Long-Term Use of Probiotic-Containing Yogurts Is a Safe Way to Prevent Helicobacter pylori: Based on a Mongolian Gerbil's Model
Background. The suppression of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) decreases H. pylori-related diseases. The probiotics have an inhibitory effect on H. pylori. Aim. We investigated the effects of long-term use of yogurt on H. pylori based on Mongolian gerbils' model. Materials and Methods. Yogurt (containing a supplement of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, etc.) was used. Forty-six gerbils were divided into five groups. All groups were inoculated with H. pylori for 5 to 8 weeks. The yogurt was given as follows: Group (Gr.) A: from 1st to 4th week; Gr. B from 5th to 8th week; Gr. C: from 17th week to sacrifice; Gr. D: from 5th week to sacrifice. Gerbils were sacrificed on the 52nd week. Histology was evaluated according to the Sydney system. Results. The positive rates of H. pylori were 60% (Gr. A), 75% (Gr. B), 67% (Gr. C), 44% (Gr. D), and 100% (Gr. E). Gr. D showed lower inflammatory score. Only Gr. E (60%) had intestinal metaplasia. Gr. D showed higher IL-10 and lower TNF-α expression than Gr. E. Conclusion. Long-term intake of yogurt could decrease H. pylori infection. The long-term use of yogurt would be an alternative strategy to manage H. pylori infection.
1. Introduction<!>2. Materials and Methods<!>2.1. Animals and Housing<!>2.2. Preparation of the Yogurt<!>2.3. H. pylori Inoculation<!>2.4. Histological Evaluation of the Gastric Mucosa in H. pylori-Infected Gerbils<!>2.5. Protein Extraction and Analysis of IL-10 and TNF-α Expression in the Gastric Mucosa by Western Blotting<!>2.6. Stool Collection and Culture for Bifidobacterium<!>2.7. Statistical Analyses<!>3. Result<!>4. Discussion
<p>Currently, H. pylori infection is found to correlate with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, MALT-lymphoma, precancerous changes in the stomach (atrophy and intestinal metaplasia), and stomach cancer. The pathogenic mechanisms leading from chronic active inflammation of the gastric mucosa to the development of ulceration, cancer, and lymphoma remain poorly understood. So it was logical to use animals to survey the possible pathogenesis. Watanabe et al. [1] demonstrated that H. pylori infection could induce well-differentiated adenocarcinoma based on a Mongolian gerbil's model. The Mongolian gerbils may represent a useful animal model, thus providing a wonderful opportunity to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of H. pylori-related human gastric disease.</p><p>The clinical outcome of H. pylori infection is influenced by several factors, including the H. pylori strain, the extent of inflammation, and the density of H. pylori colonization [2]. Therefore, permanent or long-term suppression of H. pylori should decrease the risk of developing H. pylori-related diseases [3].</p><p>A probiotic is defined as a sufficient number of living microbial species that may have a positive effect to alter the microflora of the host and improve health conditions [4]. Probiotics have been proven to be useful in the treatment of several gastrointestinal diseases such as acute infectious diarrhea [5]. Its effects on H. pylori-related gastrointestinal diseases have also raised much interest. Previous studies demonstrated that Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria are added to several fermented dairy products and are known to have an inhibitory growth effect on H. pylori [6, 7]; however, there is no study surveying the effect of long-term use of these probiotics in an animal model, and whether probiotics ingestion can improve inflammation and atrophy status is debated.</p><p>In this study, we investigated the effects of long-term usage of yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Streptococcus thermophiles on H. pylori infection based on a Mongolian gerbil's model.</p><!><p>The experimental design was approved by the Animal Research Committee of Kaohsiung Medical University.</p><!><p>8-week-old gerbils with body weight of 30–40 gm were purchased from the Kaohsiung Medical University Experimental Animals Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. In usual time, 4 to 5 gerbils per cage were housed and maintained under standard laboratory conditions (room temperature, 23°C~26°C; relative humidity, 55%~65%; 12/12-hour light/dark cycle) with free access to a commercial rodent diet and tap water.</p><!><p>The AB yogurt (President Corp., Tainan, Taiwan), a supplement of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Streptococcus thermophiles containing yogurt, was used in this study. The yogurt contains at least 5 × 109 live organisms/200 mL. The yogurt was given mixed with drinking water.</p><!><p>The gerbils were randomly allocated to five groups according to a randomized number. (A–E). All groups were inoculated with H. pylori [CagA(+)/VacA(+)] during the 5th to 8th week. The timing of yogurt given was different in Groups A–D. Group A: the yogurt was fed daily in the 1st to 4th week. Group B: the yogurt was fed in the 5th to 8th week. Group C: the yogurt was fed from the 17th week to the point of sacrifice. Group D: the yogurt was fed from the 5th week to the point of sacrifice. Then, all groups were switched to autoclaved distilled water as drinking water. On the 52nd experimental week, the animals were fasted for 24 hours before being sacrificed (Figure 1).</p><!><p>Samples of the gastric mucosa were excised from each gerbil stomach for the assessment of the presence of H. pylori and gastric inflammation using Giemsa and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining for histological examination, respectively. The samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin as previous mentioned method [8]. Two experienced pathologists, unaware of the treatment given, performed histological examinations blindly. The specimens were scored according to the updated Sydney system of classification and the grading of gastritis [9]. Histological features of mucosal inflammation and intestinal metaplasia were evaluated for each specimen under a light microscope according to the classification of the Sydney system. The degree of inflammatory cell infiltration and the area of atrophy and intestinal metaplasia were scored as follows: 0, normal; 1, mild; 2, moderate; 3, marked.</p><!><p>Frozen gastric tissue was homogenized in lysis buffer (100 mmol Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 15% glycerol, 2 mmol EDTA, 2% SDS, 100 mmol DDT) by the addition of 1 : 20 dilution of aprotinin and 1 : 50 dilution of 100 mmol PMSF. Approximately 100 mg of cellular protein extract was loaded into a well, separated electrophoretically on 13.5% SDS polyacrylamide gel and transferred onto Sequi-Blot TMPVDF membrane (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) by electroblotting. Western blotting was performed with polyclonal mouse reactive anti-IL-10 and anti-TNF-α were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, while monoclonal anti-β-actin antibody and GAPDH were obtained from Sigma. Visualization of immune complexes was achieved by chemiluminescence using BM Chemiluminescence Blotting Substrate (Boehringer, Mannheim, Germany) and the developed membrane was exposed to an X-ray film (Kodak, Wiesbaden, Germany). Computer-assisted scanning densitometry (Total Lab; Abel) was used to analyze the intensity of the immunoreactive bands.</p><!><p>We collected approximately 0.2 g fresh stool of gerbils after the yogurt was given for two weeks. The stool samples were stored at 4°C in the refrigerator and transferred for Bifidobacterium cultures within 4 hours according to the previous published methods [10]. In brief, a part of wet stool was tested for the percentage of water content in a 65°C vacuum oven. A 3 mL volume of water was added and mixed vigorously with the wet stool by vortex. The tube was then centrifuged at approximately 1000 ×g for 5 minutes. The supernatant was decanted into a clean tube, and the precipitate was washed again. Each supernatant was pooled together. This process was repeated 2–5 times. A serial 10-fold dilution was carried out. For final culture, 0.1 mL of the diluted sample was dispersed on the plates of Center for Disease Control (CDC) agar (Becton Dickinson, Cockeysville, MD, USA) and was incubated anaerobically at 35°C for 48–72 hours. Bifidobacterium was identified by colony morphology and Gram stain.</p><!><p>We analyzed the collected data using the statistical software package STATA. Kurskal-Wallis test was used for comparing histological change of mucosa. We also applied the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. An unpaired t-test was applied to determine the significance of differences of cytokines expression between the two groups. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.</p><!><p>There were forty-six gerbils used in this study. The numbers of gerbils in each group were 10 (Group A), 8 (Group B), 9 (Group C), 9 (Group D), and 10 (Group E), respectively. In our study, all gerbils were alive till the end of this experiment; there was no significant difference in the survival rates among the various groups. All gerbils showed gastritis, but there was only one gerbil in Group E with ulcer. We did not find any tumor in all gerbils. All gerbils in Groups A, B, C, and D showed positive results of culture for Bifidobacterium.</p><p>The success rate of H. pylori inoculation was 100% in Group E. On the 52nd week, the positive rates of H. pylori were 60% (6/10) (Group A), 75% (6/8) (Group B), 67% (6/9) (Group C), and 44% (4/9) (Group D), respectively (shown in Figure 2). The densities of H. pylori were surveyed. It revealed 1.8 ± 0.79 (Gr. A), 2.3 ± 0.70 (Gr. B), 1.6 ± 0.73 (Gr. C), 2.1 ± 0.33 (Gr. D), and 2.8 ± 0.42 (Gr. E). It showed a similar trend as positive rate of H. pylori and the lowest density was among Gr. C. It showed that yogurt used in our study could inhibit the growth of H. pylori and the effect was significantly obvious in Gr. C (P = 0.001, 95% CI: −2.09~−0.40) and Gr. D (P = 0.008, 95% CI: −1.82~−0.18).</p><p>We also analyzed the severity of inflammation of gerbil's mucosa according to the Sydney classification. The average severities of neutrocyte infiltration were Gr A: 1.9 ± 0.56, Gr B: 2.1 ± 0.64, Gr C: 2.2 ± 0.44, Gr D: 2.0 ± 0, and Gr E: 2.4 ± 0.70, respectively. The average severities of monocyte infiltration were Gr A: 2.7 ± 0.48, Gr B: 2.6 ± 0.74, Gr C: 2.6 ± 0.53, Gr D: 2.4 ± 0.73, and Gr E: 2.8 ± 0.42, respectively (shown in Figure 3). Gr E showed higher inflammatory score and Gr D showed lower inflammatory score. There was no significant difference between five groups. However, this trend seemed correlated with the positive rates of H. pylori in each group.</p><p>We surveyed the severity of atrophy in every group (Figure 4). We regarded the score of atrophy more than 2 as obviously atrophic mucosal change. The percentages of obvious atrophy were Gr A: 70% (7/10), Gr B: 88% (7/8), Gr C: 78% (7/9), Gr D: 56% (5/9), and Gr E 90% (9/10), respectively. The average severities of atrophy were Gr A: 1.9 ± 0.32, Gr B: 1.8 ± 0.35, Gr C: 1.8 ± 0.44, Gr D: 1.56 ± 0.53, and Gr E: 2 ± 0.47, respectively. There was no significant difference found among these groups. Besides this, we did not find intestinal metaplasia in Groups A, B, C, and D. But 60% (6/10) of Gr E had the intestinal metaplasia. It revealed the significant difference (P < 0.0001, 95% CI: −1.30~−0.30 ).</p><p>In order to survey the possible mechanism of yogurt's effect, we perform Western blotting for two groups (Gr. D: the longest use of yogurt and Gr. E: no use of yogurt) (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)). Gr. D showed a significant higher level of IL-10 than Gr. E (188.6 ± 4.62 versus 141.0 ± 2.75, P = 0.0002). But Gr. D revealed an obvious lower expression of TNF-α than Gr. E (102.8 ± 2.57 versus 173.2 ± 3.70, P = 0.0002).</p><!><p>Many studies have shown the effects of probiotics resulting in decreased inflammation [11, 12]. However, these previous studies did not survey the long-term effect of probiotics on H. pylori. In our data, we firstly showed the beneficial effects of long-term usage of probiotics containing yogurt on decreasing severity of chronic gastritis related with H. pylori infection.</p><p>The risk of developing H. pylori-associated diseases may increase with an increasing level of H. pylori density [13, 14]. We also found that the yogurt can led to a decrease in the H. pylori load and it was similar to previous studies [15–18]. So it might be reasonable to suppose that yogurt could decrease the incidence of H. pylori-related gastrointestinal disease. In our study, we found that longer duration of yogurt use related to more obvious effect of decreasing density of H. pylori.</p><p>In previous studies, the administration of probiotics alone does not lead to the eradication of H. pylori. However, our data showed that groups treated with yogurt showed lower positive rates of H. pylori than did the control group (Gr E). In our study, we found that longer duration of yogurt use related to lower positive rates of H. pylori. Besides this, it also revealed a trend that earlier consumption of yogurt might have some role in inhibition or eradication of H. pylori.</p><p>In general, giving probiotics to kids is not harmful, but there is not a lot of proof that it does much good either. So we designed Groups A, B, and D which were the model mimic probiotics used in little children. Groups A and B in our study mimicked the model set by Sakamoto et al. [19]. They disclosed that probiotic-containing yogurt can offer benefits to restore Bifidobacterium spp./E. coli ratio in children and suppress the H. pylori load in H. pylori-infected children. Our study also demonstrated a similar finding that the effect of inhibiting H. pylori was more obvious in Gr A than in Gr B. This evidence showed a trend that the earlier yogurt is used, the more obvious benefit on H. pylori suppression is found. Furthermore, Group D represented probiotics long-term used on little children, so it is worthwhile encouraging parents to give yogurt to their children.</p><p>The gastric mucosal barrier is the first line of defense against pathogenic bacteria. Our study revealed that Groups A, B, C, and D showed the obvious effect on decreasing the severity of inflammation. The mechanism of probiotics decreasing the severity of gastric mucosal inflammation is still unclear. It has been suggested that the intake of probiotics strengthens this barrier by producing antimicrobial substances, competing with H. pylori for adhesion receptors, stimulating mucin production, and stabilizing the gut mucosal barrier. Certain lactobacilli are resistant to the low pH of the stomach and may adhere to and transiently reside in the human stomach [10, 20]. However, we did not find the residual bacteria in the gerbils' stomach.</p><p>Several studies using murine models have shown that treatment with different Lactobacillus strains reduced H. pylori or H. felis colonization and decreased Helicobacter-induced gastric inflammation [21–26]. Reduction of H. pylori density and gastric inflammation was also observed in specific germ-free mice treated with L. casei strain Shirota [23]. However, these models had some limitations. One is that the treating period was not long-term, so they could not confirm the safety and effectiveness of long-term use. Cases using probiotics with serious infection have occurred in those who are immune compromised and have been reported in the literature [27–35], so we also monitored this possible side effect. Fortunately, there was no evidence of severe side effects noted during this study. Another is that the Mongolian gerbil's model is a more suitable model for surveying H. pylori-related clinical outcome even carcinogenesis, as other animal models did not disclose similar results. In our study, our gerbil's model demonstrated that long-term use of yogurt was safe and effective in decreasing inflammation by inhibiting the growth of H. pylori. So we suggest that the Mongolian gerbil is a reliable model for surveying long-term effect of probiotics on H. pylori-related gastrointestinal diseases. In further study, the carcinogen might be added in these models in order to survey the protective effect of probiotics on carcinogenesis of gastric cancer.</p><p>In most studies, the effect of probiotics treatment on the level of H. pylori infection was estimated indirectly by the urea breath test (UBT) [15–17, 36, 37]. In our study, we used histological findings as the standard of evaluation. We thought that this method could reflect the true effect of yogurt.</p><p>Previous animal studies showed that the probiotics effects of lactic acid bacteria may be mediated through immune regulation, particularly through controlling the balance of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines, which would then result in a reduction of gastric activity and inflammation [38, 39]. However, these previous studies were all short-term models. Our study revealed important information about the impact of long-term probiotics use on changes of cytokines. In our study, the long-term use of probiotics would result in increase expression of IL-10 and decrease of TNF-α. These changes would decrease the inflammation of gastric mucosa. It might be the cause of less severe inflammation of gerbil's gastric mucosa in yogurt-fed groups.</p><p>The limitation is that we had no reference about whether the amount of probiotics used for gerbils in our study was optimal or not. Besides this, the effect of probiotics on the immune response is difficult to generalize. Distinct probiotics strains may generate divergent immune responses, which, in turn, depend on the host's immune status [40]. The gut microbiota and immunity development in children are different from those in adults. This might be the reason that Groups A and B had the obvious benefit.</p><p>In summary, our study supports the effect that long-term intake of products containing probiotics strains, namely, lactobacilli species, can prevent H. pylori infection in Mongolian gerbils. It provided the important suggestion that long-term use of yogurt would be a safe and effective strategy for human to prevent H. pylori infection and yogurt should be used as early as possible.</p>