pennsylvania members of large private insurer.
**Reporting Status:** POSTED
**Time Frame:** 48 days
**Title:** Click on Link to Download COVID Alert PA App
**Type:** PRIMARY
**Unit of Measure:** Participants
##### Group
**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

Self-Benefit/Social Norm: As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"
**ID:** OG000
**Title:** Self-Benefit/Social Norm
##### Group
**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." They did not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.

Self-Benefit/No Social Norm: As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." They will not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.
**ID:** OG001
**Title:** Self-Benefit/No Social Norm
##### Group
**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

Other Benefit/Social Norm: As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"
**ID:** OG002
**Title:** Other Benefit/Social Norm
##### Group
**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." They did not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.

Other Benefit/No Social Norm: As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." They will not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.
**ID:** OG003
**Title:** Other Benefit/No Social Norm
### Participant Flow Module
#### Group
**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

Self-Benefit/Social Norm: As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"
**ID:** FG000
**Title:** Self-Benefit/Social Norm
#### Group
**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." They did not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.

Self-Benefit/No Social Norm: As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you determine where and when to get testing, and how to get care if you need it." They will not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.
**ID:** FG001
**Title:** Self-Benefit/No Social Norm
#### Group
**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"

Other Benefit/Social Norm: As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." and "Over 650,000 Pennsylvanians have already downloaded the app!"
**ID:** FG002
**Title:** Other Benefit/Social Norm
#### Group
**Description:** As part of their email, they read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." They did not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.

Other Benefit/No Social Norm: As part of their email, they will read, "It can help you reduce your risk of unknowingly spreading the virus to your friends, family, and larger community." They will not read any information about the number of Pennsylvanians who downloaded the app.
**ID:** FG003
**Title:** Other Benefit/No Social Norm
#### Period
**Title:** Overall Study
##### Milestone
**Type:** STARTED
###### Achievement
**Group ID:** FG000
**Number of Subjects:** 4232
###### Achievement
**Group ID:** FG001
**Number of Subjects:** 4246
###### Achievement
**Group ID:** FG002
**Number of Subjects:** 4211
###### Achievement
**Group ID:** FG003
**Number of Subjects:** 4214
##### Milestone
**Type:** COMPLETED
###### Achievement
**Group ID:** FG000
**Number of Subjects:** 353
###### Achievement
**Group ID:** FG001
**Number of Subjects:** 380
###### Achievement
**Group ID:** FG002
**Number of Subjects:** 355
###### Achievement
**Group ID:** FG003
**Number of Subjects:** 744
##### Milestone
**Type:** NOT COMPLETED
###### Achievement
**Group ID:** FG000
**Number of Subjects:** 3879
###### Achievement
**Group ID:** FG001
**Number of Subjects:** 3866
###### Achievement
**Group ID:** FG002
**Number of Subjects:** 3856
###### Achievement
**Group ID:** FG003
**Number of Subjects:** 3470
**Pre-Assignment Details:** For this study, participants are considered enrolled once they open the e-mail that is sent to them by the large private insurer.
**Recruitment Details:** 39,938 Pennsylvania members of a larger insurer were randomly assigned to receive one email in a 2 (Focus on Self vs. Focus on Others) x 2 (Social Norm vs. No Social Norm) design. 16,903 members opened the e-mail - this is considered enrollment for the purposes of our study.
**Has Results:** True