premise 2: atheistic and materialistic worldviews cannot account for these preconditions materialism reduces reality to physical processes, which are contingent and changeable. it cannot provide a foundation for universal, immaterial, and invariant principles. in atheism, abstract laws like logic and mathematics are often treated as brute facts (existing without explanation) or as human conventions. if these laws are subjective or arbitrary, they lose their universality and necessity. for example, in a purely materialistic view, human brains evolved by darwinian natural selection, favoring survival rather than truth. the fact that our cognitive faculties are geared toward survival does not guarantee that they are aligned with objective, universal truths. this undermines the very trust we place in logic and reason. if the laws of logic were merely evolved traits for survival, they would be no more trustworthy than any other aspect of our biology, and we would have no reason to believe that our reasoning is reliable. thus, without a transcendent grounding, atheism cannot justify why intelligibility exists at all, much less guarantee its objective truth.
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