> the ordre maconnique de misraim recruited eminent aristocratic personages as well as republicans and bonapartists, and even the revolutionary carbonari. among them such men as pierre joseph briot, member of a republican society which was commonly referred to as philadelphes, or charles teste (and) lieutenant philippe buonarroti, the founder of the sublimes maitres parfaits (the first, what can be termed, international political secret society. the s.m.p. only admitted freemasons) and co-author, with babeuf, of the manifesto of the equals. briot was a proponent of a united and independent italy. it is stated that he was involved in the establishment of the first carbonari lodges. he apparently was invited to naples by joseph napoleon where he met lucien bonaparte and saliceti. this may be the origins of the first carbonari lodges in 1808. many of the french officials in naples supported and encouraged the growth of local patriotism > apparently, briot was already affiliated to the rite of misraim in 1810. pierre joseph briot is said to have incorporated the initiatic tradition with a kind of socialism, which became known as carbonarism. (rene witzhard) > both mazzini and garibaldi were members of a masonic revolutionary lodge in london called les philadelphes. this lodge is said to have worked a new atheistic form of the rite of memphis, the reformed rite of memphis. les philadelphes is believed to be karl marxs lodge, his brothers including blanc, garibaldi, and mazzini > giuseppe garibaldi viewed freemasonry as a political organization and took no direct interest in the craft. this statement is, of course, made by regular freemasons. these masons forget that freemasonry and politics walked of equal step at the time. mazzini and garibaldi were carbonarists. they re-organized the carbonari movement to which they added the high degrees of egyptian masonry
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