> the ancient and primitive rite of memphis-misram is a masonic rite founded in naples, italy in september 1881 by the merger of two older rites; the rite of misram and the rite of memphis. although founded in 1881, its predecessors have their origins in the 18th century. the system is sometimes known as "egyptian freemasonry" due to the invocation of hermetic-derived esoteric symbolism referencing ancient egypt in its system of degrees > the ancient and primitive rite of memphis-misram is a masonic rite founded in naples, italy in september 1881 by the merger of two older rites; the rite of misram and the rite of memphis. although founded in 1881, its predecessors have their origins in the 18th century. the system is sometimes known as "egyptian freemasonry" due to the invocation of hermetic-derived esoteric symbolism referencing ancient egypt in its system of degrees > memphis-misram was governed internationally under a grand hierophant from 1881 until 1923. this first of these was giuseppe garibaldi, the famous military leader of the risorgimento, who had also been grand master of the grand orient of italy. after his death, there was factionalism within the organisation, until eventually, the english freemason john yarker emerged as grand hierophant in 1902. he was succeeded by theodor reuss in 1913 until his death in 1923
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