Synthesis of Silyloxy Dienes by Silylene Tranfer to Divinyl Ketones: Application to the Asymmetric Sythesis of Substituted Cyclohexanes
Silver-catalyzed silylene transfer to divinyl ketones provided 2-silyloxy-1,3-dienes with control of stereochemistry and regioselectivity. The products participated in Diels\xe2\x80\x93Alder reactions with electron-deficient alkenes and imines to form six-membered ring products diastereoselectively. Cycloaddition reactions with alkenes bearing chiral auxiliaries provided access to chiral, non-racemic cyclohexenes. The methodology therefore represents a synthesis of diastereomerically and enantiomerically pure products in a single flask. The highly substituted cyclohexene products could be functionalized stereoselectively to provide cyclohexanols after oxidation of the carbon\xe2\x80\x93silicon bond.
Introduction<!>Results and Discussion<!>Conclusion<!>(E)-2-methylhexa-1,4-dien-3-one (2). Representative procedure for the synthesis of divinyl ketones<!>(E)-2-phenylhexa-1,4-dien-3-one (4)<!>(E)-4-methyl-1-phenylpenta-1,4-dien-3-one (6)<!>(E)-2,6-dimethylhepta-1,4-dien-3-one (8)<!>(E)-6-methyl-5-methylenehept-2-en-4-one (10)<!>(2E,5E)-3-methylhepta-2,5-dien-4-one (E-12) and (2E,5Z)-3-methylhepta-2,5-dien-4-one (Z-12)<!>Siloxy dienes 3a and 3b. Representative procedure for silylene transfer to divinyl ketones for the synthesis of siloxy dienes<!>Siloxy dienes 5a and 5b<!>Siloxy dienes 7a and 7b<!>Siloxy dienes 9a and 9b<!>Siloxy dienes 11a and 11b<!>Siloxy dienes 13a and E-13b<!>Oxasilacyclopentenes 13a and Z-13b<!>Cycloadduct 14<!>Cycloadduct 15<!>Cycloadduct 16<!>Cycloadduct 18<!>Cycloadduct 20<!>Cycloadduct 21<!>Cyclohexane 22<!>Cyclohexane 23<!>Diol 24<!>Confirmation of the structure of diol 24: preparation of its p-nitrobenzaldehyde acetal
<p>Conjugated dienes are important precursors to complex organic products. In addition to the polymerization of 1,3-dienes, an important industrial transformation,1 dienes have been used in stereoselective synthesis, such as the vinylogous aldol reaction.2,3 Among the most important transformations of dienes is the Diels–Alder reaction because it enables the synthesis of cyclohexenes with a high degree of control. The importance of dienes has required the development of new routes for their synthesis.4 In particular, the synthesis of highly substituted 2-silyloxy-1,3-dienes, which are important intermediates,5 has been difficult to achieve with control of stereochemistry.6–8</p><p>In this letter, we report the synthesis of 2-silyloxy-1,3-dienes from divinyl ketones by transfer of a silylene moiety (R2Si). The resulting silyloxy dienes participated in stereoselective Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions. Treatment of these dienes with chiral dienophiles allowed for kinetic resolution of the chiral diene to afford enantiopure cyclohexene products.</p><!><p>Because silylene transfer to unsaturated carbonyl compounds forms cyclic silyl enol ethers,9–11 initial experiments focused on reactions of divinyl ketones with silylene intermediates. The synthesis of silyloxy dienes was general for a range of substrates (Table 1). The reaction was regioselective: silylene transfer occurred to the side of the divinyl ketone bearing a β-substituent over the side bearing an α-substituent. This regioselectivity is consistent with the observed selectivity of nucleophilic additions to divinyl ketones.12 Increasing the steric bulk of the α-substituent further increased this regioselectivity for transfer to the side bearing a α-substituent (Table 1, entry 5). The regioselectivity was further enhanced upon using THF as the solvent as well as cooling the reaction mixture to −78 °C (Table 1, entry 6).</p><p>The regioselectivity of this reaction can be understood by considering the structure of the divinyl ketone. It is likely that α-substitution blocks the lone pair of the carbonyl group's oxygen atom13 from forming the silacarbonyl ylide14–17 intermediate on that side of the divinyl ketone, whereas β-substitution does little to block the oxygen lone pair (Figure 1). It is also expected that α-substitution forces the alkene into the s-trans configuration, or possibly even out of plane,18–22 thus preventing formation of the silacarbonyl ylide on this side of the carbonyl group.</p><p>The geometry of the alkene has a profound effect on regioselectivity of silylene transfer. The regioselectivity of silylene transfer to ketone E-12 (eq 1) closely matched the regioselectivity found in silylene transfer to methyl-substituted divinyl ketone (Table 1, entry 1). This result indicates the significance of α-substitution for the observed selectivity. In contrast, addition across a Z-double bond was highly disfavored. Silylene transfer to ketone Z-12 favored transfer across the C=C bond that contained an α-methyl substituent rather than the C=C bond that contained an α-hydrogen and Z-β-methyl substituent (eq 2). The high preference for the Z-alkene to react at the α-substituted double bond may arise because only conformers Z-12a and Z-12b are populated because the conformers Z-12c and Z-12d are too sterically crowded (Figure 2). For the conformers Z-12a and Z-12b, in neither case can a silylene moiety approach the carbonyl from the side of the β-substituted double bond.</p><p>The siloxy diene obtained by silylene transfer to a divinyl ketone participated in a thermal Diels–Alder cycloaddition with high diastereoselectivity and chemoselectivity (Scheme 1). Silylene transfer to 10, for example, produced diene 11b along with small amounts (7%) of its regioisomer 11a. Heating this mixture with diethyl fumarate produced cycloadduct 14, which is the result of cycloaddition with regioisomer 11b. The cycloadduct showed both high endo-selectivity and a high π-facial preference in which the dienophile approached the diene from the face opposite to the methyl substituent of the siloxy diene 11b. No cycloadducts were observed from regioisomer 11a presumably due to the high energy of the s-cis conformation that is necessary for cycloaddition.23</p><p>The highly substituted silyloxydiene also engaged in Diels–Alder cycloadditions with other π-systems. Although other Lewis acids decomposed the diene, the use of AlBr3 with AlMe3 acting as a proton scavenger and dessicant24 promoted Diels–Alder cycloadditions with a variety of dienophiles (eqs 3–4).</p><p>The cyclic silyloxy dienes also could be used for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched cyclohexenes. We considered that the high π-facial selectivity of the siloxy diene could be combined with the high facial selectivity of a chiral N-acyloxazolidinone25 to enable a Diels–Alder/kinetic resolution reaction.26,27 Upon treatment with an excess of a chiral, non-racemic dienophile, the enantiomer of the silyloxydiene with a stereochemical preference matched to the dienophile should react to form a non-racemic cycloadduct with high diastereoselectivity, leaving behind the opposite enantiomer of the diene. Treating chiral dienophile 17 with an excess (3 equivalents) of siloxy diene 11b allowed for selective cycloaddition to one enantiomer of the racemic diene affording cycloadduct 18 with 99:1 diastereoselectivity (eq 5). Because of the high sensitivity of the silyloxydiene 11b to even mild acids like silica gel, the selectivity with respect to this component could not be determined because of decomposition. 1H NOE spectroscopic correlation revealed that cycloadduct 18 was the endo-product, but the relative configuration of the auxiliary to the cyclohexene ring could not be determined. The chiral, non-racemic dienophile2819 kinetically resolved the phenyl-substituted silyloxy diene 5b (albeit with lower selectivity), but the cycloadduct 20 was crystalline, so its configuration was determined by X-ray crystallography (eq 6). The relative configuration of this product was used to assign the three-dimensional structure of cycloadduct 18. This kinetic resolution is an example of double stereoinduction29,30 for which there are few examples using the Diels–Alder cycloaddition.26,29</p><p>Further functionalization of the Diels–Alder adducts demonstrates the utility of these silyloxy dienes (Scheme 2). Hydrogenation of cycloadduct 21, formed in 62% from divinyl ketone 4 in a one-flask synthesis as a single diastereomer after purification, established two new stereocenters diastereoselectively. Oxidation31,32 of intermediate 23 produced diol 24 containing six contiguous stereocenters. The synthesis of highly substituted cyclohexanes33 is important for the preparation of natural products.34–37</p><!><p>Silylene transfer to divinyl ketones afforded siloxy dienes regioselectively. Subsequent Diels–Alder cycloadditions of these siloxy dienes afforded cyclohexene products chemo- and diastereoselectively. In addition, treatment with chiral dienophiles afforded enantio-enriched cyclohexenes. Further functionalization of these cycloadducts led to cyclohexanes containing multiple contiguous stereocenters.</p><!><p>To a solution of isopropenyl magnesium bromide (100 mL, 0.5 M, 50 mmol) in THF cooled to 0 °C was added crotonaldehyde (4.54 mL, 55.0 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stir overnight. To the mixture was added a saturated aqueous solution of NH4Cl (50.0 mL), and the layers were allowed to separate. The aqueous layer was washed with 3×15 mL of ether. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (15 mL), and dried over MgSO4. The mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was diluted with CH2Cl2 (250 mL), and activated MnO2 (43.4 g, 500 mmol) was added. The slurry was allowed to stir at rt for 7 d. The slurry was filtered over a layer of Celite on top of a layer of SiO2, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography (10:90 ether:pentane) to afford (E)-2-methylhexa-1,4-dien-3-one (3.024 g, 55%) as a colorless oil: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.92 (dq, J = 15.3, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1H), 5.91 (s, 1H), 5.76 (s, 1H), 1.93 (dd, J = 1.6, 0.8 Hz, 3H), 1.91 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 192.3, 145.3, 143.6, 126.8, 124.4, 18.6, 18.2; IR (thin film) 2971, 1668, 1622, 1446, 1348, 966 cm−1; HRMS (ESI) m / z calcd for C7H11O (M + H)+ 111.0810, found 111.0813.</p><!><p>The representative procedure for the synthesis of divinyl ketones was followed using a Grignard prepared from α-bromostyrene (91.0 mL, 0.3 M, 30 mmol), crotonaldehyde (2.47 mL, 30.0 mmol), and MnO2 (23.7 g, 273 mmol) to afford (E)-2-phenylhexa-1,4-dien-3-one (2.34 g, 50%) as a colorless oil: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.44 – 7.33 (m, 5H), 7.03 (dq, J = 15.4, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (dq, J = 15.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.93 (q, J = 0.7 Hz, 2H), 1.95 (dd, J = 6.9, 1.7 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 193.6, 149.3, 145.7, 137.2, 129.9, 128.5, 128.3, 127.8, 122.0, 18.5; IR (thin film) 3057, 1884, 1670, 1621, 1443, 937 cm−1; HRMS (ESI) m / z calcd for C12H13O (M + H)+ 173.0966, found 173.0966.</p><!><p>The representative procedure for the synthesis of divinyl ketones was followed using isopropenyl magnesium bromide (100 mL, 0.5 M, 50 mmol), cinnamaldehyde (6.29 mL, 50 mmol), and MnO2 (43.4 g, 500 mmol) to afford (E)-4-methyl-1-phenylpenta-1,4-dien-3-one (8.13 g, 95%) as a pale yellow oil: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.66 (d, J = 15.7 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (dt, J = 5.4, 3.4 Hz, 2H), 7.42 – 7.36 (m, 3H), 7.30 (d, J = 15.6 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (s, 1H), 5.84 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, 1H), 2.02 – 1.98 (m, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 192.1, 145.8, 143.8, 135.2, 130.5, 129.1, 128.5, 124.5, 121.6, 18.4. 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic data match those previously reported.38</p><!><p>The representative procedure for the synthesis of divinyl ketone was followed using isopropenyl magnesium bromide (25.0 mL, 0.5 M, 13 mmol), (E)-4-methylpent-2-enal (1.45 mL, 12.5 mmol), and MnO2 (10.9 g, 125 mmol) to afford (E)-2,6-dimethylhepta-1,4-dien-3-one (0.88 g, 51%) as a colorless oil: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.87 (dd, J = 15.5, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (dd, J = 15.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.91 (d, J = 0.5 Hz, 1H), 5.78 – 5.74 (m, 1H), 2.54 – 2.43 (m, 1H), 1.93 (s, 3H), 1.09 (dd, J = 6.8, 2.6 Hz, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 192.8, 154.6, 145.5, 124.3, 122.3, 31.5, 21.6, 18.3; IR (thin film) 2962, 1668, 1622, 1359, 1083, 984 cm−1; HRMS (ESI) m / z calcd for C9H14NaO (M + Na)+ 161.0942, found 161.0940. Anal. Calcd for C9H14O: C, 78.21; H, 10.21. Found: C, 77.98; H, 10.50.</p><!><p>The representative procedure for the synthesis of divinyl ketone was followed using propenyl magnesium bromide (100.0 mL, 0.5 M, 50 mmol), 3-methyl-2-methylenebutanal (7.01 g, 50.0 mmol) prepared using the method described by Breit,39 and MnO2 (43.5 g, 500 mmol) to afford 6-methyl-5-methylenehept-2-en-4-one (3.17 g, 46%) as a 2:1 E:Z mixture of isomers which were separated by flash chromatography. Spectroscopic data for E isomer: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.88 (dq, J = 15.3, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (dq, J = 15.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (s, 1H), 5.63 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 3.00 – 2.87 (m, 1H), 1.94 – 1.89 (m, 3H), 1.05 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 194.6, 156.7, 141.7, 126.2, 121.1, 27.9, 21.9, 15.9; IR (thin film) 2964, 1668, 1622, 1444, 1292, 939 cm−1; HRMS (ESI) m / z calcd for C9H14NaO (M + Na)+ 161.0942, found 161.0937. Anal. Calcd for C9H14O: C, 78.21; H, 10.21. Found: C, 78.24; H, 10.26.</p><!><p>The representative procedure for the synthesis of divinyl ketone was followed using propenyl magnesium bromide (50.0 mL, 0.5 M, 25 mmol), tiglic aldehyde (2.42 mL, 25 mmol), and MnO2 (21.7 g, 250 mmol) to afford 3-methylhepta-2,5-dien-4-one (1.92 g, 62%) as a 1:1 E:Z mixture of isomers that were separated by flash chromatography. Spectroscopic data for E isomer: 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.85 (dq, J = 15.2, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 6.74 – 6.69 (m, 1H), 6.67 (dq, J = 15.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 1.91 (dd, J = 6.8, 1.6 Hz, 3H), 1.87 (dq, J = 6.9, 1.1 Hz, 3H), 1.84 (qn, J = 1.2 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 192.3, 142.3, 139.0, 137.4, 127.0, 18.6, 15.0, 11.7; IR (thin film) 2918, 1666, 1444, 1296, 1080, 966 cm−1; HRMS (ES) m / z calcd for C8H12NaO (M + Na)+ 147.0786, found 147.0782. Spectroscopic data for Z isomer: 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.73 (qq, J = 6.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (dq, J = 11.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (dq, J = 11.7, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 1.97 (dd, J = 7.2, 1.8 Hz, 3H), 1.87 – 1.85 (m, 3H), 1.83 – 1.82 (m, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 194.9, 140.0, 139.8, 138.5, 126.1, 16.0, 15.0, 11.1; IR (thin film) 2927, 1664, 1444, 1296, 1080, 966 cm−1; HRMS (ESI) m / z calcd for C8H12NaO (M + Na)+ 147.0786, found 147.0779.</p><!><p>To an NMR tube was added a solution of (E)-2-methylhexa-1,4-dien-3-one (2) (0.011 g, 0.10 mmol) and AgO2CCF3 (0.002 g, 0.01 mmol) in tol-d8 (0.25 mL). The solution was cooled to −22 °C, and a solution containing cyclohexene silacyclopropane 1 (0.028 g, 0.12 mmol)40 and PhSiMe3 (internal standard, 0.008 g, 0.05 mmol) in tol-d8 (0.25 mL), also cooled to −22 °C, was added to the NMR tube. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt. The α:β regioisomeric ratio was found to be 25:75 by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and the yield was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy to be 100% relative to the internal standard. Representative peaks for the α-regioisomer (3a): 1H NMR (400 MHz, tol-d8) δ 6.33 – 6.25 (m, 1H), 6.22 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (s, 3H), 1.70 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (s, 18H). Representative peaks for the β-regioisomer (3b): 1H NMR (400 MHz, tol-d8) δ 5.81 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (s, 1H), 2.13 (qd, J = 7.7, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.82 (s, 3H), 1.11 (s, 9H), 1.04 (s, 9H).</p><!><p>The representative procedure for the silylene transfer to divinyl ketones was followed using (E)-2-phenylhexa-1,4-dien-3-one (4) (0.017 g, 0.10 mmol). The α:β regioisomeric ratio was found to be 27:73 by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and the yield was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy to be 100% relative to the internal standard. Representative peaks for the α-regioisomer (5a): 1H NMR (500 MHz, tol-d8) δ 6.43 – 6.30 (m, 1H), 6.23 (dq, J = 15.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 1.06 (s, 18H). Representative peaks for the β-regioisomer (5b): 1H NMR (500 MHz, tol-d8) δ 5.94 – 5.89 (m, 1H), 5.16 (ddd, J = 2.4, 1.1, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.12 (s, 9H), 1.05 (s, 9H).</p><!><p>The representative procedure for the silylene transfer to divinyl ketones was followed using (E)-4-methyl-1-phenylpenta-1,4-dien-3-one (6) (0.017 g, 0.10 mmol). The α:β regioisomeric ratio was found to be 26:74 by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and the yield was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy to be 97% relative to the internal standard. Representative peaks for the α-regioisomer (7a): 1H NMR (500 MHz, tol-d8) δ 2.09 (qn, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 1.05 (s, 18H). Representative peaks for the β-regioisomer (7b): 1H NMR (500 MHz, tol-d8) δ 5.79 (t, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (s, 1H), 3.59 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.11 (s, 9H), 0.82 (s, 9H).</p><!><p>The representative procedure for the silylene transfer to divinyl ketones was followed using (E)-2,6-dimethylhepta-1,4-dien-3-one (8) (0.014 g, 0.10 mmol). The α:β regioisomeric ratio was found to be 37:63 by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and the yield was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy to be 88% relative to the internal standard. Representative peaks for the α-regioisomer (9a): 1H NMR (400 MHz, tol-d8) δ 6.37 (dd, J = 15.2, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 6.24 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H), 1.77 (s, 3H), 1.08 (s, 18H). Representative peaks for the β-regioisomer (9b): 1H NMR (400 MHz, tol-d8) δ 5.81 (dd, J = 1.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (d, J = 0.7 Hz, 1H), 2.33 (dq, J = 13.6, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (s, 3H), 1.14 (s, 9H), 1.04 (s, 9H).</p><!><p>The representative procedure for the silylene transfer to divinyl ketones was followed using 6-methyl-5-methylenehept-2-en-4-one (10) (0.014 g, 0.10 mmol). The α:β regioisomeric ratio was found to be 15:85 by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and the yield was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy to be 100% relative to the internal standard. Representative peaks for the α-regioisomer (11a): 1H NMR (500 MHz, tol-d8) δ 6.39 – 6.25 (m, 1H), 6.23 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1H), 2.81 (sept, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.70 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (s, 18H). Representative peaks for the β-regioisomer (11b): 1H NMR (500 MHz, tol-d8) δ 5.76 (s, 1H), 5.11 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (s, 1H), 2.60 – 2.50 (m, 1H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 1.02 (s, 9H).</p><p>To a solution of 6-methyl-5-methylenehept-2-en-4-one (10) (0.014 g, 0.10 mmol) and AgO2CCF3 (0.002 g, 0.01 mmol) in THF (0.25 mL) cooled to −78 °C was added a solution containing cyclohexene silacyclopropane 1 (0.028 g, 0.12 mmol) and PhSiMe3 (internal standard, 0.008 g, 0.05 mmol) in THF (0.25 mL). The mixture was allowed to warm slowly to rt over 5 h. The THF was removed in vacuo, and the resulting residue was dissolved in C6D6 for 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis. The α:β regioisomeric ratio was found to be 7:93 by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and the yield was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy to be 96% relative to the internal standard. Representative peaks matched those above.</p><!><p>The representative procedure for silylene transfer to divinyl ketones was followed using (2E,5E)-3-methylhepta-2,5-dien-4-one (E-12) (0.012 g, 0.10 mmol) at rt. The 13a:E-13b regioisomeric ratio was found to be 77:23 by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and the yield was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy to be 93% relative to the internal standard. Representative peaks for oxasilacyclopentene 13a: 1H NMR (400 MHz, C6D6) δ 6.35 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 1.27 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (s, 9H), 1.03 (s, 9H). Representative peaks for oxasilacyclopentene E-13b: 1H NMR (400 MHz, C6D6) δ 6.38 – 6.29 (m, 1H), 6.23 (dd, J = 15.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 2.20 – 2.12 (m, 1H), 1.71 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (s, 9H), 1.05 (s, 9H).</p><!><p>The representative procedure for silylene transfer to divinyl ketones was followed using (2E,5Z)-3-methylhepta-2,5-dien-4-one (Z-12) (0.012 g, 0.10 mmol) at rt. The 13a:Z-13b regioisomeric ratio was found to be 9:91 by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and the yield was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy to be 71% relative to the internal standard. Representative peaks for oxasilacyclopentene 13a are the same as above. Representative peaks for oxasilacyclopentene Z-13b: 1H NMR (400 MHz, C6D6) δ 6.01 – 5.97 (m, 1H), 5.47 (dqq, J = 11.7, 7.2, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 1.61 – 1.60 (m, 3H), 1.08 (s, 9H), 1.00 (s, 9H).</p><!><p>To AgO2CCF3 (0.079 g, 0.36 mmol) was added a solution of (E)-6-methyl-5-methylenehept-2-en-4-one (10) (0.500 g, 3.62 mmol) in THF (9.0 mL), and the mixture was cooled to −78 °C. A solution of silirane 1 (0.898 g, 4.00 mmol) in THF (9.0 mL) was added, and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was diluted with toluene (18.0 mL). Diethyl fumarate (2.16 mL, 10.8 mmol) was added, and the mixture was heated to 100 °C for 3 d. The mixture was cooled to rt and concentrated in vacuo to afford a brown oil. GCMS of the unpurified reaction mixture revealed that two diastereomers were formed (97:3 dr). The oil was purified by flash chromatography (20:80 EtOAc:hexanes) to afford a yellow oil (1.076 g, 66%): 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.23 – 4.05 (m, 4H), 3.08 (sept, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (td, J = 11.4, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (dd, J = 16.8, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 2.47 – 2.40 (m, 1H), 2.34 (ddd, J = 16.3, 5.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 2.15 – 2.05 (m, 1H), 1.30 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.28 – 1.22 (m, 4H), 1.16 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H) 1.08 (s, 9H), 1.00 (s, 9H), 0.97 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 175.2, 174.7, 147.1, 112.0, 60.9, 60.7, 50.6, 47.6, 44.3, 28.0, 27.9, 26.5, 25.8, 22.6, 21.5, 21.2, 21.1, 20.4, 14.4, 14.3, 13.7; IR (thin film) 2964, 2862, 1728, 1647, 1471, 1300 cm−1; HRMS (ESI) m / z calcd for C25H44NaO5Si (M + Na)+ 475.2856, found 475.2850. Anal. Calcd for C25H44O5Si: C, 66.33; H, 9.80. Found: C, 66.44; H, 9.89.</p><!><p>To oxasilacyclopentene diene 11b (0.028 g, 0.10 mmol) and methyl acrylate (0.027 mL, 0.30 mmol), diluted with CH2Cl2 (1.0 mL) and cooled to −78 °C, was added AlMe3 (0.015 mL, 2.0 M, 0.030 mmol). The mixture was allowed to stir for 5 min. AlBr3 (0.15 mL, 1.0 M, 0.15 mmol) was added, and the mixture was allowed to warm to −45 °C and stir for 2 h. Pyridine (1.0 mL) was added, and the mixture was allowed to warm to rt. The resulting slurry was filtered through a pad of SiO2. GCMS analysis of the filtrate showed a mixture of diastereomers (85:10:5 dr). The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, and the resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography (10:90 EtOAc:hexanes) to afford a colorless oil (0.020 g, 55%) as an inseparable mixture of diastereomers. Representative peaks for the major diastereomer: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.09 (sept, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.53 (tdd, J = 12.0, 5.6, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 2.46–2.35 (m, 1H), 2.27–2.08 (m, 3H), 1.26 – 1.22 (m, 1H), 1.24 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H), 1.08 (s, 9H), 1.00 (s, 9H), 0.97 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 176.9, 148.7, 111.9, 51.9, 45.0, 40.4, 33.1, 28.0, 26.4, 25.5, 24.1, 23.9, 21.6, 21.1, 20.6, 13.3; IR (thin film) 2957, 2860, 1739, 1471, 1165, 824 cm−1; HRMS (ESI) m / z calcd for C21H38NaO3Si (M + Na)+ 389.2488, found 389.2488. Anal. Calcd for C21H38O3Si: C, 68.80; H, 10.45. Found: C, 69.01; H, 10.55.</p><!><p>To oxasilacyclopentene diene 11b (0.028 g, 0.10 mmol) was added (E)-N-benzylidene-4-methylaniline (0.060 g, 0.30 mmol). The mixture was diluted with CH2Cl2 (1.0 mL) and cooled to −78 °C. AlMe3 (0.015 mL, 2.0 M, 0.030 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to stir for 5 min. AlBr3 (0.15 mL, 1.0 M, 0.15 mmol) was added, and the mixture was allowed to warm to rt over 16 h. Pyridine (1.0 mL) was added, and the resulting slurry was filtered through a pad of SiO2. GCMS analysis of the filtrate showed a mixture of diastereomers (85:15 dr). The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, and the resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography (10:90 EtOAc:hexanes) to afford a colorless solid (0.027 g, 57%) as single diastereomer. The minor diastereomer is presumed unstable to chromatography conditions. Characteristic data for major diastereomer: mp 163–166 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.27 – 7.21 (m, 2H), 7.12 (dd, J = 10.1, 4.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (ddd, J = 7.4, 3.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.93 – 6.84 (m, 4H), 3.91 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J = 15.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (dd, J = 15.2, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (sept, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.69 (ddt, J = 10.9, 8.0, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.30 – 1.18 (m, 1H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 1.06 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (s, 9H), 0.99 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.43 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 149.8, 148.1, 142.3, 132.6, 129.3, 129.2, 128.1, 127.0, 125.3, 112.2, 70.6, 54.8, 52.5, 28.1, 26.3, 21.6, 21.3, 21.2, 21.0, 20.5, 13.9; IR (thin film) 2958, 2933, 2859, 1511, 1472, 1153 cm−1; HRMS (ESI) m / z calcd for C31H46NOSi (M + H)+ 476.3349, found 476.3350.</p><!><p>To AgO2CCF3 (0.066 g, 0.30 mmol) was added a solution of (E)-6-methyl-5-methylenehept-2-en-4-one (10) (0.415 g, 3.00 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (10.0 mL). The mixture was cooled to −78 °C, and a solution of silacyclopropane 1 (0.842, 3.75 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (5.0 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt and transferred to a flask containing (S,E)-4-benzyl-3-but-2-enoyloxazolidin-2-one (0.245 g, 1.00 mmol). The mixture was cooled to −100 °C, and AlMe3 (0.50 mL, 2.0 M, 1.0 mmol) was added. The mixture was allowed to stir for 5 min, and AlMe2Cl (1.50 mL, 1.0 M, 1.5 mmol) was added. The mixture was allowed to warm slowly to rt over 18 h, then was treated with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium potassium tartrate (20.0 mL). The mixture was extracted with 3×10 mL of CH2Cl2. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow oil. GCMS analysis of the oil showed a mixture of diastereomers (99:1 dr). The oil was purified by flash chromatography (20:80 EtOAc:hexanes) to afford a colorless solid (0.405 g, 77%): mp 60–62 °C; [α]25D + 114° (c 1.00, CH2Cl2); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.41 – 7.19 (m, 5H), 4.78 (td, J = 7.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 4.30 – 4.13 (m, 2H), 3.84 (td, J = 10.6, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.29 (dd, J = 13.3, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (dt, J = 13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (dd, J = 13.3, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (dd, J = 15.1, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 2.20 – 2.13 (m, 1H), 2.08 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 1.99 (dt, J = 16.0, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 1.44 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H), 1.37 – 1.20 (m, 1H), 1.15 (s, 12H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 1.03 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 176.9, 153.2, 148.0, 135.4, 129.6, 129.4, 129.0, 127.4, 111.6, 66.1, 55.3, 51.0, 45.8, 40.2, 38.1, 28.1, 27.9, 27.2, 26.7, 26.4, 23.0, 21.4, 20.9, 19.2, 16.3; IR (thin film) 2937, 2860, 1782, 1697, 1471, 1389 cm−1; HRMS (ESI) m / z calcd for C31H47NNaO4Si (M + Na)+ 548.3172, found 548.3165. Anal. Calcd for C31H47NO4Si: C, 70.81; H, 9.01. Found: C, 70.58; H, 9.11.</p><!><p>To AgO2CCF3 (0.066 g, 0.30 mmol) was added a solution of (E)-2-phenylhexa-1,4-dien-3-one (4) (0.517 g, 3.00 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (10.0 mL). The mixture was cooled to −78 °C, and a solution of silacyclopropane 1 (0.842, 3.75 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (5.0 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt and transferred to a flask containing (S,E)-3-but-2-enoyl-4-isopropyl-5,5-diphenyloxazolidin-2-one28 (0.349 g, 1.00 mmol). The mixture was cooled to −100 °C, and AlMe3 (0.50 mL, 2.0 M, 1.0 mmol) was added. The mixture was allowed to stir for 5 min, and AlMe2Cl (1.50 mL, 1.0 M, 1.5 mmol) was added. The mixture was allowed to warm slowly to rt over 18 h, and then, it was treated with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium potassium tartrate (20.0 mL). The mixture was extracted with 3×10 mL of CH2Cl2. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow oil. GCMS analysis of the oil showed two diastereomers (80:20 dr). The oil was purified by flash chromatography (20:80 EtOAc:hexanes) to afford a colorless solid (0.564 g, 77%) as a mixture of diastereomers. A small amount (0.060 g) of the major diastereomer was isolated by flash chromatography for the purpose of X-ray crystallographic analysis. Characteristic data for the major diastereomer: [α]25D − 18.8° (c 1.00, CH2Cl2); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.67 – 6.98 (m, 15H), 5.47 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (td, J = 10.5, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 2.83 – 2.74 (m, 1H), 2.70 (dd, J = 15.3, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 2.16 (t, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 2.09 – 1.91 (m, 2H), 1.33 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H), 1.29 – 1.21 (m, 1H), 1.10 (s, 9H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.86 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.75 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.59 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 176.2, 152.9, 152.8, 142.6, 139.9, 138.0, 129.0, 128.9, 128.6, 128.5, 128.1, 127.5, 127.3, 127.2, 125.9, 125.7, 125.1, 106.1, 89.3, 64.9, 52.3, 45.7, 40.0, 32.4, 29.9, 28.6, 28.1, 28.0, 27.7, 27.6, 22.2, 21.8, 21.4, 21.0, 18.2, 16.5. Characteristic data for the mixture of diastereomers: mp 123–125 °C; IR (thin film) 2962, 2933, 1786, 1701, 1209, 1173 cm−1; HRMS (ESI) m / z calcd for C42H53NNaO4Si (M + Na)+ 686.3641, found 686.3657. Anal. Calcd for C42H53NO4Si: C, 75.98; H, 8.05. Found: C, 76.08; H, 8.10.</p><!><p>To AgO2CCF3 (0.027 g, 0.12 mmol) was added a solution of (E)-2-phenylhexa-1, 4-dien-3-one (4) (0.211 g, 1.22 mmol) in toluene (2.4 mL). The mixture was cooled to −22 °C, and a solution of silirane 1 (0.322 g, 1.44 mmol) in toluene (2.4 mL) was added. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. Diethyl fumarate (0.59 mL, 3.6 mmol) was added, and the mixture was heated to 100 °C for 3 d. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to afford a brown oil. GCMS analysis of the oil showed a mixture of diastereomers (90:10 dr). The oil was purified by flash chromatography (20:80 EtOAc:hexanes) to afford a colorless solid (0.368 g, 62%) as a single diastereomer: mp 90–92 °C; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.67 – 7.62 (m, 2H), 7.29 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (dd, J = 10.6, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.28 – 4.09 (m, 4H), 3.06 (ddd, J = 11.1, 9.8, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 2.83 – 2.76 (m, 1H), 2.75 – 2.71 (m, 2H), 2.65 (t, J = 10.7 Hz, 1H), 1.40 – 1.33 (m, 1H), 1.32 (dd, J = 7.6, 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.26 (dd, J = 7.6, 6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (s, 9H), 0.95 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 174.7, 174.1, 151.7, 139.2, 127.8, 127.5, 125.6, 105.9, 61.0, 60.9, 50.4, 48.9, 44.5, 31.1, 28.0, 27.7, 21.9, 21.6, 21.1, 14.4, 14.3, 13.6; IR (thin film) 2935, 2860, 1738, 1659, 1471, 1171 cm−1; HRMS (ESI) m / z calcd for C28H42NaO5Si (M + Na)+ 509.2699, found 509.2691. Anal. Calcd for C28H42O5Si: C, 69.10; H, 8.70. Found: C, 68.94; H, 8.70.</p><!><p>Cycloadduct 21 (0.100 g, 0.21 mmol) was diluted with EtOH (9.5 mL). Pd(OH)2/C (0.029 g, 0.040 mmol) was added, and the suspension was sparged with H2 for 15 min. The suspension was allowed to stir for 18 h under 1 atm of H2. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of SiO2, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow oil. GCMS analysis of the oil showed a mixture of diastereomers (99:1 dr). The oil was purified by flash chromatography (20:80 EtOAc:hexanes) to afford a colorless solid (0.078 g, 76%): mp 93–95 °C; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.35 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.30 – 7.17 (m, 3H), 4.35 (t, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.27 – 4.21 (m, 1H), 4.19 – 4.03 (m, 3H), 2.92 (t, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 2.81 (dt, J = 13.1, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 2.76 (td, J = 11.9, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.07 (q, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 1.93 (dt, J = 8.1, 3.8 Hz, 2H), 1.59 (q, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 1.29 (td, J = 7.1, 0.7 Hz, 3H), 1.26 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (td, J = 7.1, 0.8 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (s, 9H), 0.95 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 175.2, 174.2, 143.3, 128.5, 128.0, 126.4, 76.7, 60.8, 60.7, 51.9, 46.9, 46.1, 45.6, 29.4, 29.3, 28.0, 23.4, 23.2, 20.4, 17.7, 14.5, 14.3; IR (thin film) 2937, 2860, 1736, 1475, 1250, 1180 cm−1; HRMS (ESI) m / z calcd for C28H44NaO5Si (M + Na)+ 511.2856, found 511.2864. Anal. Calcd for C28H44O5Si: C, 68.81; H, 9.07. Found: C, 69.02; H, 9.17.</p><!><p>To a slurry of LiAlH4 (0.075 g, 2.0 mmol) in THF (5.0 mL) cooled to 0 °C was added a solution of cyclohexane 22 (0.485 g, 0.990 mmol) in THF (5.0 mL). The mixture was allowed to stir at 0 °C for 2 h. To the mixture was added a saturated aqueous solution of sodium potassium tartrate (10.0 mL), and the mixture was allowed to warm to rt. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with 3×5 mL of ether. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo to afford an oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography (40:60 EtOAc:hexanes) to afford the diol as a colorless solid (0.316 g, 79%): mp 125–127 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.36–7.18 (m, 5H), 4.46 (br s, 2H), 4.32 (t, J = 3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J = 10.9, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (qn, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 2.78 – 2.74 (m, 1H), 1.83 (q, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 1.62–1.61 (m, 2H), 1.51 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 1.45 (dd, J = 10.8, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.32 – 1.25 (m, 1H), 1.11 (s, 9H), 0.98 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 144.4, 128.4, 127.8, 126.0, 77.6, 68.0, 64.4, 51.1, 47.5, 45.5, 44.7, 29.4, 29.3, 28.9, 24.7, 23.3, 20.3, 18.7; IR (thin film) 3317, 2860, 1471, 1363, 1055, 821 cm−1; HRMS (ESI) m / z calcd for C24H40NaO3Si (M + Na)+ 427.2644, found 427.2649. Anal. Calcd for C24H40O3Si: C, 71.23; H, 9.96. Found: C, 71.10; H, 10.14.</p><p>NaH (0.054 g, 2.2 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL) cooled to 0 °C was added a solution of the diol prepared above (0.301 g, 0.74 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL) dropwise. The mixture was allowed to stir at 0 °C for 10 min, then benzyl bromide (0.27 mL, 2.2 mmol) was added. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stir for 3 d. The mixture was poured into a separatory funnel containing water (10 mL) which was extracted with 3×5 mL of ether. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo to afford a cloudy oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography (10:90 EtOAc:hexanes) to afford a colorless oil (0.368 g, 85%): 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.44 – 7.18 (m, 15H), 4.55 – 4.44 (m, 4H), 4.38 – 4.34 (m, 1H), 3.62 (ddd, J = 9.2, 4.6, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.54 (dd, J = 9.6, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (dd, J = 9.3, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 2.81 (dd, J = 12.4, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 2.01 (dt, J = 19.5, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 1.90 (dd, J = 11.2, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.78 (dd, J = 13.2, 10.3 Hz, 2H), 1.30 (s, 4H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 0.99 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 145.0, 139.1, 139.0, 138.0, 129.2, 129.0, 128.6, 128.0, 127.8, 127.4, 125.8, 122.2, 78.0, 73.7, 73.4, 72.3, 69.5, 50.7, 47.4, 40.0, 39.7, 33.7, 29.5, 29.3, 24.3, 23.3, 20.4, 18.3; IR (thin film) 3029, 2933, 2860, 1454, 1363, 1097 cm−1; HRMS (ESI) m / z calcd for C38H52NaO3Si (M + Na)+ 607.3583, found 607.3592. Anal. Calcd for C38H52O3Si: C, 78.03; H, 8.96. Found: C, 77.73; H, 8.88.</p><!><p>To KH (0.135 g, 3.36 mmol) in THF (6.0 mL) was added 18-crown-6 (0.888 g, 3.36 mmol), and the slurry was cooled to 0 °C. PhMe2COOH (0.49 mL, 88%, 3.36 mmol) was added slowly, and the mixture was allowed to warm to rt. Cyclohexane 23 (0.328 g, 0.560 mmol) in THF (6.0 mL) was added followed by a solution of TBAF (3.36 mL, 1.0 M, 3.4 mmol). The mixture was heated to 50 °C for 24 h. The mixture was allowed to cool to rt and was diluted with saturated aqueous Na2S2O3 solution (20 mL). The mixture was extracted with 3×10 mL of MTBE. The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo to afford an oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography (40:60 EtOAc:hexanes) to afford a colorless oil (0.235 g, 91%): 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.38 – 7.26 (m, 15H), 4.54 – 4.44 (m, 4H), 4.37 (s, 1H), 3.79 (dd, J = 9.9, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 3.59 – 3.54 (m, 2H), 3.49 (dd, J = 9.3, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 2.19 (dtd, J = 18.3, 6.6, 5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.02 – 1.95 (m, 1H), 1.85 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 4H), 1.06 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 143.1, 138.8, 138.6, 128.7, 128.51, 128.46, 128.1, 127.9, 127.81, 127.79, 127.6, 126.8, 73.43, 73.39, 73.3, 71.3, 67.6, 67.2, 48.1, 47.1, 38.4, 35.2, 28.8, 27.4; IR (thin film) 3408, 3030, 2864, 1495, 1095, 737 cm−1; HRMS (ESI) m / z calcd for C30H36NaO4 (M + Na)+ 483.2511, found 483.2515.</p><!><p>To diol 24 (0.088 g, 0.19 mmol) in benzene (10.0 mL) were added p-nitrobenzaldehyde (0.033 g, 0.22 mmol) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.0008 g, 0.004 mmol). The solution was heated at reflux for 1 h. The mixture was allowed to cool to rt and was treated with a saturated solution of NaHCO3 (10.0 mL). The mixture was extracted with 3×5 mL of ether. The combined organic layers was washed with brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo to afford an oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography (20:80 EtOAc:hexanes) to afford the acetal as a pale yellow oil (0.087 g, 77%): 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.15 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.37 – 7.20 (m, 16H), 4.51 – 4.37 (m, 6H), 3.65 – 3.57 (m, 2H), 3.55 (dd, J = 9.5, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (dd, J = 9.3, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 2.78 (dt, J = 12.7, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 2.23 (t, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.18 (t, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 2.13 – 2.05 (m, 1H), 1.87 (dt, J = 12.3, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 1.71 (dd, J = 11.3, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 1.46 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 148.1, 146.3, 143.6, 138.8, 138.7, 128.7, 128.6, 128.5, 128.2, 128.0, 127.9, 127.7, 127.4, 127.3, 126.7, 123.5, 92.8, 74.2, 73.4, 73.3, 70.3, 67.1, 47.6, 40.2, 38.2, 36.1, 30.1, 17.1; IR (thin film) 2922, 2868, 1524, 1348, 1097, 700 cm−1; HRMS (ESI) m / z calcd for C37H39NNaO6 (M + Na)+ 616.2675, found 616.2659.</p>