> the rite of memphis was a de-judaised and de-kabbalized version of the rite of misraim in which the ancient egyptian civilization was emphasized. as stated in a previous chapter, ancient egypt was considered to be the cradle of christianity in the 18th and 19th century > just as the rite of misraim gathered the jacobites who felt nostalgia for the republic and the carbonari, the rite of memphis regrouped the veterans of the grand army and the bonapartites who had remained faithful to the eagle > these political lodges, or secret societies, were known under various names: le palladium, le philadelphes, dadelphes, or the societe de regeneration europeenne. for instance, pierre-joseph briot is said to have been a member of the philadelphes or group of philadelphes. for the name philadephes was a fairly common name for unrelated and disparate social groups and societies which existed during the eighteenth century. it appears that many of these groups were also inspired by the ideas and philosophy of the bavarian illuminati (ordo illuminati, founded by adam weishaupt in 1766). weishaupts ideas were strongly influenced by the philosophy of jean-jacques rousseau (1712-1778 ) and the anti-christian doctrines of the manicheans. after the french revolution, when napoleon conquered large parts of italy, many french masons (who served under napoleon in italy) established their lodges in italy. italian sources claim that the carbonari sprang from these masonic lodges, with its rituals, symbols and almost equal rules and regulations
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