> mahmoud afshar/pan-iranisim iranian political scientist mahmoud afshar developed the pan-iranist ideology in the early 1920s in opposition to pan-turkism and pan-arabism, which were seen as potential threats to the territorial integrity of iran. he also displayed a strong belief in the nationalist character of iranian people throughout the country's long history. on the eve of world war i, pan-turkists focused on the turkic-speaking lands of iran, caucasus and central asia. the ultimate purpose was to persuade these populations to secede from the larger political entities to which they belonged and join the new pan-turkic homeland it was the latter appeal to iranian azerbaijanis, which, contrary to pan-turkist intentions, caused a small group of azerbaijani intellectuals to become the strongest advocates of the territorial integrity of iran. after the constitutional revolution in iran, a romantic nationalism was adopted by azerbaijani democrats as a reaction to the pan-turkist irredentist policies threatening iran's territorial integrity. it was during this period that iranism and linguistic homogenization policies were proposed as a defensive nature against all others. contrary to what one might expect, foremost among innovating this defensive nationalism were iranian azerbaijanis. they viewed that assuring the territorial integrity of the country was the first step in building a society based on law and a modern state.
Republican